]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

? ? J ?
K?

KKK

J
K

KKKKKK


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

--

K
The International System of Units J

K
KK

The Measurement Units

J J

Symbol

Unit

Quantity

Meter

kg

Kilogram

Mass

Ampere

Current

Second

Time

Kelvin

Temperature

cd

Candle

Luminous Intensity

Length

The Measurement UnitsE-F

K Luminous IntensityTemperature

NForce
WattElectric PowerK

--

kg

s2

Nm
W
s
K Nm JJoule

Electric EnergyK

J J

which attached to the measurement units prefixesPower of ten units

power The International System of Units

of ten
W

Power of ten
1 * 1018

1 * 1015

Symbol
a
f

Prefixes to the Units

Atto

Femto

1 * 1012

1 * 106

Micro

1 * 103

1 * 102

1 * 10 1

Centi

1 * 109

1 *101

da

1 *103

1 *102

1 *106

1 *1012

1 *109

Pico
Nano
Milli
Deci
Deka
Hecto
Kilo
Mega

Giga
Tera

EJ F
The Basic Electrical Quantities J

VoltageCurrentCharge

KElectrical Resistance
--

EJ FElectronsKAtoms
KEFNeutronsEHFProtons
Charge

J J

ElectronQ

KProton

KCCoulomb
Current

J J

WKCurrentEF
I=

dQ
dt

C
s

EJ F
WAmpere
EJ F
KAIW

KCChargeWQ
KstimeWt

KElectrons

--

Load

EJ F

voltage source

WK
Pure D.C. Current K

Current (I)

KEJ F

time (t)

EJ F
Pulsating Current K

current ( I )

KEJ F

time ( t )

--

current ( I )

time ( t )
current ( I )

time ( t )

Pulsating CurrentEJ F

Alternating Current K

sin waveK

current ( I )

KAlternating Current

time ( t )

Alternating CurrentEJ F
Voltage

J J

Volt(Work)
V

V=

J
C

EJ F
W

dW
dQ

EJ F
W
--

KVWV
KJWW

KCChargeWQ
Resistance

J J

Electric Power
KOhmK

Ohm

Current (I)

Resistance (R)

