Databook Previous-2 PDF

Data and Formulae for Mechanical Engineering Students
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London

September 2009
Contents
A General information
B Mathematics and computing

B.1 Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.1.1 Logarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.1.2 Quadratic equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.1.3 Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.1.4 Vector algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.1.5 Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.1.6 Trigonometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.1.7 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.1.8 Analytic geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.1.9 Solid geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.1.10 Differential calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.1.11 Standard Differentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.1.12 Differential equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.2 Integral calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3 Laplace transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.4 Numerical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.4.1 Approximate solution of an algebraic equation . . . . . . . . . .
B.4.2 Numerical integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.4.3 Richardsons error estimation formula for use with Simpsons rule
B.4.4 Fourier series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.5 Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6 Probabilities for events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.1 Distribution, expectation and variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.2 Probability distributions for a continuous random variable . . . .
B.6.3 Discrete probability distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.4 Continuous probability distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.5 System reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.7 Bias, standard error and mean square error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.7.1 Central limit property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.7.2 Confidence intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
7
8
9
10
10
11
12
12
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
19
19
19
19
20
C Mechatronics and control

C.1 Charge, current, voltage and power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.2 Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.3 Transients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
21
22
23
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CONTENTS
C.4 AC networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.4.1 Average and root mean square values . .
C.4.2 Phasors and complex impedance . . . . .
C.4.3 Balanced 3 phase a.c supply . . . . . . .
C.4.4 Electromagnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.4.5 DC machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.4.6 Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.5 Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.6 Step function response and frequency response
C.6.1 First-order systems . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.6.2 Second-order systems . . . . . . . . . . .
C.7 Operational amplifier stages . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
23
23
24
24
24
25
25
26
26
26
27
27
D Solid Mechanics
D.1 Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.1.1 Square screw threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.1.2 Flat clutches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.1.3 Kinematics of particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.1.4 Mass flow problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.1.5 Kinematics of rigid bodies with sliding contacts
D.1.6 Mass moments of inertia . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.2 Stress analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.2.1 Elastic constants of materials . . . . . . . . . .
D.2.2 Beam theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.2.3 Elastic torsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.2.4 Thin walled pressure vessels . . . . . . . . . .
D.3 Two-dimensional stress transformation . . . . . . . . .
D.4 Yield criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.5 Two-dimensional strain transformation . . . . . . . . .
D.6 Elastic stress-strain relationships . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.7 Thick-walled cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
33
33
33
33
33
34
34
34
35
35
35
38
39
39
40
40
40
41
E Thermofluids
E.1 Cross-references to table numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.2 Dimensionless groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.3 Heat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.4 Continuity and equation of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.4.1 Cylindrical polar coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.4.2 Rectangular Cartesian coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.4.3 Vector form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.5 Equations for compressible flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.6 Friction factor for flow in circular pipes (Moody diagram) . . . . . . . . . . .
E.7 Perfect gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.8 Heating (or calorific) values of fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.9 Properties of R134a refrigerant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.10 Transport properties of air, water and steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.11 Approximate physical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.12 Thermodynamic property tables for water/steam (IAPWS-IF97 formulation)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
43
43
44
45
46
46
46
47
47
48
50
54
55
62
65
67
Page ii
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Mechanical Engineering Data & Formulae
LIST OF TABLES
List of Tables
A.1
A.2
A.3
A.4
B.1
B.2
B.3
B.4
C.1
C.2
C.3
D.1
D.2
D.3
E.1
E.2
E.3
E.4
E.5
E.6
SI Units and abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Conversion factors from Imperial to SI units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Decimal prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physical constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some indefinite integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some definite integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standard normal table: values of pdf (y) = f (y) and cdf (y) = F (y). . . . . . .
Student t table: values tm,p of x for which P (|X | > x) = p, when X is tm . . . . . .
Colour codes for resistors etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standard values for components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Operational amplifier signal processing stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second moments of area for simple cross-sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Beams bent about principal axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Torsion of solid non-circular sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dimensionless groups for Thermofluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Empirical correlations for forced convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Perfect gases (ideal gases with constant specific heats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Isentropic compressible flow functions for perfect gas with = 1.40 . . . . . . . .
1
Ideal (semi-perfect) gas specific enthalpy h (kJ kg , 25 C datum) . . . . . . . .

0
1
Molar Enthalpy of Formation hf (kJ kmol at 25 C and 1 atmosphere) as gas or

vapour (g), except where indicated as solid (s) or liquid (l). . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
E.7 Ideal gas molar enthalpy h (kJ kmol , 25 C datum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.8 Heating (or calorific) values of gas fuels at 25 C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.9 Heating (or calorific) values of liquid fuels at 25 C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E.10 Saturated Refrigerant 134a Temperature (60 C to critical point) . . . . . . .
E.11 Saturated Refrigerant 134a Pressure (0.2 bar to critical point) . . . . . . . . .
E.12 Superheated Refrigerant 134a (0.2 bar to 1 bar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.13 Superheated Refrigerant 134a (1.5 bar to 4 bar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.14 Superheated Refrigerant 134a (5 bar to 12 bar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.15 Superheated Refrigerant 134a (16 bar to 30 bar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.16 Transport properties of dry air at atmospheric pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.17 Transport properties of saturated water and steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.18 Approximate physical properties at 20 C, 1 bar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.19 Saturated water and steam Temperature (triple point to 100 C) . . . . . . . .

E.20 Saturated water and steam Pressure (triple point to 2 bar) . . . . . . . . . . .
E.23 Subcooled water and Superheated Steam (triple point to 0.1 bar) . . . . . . . . .
E.24 Subcooled water and Superheated Steam (0.1 bar to 1 atmosphere) . . . . . . .
E.25 Subcooled water and Superheated Steam (2 bar to 8 bar) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.26 Subcooled water and Superheated Steam (10 bar to 40 bar) . . . . . . . . . . .
E.29 Subcooled water and Superheated Steam (160 bar to 220 bar) . . . . . . . . . .
E.30 Supercritical steam (250 bar to 500 bar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.31 Supercritical steam (600 bar to 1000 bar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2
3
3
13
13
20
20
21
22
31
36
37
38
44
45
50
51
52
53
53
54
54
56
57
58
59
60
61
63
64
65
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
Page iii
LIST OF FIGURES
List of Figures
C.1
C.2
C.3
C.4
E.1
E.2
Page iv
Step response of a first-order low pass filter . . .

Bode plot for first-order low and high pass filters
Step response of a second-order low pass filter .
Bode plot for a second-order low pass filter . . .
Moody Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Psychrometric Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
27
28
29
30
49
66
General information
Table A.1: SI Units and abbreviations
Quantity
Unit
Unit symbol
Basic units
Length
Mass
Time
Electric current
Thermodynamic temperature
Luminous intensity
metre
kilogram
second
ampere
kelvin
candela
m
kg
s
A
K
cd
Derived units
Acceleration, linear
Acceleration, angular
Area
Density
Force
Frequency
Impulse, linear
Impulse, angular
Moment of force
Second moment of area
Moment of inertia
Momentum, linear
Momentum, angular
Power
Pressure, stress
Stiffness (linear), spring constant
Velocity, linear
Velocity, angular
Volume
Work, energy
metre/second
2
radian/second
2
metre
kilogram/metre3
newton
hertz
newton-second
newton-metre-second
newton-metre
metre4
kilogram-metre2
kilogram-metre/second
kilogram-metre2 /second
watt
pascal
newton/metre
metre/second
radian/second
metre3
joule
ms
2
rad s
2
m
kg m3
N (= kg m s2 )
(Hz = s1 )
Ns
Nms
Nm
m4
kg m2
kg m s1
kg m2 s1
W (= J s1 = N m s1
Pa (= N m2 )
N m1
m s1
rad s1
m3
J (= N m)
Electrical units
Potential
Resistance
Charge
Capacitance
Electric field strength
Electric flux density
volt
ohm
coulomb
farad
volt/metre
coulomb/metre2
V (= W A1 )
(= V A1 )
C (= A s)
F (= A s V1 )
V m1
C m2
Magnetic units
Magnetic flux
Inductance
Magnetic field strength
Magnetic flux density
weber
henry
Wb (= V s)
H (= V s A1 )
A m1
Wb m2
Page 1
Table A.2: Conversion factors from Imperial to SI units

To convert
from
to
multiply by
Acceleration
foot/second2 (ft/sec2 )
inch/second2 (in/sec2 )
metre/second2 (m s2 )
metre/second2 (m s2 )
0.3048
0.0254
Area
foot2 (ft2 )
inch2 (in.2 )
metre2 (m2 )
metre2 (m2 )
0.092903
6.4516 104
Density

pound mass/inch3 lbm/in3

pound mass/foot3 lbm/ft3
kilogram/metre3 (kg m3 )
2.7680 104
kilogram/metre3 (kg m3 )
16.018
Force
kip (1000 lb)

pound force (lb)
newton (N)
newton (N)
4.4482 103
4.4482
Length
foot (ft)
inch (in)
mile (mi), U.S. statute
mile (mi), international nautical
metre (m)
metre (m)
metre (m)
metre (m)
0.3048
0.0254
1.6093 103
1.852 103
Mass
pound mass (lbm)

slug (lb-sec2 /ft)
ton (2000 lbm)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg)
0.45359
14.594
907.18
Moment of force
pound-foot (lb-ft)
pound-inch (lb-in.)
newton-metre (N m)
newton-metre (N m)
1.3558
0.11298
Moment of inertia
pound-foot-second (lb-ft-sec )
kilogram-metre (kg m )
Momentum, linear
pound-second (lb-sec)
kilogram-metre/second (kg m s1 )
1.3558
4.4482
Momentum, angular
pound-foot-second (lb-ft-sec)
newton-metre-second (kg m s )
1.3558
Power
foot-pound/minute (ft-lb/min)
horsepower (550 ft-lb/sec)
watt (W)
watt (W)
0.022597
745.70
Pressure, stress
atmosphere (std) (14.7 lb/in2 )

pound/foot2 (lb/ft2 )
pound/inch2 (lb/in.2 or psi)
newton/metre2 (N m2 or Pa)
1.0133 105
47.880
6.8948 103
Second moment of area
inch4
metre4 (m4 )
41.623 108
Stiffness (linear)
pound/inch (lb/in.)
newton/metre (N m )
175.13
Velocity
foot/second (ft/sec)
knot (nautical mi/hr)
mile/hour (mi/hr)
mile/hour (mi/hr)
metre/second (m s1 )
kilometre/hour (km h1 )
0.3048
0.51444
0.44704
1.6093
Volume
foot3 (ft3 )
inch3 (in.3 )
UK gallon
metre3 (m3 )
metre3 (m3 )
metre3 (m3 )
0.028317
1.6387 105
4.546 103
Work, Energy
British thermal unit (BTU)

foot-pound force (ft-lb)
kilowatt-hour (kw-h)
joule (J)
joule (J)
joule (J)
1.0551 103
1.3558
3.60 106
Page 2
Table A.3: Decimal prefixes

Multiplication factora
12
Prefix
Symbol
1 000 000 000 000

1 000 000 000
1 000 000
1 000
100
10
=
=
=
=
=
=
10
109
106
103
2
10
10
tera
giga
mega
kilo
a
hecto
a
deka
T
G
M
k
h
da
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000 001
0.000 000 001
0.000 000 000 001
=
=
=
=
=
=
101
102
103
6
10
9
10
1012
deci b
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
d
c
m
n
p
Use prefixes to keep numerical values generally between 0.1 and 1000
The use of prefixes hecto, deka, deci and centi should be avoided except for certain areas or volumes where
the numbers would otherwise become awkward.
b
Table A.4: Physical constants

Avogadros numbera
6.022 1023 mol1
Absolute zero of temperature
0 K = 273.2 C
Boltzmanns constant
Characteristic impedance of vacuum
Z0
Electron volt
eV
1.380 1023 J K1
1/2
0
=
= 120
0
19
1.602 10
J
Electronic charge
1.602 10
19
m
e
e
me
F
9.109 10
31
1.759 10
11
Gas constant
8.314 J mol
Permeability of free space
Permittivity of free space
Plancks constant
4 10 H m
1
9
1
10 F m
36
34
6.626 10
Js
Standard gravitational acceleration
9.807 m s
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
5.67 10
Velocity of light in vacuum
2.9979 10 m s
22.42 10
Electronic rest mass

Electronic charge to mass ratio
a
Faradays constant
a
Volume of perfect gas at S.T.P.
C
kg
C kg1
1
9.65 10 C mol
1
2
8
2 1
Jm
These are conventional definitions in gram mol units. For SI calculations in kg mol units multiply the values given
by 103
b
At Standard Temperature (0 C) and Pressure (one atmosphere pressure or 1.013 105 N m2 )
Page 3
Page 4
B Mathematics and computing
Mathematics and computing
Data and formulae for core course examinations in:

Mathematics
Computing
and in other, related, optional courses.
B.1
Algebra
B.1.1
Logarithms
If by = x, y = logb (x) and:
log (x1 x2 ) = log x1 + log x2

x1
log
= log x1 log x2
x2

1
log
= log x
x
log x n = n log x
log 1 = 0
For natural logarithms b = e = 2.718282 and if ey = x,

y = loge (x) = ln (y)
Hence
log10 x = 0.4343 ln x.
B.1.2
Quadratic equations
If ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then
x=
b2 4ac
2a
and (b > 4ac) for real roots.
B.1.3
Determinants
2nd order:

a1 b1

a b = a1 b2 a2 b1
2
2
3rd order:

a1 a2 a3

b1 b2 b3 = +a b c + a b c + a b c a b c a b c a b c
1 2 3
2 3 1
3 1 2
3 2 1
2 1 3
1 3 2

c c c
1
2
3
Page 5
B.1
Algebra
B.1.4
Vector algebra
a = (a1 i + a2 j + a3 k) = (a1 , a2 , a3 ) etc.
Scalar (dot) product:

a.b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3
Vector (cross) product:

i
j
k

a b = a1 a2 a3

b b b
1
2
3
Scalar triple product:

a1 a2 a3

[a, b, c] = a.b c = b.c a = c.a b =
b1 b2 b3
c c c
1
2
3
Vector triple product:
a (b c) = b (a.c) c (a.b)
B.1.5
Series
Binomial series:
(1 + x) = 1 + x +
( 1) 2 ( 1) ( 2) 3
x +
x + ...
2!
3!
n
ex = 1 + x +
( arbitrary, |x| < 1).
x
x
+ +
+ ...
2!
n!
(|x| < )
cos x = 1
sin x = x
x
x4
x 2n
+
+ (1)n
+ ...
2!
4!
(2n)!
(|x| < )
x3 x5
x 2n+1
+
+ (1)n
+ ...
3!
5!
(2n + 1)!
tan x = x +
x 3 2x 5 17x 7
+
+
+ ...
3
15
315
sinh x =
ex ex
x3 x5 x7
=x+
+
+
+ ...
2
3!
5!
7!
cosh x =
e +e
2
=1+
3
<x< )
2
2
(|x| < )
x
x
x
+
+
+ ...
2!
4!
6!
(|x| < )
n+1
x
x
x
ln (1 + x) = x
+
+ (1)n
+ ...
2
3
(n + 1)
Page 6
(|x| < )
(1 < x < 1)
B.1
Algebra
Stirlings formula for n! when n is large:

n!
=
or

1
1
ln n n + ln (2)
ln (n!) = n +
2
2
or
B.1.6
n n p
2n
e

1
log10 (n!) = 0.39909 + n +

log10 n 0.43429n
2
Trigonometry
Definitions:
C
A
B
sin =
A
C
cos =
B
C
tan =
A
B
csc =
C
A
sec =
C
B
cot =
B
A
Signs of trigonometric functions in the four quadrants:
(+)
(+)
II (+)
(+)
Quadrant:
sin
cos
tan
csc
sec
cot
(+)
I
+
+
+
+
+
+
II
+
(+)
III
(+)
III
(+)
IV
IV
Trigonometrical identities
cos2 + sin2 = 1
1 + tan2 = sec2
sin 2 = 2 sin cos
cos 2 = cos sin2 = 2 cos2 1 = 1 2 sin2
r
1
sin =
(1 cos )
2
2
r
1
cos =
(1 + cos )
2
2
2
Page 7
B.1
Algebra
C
a
A
c d
A
B
C
=
=
sin a sin b sin c
Sine rule:
C2 = A2 + B2 2AB cos c
C2 = A2 + B2 + 2AB cos d
Cosine rule:
sin (a + b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b

cos (a + b) = cos a cos b sin a sin b
sin (a b) = sin a cos b cos a sin b

cos (a + b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin b

a+b
ab
a+b
ab
cos
sin a sin b = 2 cos
sin
sin a + sin b = 2 sin
2

2

2

2

a+b
ab
a+b
ab
cos
cos a cos b = 2 sin
sin
cos a + cos b = 2 cos
2
2
2
2

sin iz = i sinh z
cos iz = cosh z
B.1.7
sinh iz = i sin z
cosh iz = cos z
Geometry
When the two intersecting lines are, respectively, perpendicular to two other lines,
the angles formed by
each pair are equal.
1
2
1 = 2
Similar triangles:
hy
x
=
b
h
x
y
h
b
x
x
Page 8
Any triangle:
Area = 21 bh
Circle:
circumference = 2r
Arc length s = r
2
Sector area = 12 r
Every triangle inscribed

within
a
semicircle is a right
triangle.
1 + 2 =
2
1
3 4
Angles of a triangle:
1 + 2 + 3 = 180
4 + 1 + 2
Intersecting chords:
x 2 = ab
x 2 Db when b D
B.1
B.1.8
Algebra
Analytic geometry
Straight line:
y = b + mx
y
b
x y
+ =1
a b
b
a x
x
y
Circle:
x2 + y 2 = r 2
(x a) + (y b) = r
r
b
a
b
Ellipse:
x 2 y 2
+
=1
a
b
a
y
Parabola:
x 2
y =b
a
y
b
x=a
y 2
b
a x
y
Hyperbola:
xy = a2
a
a
x 2
a
y 2
b
=1
x
a
Page 9
B.1
Algebra
B.1.9
Solid geometry
Sphere:
3
volume = 43 r
2
surface area = 4r
Right-circular cone:
2
volume = 13 r h
lateral area = rL
L = r 2 + h2
h
r
Spherical wedge:
volume = 32 r 3
B.1.10
Any pyramid or cone:

volume = 13 Bh
where B = area of base.
Differential calculus
Leibnitzs rule:

n(n 1)

Dn (f g) = f Dn g + n (Df ) Dn1 g +
D2 f Dn2 g + + Dn f g
2!
d
, f = f (x) and g = g(x)
dx
Taylors expansion of f(x) about x = a:
where D =
f (x) = f (a) + (x a)f 0 (a) +
n+1
(x a) 00
(x a) (n)
(x a)
f (n+1) (x)
f (a) + +
f (a) +
2!
n!
(n + 1)!
where a < x < x. Substituting h = x a gives the following form:

f (a + h) = f (a) + hf 0 (a) +
h2 00
hn (n)
f (a) + +
f (a) + Rn (h)
2!
n!
n+1
where Rn (h) =
h
f (n+1) (a + h) , (0 < < 1).
(n + 1)!
Taylors expansion of f(x, y) about the point (a, b):

f (x, y) = f (a, b) + (x a)fx + (y b)fy a,b
i
1 h
+
+ ...
(x a)2 fxx + 2 (x a) (y b) fxy + (y b)2 fyy
a,b
2!
Substituting h = x a and k = y b gives the following form:
i

1 h 2
f (a + h, b + k) = f (a, b) + hfx + kfy a,b +
h fxx + 2hkfxy + k 2 fyy
+ ...
a,b
2!
Partial differentiation:
If y = Y (x), then f (x, y) = f [x, Y (x)] F (x) and
dF
f
f dY
=
+
x y dx
dx
Page 10
B.1
Algebra
If x = X (t) and y = Y (t), then f (x, y) = F (t) and

dF
f dX
f dY
=
+
x dt
y dt
dt
If x = X (u, v) and y = Y (u, v) then f (x, y) = F (u, v) and
F
f x f y
=
+
u
x u y u
f x f y
F
=
+
v
x v y v
Stationary points of f(x, y):
These occur where fx = 0, fy = 0 simultaneously. Let (a, b) be a stationary point: examine
h
i
K = fxx fyy (fxy )2
a,b
If:
K < 0, then (a, b) is a saddle point;
K > 0 and fxx (a, b) < 0, then (a, b) is a maximum;
K > 0 and fxx (a, b) > 0, then (a, b) is a minimum.
Radius of curvature in Cartesian coordinates:
"

dy
1+
dx
xy =
2 #3/2
d y
dx 2
B.1.11
Standard Differentials
u
v
sin x
df (x)
dx
nx n1
dv
du
u
+v
dx
dx
du
dv
v
u
dx
dx
v2
cos x
cos x
sin x
tan x
sec2 x
sinh x
cosh x
cosh x
sinh x
tanh x
sech2 x
1
x
aeax
f (x)
xn
uv
loge x = ln x
eax
Page 11
B.2
Integral calculus
B.1.12
Differential equations
The first-order linear equation

dy
+ R (x) y = S (x)
dx
has an integrating factor
(x) = exp
so that
Z

R (x) dx ,
d
(y) = S.
dx
P (x, y) dx + Q (x, y) dy = 0
is an exact equation if
dQ
dP
=
.
dy
dx
B.2
Integral calculus
An important substitution:
tan
= t.
2
Then
sin =
2t
(1 + t2 )
2
cos =
and
d =
Page 12
(1 t )
(1 + t2 )
2
dt.
(1 + t2 )
B.2
Integral calculus
Table B.1: Some indefinite integrals

Z
f (x)
f (x) dx
cosec x

1/2
a2 x 2

a2 + x 2
x

2 4
x
ln (cosec x cot x) = ln tan
2
x
sin1
, (|x| < a)
a
"
#

x 2 1/2
x

1/2
x
sinh1
+ 1+
= ln x + a2 + x 2
ln a = ln
a
a
a
"

2
1/2 #

1/2

x
x
1 x
2
2
cosh
ln a = ln
+
1
= ln x + x a
, (x a)
a
a
a
x
1
tan1
a
a
a + x

1
1
1 x
ln
tanh
=
, (|x| < a)
a
a
ax
2a

xa
1
ln
, (|x| > a)
x+a
2a
ln (sec x + tan x) = ln tan
sec x
1/2

1/2
x 2 a2

1
a2 + x 2

1
a2 x 2

1
x 2 a2
Table B.2: Some definite integrals
In
Z /2
sin x dx =
Im,n
Z /2
0
Z /2
cosn x dx =
n1
I , where I0 = and I1 = 1
n n2
2
m1
n1
Im2,n =
I
, (m > 1, n > 1)
m+n
m + n m,n2
Z
b
eax sin bx dx =
, (a > 0)
2
a + b2
0
Z
a
eax cos bx dx =
, (a > 0)
2
a + b2
0
Z
2
x
e
dx =
2
0
sinm x cosn x dx =
Page 13
B.3
B.3
Laplace transforms
Laplace transforms
Function
Definition: f (t)
Transform
Z
f (s) =
est f (t) dt
0
af (t) + bg(t)
df
dt
d2 f
dt2
at
e f (t)
sf (s) f (0)
s2 f (s) sf (0) f 0 (0)
f (s a)
df (s)
ds
f (s, a)
a
f (s)
s
f (u)g(t u) du
f (s)g(s)
tf (t)
f (t, a)
a
Zt
f (t) dt
Zt
af (s) + bg(s)
(t0 ), unit impulse at t = t0

1, unit step
tn , n = 1, 2 . . .
eat
eat
1
tn1 eat
(n 1)!
1 eat
1
(b a)

1
eat ebt
(b a)
h
i
(c a)eat (c b)ebt
b
a
eat +
ebt
(b a)
(b a)
eat
ebt
ect
+
+
(b a)(c a) (c a)(a b) (a c)(b c)
b(c a) at a(c b) bt
c
e +
e
(b a)
(b a)
Page 14
1
1
(s > 0)
s
n!
(s > 0)
sn+1
1
(s > a)
sa
1
s+a
1
(s + a)n
a
s(s + a)
1
(s + a)(s + b)
s+c
(s + a)(s + b)
ab
s(s + a)(s + b)
1
(s + a)(s + a)(s + b)
ab(s + c)
s(s + a)(s + b)
B.4
Function
sin t
cos t
p

