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Wireless Calculators: A Wireless System (More or Less!)
Wireless Calculators: A Wireless System (More or Less!)
WirelessCalculators
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Wireless Calculators
AWirelessSystem(moreorless!)
Key:Greenisgood,Redisbad.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PowerBudgettotalpowerofyoursystemindBm.
FreeSpaceLosspowerlossoverdistance.
SystemPerformanceHowfarwillitgo,willitgetthereorwhatismyOperatingMargin?
FresnelZonesHowmuchmorethanLOSorhowhighshouldmyantennabe?
PowerConversiondBmtomilliWattsandmilliWattstodBm
PowerBudget
UsethiscalculatortowalkthroughallthefactorsthatmakeupyourPower
Budget.The'PowerBudget'isthethetotalpowerbeingoutputfromthe
wirelesssystemandisthesumof:
PLUSRadioTransmitPower(Aabove)
MINUScablesandconnectorslosses(Babove)
PLUSantennagain(Cabove).
Enteroneparameterineachcolumn(orleaveblank)dependingonwhat
youknowandthecalculatorwillsupplytheappropriateconversions
automatically.Upto2decimalplacesmaybeenteredas0.xxor.xx.
Note:ConnectorlossisgenerallysmallUNLESSyou'vegotlotsof'emin
whichcaseyouareprobablyintroubleanyway,oryourcableisVERY
short.Justleavethelineblankifyouarefeelinglazy.
Calculationsandequationsused.
RadioandAntenna
TransmitPower
AntennaGain
mW
dB(i)
OR
dBm
CableLoss
CableProperties
(per100ftorm)
dB(100ft)
OR
dB(100m)
ConnectorLoss
FrequencyinMHz
MHz.
2400
Budget
CableLength
Power
dB
feet
dB
OR
meters
No.ofConnectors
No.
Calculate
dB
dB
FreeSpaceLoss
Lossofpoweroverdistance(assumingnoFRESNELEffectandnothingin
theway).Thisaveryidealisedcalculationandinpracticeeverything
interfereswiththesignalbutitwillgiveyouareasonableapproximationof
theactuallossoverdistance.
EnterthesystemFrequencyinMHzandthedistanceineither
Kilometers(Km)orMilesbelowandthenclickthe'Calculate'button.1
GHz=1000MHze.g.2400=2.4GHz.
Calculationsandequationsused.
Frequency
Distance
MHz
Km
2400
OR
Miles
Result
Calculate
dB
FresnelZones
Defineshowmuchclearanceyouneed(yesyouneedmorethansimple
LineofSight)andforlongerlinks>3Km(2miles)whetheryoumay
haveagroundclearanceproblemfromourfriendlyplanet.M.Fresneland
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histheories.
EntertheTotallinkdistance(inMilesorKilometers),ifyoudonotenter
anObstacledistance(inMilesorKilometers)thecalculatorwillusethe
midpointforallcalculations(Note:assumesantennasatsameheight).
FinallyenterthesystemFrequencyinMHzandthenclickthe'Calculate'
button.1GHz=1000MHze.g.2400=2.4GHz.
Thecalculatorwillgeneratetheradiusofthe1stFresnelzoneonly(atthe
obstablepointorthemidpoint),the60%(noobstacle)radiusandthe
heightoftheeffectiveearthcurvatureatthemidpointoftheTotallink
distanceusingtheeffectiveearthradius.
Calculationsandequationsused.
TotalLink
Obstacle
1stFresnelZoneRadius
Distance
Km
Km
m
OR
OR
at
ft
at
Km
Miles
Miles
Frequency
MHz
2400
Calculate
Miles
60%NoObstacleRadius
m
EarthHeight(midpoint)
ft
ft
SystemPerformance
Thiscalculatorwillgiveyouoneofthreeanswers:
1. IfyouleavedistanceblankitwillapplythedefinedSADfactor(ordefaultto
30%)totheOperatingMarginandsupplythemax.distance(inKmandMiles)
atwhichtheMarginoperates.
2. IfyouenterthedistanceitwillcalculatetheOperatingMarginandtheSAD
factor.