EJ F

Resistance of a wire

J J

WWires

KLLength K

KACross-section Area K
--

K MaterialE F K
K

KTTemperature K

R=

.L
A

EJ F
K Resistance

W
WR

K .m

K m 2 Cross-section Area

WA

mLength

WL

EJ F

Kmmm

1.72 * 10 8 m 20o C

WEJ FR
R =
R = 1.72 10

--

.L
A

= 4.38

3
5 10 2

Types of Resistors

Opto-photo-ResistorsW

Thermal-ResistorsW

K K

10000
1000

100
10
1
0

40

80

120

160

180 200

EJ F

WVoltage Dependent Resistors

KVDR

WWLinear Resistors

KW K

--

K
K

W K

WPotentiometerE
J F Voltage Divider

KMega OhmEEF

WRheostatE
Kilo

Ohm

EEFJ F

W K

K
K

EF

EJ F

--

EF

Conductance

J J

Ampere per VoltSiemens

G=

1
R

EJ F
KSiemens

R=

EJ F
.Ohm

KG

--

: K

kWE

{ msE
{ AE

{ VE

VE
{ sE
kWE

W K
AmAE
s{ nsE

mA A E
A nAE

W K

A HmAE

msH{ nsE
A+ A E

A+ nAE

WA - B K

A B=A=mAE

B= ns A={ msE

B= nA A A=E

B= VA=mVE
--

A
K
B
A B=A=mAE

B= ns A={ msE
B= nA A A=E

B= VA=mVE

--


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K
K

- -

J
Fundamental Law

George Simon Ohm

KOhms Law

W
I

=R
Slope

EJ F

Ohms Law J

Current FormulaEF

J J

EJ F

I=

E
V
, I=
RT
R

KAIW
KVVoltage SourceE
KVVoltage DropV
- -

EJ F
V 100

100

EJ FEJ F

W
I=

V 50
=
= 0.5A
R 100

Resistance Formula

J J

EJ F

R=

V
E
, RT =
I
IT

W R T

KAI

K I T

KVE

KVV

- -

EJ F
75A mV

I = 75A
A

+
V

150mV

EJ FEJ F

R=

V 150 * 10 3
=
= 2 * 10 3 = 2K
6

I
75 * 10

WNote

EJ F

KV{ mA

RT =

E
30
=
= 60 * 10 3 = 60 k
3

I T 0.5 * 10

- -

EJ F
mAR

V = 25 V
V
A

R1

I = 10 mA

EJ FEJ F

R1 =

V
25
=
= 2.5 * 10 3 = 2.5 k

3
I 10 * 10
Voltage Formula

J J

K
K
Voltage Drop

J J J

E
F

K
EJ F

V = I.R
- -

Voltage Source

J J J

R T

EJ F

E = IT .R T

EJ F

500

{A

E = I T .R T = 0.1 * 500 = 50 V

EJ F
mA 27 K

E = I T .R T = 3 * 10 3 * 27 * 10 3 = 81 V

EJ F
{mA 28 k

V = I * .R = 0.8 *103 * 28 *103 = 22.4 V

WNote

- -

V
R

EJ F

W
EJ F

EJ F
EJ F

V = I*R

I =

V
R

R=

V
I

K
Summary
K K

Current K
KI =

V
W
R

W K
V = I*R

I T K
K R T

K
K

- -

K
W
K EF

K E
F
K E
F

K E
F
KEF

K EF

W K
V = 5V , R = 1 EF
V = 15V , R = 10 E
F
F
V = 50V , R = 100 E
F
V = 30V , R = 15K E
V = 250V , R = 5.6M EF
V10K K
J J J W K
KV
V K
KJ J J W
K
8

- -

Fuse
R

120V

100V

Fuse
V

WRI K
I = 2A ,

I = 2.5A ,

I = 5A ,

R = 18 EF

R = 680 EF
R = 56 EF

A 27 K
K
WIV K
I = 2A ,

I = 45A ,

I = 5A ,

V = 10V EF

V = 90V EF

V = 50V EF

R = 100 K

Variable Voltage Source

K V
- -

KIVK

K V = 1V I = 5mA K
W
V = 1.5V EF
F
V = 2 V E
F
V = 3V E
V = 4 V E
F
V = 10V EF
KIV
K
K

R = 3.3k

R = 3 .9 k

75V

50V

R = 4 .7 k
100V

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

- -

Introduction J

K
KPower

Power J

KPWattK

Wt
Power =

P=

Energy
time

EJ F

E
t

EJ F

LZ

W
W

KWattPower

K Watt second JEnergy

Ksecondtime

WP

WE

Wt

Note

WattW

WJoule
Watt =

Joule
sec ond

EJ F

--

EJ F

sec J

Power =

Energy E 100 J
= =
= 20 Watt
t 5 sec
time

EJ F
Kt = secP = W
Energy
Energy = Power * time
time
E = P * t = 100 * 30 = 3000J = 3 kJ