(a2 + 2 )
sin (t + ) , = tan1
a
eat sin t
eat cos t
q

(c a)2 + 2 eat sin(t + ), = tan1
ca
q
n
e n t sin n (1 2 ) t, ( < 1)
p
2
1
1
1
+ p
eat sin (t ) , = tan1
2
2
a
a +
a2 + 2
q

1
e n t sin n 1 2 t + , = cos1 , < 1
1 p
1 2
1
H(t T )
B.4
B.4.1
(= 0, t < T ; = 1, t > T )
Numerical analysis
Transform

2
s + 2
s

s 2 + 2
(s > 0)
(s > 0)
s+a
(s > 0)

+ 2
(s + a)2 + 2
s+a
(s + a)2 + 2
(s + c)
s2
(s + a)2 + 2
2n
s2 + 2 n s + 2n
1

s (s + a)2 + 2
2
n

s s2 + 2 n s + 2n
1 sT
e
s
(s, T > 0)
Numerical analysis
Approximate solution of an algebraic equation
0
An iterative method for x = (x) converges when (x) < 1 near the root: if a root
occurs near to x = a take x0 = a and
xn+1 = (xn ), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
If a root of f (x) = 0 occurs near to x = a, take x0 = a and:
xn+1 = xn
f (xn )
f 0 (xn )
, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(the Newton-Raphson method).
B.4.2
Numerical integration
Write xn = x0 + nh, yn = y(xn ). Then:

Page 15
B.4
Numerical analysis
Trapezium Rule (1 strip):

Z x1
y(x) dx
x0

h
y0 + y1
2
Simpsons Rule (2 strips):

Z x1
y(x) dx
x0
B.4.3

h
y0 + 4y1 + y2
3
Richardsons error estimation formula for use with Simpsons rule
Let
I=
Zb
f (x) dx
a
and let I1 , I2 be two estimates of I obtained using Simpsons rule with intervals h1 and h2 , where
ba
ba
h1 < h2 (i.e. h1 =
, h2 =
, where n1 , n2 are even). Then a better estimate of I is
n1
n2
given by:
(I2 I1 )
I = I2 + "
#.
h1 4
1
h2
If h2 = 21 h1 then I = I2 +
B.4.4
1
(I
15 2
I1 ).
Fourier series
If f (x) is periodic of period 2L, i.e. f (x + 2L) = f (x), then

f (x) =
a0
2
where
n=1
1
an =
L
ZL
1
L
ZL
bn =
nx X
nx
an cos
+
bn sin
L
L
n=1
f (x) cos
nx
dx, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
L
f (x) sin
nx
dx, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
L
If f (x) is an even function of x, i.e. f (x) = f (x), then

2
an =
L
ZL
f (x) cos
0
nx
dx, bn = 0, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
L
If f (x) is an odd function of x, i.e. f (x) = f (x), then

2
bn =
L
Page 16
ZL
f (x) sin
0
nx
dx, an = 0, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
L
B.5
B.5
Statistics
B.6
Probabilities for events
Statistics
For events A, B and C:

P (A B) = P (A) + P (B) P (A B)
The odds in favour of A are:
P (A)
P (A)
Conditional probability :
P (A|B) =
P (A B)
P (B)
(if P (B) > 0)
The chain rule:

P (A B C) = P (A)P (B|A)P (C|A B)
Bayes rule:
P (A|B) =
P (A)P (B|A)
P (A)P (B|A) + P (A)P (B|A
A and B are independent if

P (B|A) = P (B)
A, B and C are independent if
P (A B C) = P (A)P (B)P (C),
and P (A B) = P (A)P (B), P (B C) = P (B)P (C) and P (C A) = P (C)P (A).
B.6.1
Distribution, expectation and variance
The probability distribution for a discrete random variable X is the set {px }, where
px = P (X = x).
The expectation is
E (X ) = =
xpx
From independent observations x1 , x2 , . . . xn , the sample mean

x=
1X
xk
n
k
estimates .
The variance is
n
o
var(X ) = 2 = E (X )2 = E (X 2 ) 2 ,
where
E (X 2 ) =
x 2 px .
Page 17
B.6
Probabilities for events
The sample variance:

s2 =
1
n1
1 X
2
xk
xj
estimates .
The standard deviation is:
sd(X ) = .
If the value y is observed with frequency ny , then
n=
ny ,
xk =
yny ,
xk2 =
y 2 ny .
For a function g(x) of x,

E {g(x)} =
g(x)px .
B.6.2
Probability distributions for a continuous random variable
The cumulative distribution function (cdf) is

F (x) = P (X x) =
Zx
x0 =
f (x0 ) dx0
The probability density function (pdf) is

f (x) =
=
2 = E (X 2 ) 2
xf (x) dx,
where
E (X 2 ) =
B.6.3
dF (x)
dx
x 2 f (x) dx
Discrete probability distributions
Binomial distribution Binomial (n, )

n
px =
x (1 )nx
x
(x = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n)
= n, = n(1 ).
Poisson distribution Poisson ()
x
px =
e
x!
(x = 0, 1, 2, . . . )
(with > 0)
= , 2 = .
Page 18
B.7
B.6.4
Bias, standard error and mean square error
Continuous probability distributions
Uniform distribution Uniform (, )
( < x < )
f (x) =
0
(otherwise).
+ 2 ( )
, =
2
12
Exponential distribution Exponential ()

ex (0 < x < ),
f (x) =
0
( < x 0).
Normal distribution N(, 2 )

1
1 x 2
f (x) = p
exp
2
2 2
1 2
1
, = .
E (X ) = ,
( < x < ),
var(X ) = 2
Standard normal distribution is N(0, 1)

If X is N(, 2 ), then Y =
B.6.5
X
is N(0, 1).
System reliability
For a system of k devices, which operate independently, let

Ri = P (Di ) = P (device i operates).
The system reliability, R, is the probability of a path of operating devices.
A system of devices in series fails if any device fails:
R = P (D1 D2 Dk ) = R1 R2 . . . Rk
A system of devices in parallel operates if any device operates:
R = P (D1 D2 Dk ) = 1 (1 R1 )(1 R2 ) . . . (1 Rk )
B.7
If t estimates and comes from a distribution having random variable T :
Bias of t:
Standard error of t:
Mean square error of t:
bias(t)
se(t)
=
=
MSE(t)
E (T )
sd(t)
o
n
E (t 2 = {se(t)}2 + {bias(t)}2
2
s
if x estimates , then bias(x) = 0, se(x) = , MSE(x) =
, sc
e(x) =
n
n
n
B.7.1
Central limit property

2
If n is fairly large, x is approximately from N
,
n
!
.
Page 19
B.7
B.7.2
Confidence intervals
2
2
If x1 , x2 , . . . , xn are independent
observations from N(,
) and is known, then the 95%

confidence interval for is x 1.96 , x + 1.96 .

n
n
2
If is estimated then, from the table of t(n1) , we find t0 = t(n1),0.05 . Then the 95% CI for is

s
s
x t0 , x + t0 .
n
n
y
(y)
(y)
(y)
(y)
(y)
(y)
(y)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.399
0.397
0.391
0.381
0.368
0.352
0.333
0.312
0.290
0.5
0.540
0.579
0.618
0.655
0.691
0.726
0.758
0.788
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
0.266
0.242
0.218
0.194
0.171
0.150
0.130
0.111
0.094
0.816
0.841
0.864
0.885
0.903
0.919
0.933
0.945
0.955
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
0.079
0.066
0.054
0.044
0.035
0.028
0.022
0.018
0.014
0.964
0.971
0.977
0.982
0.986
0.989
0.992
0.994
0.995
2.8
3.0
0.841
1.282
1.645
1.96
2.326
2.576
3.09
0.997
0.998
0.8
0.9
0.95
0.975
0.99
0.995
0.999
Table B.3: Standard normal table: values of pdf (y) = f (y) and cdf (y) = F (y).
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
6.31
2.92
2.35
2.13
2.02
1.94
1.89
1.86
12.71
4.30
3.18
2.78
2.57
2.45
2.36
2.31
31.82
6.96
4.54
3.75
3.36
3.14
3.00
2.90
63.66
9.92
5.84
4.60
4.03
3.71
3.50
3.36
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
9
10
12
15
20
25
40
1.83
1.81
1.78
1.75
1.72
1.71
1.68
1.645
2.26
2.23
2.18
2.13
2.09
2.06
2.02
1.96
2.82
2.76
2.68
2.60
2.53
2.48
2.42
2.326
3.25
3.17
3.05
2.95
2.85
2.78
2.70
2.576
Table B.4: Student t table: values tm,p of x for which P (|X | > x) = p, when X is tm .
Page 20
C Mechatronics and control
Mechatronics and control

Mechatronics
Dynamics
Machine System Dynamics
C.1
Charge, current, voltage and power
charge
v
P
U
R
C
C
=
=
=
=
=
=
dq
dt
electrical potential (voltage)
power leaving network
energy stored
resistance
capacitance
inductance
current =
Subscript and arrow notations

ia
vab
b
Potential difference:
P
vab = va vb
Power P leaving network between terminals a and b:
P = vab ia
Passive components
2
Resistor:
Inductor:
Capacitor:
v = i R (Ohms law)
di
v =L
dt
dv
i =C
, q = Cv
dt
Power dissipated: P = i 2 R =
Energy stored U = 21 Li
v
R
Energy stored U = 12 Cv 2
Table C.1: Colour codes for resistors etc.

Colour
Digit
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
0
1
2
3
4
Green
Blue
Violet
Grey
White
5
6
7
8
9
Page 21
C.2
Networks
Table C.2: Standard values for components

E3 series
E6 series
E12 series
E24 series
10
10
10
10
12
15
15
18
22
22
22
27
33
33
39
47
47
47
56
68
68
82
C.2
11
12
13
15
16
18
20
22
24
27
30
33
36
39
43
47
51
56
63
68
75
82
91
Networks
Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL):

X
(p.d.s around loop) = 0
(currents into node) = 0
Kirchhoffs current law (KCL):
Resistors in series:
Rser = R1 + R2 + . . .
Resistors in parallel:
1
1
1
=
+
+ ...
Rpar
R1 R2
i.e. for two resistors
Rpar =
Page 22
R1 R2
R1 + R2
C.3
Transients
Potential divider (with R2 as output resistor):

vout =
C.3
x(t)
X0
Xf
R2
v
R1 + R2 in
Transients
=
=
=
=
instantaneous voltage v or current i

initial value x(0)
final (steady state) value x().
time constant.
At time t = 0 a switch operates so that the network of resistors and d.c. voltage sources
connected to a capacitor or inductor changes, instantaneously. Then for t 0:

t
x (t) = Xf (Xf X0 ) exp
For a capacitor:
v remains unchanged through t = 0;
i 0 as t ;
= Rs C
For an inductor:
i remains unchanged through t = 0;
v 0 as t ;
=
C.4
AC networks
Xm
Xav
Xpp
f
=
=
=
=
C.4.1
L
R
peak amplitude (or semi-amplitude)

mean value x().
2Xm is peak-to-peak amplitude
frequency (Hz), and = 2f (rad s1 )
1
is period
f
Average and root mean square values
General definitions for any periodic waveform:

Xav
1
=
T
s
Xrms =
ZT
1
T
x dt
0
ZT
x 2 dt
Page 23
C.4
AC networks
For a waveform consisting of N samples of equal duration:

v
u
N
u1 X
t
Xrms =
xn2 dt
N
n=1
For a sinusoidal waveform x = Xm sin (t + ):

1
Xrms = Xm
2
and for a sinusoidal positive half-cycle:
Xav =
C.4.2
2
X
m
Phasors and complex impedance
CIVIL: current leads voltage for a capacitor, voltage leads current for an inductor.
Current is common phasor for series circuits, voltage is common phasor for parallel circuits.
Inductive reactance: XL = L;
Capacitative reactance XC =
1
.
C
Complex impedance: V = I Z where V , I, and Z are complex quantities, and

Z = R jX
where X is impedance.
C.4.3
Balanced 3 phase a.c supply
Relationships between line voltage VL and current iL , phase voltage VP and current iP for star
connected load
p
VL = 3VP ,
IL = IP
and for delta connected load:
VL = VP ,
C.4.4
N
H
l
B
r
0
A
L
U
IL =
p
3IP
Electromagnetism
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Page 24
number of coil turns

magnetic field strength
magnetic flux path length
magnetic flux
magnetic flux density
relative permeability
permittivity of free space
cross-sectional area of magnetic flux path.
length of conductor in magnetic field.
velocity of conductor
C.4
Magnetomotive force (m.m.f.) = i N, H =
AC networks
m.m.f.
l
= r 0 H(tesla)
A
B=
Reluctance of magnetic path:
S=
m.m.f.
l
=
r 0 A
Magnetic force of attraction:

2
F =
B A
20
Force acting on a conductor:

F = Bi L
Induced e.m.f.:
E = BLU =
C.4.5
T0
Ke
Ra
va
ia
d
dt
DC machines
=
=
=
=
=
=
shaft torque
e.m.f. constant
armature resistance
armature voltage
armature current
angular velocity
Torque-speed relationship for a permanent-magnet or shunt-wound d.c. machine:

=
Ra
1
va
T0
Ke
Ke2
and T0 = Ke ia .
C.4.6
f
N1 , N2
Transformers
=
=
=
peak flux
frequency
primary and secondary turns
Ideal transformer:
V1
N1
I2
=
=
V2
N2
I1
RMS value of induced e.m.f.:
E = 4.44Nf
Page 25
C.5
Communications
C.5
Communications
Information (in bits) communicated by each of N equally probable messages:

I=
1
log N
log10 2
Information (in bits) communicated by a message of probability P :

1
1
I=
log
P
log10 2
C.6
Step function response and frequency response
in , out
=
=
=
=
=
=
input and output variables

time constant
natural frequency
damping factor
gain
phase shift
The transfer function for any linear system is generally expressed as a linear function of the
Laplace variable s.
C.6.1
First-order systems
Transfer function of first order low pass (lag):

out
in
1
1 + s
Figure C.1 shows the time plot for response to a unit step input:

0 (t < 0)
in =
1 (t > 0)
Gain (power ratio) in decibels (dB): |H| = 20 log10
Vout
Vin

.
Figure C.2 shows the Bode plots for sinusoidal input in = in sin (t ) to first-order low-pass
and high-pass filters. For active filters (see Table C.3):
Low-pass filter
High-pass filter
Passive
1
|H| = q
1 + (RC)2
1
= tan (RC)
RC
|H| = q
1 + (RC)2
= 90 tan1 (RC)
Active
R2
1
q
R1
1 + (R2 C)2
= 180 tan1 (R2 C)
C1
RC2
q
C2
1 + (RC2 )2
= 90 tan1 (RC)
|H| =
Page 26
|H| =
C.7
Operational amplifier stages
1.2
1.1
Input
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
t
Time,
= ct
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Figure C.1: Step response of a first-order low pass filter

C.6.2
Second-order systems
Transfer function of a second-order low-pass system:

out
in
1 2
1+2 s+
s
n
2n
Unit step and frequency response are shown in Figs. C.3 and C.4.
C.7
Table C.3 shows op-amp networks which implement various signal processing operations.
Page 27
C.7
Gain (dB)
10
15
20
25
0.1
0.2
0.5
1
2
Frequency,
=
10
90
10
80
20
70
30
60
40
50
50
40
60
30
70
20
80
10
90
0.1
0.2
0.5
1
2
Frequency,
=
High pass phase shift (degrees)
Low pass phase shift (degrees)
0
10
Figure C.2: Bode plot for first-order low and high pass filters
Page 28
C.7
2.0
= 0.05
=0
1.8
= 0.1
1.6
= 0.2
1.4
= 0.3
= 0.5
1.2
= 0.7
1.0
Input
=1
= 1.5
0.8
0.6
=2
0.4
0.2
0
5
Time, nt
10
Figure C.3: Step response of a second-order low pass filter
Page 29
C.7
20
=0
=0
= 0.05
= 0.1
= 0.2
10
= 0.3
= 0.5
Gain (dB)
= 0.7
= 2.0
= 1.5
10
= 1.0
20
30
40
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.5
10
10
Frequency,
c=
Phase (degrees)
45
90
135
180
0.1
Frequency,
c=
Figure C.4: Bode plot for a second-order low pass filter
Page 30
C.7
Table C.3: Operational amplifier signal processing stages
Current to voltage
Charge to voltage
Inverting amp
Non-inverting amp
Summing amp
Difference amp
Integrator
Differentiator
C
C2
R2
R1
First order low pass
R
C1
First order high pass
Page 31
C.7
Page 32
D Solid Mechanics
Solid Mechanics

Mechanics
Stress Analysis
Materials
D.1
Mechanics
D.1.1
M
W
s
dm
Square screw threads

=
=
=
=
=
D.1.2
T
F
R1 , R2
s
moment required to raise an axially loaded nut

axial load on nut
helix angle of thread
static coefficient of friction
mean thread diameter

tan + s
dm
M=
W
2
1 s tan
Flat clutches
=
=
=
=
maximum torque transmitted

thrust
outer and inner radii for annular clutch
static coefficient of friction
For uniform pressure conditions:

R13 R23
2
T = s F
3
For uniform wear conditions:
T = s F
D.1.3
a
s
v
t
en , et
er , e
R12 R22

R1 + R2
2
Kinematics of particle
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
acceleration vector
distance travelled
tangential velocity
time
unit vectors in n-t coordinates
unit vectors in r- coordinates
instantaneous radius of path curvature
Page 33
D.1
Mechanics
For normal and tangential components:

a=
d2 s
v2
et + en
dt2
For polar components:

a = r r 2 er + r + 2r e
D.1.4
F
a
m
mf
vf
Mass flow problems

=
=
=
=
=
internal force vector exerted from the emitted mass

acceleration vector
mass of object
emitted mass
velocity vector of emitted mass relative to object
ma =
D.1.5
v
a
vrel
arel
dmf
dt
vf = F
Kinematics of rigid bodies with sliding contacts

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
velocity vector
acceleration vector
velocity vector relative to rotating body (sliding velocity)
acceleration vector relative to rotating body (sliding acceleration)
angular velocity vector
angular acceleration vector
position vector
v = vrel + r
a = arel + 2 vrel + r + ( r )
D.1.6
M
G
IG
Iaa
Mass moments of inertia

=
=
=
=
total mass of body

centre of mass (centre of gravity)
Mass moment of inertia about G
Mass moment of inertia about an axis a a
Body
Rectangular lamina, b h
Circular lamina, radius r
Uniform slender rod, total length L
Sphere, radius r
Page 34
Mass moment of inertia

IG
IG
IG
IG
1
= 12
M(b + h )
2
1
= 2 Mr
1
ML2
= 12
2
= 52 Mr
D.2
Parallel axis theorem:
D.2
Iaa = IG + Ma
Stress analysis
D.2.1
E
G
K
Stress analysis
Elastic constants of materials

=
=
=
=
=
=
Density
Youngs modulus, modulus of elasticity
Shear modulus, modulus of rigidity
Bulk modulus
Poissons ratio
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion
Relationships between elastic constants:

G=
E
2 (1 + )
K =
E
3 (1 2)
Some typical values:
Mild steel
Aluminium alloy
Brass
Titanium alloy
Softwood along grain
Water
Concrete
D.2.2
d
M
S
I
R
v
kg m3
E
GPa
G
GPa
K
GPa
106 K1
7850
2720
8410
5000
207
68.9
103
110
9
79.6
26.5
38.3
42
175
69
117
0.3
0.3
0.35
0.31
11
23
19
11
1000
2400
2.2
13.8
0.1
Beam theory
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
axial stress at axial position z and vertical distance y from neutral axis
shear stress in verticalaxial plane
total depth of beam
bending moment about neutral axis at z
shear force at z
second moment of area about neutral axis
radius of curvature at z
vertical deflection at z
Bending about a principal axis :

2
M
E
d v
=
=
=E
y
I
R
dz 2
Page 35
D.2
Stress analysis
and
S
=
2I
d
y2
4
Table D.1: Second moments of area for simple cross-sections

y
1
2
d
x
1
2
1
2
1
2
Ixx =
Iyy =
3
1
bd
12
1 3
b d
12
y
y
a
x
Ixx = Iyy = 14 a4
y
1
3
(b1 b2)
y
2
3
1
3
b1
a
Parallel axis theorem:
Ixx =
h
h
Iyy =
1
36
1
36
h
(b1 + b2 )
3
2
(b1 + b2 ) b1 + b1 b2 + b2
b2
a
x
Iaa = Ixx + Aa
Area A
Page 36
D.2
Stress analysis
Table D.2: Beams bent about principal axis

End
slope
M
L
W
L
w per unit length

L
M
L
w per unit length

L
W
L
w per unit length

L
ML
EI
ML
2E I
W L2
2E I
W L3
3E I
wL3
6E I
wL4
8E I
ML
2E I
ML
8E I
WL
48E I
wL
24E I
5wL
384E I
End
moment
Central
deflection
WL
8
WL
192E I
WL
384E I
WL
16E I
End
Central
deflection deflection
WL
12
Page 37
D.2
Stress analysis
D.2.3
Elastic torsion
Circular solid and hollow shafts
T
J
d
=
=
=
=
=
shear stress at radius r

applied torque
polar second moment of area
diameter of circular section
angle of twist over length L
G
T
= =
r
J
L
For a solid circular section:
J = 2Ixx =
d
32
Table D.3: Torsion of solid non-circular sections

Shape of
cross section
Maximum shear stress,

max
Angle of twist,
Square
a
4.81
T
a3
7.10
TL
a4 G
Equilateral triangle
20
T
a3
46
TL
a4 G
Ellipse
2 T
ab2
2b

a2 + b2
TL
a3 b3 G
2a
Page 38
D.3
Two-dimensional stress transformation
Thin walled tubes of arbitrary cross-section

A
t
s
=
=
=
enclosed area to mid-thickness

wall thickness
distance around perimeter
=
T
2At
Torsional stiffness:
T
4A G
=
H 1
l
ds
t
Springs
d
D
=
=
=
=
wire diameter
helix diameter
deflection
force
End deflection of a closed-helix, round wire spring:

=
8F D 3 N
Gd 4
Maximum shear stress (torsion only):

=
D.2.4
R
t
p
8F D
d 3
Thin walled pressure vessels

=
=
=
mean radius
wall thickness
internal pressure
Hoop stress in hollow, pressurised cylinder:

R
= p
t
Stress in hollow, pressurised sphere :

R
=p
2t
D.3
Two-dimensional stress transformation
Sn
x
xy
Ss
yx (= xy)
Sn =
Ss =
x + y
2
x y
2
x y
2
cos 2 + xy sin 2
sin 2 xy cos 2
Page 39
D.4
Yield criteria
Principal stresses:
1 , 2 =
x + y
2
s
2
x
y
2
2
+ xy
The direction of the principal stresses (and of the normal to the principal planes) to the x axis
is p where:
2xy
tan 2p =
x y
Maximum shear stress: The maximum shear stress is half the difference of the principal
stresses and acts on planes at 45 to the principal planes.
D.4
Yield criteria
=
=
Y
t
yield stress in uniaxial tension

wall thickness
In a three dimensional stress system having principal stresses 1 , 2 and 3 where

1 2 3 .
Tresca yield criterion:
|1 3 | = Y
Von Mises yield criterion:
(1 2 )2 + (2 3 )2 + (3 1 )2 = 2Y 2
D.5
Two-dimensional strain transformation

en =
ex + ey
2
ex ey
2
cos 2 +
xy
2
sin 2
ex ey
xy
es
=
sin 2
cos 2
2
2
2
where:
ex , ey and en are the direct strains acting in the same directions as, respectively, the
stresses sx , sy and Sn above;
xy and es are the shear strains associated with the stresses xy and Ss
NOTE: the relevant strain relationships may be obtained from the stress relationships by substituting the appropriate direct stresses by the associated direct strain and shear stresses by
one half of the associated shear strain.
D.6
Elastic stress-strain relationships

ex =
Page 40

1
x y + z etc
E
1
xy = xy etc
G
D.7
D.7
Thick-walled cylinders
For axi-symmetric systems, the circumferential and radial stresses at radius r are, repectively:
B
= A +
r2
B
rr = A
r2
Page 41
D.7
Page 42
E Thermofluids
Thermofluids

