The SI Metric System of Units and SPE METRIC STANDARD Society of Petroleum EngineersThe SI Metric System of Units and SPE METRIC STANDARD Society of Petroleum Engineers Adopted for use as a voluntary standard by the SPE Board of Directors, June 1982. Contents Part 1: SI — The International System of U Tntroduction....... SI Units and Unit Symbols Application of the Metric System Rules for Conversion and Rounding Special Terms and Quantities Involving Mass and Amount of Substance. Mental Guides for Using Metric Units Appendix A (Terminology). Appendix B (SI Units)... gonoon ‘Appendix C (Style Guide for Metric Usage)... ‘Appendix D (General Conversion Factors) Appendix E (Tables 1.8 and 1.9) Part 2: Discussion of Metric Unit Standards... Introduction Ps Review of Selected Units Unit Standards Under Discussion Notes for Table 2.2. a Notes for Table 2.3.‘Second Printing “lure 1984 Copyright 1984, Socity of Petrcloum Enginoers of AIME. Printed in USA This publication or any pars thereo! may not be reproduced by any meane without the pror writen permission ofthe publisher ‘Society of Petroleum Enginoors P.O. Box 833896, Richardson, "75082-9896, Contact the publisher for addtional copies, individual Orin bulk ofthis publication.Preface ‘The SPE Board in June 1982 endorsed revisions to “SPE Tentative Metric Standard” (Dec. 1977 JPT, Pages 1575-1611) and adopted it for implementation as this “SPE Metric Standard.” ‘The following standard is the final product of 12 years’ work by the Symbols and Metrication Committee Members of the current Metrication Subcommittee in- clude John M. Campbell, chairman, John M. Campbell & Co.; Robert A. Campbell, Magnum Engineering Inc.; Robert E. Carlile, Texas Tech U.; J. Donald Clark, petroleum consultant; Hank Groeneveld, Mobil Oil Canada; Terry Pollard, retired, ex-officio member; and Howard B. Bradley, professional/technical training consultant, With very few exceptions, the units shown are those proposed and/or adopted by other groups involved in the Imetrication exercise, including those agencies charged ‘with the responsibility (nationally and internationally) for establishing metric standards. These few exceptions, still to be decided, are summarized in the introduction 0 Part 2 of this report. ‘These standards include most of the units used com- monly by SPE members. The subcommittee is aware that some will find the list incomplete for their area of specialty. Additions will continue to be made but too Tong a list can become cumbersome. The subcommittee believes that these standards provide a basis for metric practice beyond the units listed. So long as one maintains these standards a new unit can be “‘coined” that should prove acceptable. Part 1: SI—The International System of Units Introduction Worldwide scientific, engineering, industrial, and com- mercial groups are converting to SI metric units. Many inthe U.S. are now active in such conversion, based on work accomplished by national! and. intemational? authorities. Various U.S. associations, professional societies, and agencies are involved inthis process, in- cluding, but not limited to, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM),} American Petroleum Inst (APD,*3 American Nail, Standards Inst. (ANSD),°* American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME),” land. American Natl, Metric Council (ANMC).* The Canadian Petroleum Assn. (CPA) and other Canadian ‘groups have been especially active in conversion Work. The Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME intends to keep its worldwide membership informed on the conversion t and use of SI metric units. “The term **SI" is an abbreviation for Le Systéme In- temational @"Unités or The Intemational System of Units SI isnot identical with any ofthe former ogs, mks, or rmksA systems of metric units but is closely related to {hem and is an extension of and improvement over them, SI measurement syimbols ae identical in all languages. As in any other language, rules of spelling, punctuation, fand_ pronunciation are ‘essential 10 avoid errors in ‘tumerical work and to make the system easier to use and Understand on a worldwide basis, These rules, together with decimal usage, units coherence, and a series of Standard prefixes for multiples and submultples of most ST units, provide a rational system with minimam dif ficulty of transition from English units or older systems of metic units. Refs. 1 through 4 of this paper are recommended 10 the reader wishing official information, development history, or more detail on SI; material from these and other references cited has been used freely in this report. "Appendix A provides definitions for some ofthe terms sed SI Units and Unit Symbols? ‘The short-form designations of units (such as ft for feet, kg for kilograms, m for meters, mol for moles, etc.) have heretofore been called unit “abbreviations” in SPE, terminology to avoid confusion with the term “‘sym- bols" applied to letter symbols used in mathematical equations. However, international and national standard practice is (0 call these unit designations “unit sym- bols”; the latter usage will be followed in this report. ST Units SI is based on seven well defined “base units” that ‘quantify seven base quantities that by convention are regarded as dimensionally independent. It is a matter of ‘choice how many and which quantities are considered base quantities.® SI has chosen the seven base quantities and base units listed in Table 1.1 as the basis of the Inter- national System. In addition, there are two “supplemen- tary quantities” (Table 1.2). Tables 1.1 and 1.2 show current practices for designating the dimensions of base and supplementary physical quantities, plus letter symbols for use in ‘mathematical equations. ‘SI “derived units” are a third class, formed by com- bining, as needed, base units, supplementary units, and other derived units according to the algebraic relations linking the corresponding quantities. The symbols for derived units that do not have their own individual sym- bols are obtained by using the mathematical signs for multiplication and division, together with appropriate exponents (e.g., SI velocity, meter per second, mis or m-s~!; SI angular velocity, radian per second, rad/s or nds), ‘Table 1.3 contains a number of SI derived units, in- ‘cluding all the 19 approved units assigned special names ‘and individual unit symbols. Appendix B provides a more detailed explanation of the SI systems of units, their definitions, and abbreviations.SI Unit Prefixes® ‘The SI unit prefixes, multiplication factors, and SI prefix: symbols are shown in Table 1.4. Some of the prefixes ‘may seem strange at first, but there are enough familiar ones in the list to make it relatively easy for technical personnel to adjust to their use; kilo, mega, deci, centi, milli, and micro are known to most engineers and scientists One particular warning is required about the prefixes: inthe SI system, k and M (kilo and mega) stand for 1000 and 1 000 000, respectively, whereas M and MM or m and mm have been used previously in the oil industry for designating thousands and millions of gas volumes. Note carefully, however, that there is no parallelism because SI prefixes are raised to the power of the unit employed, while the customary M and MM prefixes were not. Ex- amples: km* means cubic kilometers, nor thousands of cubic meters; cm? means square centimeters, not one hhundredth of a square meter. The designation for 1000 cubic meters is 10° m? and for 1 million cubie meters is 10° m?—nor km? and Mm?, respectively. ‘Appendix C gives examples of the vital importance of following the precise use of upper-case and lower-case letters for prefixes and for unit symbols Application of the Metric System General SI is the form of the metric system preferred for all ap- plications. Itis important that this modernized version be thoroughly understood and properly applied. This sec- tion, together with Appendix material, provides guidance and recommendations conceming style and usage of the SI form of the metric system. Style and Usage Take care t0 use unit symbols properly; the agreements in international and national standards provide uniform rules (summarized in Appendix C). It is essential that these nules be followed closely to provide maximum ease of communication and to avoid costly errors, Handling of unit names varies somewhat among different countries because of language differences, but using the rules in Appendix C should minimize most difficulties of communication, Usage for Selected Quantities Mass, Force, and Weight. The principal deperture of SI from the gravimetric system of metric engineering units is the use of explicitly distinct units for mass and force. In SI, kilogram is restricted to the unit of mass. The newion is the only SI unit of force, defined as 1 {kg-m)/s?, to be used wherever force is designated, in- iding derived units that contain force—e.g., pressure or stress (N/m?=Pa), energy (N-m=J), and power [CN my/s=W] ‘There is confusion over the use of the term weight as a uantity to mean either force or mass. In science and technology, the term weight of a body usually means the force that, if applied to the body, would give it an ac- zeleration equal to the local acceleration of free fall (g, when referring to the earth's surface). This acceleration varies in time and space; weight, if used to mean force, varies also. The term force of gravity (mass times ac- seleration of gravity) is more accurate than weight for his meaning In commercial and everyday use, on the other hand, the term weight nearly always means mass. Thus, when ‘TABLE 1.1 — SI BASE QUANTITIES AND UNITS* se Let Symbot ‘oraterratcal Equations, fase Quant Use ase Daren sist (stoning) Type io eter 7 moe logram = tne Second 4 siete curent arpore i thermodynemtamperatire iin t smroun of subeance rot ” iuminous intensity candeia “Birr n tro roast oes een een Ae 8 Pt “Devotees sry tn nrg ge pod ear cuentas. ae arn oun re Ne nods Ain PE tbr yt ‘Ninrna mitre ne etmerary ois musts sce maybe sone anos Ss enrans Sow patcwn 0 psa pales prises jai wath Inoleme gen ne "poow mao sen we shred cresyl ‘TABLE 1.2— SI SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS* See Letter Symbo ‘S1Unit Symbol for Mathematical (Aborevation”), Equations, Supplementary Quanity or Use Roman Use ttc ‘Dimension” S1Unit (Worigh) Type (Seping) Type. lane angle ‘adian rad 8 sold angle steradian o a ‘ns seen basa nt wo aplenty ad oer er Asana ad Pa BS tecas hens ogi sn neice peo Soe ase eo 3Quantity ‘Bsarbed dose ‘acceleration activity (of radionuctises) Angular acceleration fangulrveloaty Celsius temperature density ose equivalent ‘ect capacitance ‘cts charge lctical concuctance slecte ld svength oct inductance magnetic fx magnetic fx density Potential ciference ower Pressure ‘Quant of electricity quanti of heat ‘kant fx ‘adant intensity ‘spect heat stress ‘ermal conductivity velocity ‘scosty, dynamic viscosity, kinematic voltage volume" wavenumber work “04 Garr Cefn gh a Maura ta pal ae er hc it bul Sscouap 8 ‘TABLE 1.3 — SOME CONMON SI DERIVED UNITS. Formula, 1 Unit Symbol Abbreviation”), lise Roman Type _Use Roman Type_ Gy Tig, me? 4 ts - rads regis ‘square meter : agree Celsius ol Kilogram per cubie meteor sievert sv faras F 5 coulom> c Siemens 8 vol per meter henry i volt v ohm a vot v joule J Nm Joule por kelvin aK rewion nv gmt hor He te lux ke mime ‘candela per square meter cam? fuemen its coer ‘ampere per meter . am weber Wo Vs tesla T Wom vot v wa watt w ds pascal Pa Nit oulom> c As joule J Nm wat w Js walt per steracian Wise Joule per klogram kevin Ko) pascal Pa Nine Wat per meter kelvin Wile) ‘mater per second ms pascal second Pas ‘Square metor per second ms vet v WA ‘cubie meter 7 im 4 per meter , im joule i Nm “tacit eume ener ene pose em Soper ‘TABLE 1.4 — Si UNIT PREFIXES ‘1 Prix ‘Symbol, Meaning Si Usa Ror InOthor Mutipication Factor Prefix Type Pronunciation (US)"__Meaning (US.) Counties 7'060'000 000000000000 = 10" @xa™ E ex'a(aasinebout) one quintlion times? trillion * 060,000 060 000000 = 10 pela” asinp etal fone quadrilion timest thousand billion 1000 000000000 = 10 tera T as itera co one tilon times bilion| “1000000000 = 10? gga = G_—Sig’aaasinabout) one billion mest milla 1000000 = 10" mega © M_——asinmoga phone one milion tines 1000 = 10° kilo k asinklo watt ‘one thousand times 100= 10" hectot rece’ toe ‘one hundred times. 