Power =

WNote
KWEEnergy

EJ F

W
{ W EF
F
{ W E
F
W E
F
W E

KMWkWWmW

mW
KKW

KMW

mWP={ W EF
--

W
P = 0.045 W = 0.045 * 10 3 * 10 3 W = 45 * 10 3 = 45 mW

P={ W

E
F

P = 0.000012 W = 0.000012 * 10 6 * 10 6 W = 12 W

WkWP= W EF
P = 3500 W = 3500 * 10 3 * 10 3 W = 3.5 kW

WMWP={{ W EF
P = 10,000,000 W = 10,000,000 * 10 6 * 10 6 W = 10 MW

WNote

W
KJ

KJ
K J
KJ
EJ F
W

K WEF

K WEF

K{ WEF

W
--

1400 W =

1400
10 3

EF

= 1.4 kW

W = P * t = 1.4 kW * 1h = 1.4 kWh

2500 W =

2500
10 3

EF

= 2.5 kW

W = P * t = 2.5 kW * 2h = 5 kWh

1000000 W =

1000000
10 3

EF

= 1000 kW

W = P * t = 1000 kW * 5h = 5000 kWh

Power in Electric Circuit

Power

KOhms Law
W

EJ F

P = V.I

KWattPower

WP

KV

WV

KA

--

WI

EJ F

V = I.R
W

EJ F

P = V.I = I.R.I = I 2 .R

I =

W
V V2
P = V.I = V. =
R
R

EJ F

V
E
, RT =
I
IT

EJ F

R=

EJ F
W10
I={AEF

I={AEF
I={AEF

--

W
P = I 2 .R = (0.7)2 *10 = 4.9W

EF

P = I 2 .R = (1.4) 2 *10 = 19.6W

EF

P = I 2 .R = (2.1) 2 *10 = 44.1W

EF

IP
WK

EJ F

P I2

W
P = 4.9 Watt I = 0.7 A EF

P = 19.6 Watt I = 1.4A EF

KEFEFEF
EJ F

V10 k EJ F
12 k
12 k

10k

EJ FEJ F
--

W
I=

V
15
15
=
=
= 1.5 mA
R 10 * 10 3 10 4

W12 k
V = I*R

= 1.5 * 10 3 * 12 * 10 3 = 12 V

KV= V 12 k

Summary

K Watt =

Joule
W
sec ond
K

K
K

Kopen circuit

K
KAmpere. Hourx
Kx

--

350 j s
5 h 7500 j
500 ms 1000 j

kw

3750w EF

1000w EF

500 w EF 50000w EF

KxEx 5 *106 F
2A 75V
R L

3A 120V

100A 10k

--


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K
K
K

K
K

- -

Introduction J

KK

K

K
Series Connection J

K
K
R

a
R

I
I

EJ F

- -

Total Resistance (RT)

J J

EJ F

R T = R1 + R 2 + R 3 + K + R n

EJ F

W
R 1 = 56

R 2 = 100

R =

VS

R 5 = 5.6 R 4 = 10

EJ FEJ F

R T = 56 + 100 + 27 + 10 + 5.6
= 198.6

R T = 198.6

EJ F

K

K 22


EJ F

Q R T = nR
R T = 8 * 22 = 176

K n W
- -

Ohm's Law in Series Circuits J

K
EJ F

12.6 k

W 3.9 k Voltage Drop

R1

R2

Vs = V

R = k

+
V=?

EJ FEJ F

I RR
W
I=

VS
20
=
= 1.59mA
R T 12.6 * 103

V = I * R 3 = 1.59 *103 * 3.9 *103 = 6.19V

{ VR
EJ F
KVs

K 5mA Fuse Vs

- -

5 mA Fuse
+
VS

R 1 = 1 k

R 2 = 3 .3 k

I = 1mA

R 3 = 4.7 k

EJ FEJ F

W
V1 = IR 1 = (1mA ) (1K ) = 1 * 10 3 * 10 3 = 1V

V1 = 1V

V2 = IR 2 = (1mA ) 3.3 * 10 3 = 3.3V

V 2 = 3.3V

V3 = IR 3 = (1mA ) 4.7 * 10 3 = 1 * 10 3 * 4.7 * 10 3 = 4.7 V

V3 = 4.7 V

KRTVS
R T = 1 + 3.3 + 4.7 = 9K

VS = 1 * 10 3 * 9 * 10 3 = 9V
WVSVV V
VS = V1 + V2 + V3 = 9V

EKirchhoffs Voltage LawF

VSEF
K
WNote

KEKVLF
- -

mA
W
VS = 5mA * 9K
VS = 5 * 10 3 * 9 * 10 3 = 45V

EJ F

VS1mA

VS +

1 .5 k

1.2 k

1.2 k

5 .6 k

EJ FEJ F

RTVS

R T = 1.2 + 5.6 + 1.2 + 1.5 = 9.5k

R T = 9.5k

VS
VS = IR T = (1mA ) (9.5k ) = 1 * 10 3 * 9.5 * 10 3
VS = 9.5V

- -

Voltage Sources in Series J

KK
EJ F

EEW
KRT

+
30 V

+
20 V

E1

R T = 200

E2

EJ FEJ F

EE
W

E T = E1 + E 2
E T = 30 + 20 = 50V

I =

ET
50
=
= 0.25A
R T 200

I = 0.25A
- -

ESeriesOpposingF

W
EJ F

+
25V

+
15V

E1

RT

E2

EJ FEJ F

EE
H

WK
E = E1 E 2
E = 25 15 = 10 V

- -

EJ F

E1 +

1.5V

E 2 + E3 + E 4 +

1.5V

1.5V

1 .5 V

ET

EJ FEJ F

E T = 4 * 1 .5 = 6 V
Kircchoff's voltage law (KVL) J

K?EF

Voltage Drops
?

Voltage Drops

K

K

- -

R1

R2

R3

V1 +

V2 +

V3 +

V4 +

VS

EJ F
v s = v1 + v 2 + v 3 + v 4

Voltage Drops

v s = v1 + v 2 + v 3 + ..........
EJ F

W VS
+

+ 5V -

VS

+
10V

EJ FEJ F

K
v s = v1 + v 2

v s = 5 + 10 = 15v
v s = 15v

- -

EJ F

I = 200mA

R 4 R 3 R 2 R1

R 3 = 100 R 2 = 47

R 1 = 10

R4

E= V

I = 200 mA

EJ FEJ F

Ohms Law

KKirchhoff's Voltage Law

Voltage Drops
V1 = IR 1 = 200 * 10 3 * 10 = 2V
V2 = IR 2 = 200 * 10 3 * 47 = 9.4V
V3 = IR 3 = 200 * 10 3 * 100 = 20V
WE R 4 F v 4
v s (v 1 + v 2 + v 3 + v 4 ) = 0
100 2 9.4 20 v 4 = 0
68.6 v 4 = 0
v 4 = 68.6V
- -

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) J

W

ENodeF?
?