Fluid Mechanics
Thermodynamics
Heat Transfer
Thermodynamics and Energy
E.1
Cross-references to table numbers
Some Tables in this handbook are referred to by different numbers in lecture notes and problem
sheets.
External reference
Table number in this handbook
Table E1
Table E2
Table E3
Table E4
Table E5
Table E6
Table E7a
Table E7b
Table E7c
Table E8
Table E9a
Table E9b
Table E10
Table E.1
Table E.2
Section E.4
Section E.5
Table E.3
Table E.4
Table E.5
Table E.6
Table E.7
Tables E.8 and E.9
Table E.16
Table E.17
Table E.18
Table R1
Table R2
Table R3 Part 1
Table R3 Part 2
Table R3 Part 3
Table R3 Part 4
Table E.10
Table E.11
Table E.12
Table E.13
Table E.14
Table E.15
Table S1
Table S2
Table S3
Table E.19
Tables E.20 to E.22
Tables E.23 to E.29
Page 43
E.2
Dimensionless groups
E.2
Dimensionless groups
A
Cp
D
FD , FL
g
h
kf , ks
L
4P
T , Ts
U
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
surface area
specific heat at constant pressure
pipe diameter
drag force, lift force
gravitational acceleration
surface heat-transfer coefficient
thermal conductivity of fluid, of solid
reference length
pressure drop
temperature at infinity, at surface
characteristic velocity
thermal diffusivity
coefficient of volumetric thermal expansion
roughness height
absolute viscosity
density
Table E.1: Dimensionless groups for Thermofluids
Parameter
Biot number (Bi)
Coefficient of lift (CL )
Coefficient of drag (CD )
Fourier number (Fo)
Friction factor (f )
Grashof number (Gr)

Nusselt number (Nu)
Prandtl number (Pr)
Rayleigh number (Ra)
Reynolds number (Re)
Roughness ratio
Stanton number (St)
Page 44
Definition
hL
ks
FL
1
U 2 A
2
FD
1
U 2 A
2
t
L2
4P

L 1 2
U
D 2
g (T Ts ) L3 2
2
hL
kf
Cp
kf
Gr Pr
UL
L
h
Nu
=
UCp
Re Pr
E.3
E.3
Heat transfer
Heat transfer
Table E.2: Empirical correlations for forced convection
Correlation
Conditions
Laminar flow over a flat plate:

0.664
Cf (x) =
1/2
Rex
h(x)x
1/2
Nu(x) =
= 0.332Rex Pr1/3
k
1.328
Cf =
1/2
ReL
1/2
1/3
Pr 0.6
Pr 0.6
Pr 0.6
Nu = 0.664ReL Pr
Pr 0.6
Turbulent flow over a flat plate:

0.0592
Cf (x) =
1/5
Rex
5 10 Rex 10
4/5
1/3
Nu(x) = 0.0296Rex Prx

Cf =
0.074
0.6 Pr 60
5 105 Re 107
x
5
5 10 ReL 10
1/5
ReL
Nu = 0.037Re4/5 Pr1/3
Mixed flow over a flat plate:
0.074 1742
Cf (x) =
1/5
ReL
ReL

4/5
1/3
Nu = 0.037ReL 871 Pr
0.6 Pr 60
5 105 Re 107
x
5 105 ReL 107
0.6 Pr 60
5 105 Re 107
x
Flat plate with uniform heat flux:

1/2
Nu(x) = 0.453Rex Pr1/3

Nu(x) =
1/3
0.0308Re0.8
x Pr
Laminar flow
Turbulent flow
Fully developed laminar flow in a pipe:

Nu = 3.66
Constant surface temperature
Nu = 4.36
Constant heat flux
Fully developed turbulent flow in a pipe:

NuD =
4/5 n
0.023ReD Pr
(n = 0.4 for heating, n = 0.3 for cooling)
0.7 Pr 160
Re > 10000
Page 45
E.4
Continuity and equation of motion
E.4
Continuity and equation of motion
E.4.1
Cylindrical polar coordinates
Equation of continuity for unsteady flow, variable density:

1 (rvr ) 1 (v ) (vx )
+
+
+
=0
r r
r
t
x
Equations of Motion for unsteady flow, variable density: Cauchy form
vx
t
vr
t
v
t
where Fi ,n
vx
x
vr
+ vx
x
v
+ vx
x
+ vx
int
ext
vx
r
vr
+ vr
r
v
+ vr
r
+ vr
+
+
+
v vx
r
v vr
r
v v
r
1 p
x
1 p
=
r
1 p
=
r
=
v2
r
v vr
r
+ Fx,int + Fx,ext
+ Fr,int
+ Fr,ext
+ F,int + F,ext
are the internal (viscous) or external (body) forces per unit mass, as appropriate,
acting in the direction of coordinate i . For example,

#
"

2
2
vx
1 vx vx
1
r
+
+
Fx,int =
r r
r
r 2 2
x 2
E.4.2
Rectangular Cartesian coordinates
Equation of continuity for unsteady flow, variable density

(u) (v) (w)
+
+
+
=0
t
x
y
z
Equations of motion for unsteady flow, variable density: Cauchy form
u
t
v
t
w
t
u
x
v
+ u
x
w
+ u
x
+ u
u
y
v
+ v
y
w
+ v
y
+ v
u
z
v
+ w
z
w
+ w
z
+ w
1 p
x
1 p
=
y
1 p
=
z
=
+ Fx,int + Fx,ext
+ Fy,int + Fy,ext
+ Fz,int
+ Fz,ext
Equations of motion for unsteady uniform property flow in two dimensions (the xy plane)
only:
!
2u 2u
u
u
u
1 p
+ u
+ v
=
+
+
+ Fx,ext
x
x 2 y 2
t
x
y
|
{z
}
Fx,int
!
2v 2v
v
v
v
1 p
+ u
+ v
=
+
+
+ Fy,ext
y
x 2 y 2
t
x
y
|
{z
}
Fy,int
Page 46
E.5
Equations for compressible flows
The boundary layer (approximately Couette flow) form of the equations of motion for strain
confined to the xy plane with uniform properties:
!
2u
u
u
u
1 dp
+ u
+ v
=
+
dx
y 2
t
x
y
E.4.3
Vector form
Equation of continuity for unsteady flow, variable density, in vector form:

p
+ (V ) = 0
t
where is the vector-gradient operator expressing the divergence of a vector, in this case V ,
the velocity field.
Equations of Motion in vector form for unsteady flow: Cauchy form
V
V
+ (V )
t
x
E.5
1
= p + Fint + Fext
Equations for compressible flows
Isentropic compressible flow relations

0 = 1
1 2
Ma1
1+
2
1
1

1 2 1
p0 = p1 1 +
Ma1
2

1 2
T0 = T1 1 +
Ma1
2

1 2 1/2
a0 = a1 1 +
Ma1
2

Prantl-Meyer function

1/2
2
( + 1) Ma 1

1/2
+ 1 1/2
2
1
1
(Ma) =
tan
tan
Ma 1
1
1
Normal Shock Relations

Ma22
2
1
( 1) Ma1
2
Ma21 21 ( 1)
1+
( + 1) Ma1
2
=
1
( 1) Ma21 + 2
Page 47
E.6
Friction factor for flow in circular pipes (Moody diagram)
T2
=
T1
E.6

p2
2 2
=1+
Ma1 1
p1
( + 1)
h
i
i h
2
2
2Ma1 ( 1)
( 1) Ma1 + 2
( + 1)2 Ma21
pipe diameter
Darcy friction factor =
4w
1
V
2
(L/d ) 1 V 2
2
pipe length
Re
V
4P
=
=
=
=
=
=
V d
fluid bulk mean velocity

frictional pressure drop in length L
roughness height
absolute or dynamic viscosity
fluid density
shear stress at pipe wall
Page 48
4P
Reynolds Number =
E.6
Friction factor f
0.06
Relative roughness
/d
R.I.C. 7/95
0.05
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.005
0.002
0.02
0.001
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005
0.01
0.00001
smooth
0
104
103
transition
laminar
turbulent
105
106
Reynolds number Re
107
108
Figure E.1: Moody Diagram
Page 49
E.7
Perfect gases
E.7
Perfect gases
Ma
P , P0
T , T0
v
, 0
=
=
=
=
=
Mach number
absolute pressure, stagnation pressure
absolute temperature, stagnation temperature
specific volume
density, stagnation density
Over a limited range of temperatures and pressures close to ambient values, the following
substances can be assumed to behave as perfect gases with properties given by the following
relationships:
equation of state
specific heat at constant volume
ratio of principal specific heats
gas constant
and R =
P v = RT
du
Cv =
= constant for the particular gas
dT
dh
Cp =
dT
Cp
=
Cv
R = Cp Cv = constant for the particular gas
R
where R = universal gas constant = 8.314 kJ kmol1 K1 .
M
Table E.3: Perfect gases (ideal gases with constant specific
heats)
Gas
aira
oxygen
nitrogen
atmospheric nitrogenb
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
hydrogen
methane
ethane
helium
Chemical
formula
Molar mass M
kg kmol1
O2
N2
(AN)
CO2
CO
H2
CH4
C2 H6
He
28.96
32.00
28.01
28.17
44.01
28.01
2.016
16.04
30.07
4.00
Gas constant R
Cp
1 1
kJ kg K
0.287
0.260
0.297
0.295
0.189
0.297
4.12
0.518
0.277
2.08
1.01
0.92
1.04
1.03
0.84
1.04
14.31
2.23
1.75
5.20
Cv
0.72
0.66
0.74
0.74
0.65
0.74
10.18
1.71
1.47
3.12
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.29
1.40
1.41
1.30
1.19
1.67
Composition of dry air: 21.0% oxygen, 79.0% atmospheric nitrogen by no. of kmol or by volume; 23.2% oxygen,
76.8% atmospheric nitrogen by mass.
b
Atmospheric nitrogen contains approx. 1% (by no. of kmol or volume) argon and traces of carbon dioxide and
other gases, in addition to nitrogen
Page 50
E.7
Perfect gases
Table E.4: Isentropic compressible flow functions for perfect gas with = 1.40
Ma
P
P0
T
T0
Ma
P
P0
T
T0
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
1
0.9983
0.9930
0.9844
1
0.9988
0.9950
0.9888
1
0.9995
0.9980
0.9955
1
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
0.5283
0.5160
0.5039
0.4919
0.4800
0.6339
0.6234
0.6129
0.6024
0.5920
0.8333
0.8278
0.8222
0.8165
0.8108
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.9725
0.9668
0.9607
0.9541
0.9470
0.9803
0.9762
0.9718
0.9670
0.9619
0.9921
0.9904
0.9886
0.9867
0.9846
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
1.35
0.4684
0.4398
0.4124
0.3861
0.3609
0.3370
0.5817
0.5562
0.5311
0.5067
0.4829
0.4598
0.8052
0.7908
0.7764
0.7619
0.7474
0.7329
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.9395
0.9315
0.9231
0.9143
0.9052
0.9564
0.9506
0.9445
0.9380
0.9313
0.9823
0.9799
0.9774
0.9747
0.9719
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55
1.60
1.65
0.3142
0.2927
0.2724
0.2533
0.2353
0.2184
0.4374
0.4158
0.3950
0.3750
0.3557
0.3373
0.7184
0.7040
0.6897
0.6754
0.6614
0.6475
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.8956
0.8857
0.8755
0.8650
0.8541
0.9243
0.9170
0.9094
0.9016
0.8935
0.9690
0.9659
0.9627
0.9594
0.9559
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
0.2026
0.1878
0.1740
0.1612
0.1492
0.1381
0.3197
0.3029
0.2868
0.2715
0.2570
0.2432
0.6337
0.6202
0.6068
0.5936
0.5807
0.5680
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.8430
0.8317
0.8201
0.8082
0.7962
0.8852
0.8766
0.8679
0.8589
0.8498
0.9524
0.9487
0.9449
0.9410
0.9370
2.00
2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
0.1278
0.1094
0.09352
0.07997
0.06840
0.2300
0.2058
0.1841
0.1646
0.1472
0.5556
0.5313
0.5081
0.4859
0.4647
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.7840
0.7716
0.7591
0.7465
0.7338
0.8405
0.8310
0.8213
0.8115
0.8016
0.9328
0.9286
0.9243
0.9199
0.9153
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
0.05853
0.05012
0.04295
0.03685
0.03165
0.1317
0.1179
0.1056
0.09463
0.08489
0.4444
0.4252
0.4068
0.3894
0.3729
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.7209
0.7080
0.6951
0.6821
0.6691
0.7916
0.7814
0.7712
0.7609
0.7505
0.9107
0.9061
0.9013
0.8964
0.8915
3.00
3.20
3.40
3.60
3.80
0.02722
0.02023
0.01512
0.01138
0.008629
0.07623
0.06165
0.05009
0.04089
0.03355
0.3571
0.3281
0.3019
0.2784
0.2572
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.6560
0.6430
0.6300
0.6170
0.6041
0.7400
0.7295
0.7189
0.7083
0.6977
0.8865
0.8815
0.8763
0.8711
0.8659
0.8606
0.8552
0.8498
0.8444
0.8389
4.00
4.50
5.00
0.006586
0.003455
0.001890
0.02766
0.01745
0.01134
0.2381
0.1980
0.1667
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
0.5913
0.5785
0.5658
0.5532
0.5407
0.6870
0.6764
0.6658
0.6551
0.6445
6.00
8.00
10.00
0.000633
0.000102
0.000024
0.005194
0.001414
0.000495
0.1220
0.07246
0.04762
0.5283
0.6339
0.8333
Page 51
E.7
Perfect gases
Table E.5: Ideal (semi-perfect) gas specific enthalpy h (kJ kg , 25 C datum)

for combustion calculations on a mass basis
carbon
dioxide
CO2
water
vapour
H2 O
nitrogen
N2
atmos.
nitrogen
(AN)
oxygen
O2
air
carbon
monoxide
CO
hydrogen
H2
22.5
45.7
25.6
25.4
23.1
24.8
25.7
356.8
25
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100
200
300
400
500
69.2
165.3
266.0
371.1
480.7
139.5
331.0
528.9
733.1
943.6
77.5
182.4
289.3
398.0
508.6
76.8
180.9
286.8
394.6
504.3
70.1
165.5
263.1
362.9
465.0
75.2
177.2
281.2
387.1
494.9
77.9
183.5
291.2
400.9
512.7
1074.5
2517.0
3970.5
5435.3
6911.1
600
700
800
900
1000
594.8
713.3
836.4
963.9
1095.9
1160.5
1383.8
1613.3
1849.2
2091.5
621.1
735.4
851.6
969.8
1089.8
615.8
729.2
844.4
961.5
1080.4
569.2
675.6
784.2
895.0
1008.0
604.7
716.4
830.0
945.6
1063.2
626.5
742.5
860.4
980.5
1102.6
8398.1
9896.3
11405.5
12925.9
14457.5
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1232.3
1373.3
1518.7
1668.7
1823.1
2340.1
2595.0
2856.3
3123.9
3397.8
1211.6
1335.4
1461.0
1588.5
1717.9
1201.2
1323.9
1448.4
1574.8
1703.1
1123.2
1240.6
1360.2
1482.0
1606.0
1182.6
1304.0
1427.4
1552.7
1679.9
1226.7
1352.9
1481.2
1611.6
1744.0
16000.2
17554.0
19119.0
20695.1
22282.4
T ( C)
Enthalpy values in Table E.5 have been computed using the approximation
Cp = a + bT
so that
h hD =

1
Cp dT = (T TD ) a + b (T + TD )
2
where datum temperature TD = 298.15 K and datum enthalpy hD (at T = TD ) = 0 (this is equiv
alent to using a mean Cp between 298.15 K (25 C) and T ). The values of the constants are
tabulated below; T must be in K, giving h in kJ kg1 . The magnitudes of the maximum and
mean errors in h refer to the range 0 to 1500 C.

carbon
dioxide
CO2
water
vapour
H2 O
a
6
b 10
1 2
(kJ kg K )
0.772
448
max. error
mean. error
(%)
4.0
1.4
Page 52
nitrogen
N2
atmos.
nitrogen
(AN)
air
carbon
monoxide
CO
oxygen
O2
hydrogen
H2
1.647
634
0.970
188
0.962
186
0.861
220
0.938
194
0.969
206
13.95
1114
0.7
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.6
0.2
1.3
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.7
0.3
E.7
Perfect gases
Table E.6: Molar Enthalpy of Formation hf (kJ kmol at 25 C and 1 atmosphere) as gas or
vapour (g), except where indicated as solid (s) or liquid (l).
carbon as graphite
hydrogen
methane
ethane
propane
n-octane
ethanol
hydrogen peroxide
carbon dioxide
water vapour
liquid water
nitrogen
atmospheric nitrogen
oxygen
air
carbon monoxide
C(s)
H2
CH4
C2 H6
C3 H8
C8 H18 (l)
C2 H5 OH(l)
H2 O2
CO2
H2 O(g)
H2 O(l)
N2
(AN)
O2
C0
0
0
74 850
84 680
103 850
249 950
277 690
136 310
393 520
241 820
285 830
0
0
0
0
110 530
Table E.7: Ideal gas molar enthalpy h (kJ kmol1 , 25 C datum)
T ( C)
carbon
dioxide
CO2
water
vapour
H2 O
nitrogen
N2
atmos.
nitrogen
(AN)
oxygen
O2
air
carbon
monoxide
CO
hydrogen
H2
0
25
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
990
0
3 045
7 276
11 705
16 332
21 155
26 176
31 393
36 808
42 420
48 229
54 236
60 439
66 840
73 438
80 233
823
0
2 513
5 964
9 528
13 207
17 001
20 908
24 930
29 066
33 316
37 680
42 159
46 751
51 458
56 280
61 215
717
0
2 170
5 110
8 103
11 148
14 245
17 396
20 599
23 855
27 163
30 524
33 938
37 404
40 923
44 495
48 119
715
0
2 164
5 096
8 080
11 117
14 205
17 347
20 540
23 786
27 085
30 436
33 839
37 295
40 803
44 363
47 976
739
0
2 244
5 297
8 420
11 614
14 878
18 213
21 618
25 094
28 640
32 256
35 943
39 700
43 527
47 425
51 393
719
0
2 179
5 133
8 143
11 210
14 333
17 512
20 747
24 038
27 385
30 789
34 249
37 765
41 337
44 965
48 650
720
0
2 181
5 139
8 155
11 229
14 360
17 550
20 796
24 101
27 463
30 883
34 361
37 896
41 489
45 140
48 848
719
0
2 166
5 074
8 005
10 957
13 933
16 931
19 951
22 994
26 059
29 146
32 256
35 389
38 544
41 721
44 921
N.B. In a reaction equation, nox (O2 + 3.762N2 ) represents 4.762nox equivalent kmol of air
Page 53
E.8
Heating (or calorific) values of fuels
E.8
Heating (or calorific) values of fuels
M
Cp
=
=
=
molar mass
mean constant-pressure specific heat for use near 25 C Abbreviations:

approximate density
GCV
HHV
gross calorific value

higher heating value
(= HHV = HCV)
(=GCV = HCV =
LHV
lower heating value
(=NCV = LCV =
NCV
net calorific value
(=LHV = LCV)
negative of enthalpy of combustion

with liquid H2 0 in products)
negative of enthalpy of combustion
with vapour H2 0 in products)
Table E.8: Heating (or calorific) values of gas fuels at 25 C.

Gas
hydrogen
methane
ethane
propane
n-butane
n-pentane
n-hexane
carbon monoxide
typical North Sea gasa
M
kg kmol1
HHV or GCV
kJ kg1
LHV or NCV
kJ kg1
Cp
kJ kg1 K1
2.016
16.04
30.07
44.10
58.12
72.15
86.18
28.01
17.05
141 800
55 500
51 880
50 350
49 500
49 020
48 680
10 100
53 510
119 980
50 020
47 490
46 360
45 720
45 360
45 110
10 100
48 290
14.31
2.23
1.75
1.67
1.68
1.67
1.66
1.04
2.15
molar composition: CH4 94.4%, C2 H6 3.0%, N2 1.5%, other gases 1.1%. Elemental composition by mass: C
73.26%, H 23.90%, O 0.38%, N 2.46%.
Table E.9: Heating (or calorific) values of liquid fuels at 25 C.
Liquid
Approx. elemental
composition
by mass (%)
3
kg m
HHV or GCV
1
kJ kg
LHV or NCV
1
kJ kg
Cp
1 1
kJ kg K
n-octane C8 H18
methanol CH3 OH
petrol (gasoline)
kerosine
distillate fuel oil
C84.1 H15.9
C37.5 H12.6 O49.9
C85.0 H15.0
C86.1 H13.9
C86.8 H13.2
703
790
740
770
820
47 890
22 690
46 900
46 140
45 600
44 420
19 960
43 630
43 100
42 720
2.11
2.51
2.06
2.02
1.95
Page 54
E.9
E.9
Properties of R134a refrigerant
R134a or HFC134a is a hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CH2 FCF3 )

with zero ozone-depleting potential, although it has some global warming potential. It is a substitute for the chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant R12 (banned under the Montreal Protocol 1984) in
domestic refrigeration and freezing applications and in the coolers of air conditioning plant.
T , Tsat
P
v
h
s
=
=
=
=
=
temperature, at saturation
absolute pressure
3
1
specific volume, m kg
1
specific enthalpy, kJ kg
1 1
specific entropy, kJ kg K
Page 55
E.9
Table E.10: Saturated Refrigerant 134a Temperature (60 C to critical point)
T
( C)
P
bar (abs)
vf
m kg1
vg
m kg1
hf
kJ kg1
hg
kJ kg1
sf
kJ kg1 K1
sg
kJ kg1 K1
60
50
0.1587
0.2942
0.0006795
0.0006923
1.0808
0.6064
22.92
35.33
261.17
267.44
0.6828
0.7396
1.8005
1.7798
40
35
30
25
0.5118
0.6612
0.8436
1.064
0.0007060
0.0007132
0.0007206
0.0007284
0.3609
0.2838
0.2257
0.1814
47.88
54.22
60.60
67.03
273.71
276.84
279.95
283.05
0.7946
0.8214
0.8479
0.8740
1.7632
1.7562
1.7500
1.7445
20
15
10
5
1.327
1.639
2.005
2.432
0.0007364
0.0007448
0.0007536
0.0007627
0.1473
0.1206
0.09954
0.08279
73.51
80.05
88.64
93.29
286.13
289.18
292.20
295.19
0.8998
0.9252
0.9504
0.9753
1.7397
1.7354
1.7316
1.7283
2.925
0.0007723
0.06933
100.00
298.10
1.0000
1.7254
5
10
15
20
3.492
4.139
4.873
5.702
0.0007823
0.0007929
0.0008041
0.0008160
0.05842
0.04951
0.04218
0.03610
106.78
113.62
120.54
127.54
301.02
303.86
306.64
309.35
1.0244
1.0486
1.0727
1.0965
1.7228
1.7205
1.7185
1.7167
25
30
35
40
6.634
7.675
8.835
10.12
0.0008285
0.0008419
0.0008563
0.0008718
0.03102
0.02676
0.02315
0.02008
134.61
141.77
149.02
156.37
311.97
314.49
316.91
319.20
1.1202
1.1437
1.1671
1.1904
1.7150
1.7134
1.7119
1.7104
45
50
11.55
13.11
0.0008886
0.0009068
0.01746
0.01520
163.83
171.41
321.34
323.31
1.2136
1.2368
1.7087
1.7069
60
80
16.73
26.21
0.0009493
0.001077
0.01154
0.006516
187.00
221.07
326.60
328.95
1.2833
1.3798
1.7024
1.6852
101
40.55
0.001964
0.001964
289.40
289.40
1.5609
1.5609
Page 56
E.9
Table E.11: Saturated Refrigerant 134a Pressure (0.2 bar to critical point)
P
bar (abs)
T
C
vf
m kg1
vg
m kg1
hf
kJ kg1
hg
kJ kg1
sf
kJ kg1 K1
sg
kJ kg1 K1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
56.38
44.58
36.93
31.11
0.0006841
0.0006996
0.0007104
0.0007189
0.8703
0.4547
0.3109
0.2373
27.40
42.11
51.77
59.18
263.44
270.84
275.64
279.26
0.7035
0.7696
0.8111
0.8420
1.7925
1.7703
1.7588
1.7513
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
26.36
22.31
18.75
15.58
0.0007262
0.0007327
0.0007385
0.0007438
0.1923
0.1620
0.1400
0.1234
65.28
70.51
75.14
79.29
282.21
284.71
286.89
288.83
0.8669
0.8879
0.9062
0.9223
1.7460
1.7418
1.7385
1.7358
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
10.06
4.26
0.70
5.07
0.0007534
0.0007641
0.0007737
0.0007825
0.09978
0.08062
0.06766
0.05829
86.53
94.28
100.95
106.87
292.16
295.62
298.54
301.06
0.9500
0.9790
1.0034
1.0247
1.7316
1.7278
1.7250
1.7228
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.98
15.80
21.66
0.0007907
0.0008060
0.0008201
0.05119
0.04113
0.03431
112.22
121.66
129.88
303.29
307.08
310.23
1.0437
1.0765
1.1044
1.7210
1.7182
1.7161
8.0
10.0
12.0
31.45
39.55
46.50
0.0008460
0.0008703
0.0008939
0.02565
0.02034
0.01675
143.86
155.70
166.09
315.21
319.00
321.95
1.1505
1.1883
1.2206
1.7130
1.7105
1.7082
15.0
20.0
30.0
55.45
67.72
86.38
0.0009289
0.0009896
0.001144
0.01308
0.009318
0.005306
179.83
199.58
233.52
325.23
328.37
327.42
1.2621
1.3197
1.4135
1.7046
1.6975
1.6747
40.55
101.00
0.001964
0.001964
289.35
289.35
1.5609
1.5609
Page 57
Page 58
1.148
1.189
1.231
1.272
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1.107
0.8975
0.9398
0.9818
1.0236
1.0652
50
40
30
20
10
0.8703
Sat.
T( C)
313.45
321.64
330.01
338.54
305.43
267.92
275.08
282.41
289.91
297.59
263.44
1.9931
2.0215
2.0496
2.0773
1.9643
1.8129
1.8443
1.8750
1.9053
1.9350
1.7925
0.2 bar abs