30= 10 cekaz da dock’ a (eas ina bout) tentimes os= 0" decie d {asin deci mal tone tenth of 001 = 10% cents i sont ment tne hundredth of 0.001 = 10° mi m ‘ami tary tne thousandth ot (0.000001 = 10:* micro. was micro phone. fone milionth of .000000001 = 10°" nano far” oh (ana in ant) itionth oft liar 1.000000000 001 = 10" pico =p peek’ oh fone tlionth off Biliontn (0.000 000 000000001 = 10° femio fom’ toe fem asin one quaciiionth oft thousand bitionth Tem nine) (0.000 000 000 000 000.001 = 10"™ ato a as i anato my fone quinillonth off tlionth Tnatiatyaictevy petsvacconet ese ater ins ety “elo pled penal ene gcse acetone yb rte Reedy 15h Gare Catone of Wes an ens (CPM). Maye 57. “Aizen sido anscede inca wy Ueuean Songun set mien ae learn res coe curiae clue [nsovece, es cade Spain an pretsy nousbe rocoto! Stun map ees one, Roar retical an Tere ‘orenayanccomg meaneners 4‘one speaks of a person’s weight, the quantity referred to is mass. Because of the dual use, the term weight should be avoided in technical practice except under cir- ‘cumstances in which its meaning is completely clear. When the term is used, itis important to know whether ‘mass or force is intended and to use SI units properly as described above by using kilograms for mass and newtons for force. ‘Gravity is involved in determining mass with a balance or scale. When a standard mass is used to balance the ‘measured mass, the effect of gravity on the two masses is canceled except for the indirect effect of air or fluid buoyancy. In using a spring scale, mass is measured in- Girectly since the instrument responds to the force of gravity. Such scales may be calibrated in mass units if the variation in acceleration of gravity and buoyancy cor- rections are not significant in their use. The use of the same name for units of force and mass ‘causes confusion. When non-Si units are being con- verted to SI units, distinction should be made between force and mass—e.g., use Ibf to denote force in gravimetric engineering units, and use Ibm for mass. Use of the metric ton, also called sonne (1.0 Mg), is common. Linear Dimensions. Ref. 3. provides discussions of length units applied to linear dimensions and tolerances of materials and equipment, primarily of interest 10 engineers in that field. ‘Temperature. The SI temperature unit isthe kelvin (not “degree Kelvin"); isthe prefered unit to express ther- ‘modynamie temperature, Degrees Celsius (°C) is an SI derived unit used to express temperature and temperature intervals. The Celsius scale (formerly called centigrade) is related directly to the Kelvin scale as follows: the temperature interval 1°C=1 K, exactly. Celsius temperature (Tec) is related to thermodynamic temperature (Tq) as follows: Tc=Tk—Tp exactly, where To =273.15 K by definition. Note that the SI unit symbol for the Kelvin is K without the degree mark, whereas the older temperature units are known as degrees Fahrenheit, degrees Rankine, and degrees Celsius, with degree marks shown on the unit symbol CR, °R, °C), ‘Time. The SI unit for time is the second, and this is preferred, but use of the minute, hour, day, and year is permissible. Angles. The SI unit for plane angle isthe radian. The use of the arc degree and its decimal submultiples is per- missible when the radian is not a convenient unt. Use of the minute and second is discouraged except possibly for cartography. Solid angles should be expressed in steradians, ‘Volume. The SI unit of volume is the cubic meter. This unit, or one of its regularly formed multiples, is pre- ferred for all applications. ‘The special name iter has been approved for the cubic decimeter (see Appendix B), but use of the liter is restricted to the measurement of liq uids and gases. Energy. The SI unit of energy, the joule, together with its multiples, is preferred for all applications. The kilowattchour is used widely as a measure of electric energy, but this unit should not be introduced into any ew areas; eventually it should be replaced by the megajoule. Torque and Bending Moment. The vector product of force and moment arm is expressed in newion meters (N-m) by SPE as @ convention when expressing torque energies. Pressure and Stress. The SI unit for pressure and stress is the pascal (newton per square meter); with proper SI prefixes itis applicable to all such measurements. Use of the old metric gravitational units—kilogram-force per square centimeter, kilogram-force per square millimeter, torr, ete.—is t0 be discontinued. Use of the bar is discouraged by the standards organizations. Ithas been recommended internationally that pressure units themselves should not be modified to indicate Whether the pressure is “absolute” (above zero) or “gauge”” (above atmospheric pressure). If the context leaves any doubt as to which is meant, the word “‘pressure"” must be qualified appropriately: “..at a gauge pressure of 13 KPa," or ‘at an absolute pressure of 13 kPa,” etc Units and Names To Be Avoided or Abandoned Tables 1.1 through 1.3 include all SI units identified by formal names, with their individual unit symbols. Vir- tually all other named metric units formerly in use (as well as nonmetric units) are to be avoided or abandoned. ‘There is a long list of such units (¢.g., dyne, stokes, “esu,”” gauss, gilbert, abampere, stavolt, angstrom, fermi, micron, mho, candle, calorie, atmosphere, ram He, and metric horsepower). The reasons for abandon- ing the non-Si units are discussed in Appendix B. Two of the principal reasons are the relative simplicity and ‘coherence of the SI unis Rules for Conversion and Rounding? Conversion ‘Table 1.7, Appendix D, contains general conversion fac- tors that give exact values or seven-digit accuracy for im- plementing these rules except where the nature of the dimension makes this impractical. ‘The conversion of quantities should be handled with ‘careful regard to the implied correspondence between the ‘accuracy of the data and the given number of digits. In all conversions, the number of significant digits retained should be such that accuracy is neither sacrificed nor exaggerated, Proper conversion procedure is to multiply the specified quantity by the conversion factor exactly as, given in Table 1.7 and then round to the appropriate umber of significant digits. For example, to convert 114 ft to meters: 11.4x0.3048=3,474 72, which rounds to 3.47 m, Accuracy and Rounding Do nor round either the conversion factor or the quantity before performing the multiplication; this reduces ac-‘curacy. Proper conversion procedure includes rounding the converted quantity to the proper number of signifi- cant digits commensurate with its intended precision. ‘The practical aspects of measuring must be considered when using SI equivalents. If a scale divided into six- teenths of an inch was suitable for making the original ‘measurements, a metric scale having divisions of 1 mm is obviously suitable for measuring in SI units, and the equivalents should not be reported closer than the nearest I'mm, Similarly, a gauge or caliper graduated in divi- sions of 0.02 mm is comparable to one graduated in divi- sions of 0.001 in, Analogous situations exist for mass, force, and other measurements. A technique to deter- ‘mine the proper number of significant digits in rounding converted values is described here for general use. General Conversion. This approach depends on first establishing the intended precision or accuracy of the ‘quantity as a necessary guide to the number of digits to retain, The precision should relate to the number of digits in the original, but in many cases that is not a reliable indicator. A figure of 1.1875 may be a very ac curate decimalization of a noncritical 1%, that should hhave been expressed as 1.19. On the other hand, the value 2 may mean “‘about 2°” or it may mean a very ac- curate value of 2, which should then have been written as 2.0000. It is therefore necessary to determine the intend fed precision of a quantity before converting. This estimate of intended precision should never be smaller than the accuracy of measurement but usually should be ‘smaller than one tenth the tolerance if one exists, After estimating the precision of the dimension, the converted dimension should be rounded to a minimum number of significant digits (see section on “Significant Digits") such that a unit of the last place is equal to or smaller than the converted precision, Examples 1. A string rod 6 in, long: In this case, precision is estimated to be about % in. (+ in.). Converted, ' in. is 12.7 mm. The converted 6-in. dimension of 152.4 mm should be rounded to the nearest 10 mm, or 150 mm. 2. 50 000-psi tensile strength: In this case, precisior estimated to be about +200 psi (++1.4 MPa) based on an accuracy of +10.25% for the tension tester and other fac- tors. Therefore, the converted dimension, 344.7379 MPa, should be rounded to the nearest whole unit, 345 MPa. 3. Test pressure 200++15 psi: Since one tenth of the tolerance is +1.5 psi (10.34 kPa), the converted dimen- sion should be rounded to the nearest 10 kPa. Thus, 1378,9514:4 103.421 35 kPa becomes 1380: 100 kPa. Special Cases. Converted values should be rounded to, the minimum numberof significant digits that will main- tain the required accuracy. In certain cases, deviation from this practice to use convenient or whole numbers ‘may be feasible, In that case, the word “‘approximate™* must be used following the conversion—e.g., 1% in, =47.625 mm exact, 47.6 mm normal rounding, 47.5 mm (approximate) rounded to prefered or convenient half-millimeter, 48 mm (approximate) rounded to whole number. ‘A quantity stated as it, such as “not more than” ‘or “‘maximum,”” must be handled so thatthe stated limit is not violated. For example, a specimen "atleast 4 in, wide" requires a width of atleast 101.6 mm, or (round- ed) at least 102 mm. Significant Digit. Any digit thar is necessary to define the specific value or quantity is said to be significant. For example, a distance measured to the nearest | m may have been recorded as 157 m; this number has three significant digits. If the measurement had been made to the nearest 0.1 m, the distance may have been 157.4 ‘m-—four significant digits. In each case, the value of the right-hand digit was determined by measuring the value of an additional digit and then rounding to the desired degree of accuracy. In other words, 157.4 was rounded to 157; in the second case, the measurement may have been 157,36, rounded to 157.4 Importance of Zeros. Zeros may be used either to in- dicate a specific value, as does any other digit, or to in dicate the magnitude of a number. The 1970 U.S. population figure rounded to thousands was 203 185 000. The six left-hand digits of this number are significant; each measures a value. The three right-hand digits are zeros that merely indicate the magnitude of the umber rounded to the nearest thousand. To illustrate further, each of the following estimates and measurements is of different magnitude, but each is specified to have only one significant digit: 1.000 100 10 0.01 0.001 0.000 1, It is also important to note that, for the first three ‘numbers, the identification of significant digits is possi- ble only'through knowledge of the circumstances. For example, the number 1000 may have been rounded from about 965, or it may have been rounded from 999.7, in which case all three zeros are significant. Data of Varying Precision. Occasionally, data required for an investigation must be drawn from a variety of sources where they have been recorded with varying degrees of refinement. Specific rules must be observed when such data are to be added, subtracted, multiplied, or divided. ‘The rule for addition and subtraction is that the answer shall contain no significant digits farther to the right than ‘occurs in the least precise number. Consider the addition of three numbers drawn from three sources, the first of| Which reported data in millions, the second in thousands, and the third in units: 163 000 000 217 885 000 96 432 768 477 317 168 This total indicates a precision that is not valid. The numbers should first be rounded to one significant digitfarther to the right than that ofthe least precise number, and the sum taken as follows. 163 000 000 217 900 000 '96 400 000 477 300 000 ‘Then, the total is rounded to 477 000 000 as called for by the rule. Note that if the second of the figures to be added had been 217 985 000, the rounding before addi- tion would have produced 218 000 000, in which case the zero following 218 would have been a significant digit. ‘The rule for multiplication and division is that the product or quotient shall contain no more significant digits than are contained in the number with the fewest significant digits used in the multiplication or division. ‘The difference between this rule and the rule for addition and subtraction should be noted; for addition and sub- traction, the rule merely requites rounding digits to the right of the last significant digit in the least precise number. The following illustration highlights this Jifference, Multiplication: 113.2x1.43=161.876 rounded to 162 Division: 113.2+1.43=79.16 rounded 1079.2 Addition: 113.2+1.43=114.63 rounded to 114.6 Subtraction: 113.2~1.43=111.77 rounded to 1118. ‘The above product and quotient are limited to three significant digits since 1.43 contains only three signifi cant digits. In contrast, the rounded answers in the addi- tion and subtraction examples contain four significant digits ‘Numbers used in the illustration are all estimates or measurements. Numbers that are exact counts (and con- version factors that are exact) are treated as though they consist of an infinite number of significant digits. Stated more simply, when a count is used in computation with a ‘measurement, the number of significant digits in the answer is the same as the number of significant digits in the measurement. If a count of 40 is multiplied by a ‘measurement of 10.2, the product is 408. However, if 40, ‘were an estimate accurate only to the nearest 10 and, hence, contained one significant digit, the product would be 400. Rounding Values!” When a figure is to be rounded to fewer digits than the total number available, the procedure should be as follows. ‘When the First Digit ‘The Last Digit iscanded is Retained is less than 5 ‘unchanged more than 5 increased by 1 5 followed only by zeros* unchanged if even, increased by 1 if odd Examples: 4.463 25 if rounded to three places would be 4.463, 8.376 52 if rounded to three places would be 8.377. 