K Node
Node

I3

R4

I2

EJ F
W
I1 = I2 + I3
WKCL

?Node?
W
I1 I 2 I3 = 0

KCL
Nods

K KCL
K
Voltage Divider J

Voltage Dividers

K
- -

V1 +
R1

+
VS

+
R

V2

EJ F

R 2 R1

V1 = IR 1
V2 = IR 2

K R1, R 2 V2 V1
W R 2 = 100 R1 = 50 VS = 10V
R T = 50 + 100 = 150
I=

V1 = IR 1 =

10 V
1
= A
150 15

1
1
* 50 = * 10 V
3
15
V1 =

V2 = IR 2 =

1
1
* 100 = (20 ) V
15
3

V2 =

- -

1
(10) V
3

2
(10) V
3

K V2 V1
K
Voltage Divider Formula

J J

WK
R
V +

V +

V +

V +

VS +

EJ F
X VX
VX = IR X

x W

W
I=

VS
RT

VX I
V
VX = S R X
RT
W VX
RX
VS
RT

VX =

- -

EJ F

V2 V1

R 1 = 100

+
VS = 10 V

V1

+
V2

R 2 = 56

EJ FEJ F

V2 V1
R
VX = X VS
RT

R T
R T = 100 + 56 = 156
R
100
V1 = 1 VS =
* 10 = 6.41V
R
156
T
V1 = 6.41V

V2
R

56

* 10 = 3.59V
V2 = 2 VS =
156
RT

V2 = VS V1 = 10 6.41 = 3.59V

- -

EJ F

W
C to D (e) B to D (d) B to C (c) A to C (b)
A to B (a)
W
VCD (e) VBD (d)
VBC (c) VAC (b)
VAB (a)

R = k

VS = V

B
R = k

R = k

EJ FEJ F

R T
R T = R1 + R 2 + R 3
R T = 1 + 8.2 + 3.3
R T = 12.5K

W
R

VAB = 1 VS
RT
VAB =

1
* 25 = 2V
12.5

VAB = 2V
- -

R1 + R 2
R3

VAC =

VS

9 .2
VAC =
* 25 = 18.4V
12.5

VAC = 18.4V
CB
R
VBC = 2 VS
RT
8.2
VBC =
* 25 = 16.4V
12.5
VBC = 16.4V
8.2 + 3.3
VBD =
* 25
12.5
11.5
VBD =
* 25 = 23V
12.5

VBD = 23V

VCD
VCD =

3 .3
* 25 = 6.6
12.5

VCD = 6.6V
Power in a Series Circuit J

W
PT = P1 + P2 + ........... + Pn
K PT
W
1)
- -

PT = VS I

2) PT = I 2 R T
VS2
3) PT =
RT

EJ F

W
R =
R =
VS = V
R =

EJ FEJ F

K
R T = 10 + 18 + 56 + 22 = 106

WEF
VS2 (15)2
PT =
=
= 2.12 W
RT
106

PT = 2.12 W

- -

EJ F

{ W

R = k

R = k

R =
VS = V
R = k

EJ FEJ F

R T = R1 + R 2 + R 3 + R 4
R T = 1 + 2.7 + 0.91 + 3.3 = 7.91 k
R T = 7.91 k

I=

VS 120
=
= 15.2 mA
R T 7.91

W
P1 = I 2 R 1 = (15.2 mA )2 (1 k ) = 231 mW
P2 = I 2 R 2 = (15.2 mA )2 (2.7 k ) = 624 mW = 0.62 W
P3 = I 2 R 3 = (15.2 mA )2 (910 ) = 210 mW = 0.21 W

P4 = I 2 R 4 = (15.2 mA )2 (3.3 k ) = 762 mW =

- -

762
= 0.762 W
1000

R 4 R 2
W15.2mW
P2 = 0.62 W > 1 W
2
P4 = 0.762 W > 1 W
2

Kw
Voltage With Respect to Ground J

EF

K Reference Point.
V

KCircuit GroundV

Ground

KEJ F

- -

R1

+
V2

V1

+
V2

R2

EJ F

Note
a
EJ F

K VVoltage Dropped
+

+
100V

+
100V

(a)

d
(b)

