VN CHUYN T BO

Mng t bo:
_ Mng t bo l v bc bn ngoi ca mt t bo, c chc nng bao bc v phn tch
t bo vi mi trng xung quanh, lm cho t bo c hnh dng nht nh
_ Phn ln t bo nhn thc c cu trc di t bo nh lysoxom, the Golgi, ty th,...
_ Mng ny cng c cc t bo sinh vt nhn s nhng c gi l mng t
bo (cell membrane)
_ V bc bn ngoi ca mt t bo sinh vt nhn chun gi l mng sinh cht
(plasma membrane)

_ Thnh phn chnh ca mng t bo l lipit, protein v polysaccharid, t l gia

chng thay i ty thuc vo chng loi mng v chng loi sinh vt.
_ C 3 loi mng:

Mng thm: mng c h thng l m bt k cht no cng qua c

Mng khng thm: khng cho bt k cht no i qua
Mng bn thm: ch cho mt s cht i qua
_ Mng t bo thuc loi mng bn thm
_ Mng sinh cht c chc nng kim sot s vn chuyn cc cht v trao i thng
tin gia t bo v mi trng. Cc cht cng nh cc phn t c th vn chuyn qua
mng v c hai pha theo 3 phng thc: th ng, ch ng (tch cc), xut nhp bo
Tng tc gia mi trng qua mng t bo :
_ Mi thng tin nh s thay i pH, nhit , thnh phn dinh dng, ...m t bo tip
nhn c u qua mng t bo
_ Trong s trao i cht gia t bo v mi trng, mng t bo c kh nng hp th
chn lc c th cho hoc khng cho mt s cht i vo, i ra khi t bo
_ Cc cht dinh dng, nc i t mi trng vo t bo v cc cht thi c a ra
khi t bo
VD: t bo da ch c kh nng hp th O2 v thi CO2 ,
khi gp thi tit nng da kh v s h hp cng dng li
Vn chuyn th ng:
_ L phng thc vn chuyn cc cht qua mng m khng tiu tn nng lng
_ Kiu vn ng ny da theo nguyn l khuch tn ca cc cht t ni c nng
cao dn ni c nng thp
_ S khuch tn ca phn t nc hay dung mi no khc qua mng c gi l s
thm thu
_ S thm thu xy ra khi c s chnh lch v nng gia dung dch trong v ngoi
mng
_ Cc cht tan c th khuch tn qua mng bng 2 cch:
Khuch tn trc tip qua lp photpholipit kp
Khuch tn qua knh protein xuyn mng t bo

_ Cc cht khng phn cc, kch thc nh, tan trong lipit th i qua mng theo hnh
thc khuch tn trc tip qua lp photpho lipit.
_ Cc cht phn cc, tch in khuch tn qua mng nh cc phn t prtin trn mng
t bo, hin tng ny gi l khuch tn d dng (khuch tn qua knh prtin). Nh

c prtin vn chuyn, cc cht c khuch tn qua mng vi tc nhanh hn.

+ Cc phn t prtin knh to ra hnh lang cho php cc phn t c hiu hoc cc
ion i qua mng. C 2 loi knh: knh aquaporin (knh nc) gip cho s khuch tn
ca nc; knh ion ng m nh cc tn hiu kch thch, gip cho s khuch tn ca
cc ion
+ Mt s prtin ti thay i hnh dng phn t, to iu kin cho s di chuyn ca cc
cht.
_ Cc cht c khuch tn c qua mng vo bn trong t bo hay khng cn ty
thuc vo s chnh lch v nng gia mi trng bn trong v ngoi t bo cng
nh cc dc tnh l ha hc ca chng
_ Cc cht khc nhau trong cng dung dch khuch tn khng ph thuc vo nhau

_ nh hng ca nng mi trng n s khuch tn :

Khi t bo t trong dung dch u trng, nc s thm thu ra ngoi, gy ra hin

tng co nguyn sinh

_ Khi t bo trong mi trng nhc trng, nc bn ngoi s i vo lm cho t
bo trng ln, gi l s trng nc. Nu t bo khng c thnh, s trng nc c
th lm t bo b v, nu t bo c thnh, thnh s hn ch s tng kch thc ca t
bo, ngn cn s trng nc, t bo khng b v ra. p lc ca thnh to ra chng li
s trng nc ca t bo gi l p sut trng nc
_ Khi trong mi trng ng trng, s khng c s khuch tn thc ca nc
_ S khuch tn ca mt cht qua mng t bo c gi l s vn chuyn th ng
bi v t bo khng tiu tn nng lng cho qu trnh ny
_

Khuch tn c tr lc:

Nhiu phn t phn cc v cc ion khng th khuch tn

qua mng phospholipid, khi phi c s tr lc ca nhng protein vn chuyn trn

mng, hin tng ny c gi l s khuch tn c tr lc.
_ V c c im ca mt enzim nn chuyn bit i vi c cht ca n, mt protein
mng th chuyn bit i vi mt cht m n vn chuyn v c nhng im gn c
bit tng t nh hot im ca mt enzim
_ Tuy nhin, khng ging enzim, protein vn chuyn khng xc tc cc phn ng ha
hc. Chc nng ca n l xc tc cho mt qu trnh vt l gip s vn chuyn c
nhanh chng

_ C s tr lc ca cc protein vn chuyn, s khuch tn c tr lc vn l s vn

chuyn th ng v cc cht vn i theo chiu ca khuynh nng
_ Tc khuch tn ty thuc vo c ch vn chuyn ca cc protein knh nhng
khng lm thay i chiu di chuyn ca cc cht c vn chuyn.
Vn chuyn ch ng:
_ S hp th ch ng cc cht ha tan vo t bo i hi phi tiu tn nng lng. S
vn chuyn ch ng l s vn chuyn vt cht ngc chiu gradient nng , phi tn
nng lng (ATP)
_ C 3 hnh thc vn chuyn:
Bm ATP
ng vn chuyn
i vn chuyn

- Vn chuyn ch ng i hi cung cp my bm nng lng ATP v cn c

prtin vn chuyn c hiu cho tng loi cht

- Ch c cc cht khng tan trong lipit mi c th c vn chuyn ch ng.

- Cc prtin vn chuyn c hiu bao gm: Cc prtin ti (permeraza), cc bm ion
(bm H+, bm Na+-K+)
_ Bm Na - K l bm sinh in chnh ca t bo ng vt

_ thc vt, vi khun v nm bm sinh in l bm proton, chuyn ion H+ ra khi t

bo. Bm proton vn chuyn in tch dng t t bo cht ra mi trng ngoi t
bo
- ng vn chuyn: S vn chuyn ch ng mt cht tan gin tip iu khin s vn
chuyn ca cht khc.
VD: thc vt thng s dng gradien H+ c to ra bi bm proton iu khin
s vn chuyn cc cht dinh dng vo trong t bo.
_ VN CHUYN CH NG:
+ Tiu tn nng lng
+ Vn chuyn cc cht qua mng gradien nng cn c cc knh trn mng
+ L hnh thc vn chyn ch yu ca t bo

_ Mng t bo sng c th ch ng vn chuyn mt s cht ngc chiu vi s

khuch tn l hc cn tiu tn nng lng ATP
SO SNH VN CHUYN CH NG TH NG
_ Ging nhau:
Din ra khi c s chnh lch nng cc cht tan gia mi trng trong v
ngoi t bo
Khng lm bin dng mng sinh cht
_ Khc nhau:
Vn chuyn th ng

Vn chuyn ch ng

_ Khng tiu tn nng lng

_ Vn chuyn qua mng tun theo c

_ Tiu tn nng lng

_ vn chyn cc cht qua mng ngc

ch khuch tn

chiu gradien nng cn c cc knh

protein

Nhp bo v xut bo
_ Nhp bo: l phng thc t bo a cc cht vo bn trong t bo bng cch bin
dng mng sinh cht
_ i vi cc cht dinh dng c kch thc ln khng qua c l mng th
Ti ni tip xc mng t bo lm vo to thnh ti bc ly,
Khp li to thnh khng bo cha
T bo s tit enzim phn hy cht ly vo thnh phn nh ri hp th

_ Dng thc bo: l phng thc cc t bo ng vt n cc loi thc n c kch

thc ln nh vi khun, mnh v t bo
_ Dng m bo: l phng thc vn chuyn cc c cht l cht lng vo t bo
_ Xut bo: l phng thc t bo a cc cht thi ra bn ngoi t bo bng cch
bin dng mng sinh cht

_ Kt hp 2 qu trnh xut- nhp bo:

_ S tng kt s vn chuyn t bo:

_ S vn chuyn c chn lc ca cc phn t: l kh nng tip nhn v o thi c

chn lc cc cht, c tnh ny l do mng t bo v mi hot ng trao i u qua
mng t bo
_ Mng t bo c c im ny l do:
+ Kch thc ng knh l mng: Nhng cht i qua mng khi c ng knh
tng quan vi l mng
+ Cht vn chuyn: trn mng c cha cc cht lm nhim v vn chuyn v
chng c kh nng tip nhn mt cch c chn lc
+ S vn chuyn tch cc: i vi cc t bo sng s hp thu v thi mt s cht
c th ngc li vi dc nng