4365 00 if rounded to two places would be 4.36. 4:355 00 if rounded to two places would be 4.36. Conversion of Linear Dimensions of Interchangeable Parts Detailed discussions of this subject are provided by ASTM,® API,* and ASME’ publications, and are recommended fo the interested reader. Other Units ‘Temperature. General guidance for converting tolerances from degrees Fahrenheit to kelvins or degrees Celsius is given in Table 1.5. Normally, temperatures expressed in a whole number of degrees Fahrenheit should be converted to the nearest 0.5 K (or 0.5°C). As ‘with other quantities, the number of significant digits to retain will depend on implied accuracy of the original dimension e.g.,* 1005°F (tolerance); implied accuracy, estimated total 2°F (nearest 1°C) 37.777842.7778°C rounds to 383°C. 1000+50°F (tolerance); implied accuracy, estimated total 20°F (nearest 10°C) 537.7778427.7778°C rounds to 54030°C. Pressure or Stress. Pressure or stress values may be converted by the same principle used for other quan- tities. Values with an uncertainty of more than 2% may be converted without rounding by the approximate factor: I psi=7 kPa. For conversion factors see Table 1.7. Special Length Unit—the Vara. Table 1.8, Appendix E, provides conversion factors and explanatory notes on the problems of converting the several kinds of vara units to meters Special Terms and Quantities Involving Mass and Amount of Substance ‘The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, ‘TABLE 1.5 — CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURE ‘TOLERANCE REQUIREMENTS. Toverance Tolerance CF (Kors) =I =05 22 = Seiteand the International Organization for Standardization provide clarifying usages for some of the terms involving the base quantities "mass" and “'amount of substance.”” Two of these require modifying the terminology appear- ing previously in SPE’s Symbols Standards Table 1.6 shows the old and the revised usages. Mental Guides for Using Metric Units Table 1.9, Appendix F, is offered as a ‘*memory ger"” or guide to help locate the ‘‘metric ballpark" relative to customary units. Table 1.9 is nor a conversion table. For accurate conversions, refer to Table 1.7 or to Tables 2.2 and 2.3 for petroleum-industry units, and round off the converted values to practical precision as described earlier. References** 1, “he Intemational Sytem of Units (S1),” NBS Special Publica tion 330, US. Dept. of Commerce, Nail, Bure of Standards, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Goverameat Printing Office, Washingon, D.C. (1981). (Order by "SD Catalog No c13.10:3043.) 2. "SI Unis and Recommendations for the Use of Their Multiples and of Cerin Other Unis,” second edition, 1981-02-15, In Standard 180 1000, In Organization for Stundardization, “American Nat. Standards Inst. (ANSI), New York (1981), 3. "Standard for Metc Practice,” E 38082, American Soc. for Testing and Materials, Piladeiptia, (Similar material published in IBEE Std, 268-1982.) 4. Matic Practice GuideA Guide tothe Use of St—The Inerna- ‘ional System of Unis, second edition. APL Pub. 2563 (now being, revised), American Peoeum Institue, Washington, D.C. (an. 1973). This mueial is derived from ASTM E 380-72.) 5. Conversion of Operational and Process Measurement Units 1 the Mere (Sl Sytem, fist dion. API Pub. 2568, Washington, D.C. March 197) 6. “A Bibliography of Met Standards," ANSI, New York (June 1975), (Abo see ANSI'S annual catalog of national and interna tional standards) 17. ASME Orientation and Guide for Use of St (Metric) Unis, sixth ‘sion. Gulde SI-, Amercan Soc. of Mechanical Eagingars (ASME), New Yor (May 1, 1975) (ASME abo has published aides $12, Sirength of Materials; SL3, Dynamics; SS, Fad Mechanics: S+6, Kinematic: SIS, Vibration; and S110, team hart) 8. Merc Edtorial Guide, tind edition, American Nal. Mec Couns (ANMC), Washington, D.C. Guly 1981), 9. “General Principles Concering Quaties, Unis and Syebols, General Introduction 19 1S0 31, second dition, Tn, Standard 1S0 31/0, Int Organization for Standardization, ANSI, New ‘York City (198D. ). “Amerian National Standard Practise for Ineh-Milimeter Con version for Industrial Use," ANSI B48, 1-1933 (RI9S7), 180 'R370-1966, Int. Organization for Sanardization, ANSI, New York. (A later edition hat been issued: “Tolernced Dimen- sions-—Conversion From Inches to Millimeter and Vice Vers," 180 370-1975) “Factor for High Pression Convenion,”” NBS LCIO71 (uly 1 9) foanation ProcessngRepresenttions of SI and Other Unis for Use in Systems With Limited Character Sas, Inl. Standard 150 2955-1974, In. Organization for Standardization, ANSI, New York City” Ref. 5 reproduces the 1973 edon ofthis stan ard ints entirety.) “Supplementary Metic Practice Guide for the Canadian Petoeum Industry," Founh edition, PLP. Moore (d.), Canadian Petoleam Assn. (Oct. 197) “Later Symbols for Units of Measurement,” ANSVIEEE Su 260-1998. Available from Amecean Nal, Standards Inst, New Yor cig. Mechiy, E.A.: “The Inemaiona System of Units—Physcal CConstanis and Conversion Fac," NASA SP-7012, Sciatic and Technical Infomation Office, NASA, Washington, D.C. 1973 edition available from U.S. Goverment Printing Office, ‘Washington, DC. Melee, BG: The Texas Vara, Available from Commissioner, General Land Office, Sate of Texas, Austin (Api 30, 194). 16. Fe cin srs bran Sorong Seon SP GE. cot SPE APPENDIX A? ‘Terminology To ensure consistently reliable conversion and rounding practices, a clear understanding of the related ‘nontechnical terms is prerequisite. Accordingly, certain terms used in this standard are defined as follows. Accuracy (as distinguished from Precision). The degree of conformity of a measured or calculated value to some recognized standard or specified value. This concept involves the systematic error of an operation, which is seldom negligible. Approximate. A value that is nearly but not exactly cor- rect or accurate, Coherence. A characteristic of a coherent system of units, as described in Appendix B, such that the product ‘or quotient of any two unit quantities is the unit of the ‘TABLE 1.6— SPECIAL TERNS AND QUANTITIES INVOLVING MASS AND AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE. a: Stevenieod | Dimensions (80 Symbos, sunt Term ‘Soo Tabio 1.1) Torn Symbol ‘omic weight M ‘mass of aom ig (GPE Symbols Standard) atomic weight . relative atomic mass . (elsewhere) ‘equivalent = mole ‘mol ‘mass of molecule ™ ‘molecular mass kg molar Ss ‘molar (means, ‘divided by ‘mol ‘amount of substance") molarity = ‘concentration ‘oli? molecular weight ™ ‘molar mass mol (SPE Symbols Standard) molecular weight 5 relative molecular mass a (elsewhere) normal — obsoleteresulting quantity. The SI base units, supplementary units, and derived units form a coherent set Deviation. Variation from a specified dimension or design requirement, usually defining upper and lower limits (see also Tolerance). Digit. One of the 10 Arabic numerals (0 t0 9). Dimension(s). Two meanings: (1) A group of fun- ‘damental (physical) quantities, arbitrarily selected, in terms of which all other quantities can be measured or identified. Dimensions identify the physical nature of, or the basic components making up, a physical quantity. They are the bases for the formation of useful dimen- sionless groups and dimensionless numbers and tor the powerful tool of dimensional analysis. The dimensions for the arbitrarily selected base units of the ST are length, ‘mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic tempera ture, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. SI thas two supplementary quant less—plane angle and solid angle. (2) A geometric ele- ment in a design, such as Iength and angle, or the ‘magnitude of such a quantity. Figure (numerical). An arithmetic value expressed by fone or more digits or a fraction Nominal Value. A value assigned for the purpose of ‘convenient designation; a value existing in name only. Precision (as distinguished from Accuracy). ‘The degree of mutual agreement between individual measurements (repeatability and reproducibility). Quantity. A concept used for qualitative and quan- titative descriptions of a physical phenomenon. ? Significant Digit. Any digit that is necessary to define a value or quantity (see text discussion) Tolerance. The total range of variation (usually bilateral) permitted for a size, position, or other required quantity; the upper and lower limits between which a dimension must be held. U.S. Customary Units. Units based on the foot and the pound, commonly used in the U.S. and defined by the Natl, Bureau of Standards. '" Some of these units have the same name as similar units in the U.K. (British, English, or U.K. units) but are not necessarily equal t0 them. APPENDIX B? SI Units Advantages of SI Units SI is a rationalized selection of units from the metric system that individually are not new. They include a unit ‘of force (the newton), Which was introduced in place of the kilogram-foree to indicate by its name that i s a unit of force and not of mass. SI is a coherent system with seven base units for which names, symbols, and preci Candela (ed)—The candela is the luminous intensity in a given direction of a source that emits ‘monochromatic radiation of frequency $40 (E+ 12) hertz (Hz) and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian."” “Radian (rad)—The radian is the plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off on the circumference ‘an arc equal in length to the radius."” “Steradian (st)—The steradian is the solid angle which, having its vertex atthe center of a sphere, cuts off fan area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere.”” {Ts tnt supe the eames aco 26 e unit ot Definitions of SI Derived Units Having Special Names? Physical Quantity Unit and Definition Absorbed dase ‘The gray (Gy) is the absorbed dose when the energy per unit mass imparted to matter by ionizing radiation is 1 J/kg. Activity ‘The becquerel (Bq) is the activi- ty of a radionuclide decaying at the rate of one spontaneous nuclear transition per second, ‘The degree Celsius (°C) is equal to the kelvin and is used in place of the Kelvin for expressing Celsius temperature (symbol Tac) defined by Tc =Tx~To, where Tx isthe thermodynamic temperature and Ty=273.15 K by definition. The sievert is the dose equivalent when the absorbed dose of ionizing radiation ‘multiplied by the dimensionless factors Q (quality factor) and N (product of any other multiply- ing factors) stipulated by the Int. Commission on Radiolog- ical Protection is 1 kg, ‘The farad (F) is the capacitance of a capacitor between the plates of which there appears. a dif- ference of potential of 1 V when it is charged by a quantity of electricity equal to 1 C. Celsius temperature Dose equivalent Electric capacitanceBlectric conductance Electric inductance Electric potential difference, elec- tromotive force Blectric resistance Energy Force Frequency luminance Luminous flux Magnetic flux Magnetic flux density ‘magnetic induction ‘The siemens (S) is the electric conductance of @ conductor in which a current of 1A is pro- duced by an electric potential difference of 1 V. ‘The henry (H) is the inductance of a closed circuit in which an electromotive force of 1 V is produced when the electric cur- rent inthe circuit varies uniform- ly ata rate of 1 A/s. The volt (V) is the difference of electric potential between two points of a conductor carrying & constant current of 1 A when the power dissipated between these points is equal to 1 W. ‘The ohm (®) is the electric resistance between two points of ‘conductor when a constant dif- ference of potential of 1 V, ap- plied between these two points, produces in this conductor a cur- rent of 1 A, this conductor not being the source of any elec- ‘romotive force. ‘The joule (J) is the work done when the point of application of a force of I N is displaced a distance of 1 m in the direction of the force. ‘The newton (N) is that force Which, when