(Tsat = 56.38 C)
v
h
s
0.6751
0.5712
0.5921
0.6129
0.6337
0.6544
0.5502
0.4647
0.4864
0.5079
0.5291
0.4547
355.84
313.02
321.26
329.66
338.22
346.95
304.94
274.21
281.67
289.27
297.03
270.84
2.0746
1.9355
1.9641
1.9922
2.0200
2.0475
1.9064
1.7849
1.8162
1.8469
1.8769
1.7703
0.4 bar abs

(Tsat = 44.58 C)
v
h
s
0.4489
0.4627
0.3789
0.3930
0.4071
0.4210
0.4350
0.3647
0.3212
0.3359
0.3504
0.3109
355.58
364.66
312.58
320.87
329.31
337.91
346.67
304.45
280.90
288.61
296.46
275.64
2.0410
2.0678
1.9013
1.9300
1.9584
1.9863
2.0138
1.8720
1.7808
1.8119
1.8422
1.7588
0.6 bar abs

(Tsat = 36.93 C)
v
h
s
0.3357
0.3462
0.2827
0.2935
0.3041
0.3147
0.3252
0.2719
0.2386
0.2499
0.2610
0.2373
355.32
364.41
312.14
320.47
328.96
337.59
346.38
303.94
280.13
287.95
295.88
279.26
2.0169
2.0438
1.8767
1.9056
1.9341
1.9621
1.9897
1.8472
1.7549
1.7864
1.8171
1.7513
0.8 bar abs

(Tsat = 31.11 C)
v
h
s
Table E.12: Superheated Refrigerant 134a (0.2 bar to 1 bar)
0.2679
0.2763
0.2847
0.2250
0.2337
0.2423
0.2509
0.2594
0.2162
0.1982
0.2073
0.1923
355.05
364.17
373.44
311.69
320.08
328.60
337.27
346.09
303.43
287.27
295.30
282.21
1.9982
2.0251
2.0518
1.8573
1.8864
1.9150
1.9432
1.9709
1.8276
1.7662
1.7973
1.7460
1.0 bar abs

(Tsat = 26.36 C)
v
h
s
60
70
80
10
20
30
40
50
50
40
30
20
10
Sat.
T( C)
E.9
0.1357
0.1419
0.1481
0.1541
0.1600
0.1658
0.1716
0.1773
0.1831
0.1887
0.1944
0.2000
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
0.1311
Sat.
T(C)
354.39
363.56
372.87
382.34
391.95
310.55
319.07
327.70
336.46
345.36
302.13
293.79
287.89
1.9637
1.9908
2.0176
2.0440
2.0701
1.8212
1.8508
1.8798
1.9082
1.9362
1.7910
1.7599
1.7371
1.5 bar abs

(Tsat = 17.13 C)
v
h
s
0.1536
0.1321
0.1364
0.1408
0.1451
0.1493
0.1095
0.1142
0.1187
0.1232
0.1277
0.1047
0.0998
0.0998
401.24
353.71
362.94
372.30
381.81
391.45
309.37
318.03
326.78
335.64
344.61
300.77
292.22
292.16
2.0716
1.9388
1.9661
1.9930
2.0195
2.0457
1.7947
1.8247
1.8541
1.8828
1.9110
1.7638
1.7318
1.7316
2.0 bar abs

(Tsat = 10.06 C)
v
h
s
0.1224
0.1049
0.1085
0.1120
0.1155
0.1189
0.0864
0.0902
0.0940
0.0977
0.1013
0.0824
0.0806
400.77
353.03
362.31
371.73
381.27
390.95
308.15
316.97
325.84
334.80
343.86
299.37
295.62
2.0525
1.9191
1.9465
1.9736
2.0002
2.0265
1.7732
1.8038
1.8336
1.8627
1.8911
1.7416
1.7278
2.5 bar abs

(Tsat = 4.26 C)
v
h
s
0.1015
0.1044
0.0868
0.0898
0.0928
0.0957
0.0986
0.0709
0.0742
0.0775
0.0806
0.0837
0.0677
400.31
410.30
352.33
361.68
371.14
380.73
390.45
306.90
315.88
324.88
333.95
343.09
298.54
2.0368
2.0625
1.9027
1.9303
1.9575
1.9843
2.0107
1.7550
1.7862
1.8164
1.8458
1.8745
1.7250
3.0 bar abs

(Tsat = 0.70 C)
v
h
s
Table E.13: Superheated Refrigerant 134a (1.5 bar to 4 bar)
0.0755
0.0777
0.0799
0.0641
0.0665
0.0688
0.0710
0.0733
0.0515
0.0542
0.0568
0.0593
0.0617
0.0512
399.36
409.41
419.59
350.91
360.38
369.96
379.64
389.44
304.25
313.59
322.89
332.18
341.51
303.29
2.0115
2.0374
2.0630
1.8761
1.9041
1.9316
1.9586
1.9853
1.7244
1.7568
1.7880
1.8181
1.8475
1.7210
3.5 bar abs

(Tsat = 8.98 C)
v
h
s
110
120
130
60
70
80
90
100
10
20
30
40
50
10
Sat.
T(C)
E.9
Page 59
Page 60
0.0411
0.0421
0.0443
0.0465
0.0485
0.0505
0.0524
0.0543
0.0562
0.0581
0.0599
0.0617
0.0635
0.0653
Sat.
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
T( C)
398.40
408.51
418.74
429.11
349.44
359.06
368.75
378.53
388.41
311.16
320.79
330.34
339.88
307.08
1.9915
2.0175
2.0432
2.0686
1.8546
1.8831
1.9109
1.9382
1.9651
1.7322
1.7645
1.7955
1.8255
1.7182
5 bar abs
(Tsat = 15.80 C)
v
h
s
0.0495
0.0510
0.0525
0.0540
0.0414
0.0431
0.0447
0.0463
0.0479
0.0360
0.0379
0.0397
0.0343
397.42
407.60
417.89
428.30
347.93
357.69
367.51
377.39
387.36
318.56
328.41
338.18
310.23
1.9747
2.0010
2.0268
2.0523
1.8364
1.8653
1.8935
1.9210
1.9481
1.7440
1.7760
1.8067
1.7161
6 bar abs
(Tsat = 21.66 C)
v
h
s
0.0364
0.0376
0.0388
0.0400
0.0412
0.0300
0.0314
0.0327
0.0339
0.0352
0.0270
0.0286
0.0256
395.43
405.75
416.15
426.67
437.30
344.74
354.85
364.94
375.05
385.21
324.24
334.56
315.21
1.9475
1.9740
2.0002
2.0259
2.0514
1.8057
1.8356
1.8646
1.8928
1.9204
1.7422
1.7747
1.7130
8 bar abs
(Tsat = 31.45 C)
v
h
s
0.0286
0.0296
0.0306
0.0316
0.0325
0.0231
0.0243
0.0254
0.0265
0.0276
0.0204
0.0218
0.0203
393.38
403.84
414.38
425.01
435.73
341.30
351.82
362.23
372.60
382.97
319.51
330.58
319.00
1.9253
1.9522
1.9787
2.0048
2.0304
1.7796
1.8107
1.8406
1.8696
1.8978
1.7121
1.7469
1.7105
10 bar abs
(Tsat = 39.55 C)
v
h
s
Table E.14: Superheated Refrigerant 134a (5 bar to 12 bar)
0.0234
0.0242
0.0251
0.0259
0.0268
0.0184
0.0195
0.0205
0.0215
0.0224
0.0172
0.0167
391.26
401.89
412.57
423.32
434.15
337.53
348.56
359.36
370.04
380.65
326.10
321.95
1.9063
1.9337
1.9605
1.9868
2.0127
1.7559
1.7886
1.8196
1.8494
1.8782
1.7211
1.7082
12 bar abs
(Tsat = 46.50 C)
v
h
s
110
120
130
140
150
60
70
80
90
100
20
30
40
50
Sat.
T( C)
E.9
0.0131
0.0136
0.0147
0.0156
0.0165
0.0173
0.0181
0.0189
0.0196
0.0203
0.0210
Sat.
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
T( C)
387.94
398.85
409.76
420.71
431.71
331.03
343.14
354.70
365.94
376.99
325.23
1.8815
1.9096
1.9371
1.9639
1.9902
1.7222
1.7580
1.7912
1.8225
1.8526
1.7046
15 bar abs
(Tsat = 55.45 C)
v
h
s
0.0146
0.0153
0.0159
0.0165
0.0171
0.0113
0.0123
0.0131
0.0139
0.0106
384.42
395.67
406.85
418.02
429.21
336.80
349.46
361.45
373.05
327.42
1.8596
1.8886
1.9167
1.9441
1.9708
1.7282
1.7646
1.7981
1.8296
1.7006
18 bar abs
(Tsat = 63.13 C)
v
h
s
0.0113
0.0120
0.0125
0.0131
0.0136
0.00909
0.00993
0.0107
0.00826
379.37
391.17
402.78
414.30
425.77
341.13
354.66
367.28
328.95
1.8331
1.8634
1.8926
1.9208
1.9483
1.7290
1.7668
1.8011
1.6941
22 bar abs
(Tsat = 71.96 C)
v
h
s
0.00905
0.00965
0.0102
0.0107
0.0112
0.00664
0.00763
0.00840
0.00659
373.80
386.31
398.45
410.38
422.19
329.72
346.45
360.68
328.99
1.8079
1.8402
1.8707
1.8999
1.9281
1.6878
1.7346
1.7732
1.6858
26 bar abs
(Tsat = 79.62 C)
v
h
s
Table E.15: Superheated Refrigerant 134a (16 bar to 30 bar)
0.00734
0.00793
0.00846
0.00894
0.00940
0.00575
0.00665
0.00531
367.52
381.00
393.83
406.27
418.47
335.43
352.83
327.42
1.7830
1.8178
1.8500
1.8805
1.9096
1.6969
1.7442
1.6747
30 bar abs
(Tsat = 86.38 C)
v
h
s
110
120
130
140
150
60
70
80
90
100
Sat.
T( C)
E.9
Page 61
E.10
Transport properties of air, water and steam
E.10
Cp
Cv
k
T
x
x
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Page 62

specific heat at constant volume
thermal conductivity
temperature
definition
definition
thermal diffusivity
absolute viscosity
kinematic viscosity
density
kJ kg K
1 1
kJ kg K
W m1 K1
K or C
1 1
kJ kg K
1 1
kJ kg K
2 1
m s
kg m1 s1 (= N s m2 )
m2 s1
3
kg m
Density
(kg m3 )
3.72
2.04
1.582
1.293
1.247
1.205
1.165
1.060
0.946
0.746
0.616
0.456
0.277
Temperature
(C)
180
100
50
0
10
20
30
60
100
200
300
500
1000
1185
1025
1045
1093
1006
1008
1011
1006
1006
1006
1035
1010
1006
(J kg1 K1 )
Cp
Specific heat
at constant
pressure
3.46 105
4.79 105
7.85 105
4
2.58 105
2.95 105
3.58 105
5
1.74 10
1.60 105
5
1.89 10
5
2.30 10
1.86 105
5
2.00 10
5
2.18 10
4.82 10
1.32 10
1.41 105
1.50 105
1.71 10
1.76 105
1.81 105
1.75 106
5.69 106
6
9.17 10
6.50 106
1.16 105
5
1.45 10
5
(m2 s1 )
Kinematic
viscosity
(kg m1 s1 )
Absolute
(or dynamic)
viscosity
0.076
0.039
0.045
0.056
0.026
0.028
0.032
0.024
0.025
0.025
0.0076
0.016
0.020
(W m1 K1 )
Thermal
conductivity
2.42 10
5.19 105
7.17 105
1.14 104
2.23 105
5
2.74 10
5
3.28 10
1.84 10
1.96 105
2.08 105
1.9 106
7.6 106
5
1.30 10
(m2 s1 )
Thermal
diffusivity
0.72
0.68
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.70
0.70
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.92
0.75
0.72
Prandtl
number
Cp
Pr =
k
Table E.16: Transport properties of dry air at atmospheric pressure
1.8 10
9.53 106
4.96 106
1.42 106
9.07 107
7
5.71 10
7
3.48 10
1.48 10
1.25 108
1.07 108
3.2 1010
1.3 109
8
3.67 10
g
GrPr
=
L3 T
3 1
(m K )
1000
200
300
500
30
60
100
0
10
20
180
100
50
(C)
Temperature
E.10
Page 63
Page 64
0.001043
0.001065
0.001090
0.001121
0.001156
0.001199
0.001251
0.001317
0.001404
0.001528
0.001740
0.001894
0.003106
225
250
275
300
325
350
360
374
0.001012
0.001017
0.001023
0.001029
0.001036
50
60
70
80
90
100
125
150
175
200
0.001000
0.001000
0.001002
0.001004
0.001008
0.01
10
20
30
40
vf
(m kg )
vg
0.008812
0.006962
0.003106
0.07846
0.05011
0.03278
0.02167
0.01419
1.674
0.7709
0.3929
0.2168
0.1273
12.04
7.674
5.045
3.409
2.362
206.0
106.3
57.78
32.90
19.53
(m kg )
Specific volume
( C)
Temp.
1
K )
10100
14600
4648
4867
5202
5762
6861
4216
4254
4310
4389
4497
4181
4185
4190
4197
4205
4217
4193
4182
4179
4179
(J kg
Cpf
1
K )
17150
25100
3238
3772
4561
5863
8440
2028
2147
2314
2542
2843
1899
1915
1936
1962
1992
1854
1860
1866
1875
1885
(J kg
Cpg
constant pressure
Specific heat at
0.437
0.400
0.24
0.644
0.616
0.582
0.541
0.493
0.681
0.687
0.687
0.679
0.665
0.643
0.653
0.662
0.670
0.676
K )
0.569
0.587
0.603
0.618
0.632
(W m
kf
K )
0.1343
0.168
0.24
0.0427
0.0495
0.0587
0.0719
0.0929
0.0249
0.0272
0.0300
0.0334
0.0375
0.0210
0.0217
0.0224
0.0231
0.0240
0.0173
0.0185
0.0191
0.0198
0.0204
kg
(W m
conductivity
Thermal
2.58 105
2.75 105
4.5 105
6.48 105
5.82 105
4.5 105
1.79 10
5
1.91 10
5
2.02 10
2.14 105
2.30 105
1.182 10
4
1.065 10
5
9.72 10
8.97 105
7.90 105
1.21 105
1.33 105
5
1.44 10
5
1.56 10
5
1.67 10
2.78 104
2.19 104
4
1.80 10
4
1.53 10
4
1.33 10
1.04 105
1.07 105
1.11 105
1.14 105
5
1.17 10
s )
5.44 104
4.62 104
4.00 104
3.50 104
4
3.11 10
(kg m
g
8.8 106
9.1 106
9.4 106
9.7 106
1.01 105
s )
1.755 103
1.301 103
1.002 103
7.97 104
6.51 104
(kg m
viscosity
Absolute (or dynamic)
Table E.17: Transport properties of saturated water and steam
1.50
2.11
0.853
0.841
0.869
0.955
1.100
1.723
1.358
1.133
0.990
0.902
3.53
2.96
2.53
2.19
1.93
13.02
9.29
6.95
5.39
4.31
Prf
3.29
3.89
1.36
1.45
1.56
1.74
2.09
0.986
1.047
1.110
1.185
1.270
0.939
0.947
0.956
0.966
0.976
0.942
0.915
0.918
0.923
0.930
Prg
Prandtl number
Cp
350
360
374
225
250
275
300
325
100
125
150
175
200
50
60
70
80
90
0.01
10
20
30
40
( C)
Temp.
E.10
E.11
E.11
Cp
k
Approximate physical properties

=
=
=
=
=
density
thermal conductivity
absolute or dynamic viscosity
surface tension
kg m3
J kg1 K1
1 1
Wm K
1 1
2
kg m m or N s m
N m1
Table E.18: Approximate physical properties at 20 C, 1 bar.

a
Cp
air
oxygen
nitrogen
carbon dioxide
hydrogen
helium
1.19
1.31
1.15
1.80
0.083
0.164
1 010
910
1 040
8 40
14 300
5 230
0.025
0.026
0.026
0.017
0.18
0.14
1.81 10
5
2.03 10
5
1.76 10
1.47 105
5
0.88 10
5
1.96 10
Cp
1000
13 600
790
1 210
4 190
140
2 860
1430
0.60
8.7
0.19
0.080
1.00 103
3
1.55 10
3
1.20 10
3
0.21 10
0.073
0.51
0.022
Cp
7 850
7810
2720
8 950
8 410
1 000
25
2 400
1 800
500
2 500
460
460
880
380
380
2 100
52
16
170
400
120
0.5
0.04
1.0
0.6
0.15
1.0
Gases
Liquids
water
mercury
ethanol
R134a (25 C)
Solids
mild steel
stainless steel
aluminium alloy
copper
brass
polyethylene
expanded polystyrene
concrete
brick
wood
glass
900
750
2 500
800
Notes
18% Ni & 8% Cr
Duralumin
30% Zn
moderately high density
board
moderately dense
common building brick
pine & dry
window
a
NB. Constant Cp values in Table E.3 are averages over a range of temperature. Cp (T ) relationships used in Table
E.5 are fits over a different temperature range. Neither will necessarily agree well with the 20 C values tabulated
here.
Page 65
10
10
0.75
0.80
es
ixtur
25
30
35
40
40
50
30
55
60
0.020
0.022
0.024
0.026
0.028
0.030
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
20
10
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
45
50
relative humidity , %
dry-bulb temperature Td, C (=actual mixture temperature)
20
25
60
10
15
/kg
70
0.010
15
20
0.85
m
e v,
olum
fic v
peci
30
0.90
90 80
b
ul
t-b
we
for moist air at atmospheric pressure
Psychrometric chart
re
p
e
ra
tu
te
m
,
C
w
Page 66
T
E.11
specific humidity (kg water vapour per kg dry air)
Figure E.2: Psychrometric Chart
E.12
E.12
h
P
s
T
u
v
Thermodynamic property tables for water/steam (IAPWS-IF97 formulation)

=
=
=
=
=
=
specific enthalpy
absolute pressure
specific entropy
temperature
specific internal energy
specific volume
kJ kg1
bar (1 bar = 105 Pa = 105 N m2 )
kJ kg1 K1
C
1
kJ kg
m3 kg1
Subscripts:
f
fg
=
=
g
sat
=
=
saturated liquid state