3. IfyouenterdistancebutleaveRXorTXantennagain(orboth)blankitwill
applythechosenSADfactor(ordefaultitto30%ifnonesupplied)and
generatetherequiredantennapower.Ifbothareleftblankitwillcalculatea
symmetricalantennagain.
ToRESETanyparameterjustsetittoBLANKbeforeclicking'Calculate'
Notes:RXSensitivityisALWAYSexpressedasanegativedBm(dBm)andisthe
lowestpowerofsignalyourradiocanhandle.Itsburiedsomewhereinyourradio
specandwillbetypicallyintherangeof70to110dBm.Don'tguessor'fudge'
thisnumber.
Note:IfyousolveforTXantenna(youleaveitblank)anddefineaspecificSAD
factoritisappliedtotheTXbudgetandanyTXantennavaluewillincludethis
factor.IfyouthenclickCalculateagainwithoutchanginganything,theSADfactor
willbecalculatedtoincludethesuppliedTXantennavalueandthusmayshowa
lowervaluethantheoriginalone.
Calculationsandequationsused.
Frequency
Distance
Km
2400
MHz
FSLoss
TXAntenna
dB
TotalTX
RXAntenna
dB
SADFactor
%
TotalRX
dB
OR
Miles
TXPower
TXCable
dBm
dBm
dB
OR
mW
RXSensitivity
dBm
89
Margin
Calculate
RXCable
dB
RXPower
dBm
dB
Theoretical
dB
milliWattstodBm(andviceversa)
PowerinmilliWattstodBm(andviceversa).Enterthe'TransmitPower'
(AorGabove)inmilliWattsORthe'PowerRatio'indBmandclickthe
appropriate'Calculate'button.1Watt=1000milliWatts.
Calculationsandequationsused.
TransmitPower
mW
Calculate
Result
PowerRatio
Result
dBm
dBm
Calculate
mW
1. mWtodBm=10Log10(mW)
2. feettometers=.3048
3. meterstofeet=3.28
4. Calculatornormalisesalldistancestokilometersandmeters
5. Connectorsloss=0.10*squareroot(frequencyinGHz)
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1. Freespaceloss=36.56+20Log10(Frequency)+20Log10(Distanceinmiles)
2. Calculatornormalisesalldistancestomiles
3. MilestoKilometers=1.609
4. Kilometerstomiles=0.621
1. Calculatornormalisesalldistancestokilometersandmeters
2. MilestoKilometers=1.609
3. Kilometerstomiles=0.621
4. feettometers=.3048
5. meterstofeet=3.28
6. 1stFresnelZoneradius(Km)=17.3xSqrroot((ObstacleDistancex(TotalLinkObstacleDistance))/(FrequencyinGHzxTotalLink))
7. 1stFresnelZoneradius(miles)=72.6xSqrroot((ObstacleDistancex(TotalLinkObstacleDistance))/(FrequencyinGHzxTotalLink))
8. Obstaclefreeradius=0.6x1stFresnelZoneradius
9. RadiusofnthFresnelzone(meter)=sqrroot((nxwavelengthxObstacledistancex(TotalLinkObstacleDistance))/TotalLink)
10. wavelength(meters)=speedoflight(299,792,458m/s)/frequencyinHz
11. Earthcurvaturecalculation=(TotalLink)2/(8*effectiveearthradius)
12. effectiveearthradius=4/3*Earthradius
13. Earthradius=3963miles,6378Km
1. Calculatornormalisesalldistancestomilesandfeetduringcalculations.
2. Freespaceloss=36.56+20Log10(Frequency)+20Log10(Distinmiles)
3. mWtodBm=10Log10(mW)
4. dBmtomW=10(dBm/10)
5. RXPower=MarginRXsensitivity
6. Theoreticalmargin=TXpowerbudget+RXpowerbudgetfreespaceloss
7. SADfactor=Theoreticalmargin/TXpowerbudget*100andshowsthepercentageofsparepowerontransmission.
1. mWtodBm=10Log10(mW)
2. dBmtomW=10(dBm/10)
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