applied to a body having a mass of 1 kg, gives it an acceleration of 1 mis ‘The hertz (Hz) is the frequency ‘of a periodic phenomenon of Which the period is 1 second. ‘The lux (Ix) is the illuminance produced by a luminous flux of 1 Im uniformly distributed over @ surface of 1 m?. ‘The lumen (Im) is the luminous flux emitted in a solid angle of 1 sr by a point source having a uniform intensity of 1 ed. ‘The weber (W) is the magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of ‘one tum, produces init an elec- tromotive force of 1 V as it is reduced to zero ata uniform rate ints, The tesla (T) is the magnetic flux density of 1 Wb/m?. In an altemative approach to defining the magnetic field quantities the tesla may also be defined as the magnetic flux density that pro- duces on a I-m length of wire canying a current of 1A, oriented normal to the flux den- sity, a force of 1N, magnetic flux density being defined as an ‘axial vector quantity such that " the force exerted on an element Of current is equal to the vector product of this element and the magnetic flux density. Power ‘The watt (W) is the power that represents arate of energy transfer of 1 J/s. Pressure or stress The pascal (Pa) is the pressure or stress of | Nim?, Electric charge, Electric charge is the time in- quantity of tegral of electric current; its unit, electricity, the coulomb (C), is equal to 1 As No other SI derived units havp been assigned special names at this time. APPENDIX C** Style Guide for Metric Usage Rules for Writing Metric Quantities Capitals. Units—Unit names, including prefixes, are not capitalized except at the beginning of a sentence or in titles. Note that for ‘degree Celsius" the word “degree” is lower case; the modifier “Celsius” is always capitalized. The ‘degree centrigrade” is now obsolete. ‘Symbols—The short forms for metric units are called unit symbols. They are lower case except that the first letter is upper case when the unit is named for a person. (An exception to this rule in the U.S. is the symbol L for liter.) Examples: Unit Name Unit Symbol meter** m gram g newton N pascal Pa Printed unit symbols should have Roman (upright) let- ters, because italic (sloping or slanted) letters are re- served for quantity symbols, such as m for mass and L for length. Prefix Symbols—All prefix names, their symbols, and. pronunciation are listed in Table 1.4. Notice that the top five are upper case and all the rest lower case. ‘The importance of following the precise use of upper- cease and lower-case letters is shown by the following ex- amples of prefixes and units. G for giga; g for gram. K for kelvin; k for kilo. M for mega; m for milli, NN for newton; n for nano, TT for tera; t for tonne (metric ton). Information Processing—Limited Character Sets— Prefixes and unit symbols retain their prescribed forms regardless of the surrounding typography, except for systems with limited character sets. ISO has provided a standard!? for such systems; this standard is recommended. Plurals and Fractions. Names of SI units form their plurals in the usual manner, except for lux, hertz, andValues less than one take the singular form of the unit, name; for example, 0.5 kilogram or ¥ kilogram. While decimal notation (0.5, 0.35, 6.87) is generally preferred, the most simple fractions are acceptable, such as those where the denominator is 2, 3, 4, or 5. Symbols of units are the same in singular and plural—e.g., 1 m and 100 m, Periods. A period is nor used after a symbol, except at the end of a sentence, Examples: “A current of 15 mA is, found...” “The field measured 350125 m.”” ‘The Decimal Marker. ISO specifies the comma as the decimal marker®; in English-language documents a dot ‘on the line is acceptable. In numbers less than one, a zero should be written before the decimal sign (to pre- vent the possibility that a faint decimal sign will be overlooked). Example: The oral expression “point seven five"” is writen 0.75 or 0,75, Grouping of Numbers. Separate digits into groups of three, counting from the decimal marker. A comma should not be used between the groups of three®, in- stead, a space is eft to avoid confusion, since the comma is the ISO standard for the decimal marker. Ina four-digit number, the space is not required unless the four-digit number is in a column with numbers of five digits or more: For 4,720,525 write 4720525 For 0152875 write (0.52875, For 6,875 write 6875 oF 6 875 For 0.6875 write 0.6875 or 0.687 5 et 8 pray soc, "anUS poet set rere! na an ea Spacing. In symbols or names for units having prefixes, 1no space is left between letters making up the symbol or the name. Examples are KA, kiloampere; and mg, milligram. ‘When a symbol follows a number to which it refers, a space must be left between the number and the symbol, except when the symbol (such as °) appears in the superscript positon. Examples: 455 kHz, 22 mg, 20 mm, 10° N, 30 K, 20°C. When a quantity is used as an adjective, a hyphen should be used between the number and the symbol (ex- cept °C), Examples: It isa 3S-mam film; the film width is 435 mm. I bought a 6-kg turkey; the turkey weighs 6 kg, ‘Leave a space on each side of signs for multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction, except within a com- pound symbol. Examples: 4 em x'3 m (not 4 emx3 m); kgm? Nem. Powers. For unit names, use the modifier squared or cubed afer the unit name (except for area and volume)—e.g., meter per second squared. For area or Volume, place a modifier before the unit name, including in derived units:—e.g., cubic meter and watt per square meter. For unit symbols, write the symbol forthe unit fo lowed by the power superscript—e.g., 14 m? and 26 ‘Compound Units. For a unit name (not a symbol) de- rived as a quotient (e.g., for kilometers per hour), itis preferable not to use a slash (/) as a substitute for “per’” ‘except where space is limited and a symbol might not be understood. Avoid other mixtures of words and symbols. Examples: Use meter per second, not m/s. Use only one ‘per’ in any combination of units—e.g., meter per sec- ‘ond squared, not meter per second per second. For a unit symbol derived as a quotient do not, for ex- ample, write k.p.h. or kph for km/h because the first two are understood only in the English language, whereas anh is used in all languages. The symbol km/h also can be written with a negative exponent—e.g., km-h~!. Never use more than one slash (/) in any combination of symbols unless parentheses are used to avoid ambigui- ty; examples are m/s?, not mis/s; Wi/(m-K), not WimiK. For a unit name derived as a product, a space or a hyphen is recommended but never a “product dot" (a period raised to a centered position)—e.g., write newton meter or newton-meter, not newton” meter. In the case of the watt hour, the space may be omitted—watthour. For a unit symbol derived as a product, use a product dot—e.g., Nem. For computer printouts, automatic typewriter work, etc., a dot on the line may be used. Do rnot use the product dot as a multiplier symbol for calculations—e.g., use 6.2%5, not 6.2°5. Do not mix nonmetric units with metric units, except those, for time, plane angle, or rotation—e.g., use kgim3, not kg/ft? or ke/gal. "A quantity that constitutes a ratio of two like quantities should be expressed as a fraction (either common or decimal) or as a percentage—e-g., the slope is 1/100 or 0.01 or 1%, not 10 mm/m or 10 m/km. SI Prefix Usage. Genera!—SI prefixes should be used to indicate orders of magnitude, thus eliminating non- significant digits and leading zeros in decimal fractions and providing a convenient alternative to the powers- of-10 notation preferred in computation. For example, 12 300 m (in computations) becomes 12.3 km (in non- computation situations); 0.0123 wa (12.3109 A for computations) becomes 12.3 nA (in noncomputation situations) Selection—When expressing a quantity by a numerical value and a unit, prefixes should be chosen so that the numerical value lies between 0.1 and 1000. Generally, prefixes representing steps of 1000 are recommended (avoiding hecto, deka, deci, and centi). However, some situations may justify ‘deviation from the above: 1. In expressing units raised to powers (such as area, volume and moment) the prefixes hecto, deka, deci, and centi may be required—e.g., cubic’ centimeter for volume and em for moment. 2. In tables of values of the same quantity, or in a discussion of such values within a given context, it generally is preferable to use the same unit multiple throughout, 3. For certain quantities in particular applications, one certain multiple is used customarily; an example is the millimeter in mechanical engineering drawings, even when the values lie far outside the range of 0.1 to 1000 Powers of Units—An exponent attached to a symbolcontaining a prefix indicates that the multiple or sub- ‘multiple of the unit (the unit with its prefix) is raised to the power expressed by the exponent. For example, Tom? =(10-2m)> Ins"! (1079s)! 1 mm?/s— =(10-3m/s Double Prefixes—Double or multiple prefixes should not be used. For example, use GW (gigawatt), not kMW; use pm (picometer), not yim; use Gg (gigagram), not Mkg; use 13.58 m, not 13 m 580 mm. Prefix Mixtures—Do not use @ mixture of prefixes unless the difference in size is extreme. For example, use 40 mm wide and 1500 mm long, not 40 mm wide and 1.5 m long; however, 1500 m of 2-mm-diameter wire is acceptable. Compound Units—Itis preferable that prefixes not be used in the denominators of complex units, except for kilogram (kg) which is a base unit. However, there are cases where the use of such prefixes is necessary to ob- tain a numerical value of convenient size. Examples of some of these rare exceptions are shown in the tables contained in these standards Prefixes may be applied to the numerator of a com- pound unit; thus, megagram per cubic meter (Mg/m>), ‘but nor kilogram per cubic decimeter (kg/m?) nor gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm?). Values required outside the range of the prefixes should be expressed by powers ‘of 10 applied to the base unit. Unit of Mass—Among the base units of SI, the kilogram is the only one whose name, for historical reasons, contains a prefix; itis also the coherent SI for mass (See Appendices A and B for discussions of coherence.) However, names of decimal multiples and submultiples ofthe unit of mass are formed by attaching prefixes to the word "gram." Prefixes Alone—Do not use a prefix without a unit—e.g., use kilogram, not kilo. Caleulations—Errors in calelations can be minimized if, instead of using prefixes, the base and the coherent derived SI units ae used, expressing numerical values in powers-of-10 notation—e.g., 1 MJ= 10° J. Spelling of Vowel Pairs. There are three cases where the final vowel in a prefix is omitted: megohm, kilohm, and hectare. In all other cases, both vowels are retained ‘and both are pronounced. No space or hyphen should be used. Complicated Expressions. To avoid ambiguity in com- plicated expressions, symbols are preferred over words. Attachment. Attachment of leters to a unit symbol for giving information about the nature of the quantity is in- comrect: MWe for "megawatts electrical (power),"" kPag. for “kilopascals gauge (pressure),”” Paa for “‘pascals ab- solute (pressure),”” and Vac for ‘volts ac”” are not ac- ceptable. If the context is in doubt on any units used, supplementary descriptive phrases should be added 10 ‘making the meanings clear. 13 Equations. When customary units appear in equations, the SI equivalents should be omitted. Instead of inserting the latter in parentheses, as in the case of text or small tables, the equations should be restated using SI unit symbols, or a sentence, paragraph, or note should be added stating the factor to be used to convert the calculated result in customary units to the preferred SI units Pronunciation of Metric Terms ‘The pronunciation of most of the unit names is well known and uniformly described in American dic- tionaries, but four have been pronounced in various ways. The following pronunciations are recommended: candela — Accent on the second syllable and pronounce it like dell joule — Pronounce it to rhyme with pool. pascal — The preferred pronunciation rhymes with rascal. An acceptable second choice puts the accent on the second syllable. siemens — Pronounce it like seamen's. For pronunciation of unit prefixes, see Table 1.4. ‘Typewriting Recommendations Superscripts. The question arises of how numerical superscripts should be typed on a machine with a con- ventional keyboard. With an ordinary keyboard, numerals and the minus sign can be raised to the superscript position by rolling the platen half a space before typing the numeral, using care to avoid i terference with the text in the line above. Special Characters. For technical work, it is useful to have Greek letters available on the typewriter. If all ST symbols for units are to be typed properly, a key with the upright Greek lower-case 4 (pronounced “*mew,"" not “'moo"") is necessary, since this isthe symbol for micro, ‘meaning one millionth. The symbol can be approximated fon a conventional machine by using a lower-case u and adding the tal by hand (). A third choice is to spell out the unit name in full For units of electricity, the Greek upper case omega (0) for ohm also will be useful; when itis not available, the word “‘ohm”” can be spelled out. It is fortunate that, except for the more extensive use of the Greek y for micro and @ for ohm, the change to SI units causes no additional difficulty in manuscript preparation ‘The Letter for Liter. On most U.S. typewriters, there is litle difference between the lower-case “el” (“I”) and. the numerical ““one"’ ("1"). The European symbol for liter is a simple upright bar; the Canadians"? employed fan upright script € but now have adopted the upright capital L; ANSI now recommends the upright capital L. ‘Typewriter Modification. Where frequently used, the following symbols could be included on typewriters: superscripts ? and ? for squared and cubed; Greek y. for micro; * for degree; - for a product dot (not a period) for symbols derived as a product; and Greek @ for ohm.