change between saturated liquid and saturated vapour states at constant pressure
(hfg = hg hf )
saturated vapour state
saturation state
Properties in these tables were evaluated from the Industrial Formulation 1997 of the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS). There are small differences
between these values and those in use in the Department of Mechanical Engineering up to
2003 (evaluated from the IAPWS 1984 Formulation for Scientific and General Use and 1986
Supplementary Release on Saturation Properties).
Triple point:
Critical point:
T = 0.01 C
T = 373.95 C
P = 0.006117 bar
P = 220.64 bar
u and s are chosen to be zero for saturated liquid at the triple point.
Linear interpolation in the tables is not advisable near the critical point.
Page 67
E.12
Table E.19: Saturated water and steam Temperature (triple point to 100 C)
T
P
3
vf
vg
kJ kg
ug
kJ kg
hf
kJ kg
hfg
hg
kJ kg
kJ kg
sf
1
kJ kg
sg
bar (abs)
m kg
0.01
0.006117
0.001000
206.0
2374.9
0.000612
2500.9
2500.9
9.155
1
2
3
4
5
0.006571
0.007060
0.007581
0.008135
0.008726
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
192.4
179.8
168.0
157.1
147.0
4.18
8.39
12.60
16.81
21.02
2376.3
2377.7
2379.0
2380.4
2381.8
4.177
8.392
12.60
16.81
21.02
2498.6
2496.2
2493.8
2491.4
2489.1
2502.7
2504.6
2506.4
2508.2
2510.1
0.0153
0.0306
0.0459
0.0611
0.0763
9.129
9.103
9.076
9.051
9.025
6
7
8
9
10
0.009354
0.01002
0.01073
0.01148
0.01228
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
137.6
128.9
120.8
113.3
106.3
25.22
29.42
33.62
37.82
42.02
2383.2
2384.5
2385.9
2387.3
2388.7
25.22
29.43
33.63
37.82
42.02
2486.7
2484.3
2481.9
2479.6
2477.2
2511.9
2513.7
2515.6
2517.4
2519.2
0.0913
0.1064
0.1213
0.1362
0.1511
8.999
8.974
8.949
8.924
8.900
11
12
13
14
15
0.01313
0.01403
0.01498
0.01599
0.01706
0.001000
0.001001
0.001001
0.001001
0.001001
99.79
93.72
88.07
82.80
77.88
46.21
50.41
54.60
58.79
62.98
2390.0
2391.4
2392.8
2394.1
2395.5
46.22
50.41
54.60
58.79
62.98
2474.8
2472.5
2470.1
2467.7
2465.4
2521.1
2522.9
2524.7
2526.5
2528.4
0.1659
0.1806
0.1953
0.2099
0.2245
8.876
8.851
8.828
8.804
8.780
16
17
18
19
20
0.01819
0.01938
0.02065
0.02198
0.02339
0.001001
0.001001
0.001001
0.001002
0.001002
73.29
69.01
65.00
61.26
57.76
67.17
71.36
75.55
79.73
83.92
2396.9
2398.3
2399.6
2401.0
2402.4
67.17
71.36
75.55
79.73
83.92
2463.0
2460.6
2458.3
2455.9
2453.5
2530.2
2532.0
2533.8
2535.7
2537.5
0.2390
0.2534
0.2678
0.2822
0.2965
8.757
8.734
8.711
8.689
8.666
21
22
23
24
25
0.02488
0.02645
0.02811
0.02986
0.03170
0.001002
0.001002
0.001003
0.001003
0.001003
54.49
51.42
48.55
45.86
43.34
88.10
92.29
96.47
100.7
104.8
2403.7
2405.1
2406.4
2407.8
2409.2
88.10
92.29
96.47
100.7
104.8
2451.2
2448.8
2446.4
2444.1
2441.7
2539.3
2541.1
2542.9
2544.7
2546.5
0.3108
0.3250
0.3391
0.3532
0.3673
8.644
8.622
8.600
8.578
8.557
26
27
28
29
30
0.03364
0.03568
0.03783
0.04009
0.04247
0.001003
0.001004
0.001004
0.001004
0.001004
40.98
38.76
36.68
34.72
32.88
109.0
113.2
117.4
121.6
125.7
2410.5
2411.9
2413.2
2414.6
2415.9
109.0
113.2
117.4
121.6
125.7
2439.3
2437.0
2434.6
2432.2
2429.8
2548.4
2550.2
2552.0
2553.8
2555.6
0.3813
0.3952
0.4091
0.4230
0.4368
8.535
8.514
8.493
8.473
8.452
32
34
36
38
40
0.04759
0.05325
0.05948
0.06632
0.07384
0.001005
0.001006
0.001006
0.001007
0.001008
29.53
26.56
23.93
21.60
19.52
134.1
142.5
150.8
159.2
167.5
2418.7
2421.4
2424.0
2426.7
2429.4
134.1
142.5
150.8
159.2
167.5
2425.1
2420.3
2415.6
2410.8
2406.0
2559.2
2562.8
2566.4
2570.0
2573.5
0.4643
0.4916
0.5187
0.5457
0.5724
8.411
8.372
8.332
8.294
8.256
42
44
46
48
50
0.08209
0.09112
0.1010
0.1118
0.1235
0.001009
0.001009
0.001010
0.001011
0.001012
17.67
16.01
14.54
13.21
12.03
175.9
184.2
192.6
201.0
209.3
2432.1
2434.8
2437.4
2440.1
2442.8
175.9
184.3
192.6
201.0
209.3
2401.2
2396.4
2391.6
2386.8
2382.0
2577.1
2580.7
2584.2
2587.8
2591.3
0.5990
0.6255
0.6517
0.6778
0.7038
8.218
8.182
8.145
8.110
8.075
52
54
56
58
60
0.1363
0.1502
0.1653
0.1817
0.1995
0.001013
0.001014
0.001015
0.001016
0.001017
10.96
10.01
9.145
8.369
7.668
217.7
226.0
234.4
242.8
251.1
2445.4
2448.0
2450.7
2453.3
2455.9
217.7
226.1
234.4
242.8
251.2
2377.1
2372.3
2367.4
2362.6
2357.7
2594.8
2598.4
2601.9
2605.4
2608.8
0.7296
0.7552
0.7807
0.8060
0.8312
8.040
8.007
7.973
7.940
7.908
62
64
66
68
70
0.2187
0.2394
0.2618
0.2860
0.3120
0.001018
0.001019
0.001020
0.001022
0.001023
7.034
6.460
5.940
5.468
5.040
259.5
267.9
276.2
284.6
293.0
2458.5
2461.1
2463.7
2466.3
2468.9
259.5
267.9
276.3
284.6
293.0
2352.8
2347.9
2343.0
2338.0
2333.1
2612.3
2615.8
2619.2
2622.7
2626.1
0.8563
0.8811
0.9059
0.9305
0.9550
7.876
7.845
7.814
7.784
7.754
72
74
76
78
80
0.3400
0.3701
0.4024
0.4370
0.4741
0.001024
0.001025
0.001026
0.001028
0.001029
4.650
4.295
3.971
3.675
3.405
301.4
309.7
318.1
326.5
334.9
2471.4
2474.0
2476.5
2479.0
2481.6
301.4
309.8
318.2
326.6
334.9
2328.1
2323.1
2318.1
2313.1
2308.1
2629.5
2632.9
2636.3
2639.7
2643.0
0.9793
1.004
1.028
1.052
1.075
7.725
7.696
7.667
7.639
7.611
82
84
86
88
90
0.5139
0.5564
0.6017
0.6502
0.7018
0.001030
0.001032
0.001033
0.001035
0.001036
3.158
2.932
2.724
2.534
2.359
343.3
351.7
360.1
368.5
376.9
2484.1
2486.6
2489.0
2491.5
2494.0
343.3
351.7
360.1
368.6
377.0
2303.0
2297.9
2292.8
2287.7
2282.6
2646.4
2649.7
2653.0
2656.3
2659.5
1.099
1.123
1.146
1.169
1.193
7.584
7.557
7.530
7.504
7.478
92
94
96
98
100
0.7568
0.8154
0.8777
0.9439
1.0142
0.001037
0.001039
0.001040
0.001042
0.001043
2.198
2.050
1.914
1.788
1.672
385.3
393.7
402.1
410.6
419.0
2496.4
2498.8
2501.2
2503.6
2506.0
385.4
393.8
402.2
410.7
419.1
2277.4
2272.2
2267.0
2261.7
2256.5
2662.8
2666.0
2669.2
2672.4
2675.6
1.216
1.239
1.262
1.284
1.307
7.453
7.427
7.403
7.378
7.354
Page 68
m kg
uf
kJ kg
E.12
Table E.20: Saturated water and steam Pressure (triple point to 2 bar)
P
bar (abs)
vf
m kg
vg
m kg
uf
kJ kg
ug
kJ kg
hf
kJ kg
hfg
hg
kJ kg
kJ kg
sf
1
kJ kg
sg
kJ kg
0.006117
0.01
0.001000
206.0
2374.9
0.000611783
2500.9
2500.9
9.155
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
3.76
6.97
9.65
11.97
14.01
15.84
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001001
0.001001
0.001001
159.6
129.2
108.7
93.90
82.75
74.01
15.81
29.30
40.57
50.28
58.83
66.49
2380.1
2384.5
2388.2
2391.4
2394.2
2396.7
15.809
29.298
40.569
50.28
58.84
66.49
2492.0
2484.4
2478.0
2472.5
2467.7
2463.4
2507.8
2513.7
2518.6
2522.8
2526.6
2529.9
0.0575
0.1059
0.1460
0.1802
0.2101
0.2366
9.057
8.975
8.908
8.852
8.804
8.761
0.020
0.022
0.024
0.026
0.028
17.50
19.01
20.41
21.72
22.94
0.001001
0.001002
0.001002
0.001002
0.001002
66.99
61.21
56.38
52.27
48.73
73.43
79.79
85.65
91.11
96.20
2398.9
2401.0
2402.9
2404.7
2406.4
73.43
79.79
85.66
91.11
96.20
2459.5
2455.9
2452.6
2449.5
2446.6
2532.9
2535.7
2538.2
2540.6
2542.8
0.2606
0.2824
0.3024
0.3210
0.3382
8.723
8.688
8.657
8.628
8.601
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
24.08
26.67
28.96
31.01
32.88
0.001003
0.001003
0.001004
0.001005
0.001005
45.66
39.47
34.79
31.13
28.19
100.99
111.83
121.40
129.98
137.76
2407.9
2411.4
2414.5
2417.3
2419.8
100.99
111.84
121.40
129.98
137.77
2443.9
2437.7
2432.3
2427.4
2423.0
2544.9
2549.6
2553.7
2557.4
2560.8
0.3543
0.3907
0.4224
0.4507
0.4763
8.577
8.521
8.473
8.431
8.394
0.060
0.070
0.080
0.090
0.100
36.16
39.00
41.51
43.76
45.81
0.001006
0.001007
0.001008
0.001009
0.001010
23.73
20.53
18.10
16.20
14.67
151.49
163.36
173.84
183.25
191.80
2424.3
2428.1
2431.4
2434.5
2437.2
151.49
163.37
173.85
183.26
191.81
2415.2
2408.4
2402.4
2397.0
2392.1
2566.7
2571.8
2576.2
2580.3
2583.9
0.5209
0.5591
0.5925
0.6223
0.6492
8.329
8.275
8.227
8.186
8.149
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
47.68
49.42
51.04
52.55
53.97
0.001011
0.001012
0.001013
0.001013
0.001014
13.41
12.36
11.46
10.69
10.02
199.65
206.90
213.65
220.0
225.9
2439.7
2442.0
2444.1
2446.1
2448.0
199.66
206.91
213.66
220.0
225.9
2387.6
2383.4
2379.5
2375.8
2372.4
2587.2
2590.3
2593.1
2595.8
2598.3
0.6737
0.6963
0.7172
0.7366
0.7548
8.115
8.085
8.057
8.031
8.007
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
55.31
56.59
57.80
58.95
60.06
0.001015
0.001015
0.001016
0.001017
0.001017
9.431
8.909
8.443
8.025
7.648
231.5
236.9
241.9
246.8
251.4
2449.8
2451.4
2453.0
2454.5
2456.0
231.6
236.9
241.9
246.8
251.4
2369.1
2366.0
2363.1
2360.2
2357.5
2600.7
2602.9
2605.0
2607.0
2608.9
0.7720
0.7882
0.8035
0.8181
0.8320
7.985
7.964
7.944
7.925
7.907
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
62.13
64.05
65.84
67.52
69.10
0.001018
0.001019
0.001020
0.001021
0.001022
6.994
6.446
5.979
5.578
5.229
260.1
268.1
275.6
282.6
289.2
2458.7
2461.2
2463.5
2465.7
2467.7
260.1
268.1
275.6
282.6
289.2
2352.5
2347.8
2343.4
2339.2
2335.3
2612.6
2615.9
2619.0
2621.8
2624.6
0.8579
0.8818
0.9040
0.9246
0.9439
7.874
7.844
7.817
7.791
7.767
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
72.68
75.86
78.71
81.32
83.71
0.001024
0.001026
0.001028
0.001030
0.001032
4.525
3.993
3.576
3.240
2.964
304.2
317.5
329.5
340.4
350.5
2472.3
2476.3
2479.9
2483.2
2486.2
304.3
317.6
329.6
340.5
350.5
2326.4
2318.5
2311.3
2304.7
2298.7
2630.7
2636.1
2640.9
2645.2
2649.2
0.9876
1.026
1.060
1.091
1.119
7.715
7.669
7.629
7.593
7.561
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
85.93
87.99
89.93
91.76
93.49
0.001033
0.001035
0.001036
0.001037
0.001038
2.732
2.535
2.365
2.217
2.087
359.8
368.5
376.6
384.3
391.6
2488.9
2491.5
2493.9
2496.1
2498.2
359.8
368.5
376.7
384.4
391.6
2293.0
2287.7
2282.7
2278.0
2273.5
2652.9
2656.2
2659.4
2662.4
2665.2
1.145
1.169
1.192
1.213
1.233
7.531
7.504
7.479
7.456
7.434
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.01325
95.13
96.69
98.18
99.61
99.97
0.001040
0.001041
0.001042
0.001043
0.001043
1.972
1.869
1.777
1.694
1.673
398.5
405.0
411.3
417.3
418.9
2500.2
2502.1
2503.8
2505.5
2506.0
398.5
405.1
411.4
417.4
419.0
2269.3
2265.2
2261.3
2257.5
2256.5
2667.8
2670.3
2672.7
2674.9
2675.5
1.252
1.269
1.286
1.303
1.307
7.413
7.394
7.376
7.359
7.354
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
102.3
104.8
107.1
109.3
111.4
0.001045
0.001047
0.001049
0.001051
0.001053
1.550
1.428
1.325
1.237
1.159
428.7
439.2
449.0
458.2
466.9
2508.7
2511.6
2514.3
2516.9
2519.2
428.8
439.3
449.1
458.4
467.1
2250.4
2243.8
2237.5
2231.6
2226.0
2679.2
2683.1
2686.6
2690.0
2693.1
1.333
1.361
1.387
1.411
1.434
7.327
7.298
7.271
7.246
7.223
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
113.3
115.1
116.9
118.6
120.2
0.001054
0.001056
0.001058
0.001059
0.001061
1.091
1.031
0.9775
0.9293
0.8857
475.2
483.0
490.5
497.6
504.5
2521.4
2523.5
2525.5
2527.3
2529.1
475.3
483.2
490.7
497.8
504.7
2220.7
2215.6
2210.7
2206.1
2201.6
2696.0
2698.8
2701.4
2703.9
2706.2
1.455
1.475
1.494
1.513
1.530
7.201
7.181
7.162
7.144
7.127
Page 69
E.12
P
bar (abs)
Page 70
vf
m kg
vg
m kg
uf
kJ kg
ug
kJ kg
hf
kJ kg
hfg
hg
kJ kg
kJ kg
sf
1
kJ kg
sg
kJ kg
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
120.2
123.3
126.1
128.7
131.2
0.001061
0.001063
0.001066
0.001068
0.001071
0.8857
0.8101
0.7467
0.6928
0.6463
504.5
517.4
529.4
540.6
551.2
2529.1
2532.4
2535.4
2538.2
2540.8
504.7
517.6
529.6
540.9
551.5
2201.6
2193.0
2185.0
2177.4
2170.3
2706.2
2710.6
2714.6
2718.3
2721.7
1.530
1.563
1.593
1.621
1.647
7.127
7.095
7.066
7.039
7.015
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
133.5
135.7
137.8
139.9
141.8
0.001073
0.001075
0.001078
0.001080
0.001082
0.6058
0.5702
0.5387
0.5105
0.4852
561.1
570.6
579.6
588.2
596.4
2543.2
2545.4
2547.5
2549.5
2551.3
561.5
570.9
580.0
588.6
596.8
2163.4
2156.9
2150.7
2144.7
2138.9
2724.9
2727.9
2730.6
2733.3
2735.7
1.672
1.695
1.717
1.738
1.758
6.992
6.970
6.950
6.931
6.913
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
143.6
145.4
147.1
148.7
150.3
0.001084
0.001085
0.001087
0.001089
0.001091
0.4624
0.4417
0.4227
0.4054
0.3895
604.3
611.9
619.2
626.2
633.0
2553.1
2554.8
2556.4
2557.9
2559.3
604.7
612.3
619.7
626.7
633.6
2133.3
2127.9
2122.7
2117.6
2112.7
2738.1
2740.3
2742.4
2744.4
2746.3
1.777
1.795
1.812
1.829
1.845
6.895
6.879
6.863
6.849
6.834
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
151.8
155.5
158.8
162.0
165.0
0.001093
0.001097
0.001101
0.001104
0.001108
0.3748
0.3426
0.3156
0.2926
0.2728
639.6
655.3
669.8
683.5
696.4
2560.7
2563.9
2566.8
2569.4
2571.8
640.2
655.9
670.5
684.2
697.1
2107.9
2096.5
2085.6
2075.4
2065.6
2748.1
2752.3
2756.1
2759.6
2762.7
1.861
1.897
1.931
1.963
1.992
6.821
6.789
6.759
6.732
6.707
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
167.8
170.4
172.9
175.4
177.7
0.001111
0.001115
0.001118
0.001121
0.001124
0.2555
0.2403
0.2269
0.2149
0.2041
708.6
720.1
731.2
741.7
751.8
2574.0
2576.0
2577.9
2579.7
2581.3
709.4
721.0
732.1
742.7
752.9
2056.3
2047.3
2038.6
2030.3
2022.3
2765.6
2768.3
2770.8
2773.0
2775.2
2.020
2.046
2.071
2.094
2.117
6.684
6.662
6.641
6.621
6.603
10
11
12
13
14
179.9
184.1
188.0
191.6
195.0
0.001127
0.001133
0.001139
0.001144
0.001149
0.1943
0.1774
0.1632
0.1512
0.1408
761.6
780.0
797.1
813.3
828.5
2582.8
2585.5
2587.9
2590.0
2591.8
762.7
781.2
798.5
814.8
830.1
2014.4
1999.5
1985.3
1971.7
1958.8
2777.1
2780.7
2783.8
2786.5
2788.9
2.138
2.179
2.216
2.251
2.284
6.585
6.552
6.522
6.494
6.468
15
16
17
18
19
198.3
201.4
204.3
207.1
209.8
0.001154
0.001159
0.001163
0.001168
0.001172
0.1317
0.1237
0.1167
0.1104
0.1047
843.0
856.8
869.9
882.5
894.6
2593.5
2594.9
2596.2
2597.3
2598.3
844.7
858.6
871.9
884.6
896.8
1946.3
1934.3
1922.6
1911.4
1900.4
2791.0
2792.9
2794.5
2796.0
2797.3
2.315
2.344
2.371
2.398
2.423
6.443
6.420
6.398
6.378
6.358
20
21
22
23
24
212.4
214.9
217.3
219.6
221.8
0.001177
0.001181
0.001185
0.001189
0.001193
0.09958
0.09493
0.09070
0.08681
0.08324
906.3
917.5
928.4
938.9
949.1
2599.2
2600.0
2600.7
2601.3
2601.8
908.6
920.0
931.0
941.6
952.0
1889.8
1879.4
1869.2
1859.3
1849.6
2798.4
2799.4
2800.2
2800.9
2801.5
2.447
2.470
2.492
2.514
2.534
6.339
6.321
6.304
6.287
6.271
25
26
27
28
29
224.0
226.1
228.1
230.1
232.0
0.001197
0.001201
0.001205
0.001209
0.001213
0.07995
0.07690
0.07407
0.07143
0.06897
959.0
968.6
978.0
987.1
996.0
2602.2
2602.5
2602.8
2603.0
2603.2
962.0
971.7
981.2
990.5
999.5
1840.1
1830.7
1821.5
1812.5
1803.6
2802.0
2802.5
2802.8
2803.0
2803.2
2.554
2.574
2.593
2.611
2.628
6.256
6.241
6.227
6.213
6.199
30
31
32
33
34
233.9
235.7
237.5
239.2
240.9
0.001217
0.001220
0.001224
0.001228
0.001231
0.06666
0.06450
0.06247
0.06056
0.05876
1004.7
1013.2
1021.5
1029.7
1037.6
2603.3
2603.3
2603.3
2603.3
2603.2
1008.4
1017.0
1025.5
1033.7
1041.8
1794.9
1786.3
1777.8
1769.4
1761.1
2803.3
2803.3
2803.2
2803.1
2803.0
2.646
2.662
2.679
2.695
2.710
6.186
6.173
6.160
6.148
6.136
35
36
37
38
39
242.6
244.2
245.8
247.3
248.9
0.001235
0.001239
0.001242
0.001246
0.001249
0.05706
0.05545
0.05392
0.05247
0.05109
1045.5
1053.1
1060.6
1068.0
1075.3
2603.0
2602.9
2602.6
2602.4
2602.1
1049.8
1057.6
1065.2
1072.8
1080.2
1753.0
1744.9
1736.9
1729.0
1721.2
2802.7
2802.5
2802.1
2801.8
2801.4
2.725
2.740
2.755
2.769
2.783
6.125
6.113
6.102
6.091
6.080
40
41
42
43
44
250.4
251.8
253.3
254.7
256.1
0.001253
0.001256
0.001259
0.001263
0.001266
0.04978
0.04853
0.04733
0.04619
0.04510
1082.4
1089.4
1096.3
1103.1
1109.8
2601.8
2601.4
2601.1
2600.6
2600.2
1087.4
1094.6
1101.6
1108.6
1115.4
1713.5
1705.8
1698.2
1690.7
1683.2
2800.9
2800.4
2799.9
2799.3
2798.7
2.797
2.810
2.823
2.836
2.849
6.070
6.059
6.049
6.039
6.029
45
257.4
0.001270
0.04406
1116.4
2599.7
1122.1
1675.9
2798.0
2.861
6.020
E.12
P
bar (abs)
hfg
hg
m kg
m kg
kJ kg
kJ kg
kJ kg
kJ kg
kJ kg
vf
vg
uf
ug
hf
sf
1
kJ kg
sg
kJ kg
45
46
47
48
49
257.4
258.8
260.1
261.4
262.7
0.001270
0.001273
0.001276
0.001280
0.001283
0.04406
0.04306
0.04210
0.04118
0.04030
1116.4
1122.9
1129.3
1135.7
1141.9
2599.7
2599.2
2598.7
2598.2
2597.6
1122.1
1128.8
1135.3
1141.8
1148.2
1675.9
1668.5
1661.2
1654.0
1646.8
2798.0
2797.3
2796.6
2795.8
2795.0
2.861
2.874
2.886
2.898
2.909
6.020
6.010
6.001
5.992
5.983
50
51
52
53
54
263.9
265.2
266.4
267.6
268.8
0.001286
0.001290
0.001293
0.001296
0.001300
0.03945
0.03863
0.03784
0.03708
0.03635
1148.1
1154.2
1160.2
1166.1
1172.0
2597.0
2596.4
2595.7
2595.1
2594.4
1154.5
1160.7
1166.9
1173.0
1179.0
1639.7
1632.7
1625.6
1618.6
1611.7
2794.2
2793.4
2792.5
2791.6
2790.7
2.921
2.932
2.943
2.954
2.965
5.974
5.965
5.956
5.948
5.939
55
56
57
58
59
270.0
271.1
272.3
273.4
274.5
0.001303
0.001306
0.001309
0.001313
0.001316
0.03564
0.03496
0.03430
0.03366
0.03305
1177.8
1183.5
1189.2
1194.8
1200.3
2593.7
2593.0
2592.2
2591.5
2590.7
1184.9
1190.8
1196.6
1202.4
1208.1
1604.8
1597.9
1591.1
1584.3
1577.6
2789.7
2788.7
2787.7
2786.7
2785.6
2.976
2.986
2.997
3.007
3.017
5.931
5.922
5.914
5.906
5.898
60
62
64
66
68
275.6
277.7
279.8
281.9
283.9
0.001319
0.001326
0.001332
0.001339
0.001345
0.03245
0.03131
0.03024
0.02923
0.02828
1205.8
1216.6
1227.3
1237.7
1247.9
2589.9
2588.2
2586.5
2584.7
2582.8
1213.7
1224.9
1235.8
1246.5
1257.1
1570.8
1557.5
1544.2
1531.1
1518.1
2784.6
2782.3
2780.0
2777.6
2775.1
3.027
3.047
3.067
3.085
3.104
5.890
5.874
5.859
5.844
5.829
70
72
74
76
78
285.8
287.7
289.6
291.4
293.2
0.001352
0.001358
0.001365
0.001371
0.001378
0.02738
0.02653
0.02572
0.02495
0.02422
1258.0
1267.9
1277.6
1287.2
1296.7
2580.9
2578.9
2576.9
2574.8
2572.6
1267.4
1277.7
1287.7
1297.6
1307.4
1505.1
1492.3
1479.5
1466.8
1454.1
2772.6
2769.9
2767.2
2764.4
2761.5
3.122
3.140
3.157
3.174
3.191
5.815
5.800
5.786
5.772
5.758
80
82
84
86
88
295.0
296.7
298.4
300.1
301.7
0.001385
0.001391
0.001398
0.001405
0.001411
0.02353
0.02286
0.02223
0.02163
0.02105
1306.0
1315.2
1324.3
1333.3
1342.1
2570.4
2568.1
2565.8
2563.4
2560.9
1317.1
1326.6
1336.0
1345.3
1354.5
1441.5
1429.0
1416.5
1404.0
1391.6
2758.6
2755.6
2752.5
2749.4
2746.2
3.208
3.224
3.240
3.256
3.271
5.745
5.731
5.718
5.705
5.692
90
92
94
96
98
303.3
304.9
306.5
308.0
309.5
0.001418
0.001425
0.001432
0.001439
0.001446
0.02049
0.01996
0.01945
0.01896
0.01849
1350.9
1359.6
1368.1
1376.6
1385.0
2558.4
2555.9
2553.3
2550.6
2547.9
1363.7
1372.7
1381.6
1390.4
1399.2
1379.2
1366.9
1354.5
1342.2
1329.9
2742.9
2739.5
2736.1
2732.6
2729.1
3.287
3.302
3.317
3.331
3.346
5.679
5.666
5.653
5.641
5.628
100
105
110
115
120
311.0
314.6
318.1
321.4
324.7
0.001453
0.001470
0.001489
0.001507
0.001526
0.01803
0.01697
0.01599
0.01510
0.01427
1393.3
1413.8
1433.9
1453.6
1473.0
2545.1
2538.0
2530.5
2522.6
2514.4
1407.9
1429.3
1450.3
1470.9
1491.3
1317.6
1286.9
1256.1
1225.3
1194.3
2725.5
2716.1
2706.4
2696.2
2685.6
3.360
3.396
3.430
3.464
3.496
5.616
5.585
5.555
5.524
5.494
125
130
135
140
145
327.8
330.9
333.8
336.7
339.5
0.001546
0.001566
0.001588
0.001610
0.001633
0.01350
0.01279
0.01212
0.01149
0.01090
1492.1
1511.0
1529.8
1548.3
1566.8
2505.7
2496.7
2487.2
2477.2
2466.8
1511.5
1531.4
1551.2
1570.9
1590.5
1163.0
1131.5
1099.6
1067.2
1034.3
2674.5
2662.9
2650.8
2638.1
2624.8
3.529
3.561
3.592
3.623
3.654
5.464
5.434
5.404
5.373
5.342
150
155
160
165
170
342.2
344.8
347.4
349.9
352.3
0.001657
0.001682
0.001710
0.001738
0.001769
0.01034
0.009811
0.009308
0.008828
0.008369
1585.3
1603.8
1622.3
1641.0
1660.0
2455.8
2444.1
2431.9
2418.9
2405.1
1610.2
1629.9
1649.7
1669.7
1690.0
1000.7
966.4
931.1
894.9
857.4
2610.9
2596.2
2580.8
2564.6
2547.4
3.684
3.715
3.746
3.776
3.808
5.311
5.279
5.246
5.213
5.179
175
180
185
190
195
354.7
357.0
359.3
361.5
363.6
0.001803
0.001839
0.001880
0.001925
0.001977
0.007927
0.007499
0.007082
0.006673
0.006267
1679.2
1698.9
1719.2
1740.3
1762.5
2390.4
2374.6
2357.4
2338.6
2317.8
1710.8
1732.0
1754.0
1776.9
1801.1
818.4
777.5
734.4
688.5
638.9
2529.1
2509.5
2488.4
2465.4
2440.0
3.839
3.872
3.905
3.940
3.976
5.143
5.106
5.066
5.025
4.980
200
205
210
215
220
365.7
367.8
369.8
371.8
373.7
0.002039
0.002114
0.002212
0.002360
0.002750
0.005858
0.005438
0.004988
0.004463
0.003577
1786.3
1812.6
1842.9
1882.1
1961.4
2294.2
2266.7
2232.8
2186.2
2085.5
1827.1
1855.9
1889.4
1932.8
2021.9
584.3
522.3
448.1
349.4
142.3
2411.4
2378.2
2337.5
2282.2
2164.2
4.015
4.059
4.109
4.175
4.311
4.930
4.874
4.806
4.717
4.531
220.64
373.95
0.003106
0.003106
2019.0
2019.0
2087.5
2087.5
4.412
4.412
Page 71
Page 72
206.0
221.1
236.2
251.3
266.4
281.5
296.6
311.7
326.8
341.9
357.0
372.1
387.2
402.3
417.4
432.5
447.6
462.6
477.7
492.8
507.9
523.0
538.1
553.2
568.3
583.4
598.5
613.6
628.7
643.7
658.8
689.0
719.2
749.4
779.6
809.7
T(C)
0.01
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
640
680
720
760
800
3373.5
3444.8
3517.2
3590.7
3665.4
3166.5
3200.3
3234.4
3268.7
3303.4
3001.6
3034.0
3066.7
3099.7
3132.9
2843.3
2874.5
2905.9
2937.5
2969.4
2691.3
2721.3
2751.4
2781.8
2812.4
2545.0
2573.9
2602.9
2632.2
2661.6
2403.1
2431.3
2459.5
2487.9
2516.4
2374.9
3794.9
3884.7
3975.5
4067.5
4160.7
3532.5
3575.6
3618.9
3662.5
3706.3
3321.5
3363.2
3405.1
3447.3
3489.8
3117.1
3157.4
3198.1
3238.9
3280.1
2918.9
2958.1
2997.5
3037.1
3077.0
2726.5
2764.6
2802.8
2841.3
2880.0
2538.4
2575.8
2613.3
2650.8
2688.6
2500.9
11.55
11.65
11.74
11.83
11.92
11.24
11.30
11.35
11.40
11.45
10.96
11.02
11.08
11.13
11.19
10.64
10.71
10.77
10.84
10.90
10.28
10.35
10.43
10.50
10.57
9.840
9.934
10.02
10.11
10.20
9.288
9.411
9.527
9.637
9.741
9.155
0.006117 bar (Tsat = 0.01 C)