‘A special type-b. 11 that contains all the superscripts, 1, , and other characters used in technical reports is vailable for some typewriters. Some machines have replaceable character keys. Longhand. To assure legibility of the symbols, m, n, andy, it is recommended that these three symbols be written to resemble printing. For example, write nm, not vs. The symbol 4 should have a long distinct tail’ and should have the upright form (not sloping or italic). Shorthand. Stenographers will find that the SI symbols generally are quicker to write than the shorthand forms for the unit names. APPENDIX D. General Conversion Factors* General The accompanying Table 1.7 is intended to serve two purposes: 1. To express the definitions of general units of measure as exact numerical multiples of coherent “metric” units. Relationships that are exact in terms of the fundamental SI unit are followed by an asterisk. Relationships that are not followed by an asterisk either are the result of physical measurements or are only approximate 2. To provide multiplying factors for converting ex- pressions of measurements given by numbers and general or miscellaneous units to corresponding new numbers and metric units, Se ee cee cere eee STEN S reciee emer ee Notation Conversion factors are presented for ready adaptation to computer readout and electronic data transmission. The factors are written as a number equal to or greater than ‘one and less than 10, with six or fewer decimal places (e., seven or fewer total digits). Each number is fol- lowed by the letter E (for exponent), a plus or minus symbol, and two digits that indicate the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied to obtain the cor- rect value. For example, 3.523 907 (E=02) is 3.523 907% 10-7 0.035 239 07. Similarly, 3.386 389 (E403) is 3.386 38910? 3 386.389, ‘An asterisk (*) after the numbers shown indicates that the conversion factor is exact and that all subsequent digits (for rounding purposes) are zero. All other conver- sion factors have been rounded to the figures given in ac~ cordance with procedures outlined in the preceding text. Where less than six decimal places are shown, more precision is not warranted. ‘The following is a further example of the use of Table 7. ToConven From To Multiply By pound-force per square foot Pa 4.788 026 E+01 pound-force per square inch Pa 6.894 757 E+03 inch m 2.540" B-02 ‘These conversions mean 1 Ibfift? becomes 47.880 26 Pa, I Ibf/in.? becomes 6.894.757 Pa or 6.894 757 kPa, and 1 inch becomes 0.0254 m (exactly. ‘The unit symbol for pound-force sometimes is written Ibf and sometimes Iby or Ib; the form Ibf is recommended. Organization ‘The conversion factors generally are listed alphabetically by units having specific names and compound ur derived from these specific units. A number of units starting with the pound symbol (Ib) are located in the “p™ section of the lst. Conversion factors classified by physical quantities are listed in Refs. 3 and 4. ‘The conversion factors for other compound units can bbe generated easily from numbers given in the alphabetical ist by substitution of converted units. For example: I. Find the conversion factor for productivity index, (BIDy/dbflin.?) to (m°/d)/Pa, Convert 1 B/D to 1.589 873 (E-O1) m3/d and I Ibifin.? to 6.894 757 (E+03) Pa. Then, substitute [1.589 873 (E-01))/[6.894 757 (E-03)] =2.305 916 (E05) (m3/d)/Pa. 2. Find the conversion factor for tonf-mile/ft to ‘MJ/m. Convert 1 tonf to 8.896 444 (E03) N; 1 mile to 1.609 344* (E403) m; and 1 ft to 3,048* (E-01) m. Then, substitute [8.896 444 (E+03)] (1.609 344 (E+03)] [3.048 (E—01)) {697 322 (E+07) (N-m)/m or Jim (697 322 (E+01) Mi/m, ‘When conversion factors for complex compound units are being calculated from Table 1.7, numerical uncer- tainties may be present in the seventh (or lesser last “ significant") digit of the answer because of roundings already taken for the last digit of tabulated values. Mechtly'® provides conversion factors of more than seven digits for certain quantities. 14TABLE1.7ALPHABETCAL LIST OF UNTS (symbols of SI units given in parentheses) To-Const Fam fe sin 0" aro mae Te Eom Snub coun) te Eton Saw was) ie Ete ren) ren te Eto ox Sone 9 te Exes bohm oh) to Eee or ori ie Ee eit US. ey) me {Bea 99 E03 sce Samer ree (ry towers Ess er far Sat eee? Ele w rete) i eva Seton retry a Secret mtr) Hoso7e 1 Soro Sanaa pasa a {ore aso E08 Songs feel = 1 ge) Pascal a dues" E08 ber pasa a jo eso in foe is Es Sarl operon, 2g) mete 1Son07e E-o1 eae mtr) Eun or E80 Brite hal nt etna Tay joe) 155056 £03 Brus ral nt (ear poe) ier £0 Stan al nt (emeceria) jue) {aeeso E203 Sitch ral nt 2°) pao ier ese Bat eral nt) \oeeo Ese Ein tema unt eo) oseee E03 Bu etatonal Tabet) ‘rma cua, tartar 170725 €00 a thomsen oF ‘terra caso) agri) ires71 e600 ea err Tin.) ‘ere coin wat grrr ain saaar 01 Btu (thermochemical)-in./(hr-tt."F)_ fer) ‘ona cu wat er ttm) asso £01 aa eaten a ne} recone va pert enn) s.192204 +8 a urrecamea ne) rr ai) wat prt ein) se 780 e+ce 2 (rr Tee wat 9 peor E01 BS remochonicare aw Same 7s) E-o1 Bu ermectercalnn va ‘fargo 01 Su (nectar va outdo E0e0 Betton! at? fe porto i Hssess ecoe hu (ernecramcat Jo per mate: Gr) USiaes Etos BL temechomca sn) are) Sieeest E00 Bu (remem watger ote tusr ao E208 arrose) wanda tue i, istess E204 et heroctencain =) wt er te (i) bpesorarsees Bu retard) ‘rn erduan) val per mt tein 1) 078260 E00 ‘Btu (thermochemical) (he-f-°F) (thermal conductance) ‘watt per mater® kelvin [Wi(m=K)] 5.674466 E+00 water nets tenn feo soe Else ‘at perreto te (0) oceans eae Bh rata! Tbe on jue era () bear Eas Bu (feresioncae Bi perked) Bela E008 Buu (International Table)(Ibm-“F) Ws ‘heap joe per gam an U0) 4sese" +00 a tomochericaim thn capac) leper ga ain 0 404000 €+09 ince he US. ba olen eect as ben vom mi sah. In 850 sal oon mae ern on ido ave ‘mi Ate sore esse tr asec roma pnts rs eat pect ays wie US aus as werbe oe sara Gh aerate cco TattaraneeeS sang serena st warnserm US ccna eam ‘Soe wana ear goon non may Gomes to hong reser thi vate mas stein 8. Som he clr rat Tate et he abe 05548. The eet comes cri 28 552 Spee! %‘TABLE 1.7— ALPHABETICAL LIST OF UNITS (cont'd) (eymbote of Stunts given in parentheses) To Conver From To Mutipty By" usher US) meter (mm 3523 907 E02 caliber inch). moter (9) 2se E02 Calorie (international Table) joule () 47068 +00 Calor (mean) joule Q) 419002 £+00 Calorie (thermochemical) joule Q) ate +00 calor (15°) joule W) 4.18580 +00 calorie (20°C) joule) 418190 +00 Calorie (klogram, International Table) Joule Q) 41888" +03 Calor (kiogram, mean) joule Q) 419002 E+03 Calorie (kiogram, thermochemical) Joule Q) tee E403 cal thermochemical cm? Joule per mote (in) 41847 E408 al (international Tables Joule per Klogram (ik) 41a" +03 al thermochemical Joule per Klogram (kg) 41a +03 al (international TableV(@°C) Joule er klogram Kevin (Jka )] ‘tase +03 cal thermochemical) (g°C) Joule per klogram kein (ka) Stee E403 cal (hermechemicalymin| watt (W) 6973333 E-02 al (thermechemical's watt (W) 1a +00 ‘al thermochemical cm?min) ‘watt per meter (Wim) 6973903 E+02 al (thermechemical (em) ‘att per meter (Wim) 41g" E404 al (thermochemical (cms"O) wat per mater kelvin [Wom] 41a +02 capture unit (cu. = 10°? m=") per meter") or E-01 carat (metric) ‘elogram (kg) 20 E04 ‘ontimeter of mercury (0°) pascal (Pa) 133322 £403 Contimetor of water (4°C) pascal (Pa) 980638 +01 centpoise ‘pascal second (Pas) tor E-03 ccomistokes ‘meter per second (rs) tor E=06 cular mit meter (i) 5.067 075-10 co kelvin met? por watt (Kr) 2003712 E-o1 op meter 2.365 682 E-04 cutie ‘becquerel (Bq) ar E+t0 ‘yee per second hertz (He) vor E400 day (mean solr) second () 8.640000 E+04 day (siderea) ‘second () 8616 409 +04 ‘degree (angle) radian (rac) 1.745329 E02 degree Celsius kelvin (K) Ty= Tyo + 273.18 degree centigrade (see degree Celsius) gree Fatvennet degree Celsius To= (Ty - 28 degree Fatrentet kelvin (K) Tha (re + 450.0718 ‘degree Rarkine kelvin (K) The “Fhe Btu (Intemational Table) (heemal resistance). kelvin met per watt (Kem?) 1781 102 €-01 “Fete Bu (hermechemical) (thermal resistance) kelvin meter por watt (Kn? /W] 1.762.250 €-01 denier ‘glogram par meter (kg) aia €-07 ‘ayne ‘ewan (Ni aor" E=05 ‘dyne-cm ‘newion meter (Nn) 10 E-07 ‘Syneiem® pascal (Pa) tor E-01 ectronvolt Joule ) 160219 E-19 EMU of capacitance farad (F) to E+09 EMU of eurent ampere (A) to E+0r EMU of electic potential vot (V) to E08 EMU of inductance henry (H) tor E-09 EMU of resistance ‘ohm (9) to E09 ESU of capacitance farad (F) 112680 €-12 ESU of curent ampere (A) 33356 E10 ESU of electric potential volt (¥) 20079 +02 ESU of inductance henry (4) 8.987 554 E411 SU of resstance ‘ohm (0) 8.997554 E411 eg joule W) E-07 ergiom*s ‘Watt per mater (Wim) -03 ens watt (W) E-07 faraday (based on carbon-12) coulomb (6) +08 faraday (chemical) ‘coulom (6) +08 {araday (physical) ‘coulom (C) +08 fathom meter (mn) +00 {erm femtomoter) meter) E-15 fiuid ounce (U.S) meter (> E-05 foot meter (m) E-o1 foot (U.S. survey)" ‘meter (m) E-o1 8‘TABLE 1.7— ALPHABETICAL LIST OF UNITS (cont'd) (eymbots of SI units given in parentheses) To Conver From To Mutiply By’ ‘not of water (39.2°F) pascal Pa) 298898 E403 sgh meter 9.200 304" E02 fh (thermal itusivty) ‘meter per second (nis) 2.580 640° E05 fis ‘meter per second (6) 9.200 304" E02 cu (volume; section modulus) meter (rr 2.951 685 E-02 feimin ‘eto? per second (m/s) 4719474 E-08 fis ‘meter per second (1s) 2ea1 685 E-02 ft (moment ot section) ™ meter (rr 3.630975 E-03 tue meter per second (ms) 8.465 667 €-05 ‘min ‘eter per second (ms) 5.080" E03 fe ‘meter per second (8) Boas E-01 fst ‘meter per second®(mis") Boss E01 footcancle ux (&) 1.076391 E+01 footiambert ‘candela per meter (edi) 3.426 259 E +00 fet Joule ) 1.355 818 E +00 abt watt (W) 3.766 161 E08 feibtmin watt (W) 2.259697 E-o2 res watt (W) 11355 818 E+00 fepoundal jouie () 421011 E02 fre fal, standard (9) ‘eter per second? (mis!) 191806 650° E +00 omst ‘motor per second? (mis!) 10 E-02 ‘galon (Canadian laud) meter (ro 4548 090 E-03, gallon (U.K. quid) meter (me 4546 092 E-03, gallon (US. dy) meter (me 4404 868 E—09 ‘gallon (US. qua) motor (r 3795412 E-03 521 (US. lqudyday ‘eter per second (ms) 4.381 264 E ‘gal (US. iquid)rin meter per second (ns) 16309020 E-05 ‘gal US. Hquid)phe (SFC, spect uel consumption) ‘meter perjoule (md) 1.410089 E-09 ‘gamma (magnetic field strength) ampere per meter (Am) 17.987 747 E-04 ‘gamma (magnetic fx density) tesla (1) tor E-09 ‘gauss testa (7) io E-08 ‘ler ampere (A 7957 747 E-01 ow UK) meter (m? 1420654 E-04 ms) meter (mr 11a2 941 E08 ‘rad degree (angular) 80" ‘grad radian (rad) 1.570796 E-02 ‘fan (117000 bm avoirdupois) ‘alogram (ig) 6.479.891" E05 ‘grain (om avoircupols 7000} gal (US. fquid) ‘elogram per mater (gin?) 1.711 608 E-02 ‘ram ‘elogram (1) tor E~03 ‘em ‘elogram per meter (agin?) 10 E403 ‘ramorceiem* pascal (Pal 9.806 650" E+ 01 hectare eter (rr, 10" E+08 horsepower (550 fbts) watt (Ww) 7.456999 E+02 horsepower (oiler) watt (Ww) 9.80050 E+03 horsepower electric) watt W) 7460" +02 horsepower (metric) watt (Ww) 735499 E02 horsepower (water) watt (W) 7.46043 E+02 horsepower (U.K) watt (W) 74570 E+02 hour (mean solar) second(s) 3.600000 E +03 hour (sderea) | second(s) 3.590170 E+03 honéreaweight (lng) logram (i) 5.080235 E +01 hhuncreaweight (shor) clogram (i) 4595626 E +01 inch mater () 25s E-a2 Inch of mercury (32°F) pascal (Pal 338638 E+03 Inch of mercury (60°F) pascal (Pal 337685 +03, inch of water (38.2°F) pascal (Pal 249082 +02 inch of water (60°F) pascal (Pai 24984 +02 sai, meter? (rt 64516 E-04 {n, (volume; section modulus)" meter (rr 1.698708 E-05 inn ‘meter per second (ms) 2791 177 E-07 ins (moment of section) meter (rt 462314 £-07 ins rmetor per second (mis) ase E02 inst ‘eter per secon (mis!) ase E02 kayser 1 per mote: (tim) +02 olin Gogree Cekiue = 2815 aso an mat lie a cna a 7‘TABLE 1.7—ALPHABETICAL LIST OF UNITS (cont'd) (symbols of Si units glven In parentheses) “To Conver From To Muttioly By" ‘Gocalore(intemational Table) joe) $1968" +08 ‘elocaore (mean) joule () 419002 +03 local (thermochemical) foule () ate +03 Klosaloie(hermocnemicalmin watt (W) 6973953 E+01 klosaloie (thermochemicals wat (W) 41a" +03 Ilogram-force (kl) newton (N) s.80s6s* E+00 kgtm ewion moter (Nn) 9.80665" E+00 kgtetim (mass) Klogram tc) 9.90865" +00 glen? pascal (2) 9.90865: +04 git pascal (Pa) 9.0665 £+00 gram? pascal (3) 9.80865" +08, kwh ‘meter per second (mis) 2777778 E-01 klopond ‘newion (¥) 9.80865" +00 Ielowatthou (Wn) joule W) 36 +08 ip (1000) ‘ewion (N) 4448 202 +03 pin? (ks) pascal (Pa) 6.894 757 E +08, rot (international) ‘eter per second (rs) 5.144.444 E-0t lambert ‘candela ger moter (ei) ver +04 lambert Candela per meter (ed) 3.183.009 E+03 langley Joule per meter (Si) 416 +04 league ‘motor (mi) (ee Footnote) light year eter (i 946055" +15 ites meter (>) tor E=03 maxwell weber (Wb) tor E08 mo siemens S) 19" E00 microinch meter (m ase E08 ‘icrosecondioot (ust) Imiecosecandimeter (xsi) 3290 040 E+00 ‘micron meter (mi 10 E-08 vil meter (mi 25s E05 mile (international) meter (mi 1.609.344" E+03 mil (statute) rater (mi 46093. £+03 mile (US. survey)" rreter(m 11609 347 E403 ‘ile iniormational nautica) meter (m iso" E+03 ‘mile (UK nautical) meter (m) 41959 184" E +03 mile (US. nautica) meter) jase E+03 sq mil (ternational) rotor? (n) 2599988 £+05 ‘sqmile (US. survey) meter (=) 2589998 E+08 tile (international) ‘meter per second (mvs) 4a70a E-0t miei (eternational) kiometer per pour (km) 11509 344" E+00 milimin (ternational) ‘mater per second (ms) 268224" +01 mileis (international) ‘meter per second (ms) 1.509 344" E+03 mitibar pascal (Pa) 10 E402 millmeter of mercury (°C) ‘pascal (Pa) 133322 E+02 ‘minute (angle) Fadlan (rad) 2.908 882 E-04 ‘inate (mean sola) second (3) 60" sot ‘minute (sisereal) second (3) 5.983617 E+01 ‘month (mean calendar) second (3) 2.628 000 E+06 corsted ampere per mater (Aim) 7.957747 E +01 ‘hm centimeter ‘ohm mete (Cm) to E-02 ‘ohm eheuia-mi per ft ‘ohm milmeter per meter Tseme) 1.962426 E-09 ‘ounce (avoirdupcis) ‘ogra tka) 2.094 952 ‘ounce (roy or apothecary) ‘elogram (ka) 3.110348 ‘unee (UK. fui) moter (n°) 2.841 307 ‘unee (US. uid) moter (n°) 2.957 353 ‘ounce-force newton 2.780 139 oxtin, ewion meter (Nn) 7.061 552 02 (avoirdupois)'gal (U.K. quid) Kilogram per meter (gi) 6.236 021 02 (avovrdupois gl (U.S. bavi) kiogram per meter (kg) 7.489 152 (02 (avordupois}in? Ieiogram per meter (kg) 1.729 984 02 (avorcupois)™™ ‘elogram per meter: (gir) 3.051517 (22 (avordupois ye? ‘elogram per meter (cgi?) 3.390 575 parse ‘meter (n), 3.088 678 peck US.) meter (e) 1.809 768 pennyweight Kilogram ka) 41555 174 emo" kKlogram per pascal second meter Tegl(Pasm) 572195 E-11 ‘in 0s Gonnral Cones on Mechs end Meats sore a ra sec nan: eae ec Porto is econ he er red gy ‘esos ann Sh cena paca une mewn noe mae 18TABLE 1.7—ALPHABETICAL LIST OF UNITS (cont'd) {symbols of 1 unts given In parentheses) To Conver From To Multiply By" orm are ‘alogram par pascal second meter ikg(Pasar] 5.74525 E11 pexmin, (0°) ‘elogram per pascal second meter hoiPrsm)] 145322 E-12 cri, (23°0)"" ‘elogram per pascal second meter (henlFarsen)] 1.45929 E-12 phot lumen per meter (im) 19 E+ 08 lea (printer's) mete) 4217518 E03 pint (US. dy) ‘meter (r) 5506 105 £-04 Bint (US. oui) meter (n?) 4731 785, £-04 point (prints) meter () 3514596" E—04 ois (absolute viscosity) pascal sacond (Pas) ior E-01 pound (bm aveirdupoiey® logram (kg) 4595924 E-01 ound (trey or apothecary) ‘elogram (kg) 3732417 E-01 "mt (moment of inertia) ‘elogram meter (kg) 4214011 E02 logram metar (kg?) 2928397 E04 pascal sacond (Pas) 4.133789 E-04 pascal sacond (Pas) 1488 164 E+00 kelogram per meter (gin) 4.852.428 €+00 kiogram per meter (kai) 11601 848 E+01 omigal (UK liquid) klogram per mato? (git) 997653 E+01 "migal (US. quid) Iiogram per mater gin?) 1.198 264 E+02 ‘omte kilogram per second (kis) 1.259979 E-08 "emitho-m) (SFO, specific fuel consumption) kKiogram per joule (kg) 1.989.659 E-o7 ‘mins kklogram per meter (kai?) 2767990 E+04 ‘Smmin kklogram per second (ais) 7559873 €-03 ms klogram per second (kais) 4595928 E-01 yer klogram per meter (kg) 5.932764 E01 poundal newton () 11382550 E-01 Poundabe pascal (Pa) 1488 164 E +00 ound pascal second (Pas) 1.488 164 E+00 pound-toree (bn) newton (\) 4.448 202 +00 foes ewion meter (Nn) 41355818 E+00 Ibe. rewion meter per meter [Nm] 8337866 E+01 Ietins Rewion meter (Nn) 1429848 E01 Teenie ewion meter per meter [N/m] 4448 222 €+00 iota pascal secona (Pas) 4798026 +01 rr Fewion ger meter (Nim) 1459390 E+01 wane pascal a) 4788026 +01 te, hewion per meter (Nin) 1751 268 E+02 Iota? (ps) pascal (Pa) 6.894757 +03 1btfbm (thustweight (mass) rato) Fewion ger kilogram (Ng) 9.806 650 +00 quart (US. dy) meter (nr 1.101 221 E-03 (quart (U.S. lige) meter (7?) 529 E04 ‘ad (adiation dose absorbed) gray (Gy, E-02 the ‘per pascal second (1a) to Exor red meter (=) (seeFootnote?) roentgen coulomb per kilogram (Cig) 258 E-04 second (angle) racan (ad) 48348 137 €-08 second (score) second (3) section ‘meter (re) shake second (3) sug ogra slgits) ‘pascal second (Pas) sug kiggram per meter (agin) statampere ampere (A) statcoulom coulomb (C) statfared farad (F) stathomy henry (4 stato siemens (8) 1.112650 E-12 chm (0) 8.987 554 E411 vat (V) 2997 925 +02 eter (n°) tor E400 re Sw ders 8 ir a ‘not coserson ata 8623 Stet come ac taut 21682003 +00 rae senses Tora ed Ba eet‘TABLE 1.7— ALPHABETICAL LIST OF UNITS (cont'd) (symbols of SI units gven In parentheses) eve om Rel tater dn ang fear vind Seay, acidg ie ita ay va For nore sci “anys ther utes coey eo eae catenins wed th cn eps mala rcs ay he bot le secre “Tau csed om Waters Naw mension tony ‘To Convent From To Mutiply By" ab ‘ansola por meter (cara) To E+oE ‘Stokes (kinematic viscosity) eter per second (rls) 10 E08 tablespoon meter (re) 1.478676 E-05 teaspoon motor (r=) 41928 922 E—08, tex kklogram per meter (kg) sor E08 therm joule () 1.055 058 E +08 ton (assay) kiogram (i) 2ar6687 €-2 ton ong, 2,240 tom) kiogram (i), 1.016047 E +03 ton (matic) kiogram 03) to E408 ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT) joule () 4104 +09" ton (eigeration) wat (W) 3516800 E+03 ton (register) mater (nr) 2.831685 +00 ton (short, 2000 tb) kiogram (a) 9.071 847 E+02 ton (ong)? kilogram per meter (ki) 1.308 939 E+03 ton (shone kilogram per second (ks) 2519958 E-01 ton-force (2000 ib ‘newton (N) 8.996.444 E +03 toone Koga (ka) tor E+03 torr (mm Hg, °C) pascal (Pal 130322 E+02 township eter (rt) (00 Footnote 1) unit pole weber (Wo) 1256 637-07 watthour (We) jouie () seo +03 Ws youle () tor E400 Wien Walt per mater? (Wim) 19 E408 win? wat er mater (Wim) 1550008 E403 yard rotor), 914-01 ye meter (re) 8.361274 E-01 ye meter 7.645549 E-01 yen ‘ate? per second (ns) 4.274258 E-02 year (calendar) second () 3.153600 €+07 ‘year (sidereal) second(s) 3155815 £407 year (tropical) second(s) 3.155693 +07 ‘etre remiss) abe APPENDIX E ‘TABLE 1.8 — CONVERSION FACTORS FOR THE VARA Value ot Conversion Facto, Location Verain inches _Varas to Meters Source ‘Argentina, Paraguay 34.12 Sees E-01 Rot. 16 Cadiz, Chile, Peru sa37 e475 E01 Pet 16 California, ‘except San Francisco 993720 © 8.47649 E-01 Ret. 16 San Francisco 330 838 E-01 Rel 16 Central America 387 aes E01 Ret 16 Coloma’ a5 300 E-01 et 16 Honduras 330 838 E-01 Ft. 16 Mexico 8380 E-01 Rls. 18nd 17 Portugal, Brazil 430 1.09 E+00 Ret. 16 ‘Spain, Cuba, Venezuela, Pilppine Isiands ce a ot. 17 Texas ‘dan 26, 1801, to Jan. 27, 1898 3287438 835020 E-01 Rel. 16 ‘dan 27, 1838 10 June 17, 1819, for ‘Suveys of state land made or Land Office soi 8.406667 E-01 et. 16 Jan 27,1838 1 June 17, 1919, on private surveys (nies changed to 32-1/3 in by custom arcing {o aignty of law and overcoming former law) 328748 © 8.35020 E-o1 Pet. 16 June 17,1919, to present S843 8.465087 E01 Ret 16TABLE 19. {Customary Unit barel Bish thermal unit Bish thermal uit per pound-mass calorie centpoise omistokes darcy egree Fahrenhelt (temperature diference) ‘yne per centimeter foot exbic foot (cu t) {ubic fot per pounc:mass (bm) ‘square fot (64) foot per minute foot-pound-torce foot pound-orce per minute foot-pound-ore per second horsepower horsepower, boiler inch kiowatthour rile ‘ounce (avirdupois) ‘ounce (tid) poune-foree ound-force per square inch (pressure, psi) ound-mase ‘ound-mass per cubic fot section {on long (2240 pounds-mass) ton, matic (tonne) ton, short ent eas APPENDIX F |EMORY JOSGER"—METRIC UNITS, ‘BalPack” Metie Values; (Do Not Use As Conversion Factors) 4000 square meters 04 hectare 0.16 cubie meter 13000" "joules £2800 ules per Kilogram 2.3 kiojoules per klogram 4, jules 1% ilipasea-second 3° Square milmeter per second 1. square micrometer 05 kebvin 1" ilinewton per meter 30. centimeters, ‘03. meter (0.03. cubic meter 10.08 cubic meter per Kilogram 0.1” square meter (03 meter per minute 5 millmeters per second 1.4 joules 0.02 watt 14 wats 750° watts (% kilowatt) 30_ klowans 25, centimeters 36" megejoules 16 klomoters 28 grams 530 _ cubio centimeters 45 nowions 7 kilopascals 05 klogram 18 klograms per cubic meter 260. hectares 26 milion square meters 26 square klometers 1000 kilograms 1000 klograms 800 kilograms Part 2: Discussion of Metric Unit Standards Introduction ‘The standards and conventions shown in Part 1 are part of the SPE tentative standards. Table 2.1. presents nomenclature for Tables 2.2 and 2.3. Table 2.2 is a modified form of a table in API 2564 reflecting SPE. recommendations. Table 2.3 shows a few units com- ‘monly used in the petroleum industry that are not shown in Table 1.7 and 2.2. The columns in these tables are based on the following Quantity and SI Unit. The quantity and the base or derived SI unit that describes that quantity. Customary Unit, The unit most commonly used in ex- pressing the quantity in English units SPE Preferred. The base or derived SI unit plus the ap- proved prefix, if any, that probably will be used most 21 commonly to achieve convenient unit size. Any ap- proved prefix may be used in combination with an ap- proved SI unit without violation of these standards ex- cept where otherwise noted, Other Allowable. A small, selected list of non-SI units that are approved temporarily for the convenience of the English-metric transition. Use of the allowable units may be discouraged but is not prohibited. Any tradi- tional, non-SI unit not shown is prohibited under these standards. Conversion Factor. For certain commonly used units, a conversion factor is shown. The primary purpose in these tables is to show how the preferred metric unit ‘compares in size with the traditional unit. An effort has bbeen made to keep the unit sizes comparable to minimize transition difficulties.AA detailed summary of general conversion factors is, included as Table 1.7 in Part 1 of this report. The notation for conversion factors in Tables 2.2 and 2.3 is explained in the introduction to Table 1.7. Fig. 2.1 shows graphically how SI units are related in a very coherent manner, Although it may not be readily apparent, this intemal coherence is a primary reason for adoption of the metric system of units. ‘The SPE Metrication Subcommittee is endeavoring to provide SPE members with all information needed on the Intemational System of Units and to provide tentative standards (compatible with SI coherence, decimal, and ‘other principles) for the application of the SI system to SPE fields of interest. The tentative SPE standards are intended to reflect reasonable input from many sources, and we solicit your positive input with the assurance that all ideas will receive careful consideration, Review of Selected Units Certain of the quantities and units shown in Tables 2.2 ‘and 2.3 may require clarification of usage (see also the notes preceding Tables 2.2 and 2.3). Time Although seconds) isthe base time unit, any unit of ime ‘may be used — minute (min), hour (h), day (@), and year (@). Note that (a) is used as the abbreviation for year (an- ‘num) instead of (yr). The use of the minute as atime unit is discouraged because of abbreviation problems. It should be used only when another time unit is absolutely inappropriate. Date and ‘Time Designation ‘The Subcommittee proposes to recommend a standard date and time designation to the American Natl. Stan- dards Inst., as shown below. This form already has been introduced in Canada, 76 — 10 — 03 —16 4 4 year month day hour minute second (16-10-03-16:24:14) ‘The sequence is orderly and easy to remember; only needed portions of the sequence would be used — most documents would use the first three. No recommenda- tion has been made for distinguishing the century, such as 1976 vs. 1876 vs. 2076. Area ‘The hectare (ha) is allowable but its use should be con- fined to large areas that describe the areal extent of a por- TABLE 21—NOMENCLATURE FOR