u
h
s
421.4
439.9
458.4
476.8
495.3
366.1
375.3
384.5
393.7
403.0
319.9
329.1
338.4
347.6
356.8
273.7
283.0
292.2
301.4
310.7
227.6
236.8
246.1
255.3
264.5
181.4
190.7
199.9
209.1
218.4
135.2
144.5
153.7
163.0
172.2
0.001000
3373.5
3444.8
3517.2
3590.7
3665.4
3166.5
3200.3
3234.4
3268.7
3303.4
3001.6
3034.0
3066.7
3099.7
3132.9
2843.3
2874.5
2905.8
2937.5
2969.4
2691.3
2721.2
2751.4
2781.8
2812.4
2545.0
2573.9
2602.9
2632.2
2661.6
2403.0
2431.2
2459.5
2487.8
2516.3
0.000007
3794.9
3884.7
3975.5
4067.5
4160.7
3532.5
3575.6
3618.9
3662.5
3706.3
3321.5
3363.1
3405.1
3447.3
3489.8
3117.1
3157.4
3198.1
3238.9
3280.1
2918.9
2958.1
2997.5
3037.1
3077.0
2726.4
2764.5
2802.8
2841.3
2880.0
2538.2
2575.7
2613.2
2650.8
2688.5
0.001007
0.01 bar (Tsat = 7.0 C)

u
h
11.33
11.42
11.51
11.61
11.69
11.02
11.07
11.12
11.18
11.23
10.73
10.79
10.85
10.91
10.96
10.41
10.48
10.55
10.61
10.67
10.05
10.13
10.20
10.27
10.35
9.613
9.707
9.798
9.885
9.968
9.060
9.184
9.300
9.410
9.514
0.0000
84.29
87.98
91.67
95.36
99.06
73.21
75.06
76.90
78.75
80.59
63.98
65.82
67.67
69.52
71.36
54.75
56.59
58.44
60.28
62.13
45.51
47.36
49.20
51.05
52.90
36.27
38.12
39.97
41.82
43.66
0.001002
28.85
30.71
32.57
34.42
0.001000
3373.5
3444.7
3517.2
3590.7
3665.4
3166.4
3200.2
3234.3
3268.7
3303.3
3001.5
3034.0
3066.7
3099.7
3132.9
2843.3
2874.4
2905.8
2937.4
2969.4
2691.2
2721.1
2751.3
2781.7
2812.4
2544.7
2573.6
2602.7
2632.0
2661.5
83.92
2430.1
2458.7
2487.3
2516.0
0.000081
3794.9
3884.6
3975.5
4067.5
4160.6
3532.5
3575.5
3618.8
3662.4
3706.3
3321.4
3363.1
3405.0
3447.2
3489.7
3117.0
3157.4
3198.0
3238.9
3280.0
2918.8
2957.9
2997.3
3037.0
3076.9
2726.1
2764.2
2802.6
2841.1
2879.8
83.92
2574.4
2612.3
2650.1
2688.0
0.005082
0.05 bar (Tsat = 32.9 C)

u
h
10.58
10.68
10.77
10.86
10.95
10.27
10.33
10.38
10.43
10.48
9.990
10.05
10.11
10.16
10.22
9.672
9.738
9.804
9.867
9.929
9.306
9.384
9.459
9.532
9.603
8.869
8.964
9.055
9.141
9.225
0.2965
8.438
8.555
8.666
8.770
0.0000
42.14
43.99
45.84
47.68
49.53
36.60
37.53
38.45
39.37
40.30
31.99
32.91
33.83
34.76
35.68
27.37
28.29
29.22
30.14
31.06
22.75
23.67
24.60
25.52
26.45
18.12
19.05
19.98
20.90
21.83
0.001002
0.001008
15.34
16.27
17.20
0.001000
3373.4
3444.7
3517.1
3590.7
3665.3
3166.4
3200.2
3234.3
3268.7
3303.3
3001.5
3033.9
3066.6
3099.6
3132.9
2843.2
2874.3
2905.7
2937.4
2969.3
2691.1
2721.0
2751.2
2781.6
2812.3
2544.3
2573.3
2602.5
2631.8
2661.3
83.92
167.5
2457.8
2486.7
2515.5
0.000174
3794.9
3884.6
3975.5
4067.5
4160.6
3532.4
3575.5
3618.8
3662.4
3706.3
3321.3
3363.0
3405.0
3447.2
3489.7
3116.9
3157.3
3197.9
3238.8
3279.9
2918.6
2957.8
2997.2
3036.8
3076.7
2725.6
2763.8
2802.2
2840.8
2879.6
83.93
167.5
2611.2
2649.3
2687.4
0.01018
0.1 bar (Tsat = 45.8 C)

u
h
Table E.23: Subcooled water and Superheated Steam (triple point to 0.1 bar)
10.26
10.36
10.45
10.54
10.63
9.954
10.01
10.06
10.11
10.16
9.670
9.729
9.787
9.844
9.900
9.351
9.418
9.484
9.547
9.609
8.986
9.063
9.139
9.212
9.283
8.548
8.643
8.734
8.821
8.905
0.2965
0.5724
8.233
8.344
8.449
0.000001
640
680
720
760
800
520
540
560
580
600
420
440
460
480
500
320
340
360
380
400
220
240
260
280
300
120
140
160
180
200
20
40
60
80
100
0.01
T(C)
E.12
0.001000
0.001002
0.001008
0.001017
8.118
8.586
9.052
9.517
9.98
10.44
10.91
11.37
11.83
12.30
12.76
13.22
13.68
14.14
14.61
15.07
15.53
15.99
16.45
16.92
17.38
17.84
18.30
18.76
19.22
19.69
20.15
21.07
21.99
22.92
23.84
24.76
T(C)
0.01
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
640
680
720
760
800
3373.4
3444.7
3517.1
3590.6
3665.3
3166.3
3200.1
3234.2
3268.6
3303.2
3001.4
3033.8
3066.5
3099.5
3132.8
2843.0
2874.2
2905.6
2937.3
2969.2
2690.8
2720.8
2751.0
2781.4
2812.1
2543.6
2572.7
2602.0
2631.4
2661.0
83.92
167.5
251.1
2485.3
2514.5
0.000360
3794.8
3884.6
3975.4
4067.4
4160.6
3532.3
3575.4
3618.7
3662.3
3706.2
3321.2
3362.9
3404.8
3447.1
3489.6
3116.7
3157.1
3197.7
3238.6
3279.8
2918.2
2957.4
2996.9
3036.6
3076.5
2724.6
2763.1
2801.6
2840.3
2879.1
83.94
167.6
251.2
2647.7
2686.2
0.02036
0.2 bar (Tsat = 60.1 C)

u
h
9.942
10.04
10.13
10.22
10.31
9.634
9.688
9.741
9.792
9.843
9.350
9.409
9.467
9.524
9.580
9.031
9.098
9.164
9.227
9.289
8.665
8.743
8.818
8.892
8.962
8.227
8.322
8.413
8.500
8.584
0.296
0.572
0.831
8.020
8.126
0.00000
8.427
8.797
9.166
9.535
9.905
7.319
7.503
7.688
7.873
8.058
6.394
6.579
6.764
6.949
7.134
5.469
5.654
5.840
6.025
6.209
4.542
4.728
4.913
5.099
5.284
3.608
3.796
3.983
4.170
4.356
0.001002
0.001008
0.001017
0.001029
3.419
0.001000
3373.2
3444.5
3517.0
3590.5
3665.2
3166.1
3199.9
3234.0
3268.4
3303.1
3001.1
3033.5
3066.3
3099.3
3132.6
2842.5
2873.7
2905.2
2936.9
2968.8
2689.9
2720.0
2750.3
2780.8
2811.6
2541.3
2570.9
2600.5
2630.2
2660.0
83.91
167.5
251.1
334.9
2511.5
0.000915
3794.6
3884.4
3975.3
4067.3
4160.4
3532.0
3575.1
3618.4
3662.1
3706.0
3320.8
3362.5
3404.5
3446.7
3489.2
3116.0
3156.5
3197.2
3238.1
3279.3
2917.0
2956.4
2996.0
3035.8
3075.8
2721.7
2760.7
2799.7
2838.7
2877.8
83.96
167.6
251.2
335.0
2682.4
0.05092
0.5 bar (Tsat = 81.3 C)

u
h
9.519
9.615
9.709
9.800
9.888
9.211
9.265
9.317
9.369
9.420
8.927
8.986
9.044
9.101
9.156
8.608
8.675
8.740
8.804
8.866
8.240
8.319
8.394
8.468
8.539
7.798
7.895
7.987
8.075
8.159
0.2965
0.5724
0.8312
1.075
7.695
0.00000
4.213
4.398
4.582
4.767
4.952
3.658
3.751
3.843
3.936
4.028
3.195
3.288
3.381
3.473
3.566
2.732
2.825
2.917
3.010
3.103
2.266
2.360
2.453
2.546
2.639
1.793
1.889
1.984
2.079
2.172
0.001002
0.001008
0.001017
0.001029
1.696
0.001000
3373.0
3444.3
3516.7
3590.3
3665.0
3165.7
3199.6
3233.7
3268.1
3302.8
3000.5
3033.0
3065.8
3098.8
3132.2
2841.7
2873.0
2904.5
2936.3
2968.3
2688.4
2718.7
2749.2
2779.8
2810.7
2537.3
2567.8
2598.0
2628.1
2658.2
83.91
167.5
251.1
334.9
2506.2
0.001841
3794.3
3884.1
3975.0
4067.0
4160.2
3531.5
3574.6
3618.0
3661.6
3705.6
3320.1
3361.8
3403.9
3446.2
3488.7
3114.9
3155.5
3196.2
3237.3
3278.5
2915.0
2954.7
2994.4
3034.4
3074.5
2716.6
2756.7
2796.4
2836.0
2875.5
84.01
167.6
251.2
335.0
2675.8
0.1019
1 bar (Tsat = 99.6 C)

u
h
9.199
9.295
9.389
9.480
9.568
8.891
8.944
8.997
9.049
9.100
8.606
8.665
8.723
8.780
8.836
8.286
8.354
8.419
8.483
8.545
7.917
7.996
8.072
8.146
8.217
7.468
7.567
7.661
7.750
7.836
0.2965
0.5724
0.8312
1.075
7.361
0.00001
4.158
4.340
4.522
4.705
4.887
3.610
3.701
3.793
3.884
3.975
3.154
3.245
3.336
3.428
3.519
2.696
2.788
2.879
2.971
3.062
2.236
2.329
2.421
2.512
2.604
1.770
1.864
1.958
2.051
2.144
0.001002
0.001008
0.001017
0.001029
1.673
3373.0
3444.3
3516.7
3590.3
3665.0
3165.7
3199.6
3233.7
3268.1
3302.8
3000.5
3033.0
3065.8
3098.8
3132.1
2841.7
2873.0
2904.5
2936.2
2968.3
2688.4
2718.7
2749.1
2779.8
2810.6
2537.2
2567.7
2597.9
2628.1
2658.2
83.91
167.5
251.1
334.9
2506.0
0.001865
3794.2
3884.1
3975.0
4067.0
4160.2
3531.5
3574.6
3618.0
3661.6
3705.6
3320.0
3361.8
3403.8
3446.1
3488.7
3114.9
3155.4
3196.2
3237.2
3278.5
2915.0
2954.6
2994.4
3034.4
3074.5
2716.5
2756.6
2796.3
2835.9
2875.4
84.01
167.6
251.2
335.0
2675.6
0.1032
1.01325 bar (Tsat = 100.0 C)

u
h
0.001000
Table E.24: Subcooled water and Superheated Steam (0.1 bar to 1 atmosphere)
9.193
9.289
9.383
9.474
9.562
8.885
8.938
8.991
9.043
9.094
8.600
8.659
8.717
8.774
8.830
8.280
8.347
8.413
8.477
8.539
7.911
7.990
8.066
8.140
8.211
7.461
7.561
7.655
7.744
7.829
0.2965
0.5724
0.8312
1.075
7.355
0.00001
640
680
720
760
800
520
540
560
580
600
420
440
460
480
500
320
340
360
380
400
220
240
260
280
300
120
140
160
180
200
20
40
60
80
100
0.01
T(C)
E.12
Page 73
Page 74
0.001000
0.001002
0.001008
0.001017
0.001029
0.001043
0.001060
0.9353
0.9843
1.033
1.081
1.128
1.175
1.222
1.269
1.316
1.363
1.410
1.456
1.503
1.549
1.596
1.642
1.689
1.735
1.781
1.828
1.874
1.920
1.967
2.013
2.106
2.198
2.291
2.383
2.476
T(C)
0.01
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
640
680
720
760
800
3372.4
3443.8
3516.3
3589.9
3664.7
3165.0
3198.9
3233.0
3267.5
3302.2
2999.5
3032.0
3064.9
3098.0
3131.3
2840.1
2871.5
2903.1
2935.0
2967.1
2685.4
2716.1
2746.9
2777.8
2808.8
503.6
2561.3
2592.8
2623.9
2654.7
83.91
167.5
251.1
334.9
419.0
0.003688
3793.6
3883.4
3974.4
4066.5
4159.8
3530.5
3573.7
3617.1
3660.8
3704.8
3318.6
3360.5
3402.6
3445.0
3487.6
3112.7
3153.4
3194.4
3235.6
3277.0
2911.0
2951.2
2991.4
3031.7
3072.1
503.8
2748.3
2789.7
2830.4
2870.8
84.11
167.7
251.3
335.1
419.2
0.2037
2 bar (Tsat = 120.2 C)

u
h
8.879
8.975
9.068
9.159
9.248
8.570
8.624
8.676
8.728
8.779
8.284
8.344
8.402
8.459
8.515
7.964
8.031
8.097
8.161
8.223
7.591
7.671
7.748
7.822
7.894
1.528
7.231
7.329
7.421
7.508
0.2965
0.5724
0.8311
1.075
1.307
0.00001
1.052
1.098
1.145
1.191
1.237
0.9126
0.9359
0.9591
0.9824
1.006
0.7960
0.8194
0.8428
0.8661
0.8894
0.6786
0.7022
0.7257
0.7492
0.7726
0.5589
0.5831
0.6072
0.6311
0.6549
0.001060
0.001080
0.4839
0.5094
0.5343
0.001002
0.001008
0.001017
0.001029
0.001043
0.001000
3371.4
3442.9
3515.4
3589.1
3663.9
3163.5
3197.5
3231.7
3266.2
3301.0
2997.3
3030.1
3063.0
3096.3
3129.7
2836.8
2868.5
2900.4
2932.5
2964.8
2679.1
2710.7
2742.2
2773.7
2805.2
503.5
588.8
2581.6
2614.9
2647.3
83.89
167.5
251.1
334.8
418.9
0.007365
3792.2
3882.2
3973.3
4065.5
4158.9
3528.5
3571.8
3615.4
3659.2
3703.2
3315.7
3357.8
3400.1
3442.7
3485.5
3108.2
3149.4
3190.7
3232.2
3273.9
2902.7
2944.0
2985.1
3026.1
3067.1
503.9
589.2
2775.2
2818.6
2861.0
84.29
167.9
251.5
335.2
419.3
0.4074
4 bar (Tsat = 143.6 C)

u
h
8.558
8.654
8.748
8.839
8.927
8.248
8.302
8.355
8.407
8.458
7.961
8.021
8.080
8.137
8.193
7.638
7.706
7.773
7.837
7.900
7.259
7.341
7.419
7.495
7.568
1.528
1.739
6.983
7.081
7.172
0.2964
0.5723
0.8310
1.075
1.307
0.00003
0.7008
0.7318
0.7627
0.7937
0.8246
0.6076
0.6232
0.6387
0.6542
0.6698
0.5294
0.5451
0.5608
0.5764
0.5920
0.4504
0.4663
0.4822
0.4980
0.5137
0.3690
0.3857
0.4021
0.4183
0.4344
0.001060
0.001080
0.3167
0.3347
0.3521
0.001002
0.001008
0.001017
0.001029
0.001043
0.001000
3370.3
3441.9
3514.6
3588.3
3663.2
3162.0
3196.0
3230.4
3265.0
3299.8
2995.2
3028.1
3061.2
3094.5
3128.1
2833.4
2865.5
2897.6
2930.0
2962.5
2672.6
2705.2
2737.4
2769.4
2801.4
503.4
588.7
2569.0
2605.2
2639.4
83.88
167.5
251.0
334.8
418.8
0.0110
3790.8
3881.0
3972.2
4064.5
4157.9
3526.5
3569.9
3613.6
3657.5
3701.7
3312.8
3355.1
3397.7
3440.4
3483.3
3103.7
3145.3
3187.0
3228.8
3270.7
2894.0
2936.6
2978.6
3020.4
3062.1
504.1
589.4
2759.0
2806.0
2850.7
84.48
168.1
251.6
335.4
419.5
0.6110
6 bar (Tsat = 158.8 C)

u
h
8.369
8.466
8.560
8.651
8.739
8.059
8.113
8.166
8.218
8.269
7.771
7.831
7.890
7.948
8.004
7.445
7.514
7.581
7.646
7.710
7.058
7.143
7.223
7.300
7.374
1.527
1.739
6.766
6.872
6.968
0.2964
0.5722
0.8309
1.075
1.307
0.00004
0.5252
0.5485
0.5717
0.5950
0.6182
0.4551
0.4668
0.4785
0.4902
0.5019
0.3961
0.4080
0.4198
0.4316
0.4433
0.3363
0.3484
0.3604
0.3724
0.3843
0.2740
0.2869
0.2995
0.3119
0.3242
0.001060
0.001079
0.001102
0.2472
0.2609
0.001001
0.001008
0.001017
0.001029
0.001043
0.001000
Table E.25: Subcooled water and Superheated Steam (2 bar to 8 bar)
3369.3
3441.0
3513.7
3587.6
3662.5
3160.4
3194.6
3229.0
3263.7
3298.6
2993.0
3026.1
3059.3
3092.8
3126.5
2830.0
2862.4
2894.9
2927.4
2960.1
2665.7
2699.4
2732.4
2765.1
2797.6
503.4
588.6
674.8
2594.7
2631.1
83.87
167.4
251.0
334.7
418.8
0.0147
3789.4
3879.7
3971.1
4063.5
4157.0
3524.5
3568.0
3611.8
3655.8
3700.1
3309.9
3352.5
3395.2
3438.1
3481.2
3099.1
3141.1
3183.2
3225.3
3267.6
2885.0
2928.9
2972.0
3014.6
3056.9
504.2
589.5
675.7
2792.4
2839.8
84.67
168.2
251.8
335.5
419.6
0.8145
8 bar (Tsat = 170.4 C)

u
h
8.235
8.332
8.426
8.517
8.606
7.924
7.979
8.032
8.084
8.135
7.635
7.696
7.755
7.813
7.869
7.307
7.377
7.444
7.510
7.573
6.911
6.999
7.081
7.159
7.235
1.527
1.739
1.943
6.715
6.818
0.2963
0.5721
0.8308
1.075
1.306
0.00005
640
680
720
760
800
520
540
560
580
600
420
440
460
480
500
320
340
360
380
400
220
240
260
280
300
120
140
160
180
200
20
40
60
80
100
0.01
T(C)
E.12
0.001000
0.001001
0.001007
0.001017
0.001029
0.001043
0.001060
0.001079
0.001102
0.1944
0.2060
0.2170
0.2276
0.2379
0.2480
0.2580
0.2678
0.2776
0.2873
0.2970
0.3066
0.3162
0.3257
0.3352
0.3447
0.3541
0.3635
0.3730
0.3824
0.3917
0.4011
0.4198
0.4385
0.4572
0.4758
0.4944
T(C)
0.01
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
640
680
720
760
800
3368.2
3440.0
3512.8
3586.8
3661.8
3158.9
3193.2
3227.7
3262.4
3297.4
2990.8
3024.1
3057.5
3091.1
3124.9
2826.5
2859.3
2892.1
2924.9
2957.8
2658.6
2693.4
2727.4
2760.7
2793.7
503.3
588.5
674.7
2583.0
2622.3
83.86
167.4
251.0
334.7
418.7
0.01827
3788.0
3878.5
3970.0
4062.5
4156.1
3522.5
3566.2
3610.1
3654.2
3698.6
3307.0
3349.8
3392.7
3435.7
3479.0
3094.4
3136.9
3179.4
3221.9
3264.4
2875.6
2921.0
2965.2
3008.7
3051.7
504.3
589.6
675.8
2777.4
2828.3
84.86
168.4
252.0
335.7
419.8
1.018
10 bar (Tsat = 179.9 C)