TABLES 2.2 AND 2.3 Unit ‘symbol! Name Quantiy Type of Unit a ‘lectie current base Stunt a ‘time allowable (ot oficial S) unit Bq activity (of radionuclises) erived Sl unit = 1/5 bar pressure flowable (not official SI) unit, = 10" Pa c ‘uantiy of electicty Served Stunt, = 1s os Tuminous intensity base Sl unt c temperature derived Sl unit= 10K. 5 plane angle ‘allowable (not oficial St) unit 6 time flowable (not oficial SI) unit, = 28 hours F cloctic capacitance erived Slur, = 1 AsV Gy absorbed dose Gorived Si unit, = kg 9 mass flowable (not official S1) uit, = 10> kg inductance Served Si uni, = 1 VsiA h time allowable (not official SI) unit, = 9.6 x 10s He frequency orived SI unit, = 1 cycie/s ha area allowable (not official SI) unit, = 10m? J Work, energy Serived Stunt = 1 Nm k temperature base Sl unt 9 mass base Stunt mn velocity allowable (not official SI) unt, = 5.144.444 x 10°* mis 11852 km L volume allowable (no official SI) unit, = 1 de Im luminous tx ‘derived SI unit, i ‘luminance derived Suit, m length base Sl unit ‘ia tine allowable (not official S) unit i plane angle ‘Aiowable cartography (not ofa SI) uit N force rived SI unit, = 1 kgs! aut. ile length towable (ot ofl Spun, = 852 x 10m a lotic resistance orived SI unit, = 1 VIA Pa pressure ‘rived SI unit = 1 Nim? a0 plane angle ‘supplementary Stunt s ‘electrical conductance red Stunt, = 1 AV : time base Si unt : plane angle allowable cartography (not offal St) unit = Sold angle ‘supplementary Sl unt T ‘magnetic Mux density ‘rived Stunt, = 1 Whim? t mass ‘allowable (not ficial i) unit, = 10°kg = 1 Mg v ‘lecric potential erived SI unit. = 1 WIA w power ved SI unit, = 1 J's wo weber magnetic hue ved Stunit, = 18tion of the earth’s crust (normally replacing the acre or section), Volume ‘The liter is an allowable unit for small volumes only. It should be used for volumes not exceeding 100 L. Above this volume (or volume rate), cubic meters should be -d. The only two prefixes allowed with the liter are ill and “micro!” t"* ending for meter and liter is of- ial symbol for the liter is ““L.”” In other countries the symbol may be written as *‘e"” and spelled ‘out with the “-re"” ending (metre, litre). Since SPE is in- temational, itis expected that members will use local conventions. ‘Notice that “API barrel" or simply “barrel” disap- pears as an allowable volume term, ELECTRIC CURRENT LUMINOUS TENSITY [ete SUP EMERTARY UMTS PLANEARGLE SOLID ANGLE ‘BASE UNITS DERIVED UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES: bslogram newton ihg-mys) p~~===F ~ Uh) prseat Cs] 7 =O” eee enessune pases seen ae rreauencr - PSoe 86° Cc} | (BE eX atin me "werubovNanre TeMrenATUnE ! mie H conde cecsus a ed | rewwenaTune | mes cexnoucrAnce ee! 2.0 umes woveate wut Trani: Fig. 2.1—Graptic Relationships of SI Units Wah Names. 23Force ‘Any force term will use the newton (N). Derived units involving force also require the newton. The expression of force using a mass term (like the kilogram) is ab- solutely forbidden under these standards. Mass ‘The kilogram is the base unit, but the gram, alone or with any approved prefix, is an acceptable ST unit. For large mass quantities the metric ton (0) may be used. Some call this “"tonne’” However, this spelling sometimes has been used historically to denote a regular short ton (2,000 Ibm). A metric ton is also a megagram (Mg). The terms metric ton or Mg are preferred in text references, Energy and Work ‘The joule () is the fundamental energy unit; kilojoules (1) oF megajoules (MJ) will be used most commonly ‘The calorie (large or small) is no longer an acceptable unit under these standards. The kilowatthour is accep- table for a transition period but eventually should be replaced by the megajoule. Power ‘The term horsepower disappears as an allowable unit, ‘The kilowatt (kW) or megawatt (MW) will be the multiples of the fundamental watt unit used most commonly, Pressure ‘The fundamental pressure unit is the pascal (Pa) but the kilopascal (KPa) is the most convenient unit, The bar (100 kPa) is an allowable unit. The pressure term kg/cm? is not allowable under these standards. Viscosity ‘The terms poise, centipoise, stokes, and centistokes are no longer used under these standards. They are replaced by the metric units shown in Table 2.2. ‘Temperature Although it is permissible to use °C in text references, it is recommended that ““K” be used in graphical and tabular summaries of data, Density ‘The fundamental SI unit for density is kg/m3. Use of this unit is encouraged. However, a unit like kg/L is pemnissible. ‘The traditional term “specific gravity"” will not used, It will be replaced by the term ‘relative density.”” [API gravity disappears as a measure of relative density. Relative Atomic Mass and Molecular Mass ‘The traditional terms “‘atomic weight” and “molecular weight’” are replaced in the SI system of units by “relative atomic mass” and ‘“relative molecular mass," respectively. See Table 1.6. 24 Unit Standards Under Discussion ‘There are some quantities for which the unit standards have not been clarified to the satisfaction of all parties ‘and some controversy remains. These primary quantities are summarized below. Permeability ‘The SPE-preferred permeability unit is the square micrometer (am?). One darcy (the traditional unit) equals 0.986 923 jm?.* "The fundamental SI unit of permeability (in square meters) is defined as follows: ‘‘a permeability of one meter squared will permit a flow of 1 m/s of fluid of 1 Pa-s viscosity through an area of 1 m? under a pressure gradient of 1 Pa/m.”” ‘The traditional terms of “darcy” and “‘millidarcy" have been approved as preferred units of permeability. Note 11 of Table 2.2 shows the relationships between traditional and SI units and points out thatthe units of the darcy and the square micrometer can be considered ‘equivalent when high accuracy is not needed or implied. Standard ‘Temperature Some reference temperature is necessary to show ce properties of materials, such as density, volume, viscosi- ty, energy level, etc. Historically, the petroleum industry almost universally has used 60°F (15.56°C) as this reference temperature, and metric systems have used 0°C, 20°C, and 25°C most commonly, depending on the data and the area of specialty ‘API has opted for 15°C because it is close to 60°F ASME has used 20°C in some of its metric guides. The bulk of continental European data used for gas and oil correlations is at 0°C, although 15°C is used sometimes. ‘The SPE Subcommittee feels that the choice between O°C and 15°C is arbitrary. Tentatively, a standard of 15°C has been adopted simply to conform to API stan- dards. It may be desirable to have a flexible temperature standard for various applications. Standard Pressure To date, some groups have opted for a pressure reference of 101.325 kPa, which is the equivalent of one standard atmosphere. The Subcommittee considers this an unac- ceptable number. Its adoption possesses some short-term convenience advantages but condemns future genera- tions to continual odd-number conversions to reflect the change of pressure on properties. It also violates the powers-of-10 aspect of the SI system, one of its primary advantages. ‘The current SPE standard is 100 kPa and should be used until further notice. It is our hope that reason will ‘prevail and others will adopt this standard. Gauge and Absolute Pressure “There is no provision for differentiating between gauge and absolute pressure, and actions by international bodies prohibit showing the difference by an addendum to the unit symbol. The Subcommittee recommends that gauge and absolute be shown using parentheses follow- ing p: 643 kPa, p(g)=543 kPaIp is found from p(g) by adding actual barometric Pressure. (100 KPa is suitable for most engineering calculations.)] In custody transfer the standard pressure will be specified by contract. Unless there isa special reason not to do so, the standard pressure will be 100 kPa to preserve the “multiples of ten" principle of the metric system. Standard pressure normally is defined and used as an absolute pressure. S0, pye=100 kPa is proper notation. Absolute pressure is implied if no (g) is added to denote ‘gauge pressure specifically. Standard Volumes Cubic meters at standard reference conditions must be equated to a term with the standard “'sc"* subscript. For example, for a gas production rate of 1 200 000 m3/d, write gsc 1-2 108 m?/d oF 1.2 (E+06) m?/d read as ‘1.2 million cubic meters per day."" Ifthe rate is 1200 cubie meters per day, write gre 1.2% 108 m3/d, For gas in place, one could write Gye=11.0x 10! m3 Notes for Table 2.2 1. The cubem (cubic mile) is used in the measurement Of very large volumes, such as the content of a sedimentary basin, 2. In surveying, navigation, ete., angles no doubt will continue to be measured with instruments that read ‘out in degrees, minutes, and seconds and need not bbe converted into radians. But for calculations in- volving rotational energy, radians are preferred, 3. The unit of a million years is used in geochronology. The mega-annum is the preferred ST unit, but many prefer simply to use mathematical notation (i.,X10°). This conversion factor is for an ideal gas. Subsurface pressures canbe measured in ‘megapascals or as freshwater heads in meters. Ifthe latter approach is adopted, the hydrostatic gradient becomes dimensionless. 6. Quantities listed under “Facility Throughput, Capacity" are to be used only for characterizing the size ot capacity of a plant or piece of equipment. ‘Quantities listed under ‘Flow Rate” are for use in design calculations. 7. This conversion factor is based on a density of 1.0 kgfdm? Seismic velocities will be expressed in km. ‘The interval transit time unit is used in sonic log- aging work. 10. See discussion of “Energy, Torque, and Bending Moment," Part 1. LL. The permeability conversions shown in Table 2.2 are for the traditional definitions of darcy and milidarcy. In Sl units, the square micrometer is the prefered unit of permeability in fuid flow through a porous ‘medium, having the dimensions of viscosity times volume flow rate per unit area divided by pressure gradient, which simplifies to dimensions of length Squared. (The fundamental SI unit is the square meter, defined by eaving out the factor of 10 in the equation below). ‘A permeabity of 1 um? will emit a flow of sof fluid of 1 Pa's viscosity through an area of | m! under a pressure gradient of 10!" Palm (ceglecting gravity effects) 10"? Pars fm? /(s-m2)](m/Pa) 1071 Parain(rlea) io-8 1 am’ The range of values in, petroleum work is best served by units of 10? m?. The traditional mllidarey (md) is an informal name for 10> yim? which may be used where high accuracy is not implied. For virally all engineering purposes, the familiar darcy and millidarcy units may be taken equal to 1 um? and 10-3 um?, respectively. 12. The ohm-meter is used in borehole geophysical devices. 13. AS noted in Section 1, the mole is an amount of substance expressible in elementary entities as ‘atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, and other par- ticles or specified groups of such particles. Since the expression kilogram mole is inconsistent with other SI practices, we have used the abbreviation “kmol" to designate an amount of substance which contains as many kilograms (groups of molecules) as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon 12 multiplied by the relative molecular mass of the substance involved. In effect, the ‘“k" prefix is merely a convenient way to identify the type of en- tity and facilitate conversion from the traditional pound mole without violating SI conventions. Notes for Table 2.3 1. The standard cubic foot (sef) and barrel (bbl) re~ ferred to are measured at 60°F and 14.696 psia; the cubic meter is measured at 15°C and 100 kPa (1 bas), 2. The kPa is the preferred SPE unit for pressure. But many are using the bar as a pressure measurement. ‘The bar should be considered as a nonapproved name (or equivalent) for 100 kPa. 3. See discussion of “Torque, and Bending Mo- ment,” Part 1.