u
h
8.131
8.228
8.322
8.413
8.502
7.819
7.874
7.927
7.980
8.031
7.529
7.590
7.649
7.707
7.764
7.198
7.268
7.337
7.403
7.467
6.793
6.884
6.968
7.048
7.125
1.527
1.739
1.942
6.586
6.695
0.2963
0.5720
0.8307
1.075
1.306
0.00007
0.209
0.219
0.228
0.237
0.247
0.1805
0.1853
0.1901
0.1949
0.200
0.1562
0.1611
0.1660
0.1708
0.1757
0.1308
0.1360
0.1411
0.1462
0.1512
0.1022
0.1085
0.1144
0.1200
0.1255
0.001059
0.001079
0.001101
0.001127
0.001156
0.001001
0.001007
0.001016
0.001028
0.001042
0.000999
3362.9
3435.2
3508.5
3582.8
3658.1
3151.3
3186.0
3221.0
3256.1
3291.5
2979.8
3013.9
3048.1
3082.3
3116.7
2808.5
2843.2
2877.6
2911.8
2945.8
2617.3
2660.2
2699.7
2737.1
2773.2
502.9
588.1
674.2
761.4
850.3
83.80
167.3
250.8
334.4
418.4
0.03601
3781.1
3872.3
3964.4
4057.5
4151.6
3512.3
3556.6
3601.2
3645.8
3690.7
3292.2
3336.1
3380.0
3424.0
3468.1
3070.2
3115.3
3159.9
3204.2
3248.2
2821.7
2877.2
2928.5
2977.2
3024.3
505.1
590.3
676.4
763.7
852.6
85.80
169.3
252.8
336.5
420.5
2.034
20 bar (Tsat = 212.4 C)

u
h
7.805
7.903
7.998
8.090
8.179
7.490
7.545
7.599
7.652
7.704
7.193
7.256
7.317
7.376
7.433
6.847
6.922
6.994
7.063
7.129
6.387
6.497
6.595
6.685
6.769
1.526
1.738
1.941
2.138
2.330
0.2961
0.5717
0.8302
1.074
1.306
0.00013
0.1389
0.1452
0.1516
0.1579
0.1642
0.1195
0.1227
0.1260
0.1292
0.1324
0.1028
0.1062
0.1096
0.1129
0.1162
0.08502
0.08874
0.09235
0.09590
0.09938
0.001189
0.06823
0.07289
0.07716
0.08118
0.001059
0.001078
0.001100
0.001126
0.001155
0.001000
0.001007
0.001016
0.001028
0.001042
0.000999
3357.5
3430.4
3504.1
3578.8
3654.5
3143.6
3178.8
3214.2
3249.7
3285.5
2968.5
3003.5
3038.5
3073.4
3108.5
2789.1
2826.2
2862.4
2898.1
2933.4
940.3
2619.9
2667.8
2710.7
2750.8
502.6
587.7
673.7
760.8
849.5
83.74
167.2
250.6
334.2
418.2
0.05321
3774.1
3866.1
3958.8
4052.5
4147.0
3502.0
3547.0
3592.2
3637.4
3682.8
3277.0
3322.1
3367.2
3412.1
3457.0
3044.2
3092.4
3139.5
3185.8
3231.6
943.8
2824.6
2886.4
2942.2
2994.3
505.8
590.9
677.0
764.2
853.0
86.74
170.2
253.7
337.3
421.3
3.049
30 bar (Tsat = 233.9 C)

u
h
7.612
7.711
7.806
7.899
7.989
7.293
7.349
7.404
7.458
7.510
6.990
7.054
7.116
7.177
7.236
6.627
6.707
6.782
6.854
6.923
2.517
6.228
6.346
6.449
6.541
1.525
1.737
1.940
2.137
2.329
0.2959
0.5713
0.8296
1.073
1.305
0.00019
0.1037
0.1086
0.1134
0.1182
0.1229
0.08896
0.09146
0.09394
0.09640
0.09886
0.07611
0.07874
0.08134
0.08390
0.08644
0.06202
0.06502
0.06790
0.07070
0.07343
0.001188
0.001228
0.05178
0.05549
0.05887
0.001058
0.001077
0.001100
0.001125
0.001154
0.001000
0.001006
0.001015
0.001027
0.001041
0.000998
3352.1
3425.5
3499.7
3574.8
3650.8
3135.8
3171.5
3207.4
3243.3
3279.4
2956.9
2992.9
3028.7
3064.4
3100.1
2768.2
2808.1
2846.5
2883.9
2920.6
939.3
1032.7
2630.1
2680.9
2726.2
502.2
587.3
673.2
760.2
848.8
83.68
167.1
250.4
334.0
417.9
0.06989
3767.0
3859.8
3953.2
4047.4
4142.5
3491.6
3537.3
3583.1
3628.9
3674.8
3261.4
3307.9
3354.0
3400.0
3445.8
3016.3
3068.1
3118.1
3166.7
3214.4
944.1
1037.6
2837.2
2902.9
2961.7
506.5
591.6
677.6
764.7
853.4
87.68
171.1
254.5
338.1
422.0
4.063
40 bar (Tsat = 250.4 C)

u
h
7.474
7.573
7.669
7.762
7.852
7.150
7.207
7.263
7.317
7.370
6.840
6.906
6.970
7.032
7.092
6.458
6.544
6.624
6.699
6.771
2.515
2.700
6.138
6.259
6.364
1.524
1.736
1.939
2.135
2.327
0.2957
0.5709
0.8291
1.073
1.304
0.00024
640
680
720
760
800
520
540
560
580
600
420
440
460
480
500
320
340
360
380
400
220
240
260
280
300
120
140
160
180
200
20
40
60
80
100
0.01
T(C)
E.12
Page 75
Page 76
0.000998
0.001000
0.001006
0.001015
0.001027
0.001041
0.001058
0.001077
0.001099
0.001124
0.001153
0.001187
0.001227
0.001275
0.04227
0.04535
0.04813
0.05073
0.05319
0.05555
0.05784
0.06007
0.06225
0.06439
0.06650
0.06858
0.07064
0.07268
0.07470
0.07671
0.07870
0.08265
0.08657
0.09045
0.09431
0.09815
T(C)
0.01
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
640
680
720
760
800
3346.7
3420.6
3495.3
3570.8
3647.1
3127.8
3164.1
3200.4
3236.8
3273.3
2945.0
2982.0
3018.7
3055.2
3091.6
2745.5
2788.7
2829.7
2869.1
2907.4
938.4
1031.5
1128.4
2646.7
2698.9
501.9
586.8
672.7
759.6
848.0
83.62
166.9
250.3
333.8
417.6
0.08604
3759.9
3853.5
3947.6
4042.4
4137.9
3481.1
3527.5
3574.0
3620.4
3666.8
3245.3
3293.3
3340.7
3387.7
3434.5
2986.2
3042.4
3095.6
3146.8
3196.6
944.4
1037.7
1134.8
2858.1
2925.6
507.2
592.2
678.1
765.2
853.8
88.61
172.0
255.3
338.9
422.8
5.074
50 bar (Tsat = 263.9 C)

u
h
7.365
7.465
7.562
7.655
7.746
7.037
7.095
7.152
7.207
7.260
6.719
6.788
6.853
6.917
6.978
6.315
6.408
6.493
6.573
6.648
2.513
2.698
2.884
6.091
6.211
1.523
1.734
1.938
2.134
2.325
0.2955
0.5705
0.8286
1.072
1.303
0.00029
0.06860
0.07190
0.07517
0.07842
0.08164
0.05843
0.06016
0.06188
0.06358
0.06526
0.04936
0.05124
0.05308
0.05489
0.05667
0.03878
0.04114
0.04334
0.04542
0.04742
0.001186
0.001225
0.001273
0.03320
0.03619
0.001057
0.001076
0.001098
0.001123
0.001152
0.000999
0.001005
0.001014
0.001026
0.001040
0.000997
3341.2
3415.7
3490.9
3566.8
3643.4
3119.8
3156.7
3193.5
3230.3
3267.2
2932.6
2970.9
3008.5
3045.9
3082.9
2720.9
2768.1
2811.9
2853.6
2893.6
937.6
1030.4
1127.0
2606.0
2668.3
501.5
586.4
672.1
759.0
847.3
83.55
166.8
250.1
333.5
417.3
0.10167
3752.8
3847.1
3941.9
4037.3
4133.3
3470.4
3517.6
3564.7
3611.8
3658.8
3228.8
3278.3
3327.0
3375.2
3422.9
2953.5
3014.9
3072.0
3126.1
3178.2
944.7
1037.8
1134.6
2805.2
2885.5
507.9
592.9
678.7
765.7
854.2
89.55
172.8
256.2
339.7
423.5
6.085
60 bar (Tsat = 275.6 C)

u
h
7.275
7.376
7.473
7.567
7.658
6.943
7.002
7.059
7.115
7.169
6.617
6.688
6.755
6.820
6.882
6.187
6.289
6.380
6.465
6.543
2.511
2.696
2.881
5.928
6.070
1.523
1.733
1.936
2.133
2.324
0.2952
0.5701
0.8280
1.071
1.302
0.00034
0.05857
0.06143
0.06426
0.06706
0.06985
0.04970
0.05121
0.05271
0.05420
0.05566
0.04169
0.04337
0.04500
0.04659
0.04816
0.03201
0.03423
0.03626
0.03816
0.03996
0.001184
0.001224
0.001271
0.001331
0.02949
0.001057
0.001076
0.001097
0.001122
0.001151
0.000999
0.001005
0.001014
0.001026
0.001040
0.000997
3335.7
3410.8
3486.4
3562.7
3639.7
3111.7
3149.1
3186.4
3223.7
3261.0
2919.9
2959.4
2998.1
3036.3
3074.1
2693.8
2745.9
2793.2
2837.3
2879.4
936.7
1029.3
1125.6
1227.0
2633.4
501.2
586.0
671.6
758.4
846.6
83.49
166.7
249.9
333.3
417.0
0.11679
3745.6
3840.8
3936.2
4032.2
4128.7
3459.6
3507.6
3555.4
3603.1
3650.6
3211.8
3263.0
3313.1
3362.5
3411.3
2917.9
2985.5
3047.0
3104.4
3159.1
945.0
1037.9
1134.5
1236.3
2839.8
508.6
593.5
679.3
766.2
854.6
90.48
173.7
257.0
340.5
424.3
7.094
70 bar (Tsat = 285.8 C)

u
h
7.197
7.299
7.397
7.492
7.584
6.861
6.921
6.979
7.036
7.091
6.527
6.600
6.669
6.736
6.800
6.067
6.180
6.278
6.368
6.450
2.509
2.694
2.879
3.066
5.934
1.522
1.732
1.935
2.131
2.322
0.2950
0.5697
0.8275
1.071
1.302
0.00038
0.05104
0.05357
0.05607
0.05855
0.06101
0.04315
0.04450
0.04584
0.04716
0.04846
0.03593
0.03745
0.03893
0.04036
0.04177
0.02684
0.02899
0.03092
0.03268
0.03435
0.001183
0.001222
0.001269
0.001328
0.02428
0.001056
0.001075
0.001097
0.001122
0.001150
0.000998
0.001004
0.001014
0.001025
0.001039
0.000996
3330.1
3405.8
3481.9
3558.6
3636.0
3103.5
3141.5
3179.3
3217.0
3254.7
2906.8
2947.6
2987.5
3026.6
3065.2
2663.6
2721.9
2773.3
2820.3
2864.5
935.8
1028.3
1124.2
1225.2
2592.1
500.8
585.6
671.1
757.8
845.9
83.43
166.6
249.7
333.1
416.7
0.13139
3738.4
3834.4
3930.5
4027.0
4124.0
3448.6
3497.5
3546.0
3594.3
3642.4
3194.2
3247.3
3298.9
3349.5
3399.4
2878.4
2953.9
3020.6
3081.8
3139.3
945.3
1038.0
1134.3
1235.8
2786.4
509.3
594.2
679.9
766.8
855.1
91.42
174.6
257.8
341.3
425.0
8.101
80 bar (Tsat = 295.0 C)

u
h
7.130
7.232
7.331
7.427
7.519
6.789
6.850
6.909
6.966
7.022
6.446
6.522
6.593
6.661
6.726
5.951
6.077
6.184
6.279
6.366
2.507
2.692
2.876
3.063
5.794
1.521
1.731
1.934
2.130
2.321
0.2948
0.5693
0.8270
1.070
1.301
0.00042
640
680
720
760
800
520
540
560
580
600
420
440
460
480
500
320
340
360
380
400
220
240
260
280
300
120
140
160
180
200
20
40
60
80
100
0.01
T(C)
E.12
0.000996
0.000998
0.001004
0.001013
0.001025
0.001039
0.001055
0.001074
0.001096
0.001121
0.001149
0.001182
0.001221
0.001267
0.001325
0.001402
0.02271
0.02486
0.02672
0.02840
0.02996
0.03144
0.03284
0.03420
0.03551
0.03680
0.03805
0.03928
0.04049
0.04168
0.04286
0.04518
0.04746
0.04971
0.05193
0.05413
T(C)
0.01
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
640
680
720
760
800
3324.6
3400.8
3477.4
3554.5
3632.2
3095.1
3133.7
3172.1
3210.3
3248.4
2893.2
2935.5
2976.6
3016.7
3056.2
2629.5
2695.8
2752.0
2802.4
2849.1
934.9
1027.2
1122.8
1223.4
1331.6
500.5
585.2
670.7
757.2
845.1
83.37
166.5
249.6
332.9
416.4
0.1455
3731.2
3828.0
3924.8
4021.9
4119.4
3437.6
3487.2
3536.5
3585.4
3634.2
3176.1
3231.1
3284.4
3336.3
3387.3
2833.9
2919.6
2992.5
3058.0
3118.8
945.6
1038.2
1134.2
1235.3
1344.3
510.0
594.8
680.5
767.3
855.5
92.35
175.5
258.7
342.1
425.8
9.107
90 bar (Tsat = 303.3 C)

u
h
7.069
7.173
7.272
7.368
7.461
6.724
6.786
6.846
6.904
6.960
6.371
6.450
6.523
6.593
6.660
5.835
5.977
6.094
6.196
6.287
2.506
2.690
2.873
3.059
3.253
1.520
1.730
1.933
2.129
2.319
0.2946
0.5689
0.8265
1.070
1.300
0.00046
0.04049
0.04257
0.04461
0.04663
0.04862
0.03397
0.03510
0.03621
0.03730
0.03838
0.02783
0.02915
0.03041
0.03163
0.03281
0.01927
0.02149
0.02333
0.02495
0.02644
0.001181
0.001219
0.001265
0.001323
0.001398
0.001055
0.001074
0.001095
0.001120
0.001148
0.000997
0.001003
0.001013
0.001024
0.001038
0.000995
3319.0
3395.8
3472.9
3550.4
3628.5
3086.6
3125.9
3164.8
3203.5
3242.1
2879.2
2923.1
2965.4
3006.6
3046.9
2589.9
2667.2
2729.3
2783.6
2833.0
934.1
1026.1
1121.5
1221.6
1329.1
500.2
584.8
670.2
756.6
844.4
83.31
166.3
249.4
332.6
416.2
0.1591
3723.9
3821.5
3919.0
4016.7
4114.7
3426.3
3476.9
3526.9
3576.5
3625.8
3157.5
3214.6
3269.5
3322.9
3375.1
2782.7
2882.1
2962.6
3033.1
3097.4
945.9
1038.3
1134.1
1234.8
1343.1
510.7
595.5
681.1
767.8
855.9
93.29
176.4
259.5
342.9
426.5
10.11
100 bar (Tsat = 311.0 C)

u
h
7.014
7.119
7.219
7.316
7.409
6.665
6.728
6.789
6.847
6.905
6.302
6.383
6.459
6.531
6.599
5.713
5.878
6.007
6.117
6.214
2.504
2.688
2.871
3.056
3.248
1.519
1.729
1.932
2.127
2.318
0.2944
0.5685
0.8259
1.069
1.299
0.00049
0.03346
0.03523
0.03697
0.03868
0.04037
0.02784
0.02882
0.02978
0.03072
0.03165
0.02239
0.02358
0.02471
0.02579
0.02683
0.001494
0.01621
0.01812
0.01971
0.02111
0.001179
0.001216
0.001262
0.001317
0.001390
0.001054
0.001073
0.001094
0.001118
0.001146
0.000996
0.001003
0.001012
0.001023
0.001038
0.000994
3307.6
3385.7
3463.8
3542.2
3621.0
3069.3
3109.9
3150.0
3189.8
3229.2
2849.6
2897.1
2942.3
2985.8
3028.0
1442.4
2598.9
2678.4
2742.6
2798.6
932.4
1024.0
1118.8
1218.1
1324.3
499.5
583.9
669.2
755.4
843.0
83.19
166.1
249.1
332.2
415.6
0.1847
3709.2
3808.5
3907.5
4006.4
4105.4
3403.4
3455.8
3507.4
3558.4
3609.0
3118.2
3180.1
3238.8
3295.2
3350.0
1460.3
2793.5
2895.9
2979.1
3051.9
946.5
1038.6
1134.0
1233.9
1340.9
512.1
596.8
682.3
768.9
856.8
95.15
178.1
261.2
344.5
428.1
12.12
120 bar (Tsat = 324.7 C)

u
h
6.918
7.024
7.126
7.223
7.318
6.558
6.624
6.686
6.747
6.806
6.173
6.261
6.343
6.418
6.490
3.444
5.672
5.837
5.966
6.076
2.500
2.683
2.866
3.050
3.240
1.517
1.727
1.929
2.125
2.315
0.2939
0.5678
0.8249
1.068
1.298
0.00055
0.02844
0.03000
0.03151
0.03301
0.03448
0.02345
0.02433
0.02519
0.02602
0.02684
0.01846
0.01958
0.02062
0.02160
0.02255
0.001480
0.01200
0.01423
0.01587
0.01724
0.001176
0.001213
0.001258
0.001312
0.001382
0.001053
0.001071
0.001093
0.001117
0.001144
0.000996
0.001002
0.001011
0.001023
0.001037
0.000993
3296.1
3375.5
3454.6
3533.9
3613.4
3051.5
3093.5
3134.9
3175.7
3216.1
2817.7
2869.5
2918.0
2964.1
3008.4
1435.2
2504.4
2617.2
2696.1
2760.9
930.7
1022.0
1116.3
1214.8
1319.6
498.8
583.1
668.2
754.3
841.6
83.07
165.9
248.7
331.7
415.1
0.2084
3694.3
3795.4
3895.8
3995.9
4096.0
3379.8
3434.2
3487.5
3540.1
3591.9
3076.1
3143.6
3206.7
3266.5
3324.1
1455.9
2672.4
2816.4
2918.3
3002.2
947.2
1039.0
1133.9
1233.1
1339.0
513.5
598.1
683.5
769.9
857.7
97.01
179.9
262.9
346.1
429.6
14.11
140 bar (Tsat = 336.7 C)

u
h
6.834
6.942
7.045
7.144
7.239
6.464
6.532
6.597
6.659
6.719
6.054
6.150
6.237
6.318
6.393
3.432
5.429
5.661
5.819
5.946
2.497
2.679
2.861
3.044
3.231
1.516
1.725
1.927
2.122
2.312
0.2935
0.5670
0.8238
1.066
1.296
0.00059
640
680
720
760
800
520
540
560
580
600
420
440
460
480
500
320
340
360
380
400
220
240
260
280
300
120
140
160
180
200
20
40
60
80
100
0.01
T(C)
E.12
Page 77
Page 78
0.000992
0.000995
0.001001
0.001010
0.001022
0.001036
0.001052
0.001070
0.001091
0.001115
0.001143
0.001174
0.001211
0.001254
0.001307
0.001375
0.001467
0.001616
0.01106
0.01288
0.01428
0.01548
0.01655
0.01753
0.01845
0.01932
0.02016
0.02096
0.02174
0.02250
0.02324
0.02467
0.02607
0.02742
0.02875
0.03006
T(C)
0.01
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
640
680
720
760
800
3284.5
3365.2
3445.4
3525.5
3605.7
3033.1
3076.7
3119.4
3161.4
3202.8
2783.2
2840.2
2892.5
2941.5
2988.1
1428.5
1561.4
2538.7
2642.2
2719.0
929.0
1019.9
1113.7
1211.5
1315.2
498.1
582.3
667.3
753.2
840.3
82.95
165.6
248.4
331.3
414.5
0.2302
3679.2
3782.2
3884.1
3985.5
4086.6
3355.6
3412.1
3467.3
3521.4
3574.6
3030.9
3105.0
3173.0
3236.7
3297.3
1451.9
1587.3
2715.6
2848.3
2947.5
947.8
1039.3
1133.8
1232.5
1337.2
515.0
599.5
684.7
771.0
858.6
98.87
181.7
264.5
347.6
431.1
16.11
160 bar (Tsat = 347.4 C)

u
h
6.759
6.870
6.975
7.075
7.171
6.379
6.449
6.516
6.581
6.642
5.940
6.045
6.139
6.225
6.305
3.420
3.645
5.462
5.668
5.818
2.494
2.675
2.856
3.038
3.224
1.514
1.723
1.925
2.120
2.309
0.2930
0.5662
0.8228
1.065
1.295
0.00061
0.02174
0.02301
0.02424
0.02544
0.02662
0.01759
0.01833
0.01905
0.01975
0.02043
0.01312
0.01417
0.01512
0.01599
0.01681
0.001456
0.001591
0.004624
0.01042
0.01191
0.001172
0.001208
0.001251
0.001302
0.001368
0.001051
0.001069
0.001090
0.001114
0.001141
0.000994
0.001000
0.001009
0.001021
0.001035
0.000991
3272.7
3354.7
3436.0
3517.1
3598.1
3014.1
3059.5
3103.6
3146.8
3189.3
2745.7
2808.9
2865.6
2917.9
2967.1
1422.2
1550.1
2145.8
2577.4
2671.8
927.4
1018.0
1111.3
1208.4
1311.0
497.5
581.5
666.3
752.0
838.9
82.83
165.4
248.1
330.9
414.0
0.2501
3664.0
3768.9
3872.3
3975.0
4077.2
3330.7
3389.5
3446.6
3502.4
3557.0
2981.9
3064.0
3137.7
3205.7
3269.7
1448.4
1578.7
2233.9
2764.9
2886.3
948.5
1039.7
1133.8
1231.8
1335.6
516.4
600.8
685.9
772.1
859.5
100.7
183.4
266.2
349.2
432.6
18.09
180 bar (Tsat = 357.0 C)

u
h
6.692
6.804
6.911
7.012
7.109
6.300
6.373
6.443
6.509
6.572
5.828
5.945
6.047
6.138
6.222
3.409
3.625
4.658
5.505
5.688
2.490
2.671
2.851
3.032
3.216
1.512
1.721
1.923
2.117
2.306
0.2926
0.5654
0.8218
1.064
1.293
0.00063
0.01940
0.02056
0.02169
0.02279
0.02387
0.01553
0.01623
0.01690
0.01755
0.01818
0.01120
0.01225
0.01317
0.01401
0.01479
0.001445
0.001569
0.002365
0.008258
0.009950
0.001170
0.001205
0.001247
0.001298
0.001361
0.001050
0.001068
0.001089
0.001112
0.001139
0.000993
0.000999
0.001008
0.001020
0.001034
0.000990
3260.7
3344.2
3426.6
3508.6
3590.4
2994.6
3041.8
3087.5
3132.0
3175.5
2704.5
2775.3
2837.2
2893.2
2945.3
1416.4
1540.1
1834.4
2494.0
2617.8
925.8
1016.0
1108.9
1205.3
1306.9
496.8
580.7
665.4
750.9
837.6
82.71
165.2
247.7
330.4
413.4
0.2680
3648.7
3755.5
3860.5
3964.4
4067.7
3305.2
3366.4
3425.6
3483.0
3539.2
2928.5
3020.3
3100.6
3173.4
3241.2
1445.3
1571.5
1876.1
2659.2
2816.8
949.2
1040.1
1133.8
1231.3
1334.1
517.8
602.1
687.2
773.2
860.4
102.6
185.2
267.9
350.8
434.1
20.08
200 bar (Tsat = 365.7 C)