‘TABLE 22—TABLES OF RECOMMENDED SI UNITS, Conversion Factor Metric Unit Multiply Customary Customary SPE Other Unit by Factor to ‘Quanity and $1 Unit Unit Prefered _Allowable Get Metric Unit SPACE" TIME ienatt 7 rautle en 1882 00 mie a 1.60934 +00 chain im 2011 68" E+01 fink m Zot 68" E-0t f ™ E-or on E+o1 in mm E+or on +00 = mm E+01 on E+00 am Tm 10" +00 il xm 256 E+01 micron xm 1.0" +00 Lengivlengih mim ‘mi mien 1.899999 E01 Lengtvolume vin? 1WUS. gal rin 3051 964 E401, ue vi 1.076391 +01, ‘val vn 1.917 134 E +00 iengihtemperature mk 300 “Temperature, Pressure, Vacuum nea mm ‘smile cal 2569988 E+00 section in 2.589.988 E+00 ha 2580988 E+02 ace = 4.046 858 +03, ha 4.046.655 _E-01 sat ‘9290306 E-02 ont 9.290304" _E +02 an an easie" E402 ont 4516" E+00 on a 10° +02 ont 19° E+00 nae mae 10" +00 ‘eawvolume a in mean 5.599291 €-03 ‘Avoaimass kg omg rkg 10° E-o1 mig 19° E-04 Voume, capacity 7 eben kn? 4.168182 _E +00" acre ™ 1203489 +03, ham 1233489 E-o1 = = 1.0" +00 cuya co 7.645649 E-01 bol @2US. ga) mF 1.589 673-01 cut 7 2831 685-02 om L 2831685 E+01 Uke J 4546092 E-03 in? L 4546092 _E+00 Use 7” ‘375 412-03 oi L 3795412 _E+00 iter ne L 1 E00 ua om t 1.196 623 _E++00 Usa i t 9.463.529 E-01 US. pt a t 4731765 E01 “Smrsntecontsegh oun an oe rnd utes noe 2 te wanton be tral et So Fal 17, Pat {Same en Bon Pape 2S 5‘TABLE 2.2—TABLES OF RECOMMENDED SI UNITS (cont'd) Conversion Factor" — Matic Unit__Mutipy Customary Customary SPE ‘Other Uni by Factor Quantity and $1 Unit Unt Prefered _Alowable Get Metric Unit SPACES" TIME ‘Voiume,capaciy 7 UK fez om US.thez om cul, on? mL. on Voumerength =m lin mim (linear dsplacement) bow mim em rim US. galt im aim Um Voumemmass mek see "Dens, Specie Volume, Concentration, Dosage Plane angle rad rad od 10" +00 deg) rad 1.745529 -02" : to" E+00 nin) vd 72.908 682-04" a to" E+00 see) vad 4040137 E-06" * 10" E+00 Seigangie = = = 19° E +00 Time s milion years (MY). Ma 1 +008 w 2 10" +00 we d 70" +00 4 ¢ 10" +00 ir B 10° +00 rin 60" E+o1 min 3 60" +01 h 41666667 E-02 i 1 +00 = 2 1.0" +00 milricrosecond 8 1.0" +00 MASS, AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE Mass "9 1K. ton (ong ton) 1 ‘or60a7 E00 |. ton (shor ton) t 2.071 847 E-01 UK ton ig 5.080 235 E +08 US.cwt 1g 4.595928 E+ 01 9 9 10° +00 be 14595924 E—01 oz (voy) a 3.110348 +01 oz) @ 2.904952 E+0t 2 3 10° +00 ran Er 6.479881 E+01 m9. mg. 1.0" E+ 00 9 3 1.0" +00 Massiongth iim se "Mechanics Mass/area gin see "Mechanics Massivolume gin 300 "Density, Specie Velie, Concenivation, Dosage” Massimass kgieg 50e "Density, Specie Volme, Concentration. Dosag. ‘Amount of ‘mal ‘bm mol ko! 4505928 E-o1 substance mol kro! 1.0" E-05 td mC, atm) kro! 446158 6-020 ‘Std (15°, 1 ain) mol 422092 6-026 st (60°F, atm) mol 3.19583 6-030 a‘TABLE 2.2—TABLES OF RECOMMENDED SI UNITS (cont'd) Conversion Factor” —__Metic Unit___ Multiply Customary Customary SPE ‘Other Uni by Factor to Quantity and $1 Unit Unt Prefered _Alowable Get Metvc Unit CALORIFIC VALUE, HEAT, ENTROPY, HEAT CAPACITY Calorie valve he Bub Mate 238 —~E-08 (mass basis) wang ag 252 E+00 lung 6.461 112_E-04 alg eg ig 416 E+00 calle tg 9.224141 +00, Calorie value nol ealg mol lk 4186+ 03" (ole basis) Buutom mot Mitkot 2998 -€-03" kano} 2528 E+00" Galore valve To Therm K gal Mum? Kar 232080 +08 (Golume basis — i? 252080 +07 sols and iquids) awh? 6.446 660_£ +00 BUU'S. gal Main slam? 2787 163-01 ee 2787163 +02 cowry? 7.742119 E02 BUUK gal Mane kad 23208 E-01 kn? 2se8 +02 (kwh 6.448.660 E—02 ue Main? kite 3.725895 E—02 en? 3725895 E+0t iwenyim® 1.094971 ican Maine katém® 4.184" kine 4104" cai Min 4.104" foi. gal ki? 3501 692-01 Gaboriie vate aa calm ka Ten 4108 E+03 (volume basis — kcal? kai ver 4108 +00 Cd Burt ai ve 3.725695 E+01 kwinym® 109497102 Specie entropy Tigk Buiter wig) sto) 41866" E00 aig" kul) Sto) 418 E00 ealthg"O) akg) —_aig-K) 4184" E+00 Specticheat gk ier kg") kag) HG) 36° +03 aac Beultom-F) aig) IG) 4.1868" E+00 — iealeg"O) aie) 9) 418¢ E+00 ‘olar heat Tino Biu/loem mol) ‘anol 4.1866" E+00" capacity callg moO) aio) 4.168" E-00% ‘TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, VACUUM Temperate K = K 58 (absolute) %« K 10° E00 Temperature K = *c CF=3y8 (wastonal) ic a 1.0" E00 Temperature « = K c 38 +00 (aiterence) ic K c 10 +00 Temperaturetongth Kim F100 mk 1922689 +01 (geothermal gradient) Lengttemperature mk wF mHik 08 (Geothermal stop) Pressure Pa ‘aim (760mm HgalOCor MPa 1013 25° 14,696 (tin | kPa 1013 25" bar 4.01325" ber MPa 19 kPa 19 bar 10" ‘ar (echeicalatr., Kalen’) MPa 9.8066 Wea 8.806 65" bar 9.806 65° 28TABLE 22—TABLES OF RECOMMENDED SI UNITS (cont'd) ——_Mowicunt__ Fy Costar Customary oe Omer tint ty Facor Quant and $1 Ua a prctored _Alowable__‘Get atic Un TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, VACUUM Premare Pa Tine a) Pa carer E08 ire Seee rer E100 bar Sse ra E02 aA a 3.38638 E00 in Hg GO Pe 337685 E00 in H.0 0927) Pa 20082 —E=01 in HO (0) Pa 2age« —E=01 inmig (@°0) sora 1.09204 E01 en #0 (0) ia e006 39 —e=02 iin es ia .7a8 026 —E=02 ung 0D a 1380 224 E01 ae a 10-01 oneiant Pa 107-01 Vaaum aa Fa in. Hg 607) Pa 33768 E=00 in.H,0 09.2) Pa 249082 E=01 int ia 24984 —E=01 inm Hig (°0) = or sa 1300224 E01 em H,0 (#6), ia 3.808 98 —E=02 Tauaeed m ri E=o1 in = Eso em E100 Presse optengh Pate am 2250050 E01 pavioR Pain 2.262 059 E-01% DENSITY, SPECIFIC VOLUME, CONCENTRATION, DOSAGE ens (ones) on? Ton ‘oi Teoree Eso on totes _Esou Bonsiy aus) on BUS. gal ton? 1.198264 E02 ie? sees €or BK oa on 377 eo E+01 olin __—sa7ress E02 ani ‘on 1601 849 E01 : teoiess E02 oer ran to Eras Pn ee 3 mi a Tat S APD onary eo) om ro ‘gin? reo1e4s E01 poate vue og ‘om kg 3240 796 E-02 ay mg S23 76 6-08 Specie velare 7g my a 242796 E401 das) Ux gal a oa ‘002 242 E01 US. galom d?kg omg 3345 404 E00 Spaciovare Timor Ugmel rk 10 E007 (ate basis ier a irk ez Tes €-02" Specie ure Tig BW S10 7k 1.752595 (ay vit) DW.K- ton mk sea 768 ald oats wg BIS. ton dar i 1752695 Sistaion Bouton ean m 1564768 US. galUS to ean m aire Tae Us. ga¥UK. ton ra m 2.705627 oncerwaion oie wm geo 10 (assimass) eight oom mag io E00 Goncenvaion vin? femvoel_— ign’ gist 288 000 ee 00 (asshole) JUS. gal sm? 241 20 E-01 VU gal Sm c 2,00 682 —E=01 28‘TABLE 2.2—TABLES OF RECOMMENDED Si UNITS (cont) Conversion Factor" ——_Metic Unit_ Multiply Customary Customary SPE ‘Other Unit by Factor to ‘Quantity and $1 Unit Unt Preferred _Allowable Get Metric Unit DENSITY, SPECIFIC VOLUME, CONCENTRATION, DOSAGE Sarai om TDRIOWUS ge__—_gn?”____ngon”__tsaaaea Eva (reser ipeow UK ga ont aarreso +01 ora. rer 1718906 er pans ai eames E00 Ear grr gon 2559010 E00 mous = on 254 720-01 arsi00 rar 2250382 £0 Soran oF sa on tar Es09 oun ina in te bale on ‘00m E04 ——_—__________™iam__1.206 003_E+00__ aa a tor E02 uke soins Um? 1057 eva US air onire ur 06806 E02 US. orire ur 254 20 E01 UU ori uw —avo9682e=- vpen crime tg Eso Sie um ES Tk arwoowe——— erin 285805 E01 Us. gartooto erin 2200982 E01 Uk prio ovine 3574253 E+00 onsen ain Pan malUS pl itn ‘ise2ot eta (mole/volume) tom movU.K. mol 9.977 633__ +01 Bono it ‘sor e46 01 oar ere i 7ste18 E00 ‘se Seance ret Ts. galioon ag ont Una a18808 E00 Sourarn) soto, Baiion se a {60°F /60°F) FAGIUTY THROUGHPUT, CAPAGITY Trompe ee Talen bx va Tiga ass —Ev@ (mass basis) UK. toniyr va Mgia 1.016 047 _E+00 US.ony vs tiga ——sartee-o1 Tien 8 Wo to16o47 +00 igh 429935290 Tee ws curiae E01 mign Svat Enos em m igh 1216047 even US inte ws igh ——sarvaar E01 inne ig ests E01 a ear ume bse) ™ me ‘ me tse0ers E°ot oon Swart Eo co oh ‘79669 88 OS ewe ers Sy 2868s Ee OK gan 7h tsi6 09 E08 ———— ee ism 7h a7as4i2 £09 = Tam 7h 2757685 E01 i ee. TS gam 7h para? E01 us siieom_Enee 30‘TABLE 22—TABLES OF RECOMMENDED Si UNITS (cont'd) Conversion Factor — Mette unt__Mutipy Customary Customary ‘SPE ‘Other Unit by Factor to Quantity and 1 Unit Unit Prelered _—_Atowabie ‘Get Metie Unit FACILITY THROUGHPUT, CAPACITY b Throughout mols Tom mole wnat “4595924 E-o1 (ove basis) mols 1250979 €-08 FLOW RATE ” Fipoine capacity im aii ea7e0is E-02 Frow rato gis UK toniin 1695 412 E+01, {erase basis) US. toni 8 1511976 E401 UK towne s 2822353 E-01 US. towhe g's 2519958 E-01 UK tod g's 1.175980 E-02 US.tond a's 1.049 962-02 ili bre g's 5.249912 +00 UK tony gis 3.221 664-05 US. tony o's 2.876664 E-05, toms o's 4595 924 E-O1 ‘bmn g's 7.558873 E-03, ‘ome gis 1250979 Fow rate is Es) ma 1.589873 (volume basis) Us 1840131 E-03 0 me 2.881 685 Us 3.277413 eam 7s ater Us atest ‘ihe ws 7865 791 Us 7385 731 Uk gater Us 1,262 808 US. gathr entie Us 1.051 503 E~ UK. gatmin ants Us 7.576820 E= US. galmin erie us 6.309.020 E=02 ‘Pimin ams Us “4719474 itis ams Us 2.651.685 E+ Ot Frow rato mmol m mats keds ‘4595924 €-o1" (mole basis) ‘emmeine kal 1.259979, lion sc kmols 11383 449, kgm tors sm) 1.486.168 E+00 ion gism) 4.155769 _E-04 Flow atetengh ms UK. gal(in ms msm 2.485693 E-04 (volume basis) US. gav(min-A) mls (em) 2.069 888 E—04 UK galthein) ils msm 4971 667 E-05 US. galthein) is msm) 4.13976 6 ~05 UK. galtheh) ils mis) 4143 055-08 US. galthet) mls ris) 3449814 —05 Fon atelaroa oem Toms) hgisn? 4862428 E+00 (mass basis) lone) hg’s 1.356230 E-03 Flow atefarea mis ts) ms mG 3.048" E-o1 (volume bass) ‘min mvs ms 50s E-03 UK gavin’) ms milem) 1.957949 E-03 US. galihrin’) ms mile) 1.620893 E-03 UK. gal(min-) es, rwismn!) 8.155621 E=04 USS. gallmin-) is. 6.700972 E-04 UK galt) ms, 1359270 _E=05 US. galt) is 1.131 829 E05 Fw ate! Tiere ou(O-psi mga) 2905916 E-02 pressure drop (Groductivty index) 31‘TABLE 22—TABLES OF RECOMMENDED SI UNITS (cont'd) Conversion Factor" Met Unit ‘Mutiny Customary Customary SPE ‘Other Unit by Factor to Quantity and $1 Unit Unit Preferred _Allowable Get Metric Unit ENERGY, WORK, POWER Energy, work 7 ued ry 1055056 +12 Uw 1.055058 E +08 5 11085058 £+00 wn 2990711 +08 cwh 2990711 +05 Th 2aso711 E+02 therm Mw 1.085058 E+02 wb 1.055056 +05, kwh 2950711 E+0t US.tontmie Mw 1.431 74d E01 par Mw 2.684520 +00 ct 2684520 E703, kw 7456990 _E-01 rior Ovi ww 2647 796 E +00 Ki 2647706 E+03, 735499 E-01 ier Ww 36 E+00 is 36" +03 oh cr 1.899701 +00 eon 5.275280_E-04 Bu ie 1.055056 +00, 2s20711_E-08 ia is E400 cal ks E-03 m7 ks 1355618 E-03, bet ks 1955818 E-03, a kd 10° E went is ‘azia0n E eg J 10" innpact energy 7 igh J 9.008 650° _E+00 oe J 1.55818 +00 Worktength a US.tonkmieit Main 4697 322 E+01 ime ergen? mime 1.0" +00 io ighmier™ esr 9.806 650" _E-00 ipttvin went 2.101 522 E-0t w quadiye Mua 1055058 E +12 Ta 1055058 +05 Be 11055058 +00 eg w 3170979 E-27 cw 3170979 _E-26 ‘lion Bune MW 2900711 tonot KW 3516 653 forigeraton Bus ew 71055 056. ww Kw 10° hydraulic horse- Kw 7.460 43 power — hp ip (elect) ie hp (650 abt) ie chorev ie Buimin ie 1.758.427, febts ie 1.355818 oath Ww 1.162 222, Biwi w 2.980711 ‘eimin w 2.259 697 Poweriarea Wine ‘Biulste en 1.195 653, calnront ei 1.162.222, Buhne i 3.154591‘TABLE 22—TABLES OF RECOMMENDED SI UNITS (cont'd) Conversion Factor” Metric Unit Multiply Customary ‘Customary SPE ‘Other Unit by Factor to Quantity and $1 Usit Unt Preferred _Allowable Get Metre Unt ENERGY, WORK, POWER. Heat fow unit — hia peasant TW aieF EsoT (geotherics) Heat release rate, wine pa KW 2aesa414 E701 ‘mixing power caltoren) Kn 1.162222 €+00 Blot ein? 3.725695 _E+01 Brey ine 1.034971 E02 Heat goneration calls-or?) Win aioe E412 unit hgu (tadioacve rocks) Cooling duty ww Buh) Wik ‘3990148 E-01 (machinery) ‘Specie tut 19 Torn ed io 7680669 E-01 ‘consumption Kaiten) 6.08274 E01 (mass basis) ‘Specie fuel md mewn) “ae ees 2777778 E+02 consumption ami(ewh) 1.0" E+03 (olume basis) US. gavihoty amin rad 1.410089 +00, amiiewh) 5.076321 E+00 UK puthe-ny “amin mad 2.116809 E-01 aimiewh) 7.620512 _E-o1 ‘Foal consumption =m UK. gale ‘amok —_Ui00Km 2624811 E+02 (automotive) US. gave ‘amt00km —_U100km 2.352146 E +02 ‘mielU.S. gal inl er 4251 437 _E-01 rile. gal nid ir 3.540060 _E=01 MECHANICS Veioaty (near, me wot ah ase E+00 speed ‘nile keh 1.609344" E +00 ms is. 10" +00 us ms ‘30a E-01 ons 3.048" mime 3.048" ‘min me 5.08" coms 5.08" ‘he me (2.406 667 ons 8.485 657 ww rans 3.527 778 mid 3.048" ine Tans 25a omis 254 inamin mis 4.233.338 emis 4.203 333 Veroaty (angular reals rein vad 7.047 198 revs rads 6.283 185 egreeimin rads 2.908 882 interval vane time sin sit Sm am 3.280 840 Corrosion rate ws. inary ma 250 ilye rena 250 Rotational equency —_revis Ws revi 10° ‘ewrmin revi 1.565 687 rowrmin is 1.067 198-01 ‘cceleraon me ws? mi ‘30a E-o1 {linear ris! 3.048" ET ales) ne 1.0" E-02 ‘ecoeration ade radlst aa o E400 (rotational ‘pms radi 1.067 198-01 Momeniom kgs Toews kgs 1.382 550-01‘TABLE 22—TABLES OF RECOMMENDED SI UNITS (cont'd) Conversion Factor" Mati Unt Multiply Customary customary SPE Oher Unt by Fecr uanty and 81 Unit Unt Pretered _Alowable__Get Matis Unt MECHANICS Fore W Uta i TISATE ETO, US. tot i 3896 443 £ +00, igh) N90 50-00 ir N 4446 222 E+00 N N 19" E+00 wd aN 1.382 550 E02 ane nN 10" E-02 Bending moment tm US. ott iN 2711636 _€+00%" torque igen Ne 1.908650" € +00 wt Nem 125ser8_E+00% ibn Nem 1.129648 E-01 alt Nem “azieo11 €=02 Bonding moment Naim (oetyin Nein 5397 866 E+01"™ lengt emi (yin 9908650" €+00" (otinyin (wey 4448 222 6-00" Esto moaut Pa iain? GPa 6094757 E-05, (Young's, Shear buk) Moment of inertia ea om md wag e-w Moment of secion int emt aie29r4 E401 Becton modus - cain. em 1-608 706 E+" an cm? Vane roe E+08 mm 2801685 E108 7 391685 €-02 Breas Pa US. tonin? Nima 1.379.951 E01 mm Nimm? 9606 650° +00 US nt Nie 575.052 ibn? (os) ‘Nimm 6694757 E-08, It (st 4766026 E=02 ancien? 10 E-01 Yi port TeUTOO fF "4760025 E=01 ge stength {Grting 2) Masstergth gm iba ign Tass 168 E400 rusia edna, ‘om US. tove Ms 9764855 €+00 ‘bearing capacity es home 4.82428 +00 {tase bas) Coetcien of mr) inna FY ram) 55856 E-Oi thermal expansion ‘TRANSPORT PROPERTIES Dinas we fs mala eases Er04 ents mls ior e+02 ‘em mms 25006F _E+01 Thomalrosiance (em W (Onthepical (Kena (3604208 E+02 CEA MB (Key 1761 102 E402 atx Win? Buihr) Win 3isaso1E-09 Therma Wire) (cale

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