u
h
6.630
6.745
6.853
6.955
7.053
6.226
6.303
6.374
6.443
6.508
5.716
5.847
5.958
6.056
6.145
3.399
3.608
4.101
5.314
5.552
2.487
2.668
2.847
3.026
3.209
1.510
1.719
1.920
2.115
2.303
0.2921
0.5646
0.8207
1.062
1.292
0.00062
0.01748
0.01856
0.01961
0.02063
0.02162
0.01384
0.01451
0.01514
0.01575
0.01635
0.009588
0.01065
0.01156
0.01238
0.01314
0.001435
0.001551
0.002047
0.004125
0.008255
0.001168
0.001203
0.001244
0.001293
0.001355
0.001049
0.001067
0.001087
0.001111
0.001137
0.000992
0.000998
0.001008
0.001019
0.001033
0.000989
3248.6
3333.5
3417.2
3500.1
3582.6
2974.5
3023.7
3071.0
3116.8
3161.6
2659.0
2739.3
2807.2
2867.5
2922.8
1410.9
1531.2
1768.2
2183.2
2554.2
924.3
1014.1
1106.5
1202.4
1303.0
496.2
580.0
664.5
749.8
836.3
82.59
165.0
247.4
330.0
412.9
0.2842
3633.2
3742.0
3848.6
3953.8
4058.2
3279.0
3342.9
3404.1
3463.4
3521.2
2869.9
2973.6
3061.6
3139.9
3211.8
1442.5
1565.3
1803.9
2279.4
2735.8
949.9
1040.6
1133.9
1230.8
1332.8
519.2
603.4
688.4
774.2
861.3
104.4
186.9
269.6
352.4
435.6
22.05
220 bar (Tsat = 373.7 C)

u
h
6.573
6.690
6.799
6.903
7.002
6.156
6.236
6.310
6.381
6.448
5.602
5.749
5.871
5.976
6.070
3.390
3.593
3.987
4.700
5.405
2.484
2.664
2.842
3.021
3.202
1.509
1.718
1.918
2.112
2.300
0.2916
0.5639
0.8197
1.061
1.290
0.00061
640
680
720
760
800
520
540
560
580
600
420
440
460
480
500
320
340
360
380
400
220
240
260
280
300
120
140
160
180
200
20
40
60
80
100
0.01
T(C)
E.12
0.000988
0.000991
0.000997
0.001006
0.001018
0.001031
0.001047
0.001065
0.001085
0.001108
0.001135
0.001164
0.001199
0.001239
0.001287
0.001346
0.001421
0.001526
0.001858
0.002749
0.005284
0.007579
0.008697
0.009617
0.01042
0.01114
0.01181
0.01244
0.01303
0.01359
0.01414
0.01518
0.01617
0.01711
0.01803
0.01892
0.01
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
640
680
720
760
800
T ( C)
3230.2
3317.4
3402.8
3487.2
3570.9
2943.2
2995.7
3045.6
3093.6
3140.2
2580
2679.6
2758.8
2826.6
2887.4
1403.2
1519.3
1714.6
1987.1
2372.9
921.9
1011.3
1103.1
1198.1
1297.4
495.2
578.8
663.1
748.2
834.4
82.41
164.6
246.9
329.4
412.1
25
3609.7
3721.5
3830.6
3937.9
4044
3238.5
3306.6
3371.3
3433.5
3493.7
2769.4
2897.1
2999.2
3087.1
3165.9
1438.7
1557.5
1750.4
2052.8
2510.3
951.1
1041.3
1134.1
1230.2
1331.1
521.4
605.4
690.2
775.9
862.7
107.18
189.5
272.1
354.8
437.9
250 bar
0.3049
6.494
6.614
6.726
6.832
6.932
6.057
6.142
6.22
6.294
6.364
5.42
5.601
5.743
5.861
5.964
3.376
3.573
3.897
4.35
5.03
2.479
2.658
2.835
3.012
3.192
1.506
1.715
1.915
2.108
2.296
0.2909
0.5627
0.8181
1.059
1.288
0.00056
0.01237
0.01324
0.01406
0.01486
0.01563
0.00932
0.009899
0.01044
0.01095
0.01144
0.004566
0.006228
0.007193
0.007992
0.00869
0.001401
0.001493
0.001715
0.002165
0.002937
0.001159
0.001193
0.001231
0.001277
0.001332
0.001045
0.001062
0.001082
0.001105
0.00113
0.000989
0.000995
0.001004
0.001016
0.001029
0.000986
3198.9
3290.1
3378.6
3465.5
3551.4
2888.1
2946.7
3001.6
3053.6
3103.5
2371.7
2562
2668
2752.2
2824.1
1391.5
1502.3
1663.3
1867.2
2093.3
918.2
1006.8
1097.6
1191.3
1288.7
493.6
576.9
660.8
745.5
831.2
82.12
164.1
246.1
328.3
410.8
29.9
3569.9
3687.2
3800.5
3911.3
4020.2
3167.7
3243.7
3314.8
3382.3
3446.9
2512.3
2748.9
2883.8
2992
3084.8
1433.5
1547.1
1704.5
1922
2180.3
953
1042.6
1134.6
1229.6
1328.7
525
608.8
693.3
778.7
865.1
111.8
193.9
276.2
358.8
441.7
300 bar
0.3308
6.375
6.501
6.617
6.727
6.83
5.901
5.996
6.083
6.163
6.237
4.999
5.342
5.528
5.674
5.796
3.355
3.544
3.811
4.145
4.518
2.471
2.649
2.825
3
3.176
1.502
1.71
1.91
2.102
2.289
0.2897
0.5607
0.8156
1.056
1.284
0.00043
0.008869
0.009589
0.01026
0.01091
0.01152
0.006213
0.00674
0.007221
0.007669
0.008089
0.002518
0.003138
0.004149
0.00495
0.005625
0.001368
0.001443
0.001581
0.001805
0.002102
0.00115
0.001181
0.001217
0.001259
0.001308
0.00104
0.001057
0.001076
0.001098
0.001122
0.000985
0.000991
0.001
0.001011
0.001024
0.000981
3134.1
3234
3329.4
3421.7
3511.9
2766.9
2841.1
2907.8
2969.3
3026.9
2077.6
2254.3
2447.4
2579.2
2681.7
1371.3
1474.8
1605.1
1757.9
1913.8
911.1
998.4
1087.4
1178.8
1273.1
490.6
573.3
656.5
740.5
825.2
81.52
163
244.6
326.3
408.3
3488.8
3617.6
3740
3857.9
3972.8
3015.4
3110.7
3196.7
3276
3350.4
2174.1
2381.2
2613.3
2777.2
2906.7
1426
1532.5
1660.1
1816.6
1987.5
957.1
1045.6
1136.1
1229.1
1325.4
532.2
615.6
699.6
784.4
870.1
120.9
202.6
284.6
366.8
449.3
39.6
400 bar
0.3511
6.172
6.31
6.436
6.552
6.661
5.613
5.732
5.837
5.931
6.017
4.475
4.761
5.084
5.305
5.475
3.319
3.496
3.713
3.962
4.213
2.456
2.632
2.805
2.976
3.147
1.494
1.701
1.899
2.091
2.276
0.2872
0.5568
0.8105
1.05
1.277
-0.00008
Table E.30: Supercritical steam (250 bar to 500 bar)
0.006796
0.007422
0.008004
0.008552
0.009074
0.004417
0.004896
0.005332
0.005734
0.006109
0.002065
0.002355
0.002741
0.003277
0.003889
0.001341
0.001405
0.001507
0.001656
0.001838
0.001141
0.001171
0.001204
0.001243
0.001288
0.001035
0.001052
0.00107
0.001091
0.001115
0.00098
0.000987
0.000996
0.001007
0.00102
0.000977
3067.4
3176.9
3279.5
3377.4
3472.3
2636.5
2728.4
2808.8
2881
2947.2
1962.6
2099.8
2242.4
2391.7
2528
1354.2
1452.8
1568.4
1698.3
1829.3
904.4
990.5
1078.1
1167.5
1259.3
487.7
569.8
652.4
735.6
819.6
80.93
161.9
243.1
324.4
405.9
3407.2
3548
3679.6
3805
3926
2857.4
2973.2
3075.4
3167.7
3252.6
2056.8
2213.5
2379.6
2556.8
2722.5
1421.2
1523.1
1637.2
1768.3
1908.6
961.5
1049
1138.3
1229.7
1323.7
539.4
622.4
706
790.2
875.3
130
211.3
292.9
374.7
456.9
49.17
500 bar
0.3323
5.998
6.149
6.284
6.408
6.523
5.348
5.492
5.617
5.726
5.825
4.282
4.496
4.72
4.957
5.176
3.289
3.457
3.651
3.863
4.072
2.441
2.615
2.786
2.954
3.121
1.486
1.692
1.889
2.079
2.263
0.2845
0.5528
0.8054
1.044
1.27
-0.00087
640
680
720
760
800
520
540
560
580
600
420
440
460
480
500
320
340
360
380
400
220
240
260
280
300
120
140
160
180
200
20
40
60
80
100
0.01
T ( C)
E.12
Page 79
Page 80
0.000972
0.000977
0.000983
0.000992
0.001003
0.001016
0.00103
0.001047
0.001065
0.001085
0.001108
0.001133
0.001161
0.001193
0.001229
0.00127
0.001318
0.001374
0.001457
0.001569
0.001701
0.001856
0.002042
0.00227
0.002555
0.002922
0.003361
0.003762
0.004142
0.004499
0.004834
0.005447
0.006003
0.006518
0.007
0.007457
0.01
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
640
680
720
760
800
T ( C)
3000.4
3119.6
3229.5
3333.2
3432.7
2512.3
2617.2
2709.6
2792.1
2866.9
1893.4
2013.3
2135.4
2260.1
2388
1339.2
1434.2
1541.1
1657.8
1775.1
898.2
983.2
1069.4
1157.3
1247
484.8
566.5
648.5
731
814.2
80.35
160.9
241.6
322.5
403.5
3327.3
3479.8
3620.6
3753.2
3880.2
2713.9
2842.9
2958.1
3062
3157
1994.1
2128.8
2268.6
2413.7
2564.6
1418.3
1516.7
1623.1
1740.6
1864.6
966.2
1052.8
1141
1231
1323.3
546.7
629.3
712.4
796.2
880.7
138.9
219.9
301.1
382.7
464.5
58.63
600 bar
0.2777
5.844
6.007
6.152
6.283
6.403
5.119
5.28
5.42
5.543
5.653
4.167
4.352
4.539
4.73
4.926
3.261
3.424
3.604
3.794
3.982
2.428
2.6
2.769
2.934
3.098
1.478
1.683
1.879
2.068
2.251
0.2818
0.5489
0.8004
1.038
1.263
-0.00193
0.00452
0.005018
0.005478
0.005909
0.006317
0.002732
0.003067
0.003378
0.003683
0.003975
0.001731
0.001868
0.002028
0.002219
0.002449
0.001298
0.001349
0.001419
0.001509
0.001613
0.001125
0.001152
0.001182
0.001216
0.001254
0.001026
0.001042
0.00106
0.001079
0.001101
0.000973
0.00098
0.000989
0.000999
0.001012
0.000968
2934.8
3063.1
3180.2
3289.5
3393.6
2405.5
2518.7
2617.6
2707.3
2789.3
1844.5
1954.2
2065
2177
2290.5
1325.9
1418.1
1519.1
1627.2
1735.6
892.3
976.3
1061.4
1147.8
1235.9
482.1
563.3
644.8
726.7
809.1
79.76
159.9
240.2
320.7
401.3
3251.2
3414.4
3563.6
3703.1
3835.8
2598.3
2733.4
2854.1
2965.1
3067.5
1955
2076.9
2202.2
2330.9
2462.9
1416.7
1512.5
1613.7
1722.8
1836.8
971
1056.9
1144.1
1232.9
1323.7
554
636.2
718.9
802.2
886.2
147.9
228.4
309.4
390.6
472.1
67.97
700 bar
0.1902
5.706
5.881
6.034
6.172
6.298
4.933
5.103
5.25
5.382
5.5
4.086
4.255
4.422
4.591
4.761
3.237
3.395
3.565
3.742
3.916
2.415
2.586
2.752
2.916
3.077
1.47
1.674
1.87
2.058
2.239
0.279
0.5449
0.7955
1.032
1.257
-0.00323
0.003861
0.004306
0.00472
0.005108
0.005476
0.002382
0.002616
0.002885
0.003135
0.003384
0.001645
0.001754
0.001877
0.00202
0.002186
0.00128
0.001327
0.001388
0.001464
0.001549
0.001118
0.001143
0.001172
0.001204
0.00124
0.001022
0.001037
0.001054
0.001074
0.001095
0.000969
0.000976
0.000985
0.000996
0.001008
0.000964
2872.1
3008.5
3132.1
3246.7
3355.2
2327.5
2433.9
2538.2
2631.2
2717.4
1807.1
1909.9
2013.2
2117.2
2222
1313.8
1403.8
1500.4
1602.5
1704.7
886.7
969.8
1053.9
1139.1
1225.7
479.5
560.2
641.2
722.5
804.3
79.19
158.9
238.8
318.9
399.1
3181
3352.9
3509.7
3655.3
3793.3
2519.8
2644.8
2769
2882
2988.1
1928.5
2041.9
2158
2276.4
2397.1
1416.3
1509.9
1607.4
1710.7
1818
976.1
1061.3
1147.7
1235.4
1324.9
561.3
643.2
725.5
808.4
891.8
156.7
237
317.6
398.5
479.8
77.22
800 bar
0.0725
5.583
5.768
5.929
6.073
6.204
4.801
4.957
5.11
5.244
5.367
4.023
4.181
4.337
4.492
4.647
3.214
3.369
3.532
3.7
3.863
2.402
2.572
2.737
2.898
3.057
1.463
1.666
1.861
2.048
2.228
0.2761
0.5409
0.7905
1.026
1.25
-0.00476
Table E.31: Supercritical steam (600 bar to 1000 bar)
0.003026
0.003376
0.003712
0.004031
0.004336
0.002015
0.00215
0.002305
0.002484
0.002672
0.001532
0.001609
0.001694
0.001789
0.001895
0.00125
0.00129
0.001339
0.001398
0.001462
0.001104
0.001128
0.001154
0.001183
0.001215
0.001014
0.001028
0.001045
0.001063
0.001083
0.000962
0.000969
0.000978
0.000988
0.001
0.000957
2761.2
2907.7
3041.7
3165.5
3281.6
2222.1
2316.8
2411.7
2506.8
2597.8
1751.3
1845.1
1939.1
2033.2
2127.6
1292.7
1379.1
1469.6
1563.5
1657.5
876.3
957.9
1040.2
1123.3
1207.4
474.6
554.4
634.4
714.7
795.3
78.04
157
236.2
315.5
395
3063.8
3245.3
3413
3568.6
3715.2
2425.3
2534.8
2645.3
2756.8
2865.1
1896
1998.7
2103.3
2209.4
2316.8
1417.7
1508.1
1600.6
1696.5
1795.2
986.7
1070.7
1155.6
1241.6
1328.9
576
657.2
738.9
820.9
903.5
174.2
253.9
334
414.4
495
95.43
1000 bar
-0.2439
5.381
5.575
5.748
5.901
6.04
4.627
4.762
4.896
5.031
5.158
3.929
4.073
4.214
4.354
4.491
3.174
3.324
3.477
3.632
3.782
2.379
2.546
2.708
2.866
3.022
1.449
1.65
1.843
2.028
2.207
0.27
0.5329
0.7808
1.015
1.237
-0.00844
640
680
720
760
800
520
540
560
580
600
420
440
460
480
500
320
340
360
380
400
220
240
260
280
300
120
140
160
180
200
20
40
60
80
100
0.01
T ( C)
E.12
E.12
Acknowledgements
The Editor wishes to express his sincere gratitude to all of the many Mechanical Engineering
Department staff, past and present, who have helped to compile this work.
Perfect gas properties in Table E.3 are based on data from Technical Data on Fuel (7th edition),
ed. J.W. Rose and J.R. Cooper, Scottish Academic Press, 1977.
Enthalpies of ideal (but not perfect) gases in Table E.5 are approximate values obtained from
fitting quadratic relationships to enthalpy-temperature data from Rose and Cooper, Technical
Data on Fuel; the coefficients of the corresponding linear specific heat relationships and the
mean and maximum errors are also given. This allows a choice between tabular and analytical methods for solving combustion problems, with consistent results. The particular form
of functional relationship is one, which enables combustion product temperature to be found
without iteration. Tables E.8 and E.9, for heating (or calorific) values (negative of enthalpies
of combustion) of simple compounds and some typical fuels, is based on data from the same
source.
The Moody diagram of Figure E.1 was plotted using the equation of Colebrook and White for
turbulent flow in rough pipes and Prandtls equation for turbulent flow in smooth pipes, as quoted
in Engineering Sciences Data Unit document ESDU 66027.
The psychrometric chart in Figure E.2, for standard atmospheric pressure, is based on that
published in 1970 by the Institution of Heating and Ventilating Engineers.
The R134a data of Tables E.10 to E.15 have been condensed from much more detailed tables in the ICI Chemicals & Polymers Ltd publication Thermodynamic Properties of KLEA134a.
Other physical properties of R134a, together with the equations from which the thermodynamic
properties were computed, are in Physical Property Data KLEA134a, ICI Chemicals & Polymers Ltd, Runcorn, 1993. The refrigerants business ICI Klea was acquired in 2001 by INEOS
Fluor.
The typescript was prepared in LATEX 2 and set in Helvetica and Micropress HV Math.
Patrick Leevers, July 2009
Page 81
Index
Aluminium, 35
Aluminium alloy, 65
Amplifier
operational, 27
Beam, 35
Bias, 19
binomial series, 6
Biot number, 44
Bit, 26
Bode plot, 26
Boundary layer, 47
Brass, 35, 65
Brick, 65
Calorific value, 54
Capacitor, 21
Charge, 21
Chords
intersecting, 8
Circle, 9
Clutch, 33
Combustion data, 52
Compressible flow, 47
Concrete, 35, 65
Cone, 10
Confidence, 20
Connection
delta, 24
star, 24
Constant
physical, 3
time, 23
Continuity
Equation of, 46
Convection
forced, 45
Cosine rule, 8
Couette flow, 47
Cross product, 6
Current, 21
Curvature
radius, 11
Cylinder
pressurised, 39
thick-walled, 41
Determinant, 5
Difference amp, 27
Differential, 11
Differential equation, 12
Differentiation
partial, 10
Differentiator, 27
Distribution, 17
binomial, 18
normal, 19
Poisson, 18
Dot product, 6
Drag
coefficient of, 44
Electromagnetism, 24
Ellipse, 9
Expansion
thermal, 35
Expectation, 17
Extremum, 11
Filter
high-pass, 26
low-pass, 26
Flux
magnetic, 24
Force
magnetic, 24
Fourier number, 44
Fourier series, 16
Friction factor, 44, 48
Geometry, 8
Glass, 65
Grashof number, 44
Heating value, 54
Hyperbola, 9
Impedance, 24
Inductor, 21
Information, 26
Integral, 12
definite, 12
indefinite, 12
Integration
numerical, 15
Integrator, 27
Isentropic flow, 47
Kinematics, 33
82
INDEX
Kirchhoffs laws, 22
Laplace transform, 14
Leibnitzs rule, 10
Lift
coefficient of, 44
Logarithm, 5
natural, 5
Magnetomotive force, 24
Modulus
Shear, 35
shear, 35
Youngs, 35
Moody diagram, 48
Motor
d.c., 25
Network
a.c., 23
Nusselt number, 44
Op-amp, 27
Parabola, 9
Parallel axis theorem, 35, 36
Perfect gas, 50
Permeability, 24
Permittivity, 24
Phasor, 24
Poissons ratio, 35
polyethylene, 65
Polystyrene
expanded, 65
Prandtl number, 44
Prantl-Meyer function, 47
Prefix, 3
Principal stress, 40
Psychrometric chart, 67
Pyramid, 10
Quadratic, 5
Rayleigh number, 44
Refrigerant, 55
Reliability, 19
Reluctance, 24
Resistor, 21
Reynolds number, 44
Richardsons formula, 16
Root mean square value, 23
Shear stress
maximum, 40
Shock, 47
SI units, 1
Sine rule, 8
Specific heat, 65
Sphere, 10
Sphere, hollow pressurised, 39
Spring, 39
Standard deviation, 18
Standard error, 19
Stanton number, 44
Stationary point, 11
Statistics, 17
Steam tables, 67
Steel
mild, 35, 65
stainless, 65
Stirlings formula, 7
Stress
principal, 40
Student t table, 20
Summing amp, 27
Surface tension, 65
Taylors expansion, 10
Thermal conductivity, 65
Titanium, 35
Torsion, 38
Transformer, 25
Transient, 23
Triple product
scalar, 6
vector, 6
Twist, 38
Unsteady flow, 46
Variance, 17
Vector, 6
Viscosity
absolute, 65
dynamic, 65
Voltage, 21
Waveform, 23
Wedge, spherical, 10
Wood, 35, 65
Yield
criterion of, 40
Screw, 33
Semi-perfect gas, 52
Page 83

Databook Previous-2 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Databook Previous-2 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Data and Formulae for Mechanical Engineering Students

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London

B Mathematics and computing

C Mechatronics and control

Mechanical Engineering Data & Formulae

SI Units and abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ideal (semi-perfect) gas specific enthalpy h (kJ kg , 25 C datum) . . . . . . . .

Molar Enthalpy of Formation hf (kJ kmol at 25 C and 1 atmosphere) as gas or

E.7 Ideal gas molar enthalpy h (kJ kmol , 25 C datum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E.8 Heating (or calorific) values of gas fuels at 25 C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E.9 Heating (or calorific) values of liquid fuels at 25 C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E.18 Approximate physical properties at 20 C, 1 bar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E.19 Saturated water and steam Temperature (triple point to 100 C) . . . . . . . .

Mechanical Engineering Data & Formulae

Step response of a first-order low pass filter . . .

Mechanical Engineering Data & Formulae

Mechanical Engineering Data & Formulae

Table A.2: Conversion factors from Imperial to SI units

kip (1000 lb)

pound mass (lbm)

atmosphere (std) (14.7 lb/in2 )

Second moment of area

British thermal unit (BTU)

Mechanical Engineering Data & Formulae

Table A.3: Decimal prefixes

1 000 000 000 000

Table A.4: Physical constants

6.022 1023 mol1

Absolute zero of temperature

Characteristic impedance of vacuum

Permeability of free space

Permittivity of free space

Standard gravitational acceleration

Velocity of light in vacuum

Electronic rest mass

Volume of perfect gas at S.T.P.

Mechanical Engineering Data & Formulae

Mechanical Engineering Data & Formulae

B Mathematics and computing

Mathematics and computing

Data and formulae for core course examinations in:

If by = x, y = logb (x) and:

log (x1 x2 ) = log x1 + log x2

For natural logarithms b = e = 2.718282 and if ey = x,

and (b > 4ac) for real roots.

Mechanical Engineering Data & Formulae

Scalar (dot) product:

( arbitrary, |x| < 1).

Mechanical Engineering Data & Formulae

Stirlings formula for n! when n is large:

log10 (n!) = 0.39909 + n +

Signs of trigonometric functions in the four quadrants:

Mechanical Engineering Data & Formulae

sin (a + b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b

sin (a b) = sin a cos b cos a sin b

Every triangle inscribed

Mechanical Engineering Data & Formulae

Mechanical Engineering Data & Formulae

Any pyramid or cone:

f (x) = f (a) + (x a)f 0 (a) +

where a < x < x. Substituting h = x a gives the following form:

Taylors expansion of f(x, y) about the point (a, b):

Mechanical Engineering Data & Formulae