EJ F b)(aEJ F

- -

+
a

+
100V

C
b

+
+

(c)

EJ F(c)EJ F

EaF
Va a Va

Kaa
W EaF
Ve = 0
Vd = +25V

Vc = +50V
Vb = +75V
Va = +100V

WdEb F
Ve = 25V
Vd = 0V
Vc = +25V
Vb = +50
- -

Va = +75V
WcEcF
Ve = 50V
Vd = 25V
Vc = 0V
Vb = +25V
Va = +50V

a
K

Ke dcb
a
KJ H

W VA EaF
Va = VS = 100V
Vb = 100 25 = +75V
Vc = 100 25 25 = +50V

Vd = 100 25 25 25 = +25V

e
Ve = Vs + Vb + Vc + Vd + Ve
Ve = 100 25 25 25 25 = 0
Ve = 0

Note
W

- -

W
E

KEF

W E

W R1
Vb = Vs IR 1

Kcba
Troubleshooting J

W
KOpen Circuit

EF

KShort Circuit EF

Open Circuit
WK

K

V = IR = 0

Cheek For Burned Resistor K

K

- -

0V
R1

+ 10V

0V

R2

R2

VS = 10V

Short CircuitEJ F

KShort

K
EJ F
K
W VS = 100V
KE

A, B ShortE
10

18

VS = 100V

33

39
a

EJ FEJ F

- -

K R T W
R T = 10 + 18 + 33 + 39 = 100
I=

100
=1A
100

K A, B ShortW
K A, B

R T = 18 + 10 = 28
10

18
b

VS = 100V

33

39

EJ FEJ F
I=

VS 100
=
= 3.57 A
RT
28

K 3.57 A
1 A A, B

A, C
18 33 39
K

- -

R T = 10
I=

VS 100
=
= 10 A
R T 10

10 A
Summary

K

K

KKVL

K

Series-Opposition
K

KVoltage Drops

K
K

KGround
KNegative Ground

Positive Ground
K
Open circuit
K

- -

K A, B K
R

R
R

A
R
R

B
R

12V K
120

5mA K

+
VS

5 mA

R1

R2
- -

W R T K

1000 500 EF

56 47 EF
10 k 2.2 k 1.5 k EF
2.2 M 1 k 470 k 1 M EF

K
R 2 = 10

R 2 = 10 R1 = 4.7

R 3 = 12

R 1 = 25.6 k

R4 =1

R 3 = 2.2 k

( b)

(a )

R 1 = 1 M R 5 = 10 M
R1 = 1 M

R 2 = 560 k
R 3 = 5.6 M

(c)

- -

100 mA K

R 1 = 45

R 2 = 15

VS
+
A

R 3 = 90

25V R 2 25mA R1 K
R 2

R1

VS
+

R2

R3

R1 = 10 VS = 48V K
R 3 = R 4 = 47 R 2 = 96
VS = 24V R 2 = 5.6 k R 1 = 4.7 k K

K
W VS
R 3 = 330 R 2 = 56 R 1 = 100
- -

V5 = 1.124V & R 5 = 47 R 4 = 220

R1

R2

VS

R3
R5

R4

V1 = 4.69 V R1 VS = 15 V K
R 1 = 1.5 k R 2
R 1 = 1.5 k, V1 = 4.69 V
V

+
VS = 15V

R1

R2

I = 1.43mA
K
V1 = 2V2 VS = 15V
R 3 R 2 R1 V2 = 2V3

K
- -

R 2 = 10K R 1 = 15K
R 4 = 2.2K R 3 = 6.8K

R1

R2

VS1 = 24V

R3

VS2 = 12V

R4

VS1 K
a

W 2.16V R1 K

WKE R 3 F V3 E V1 = 2.16V F

R 4 = 220K & R 3 = 560 R 2 = 1K R 1 = 390

VS2
A

R 2 = 1 k

R 1 = 390

R 3 = 560

VS1

R 4 = 220

- -

VS2 VS1 = 15V EF K

KE V1 = 3.77V FW 3.77V R1

R1 VS 2 K
VS2 EEFF R 2
V4 V3 V2 V1 EF

K
A, B, C, D EF
W

R 1 = 12 k, R 2 = 22 k, R 3 = 47 k & R 4 = 15 k

d
c

R4

R3

+
VS = 48V

R2

R1

+
V1

560 K

R = 27
W A, B K

- -

+
12V

100

56

1k
A

+
8V

2.2k

3.3k

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

K
K
K

- -

Introduction J

KVoltage Drop
KVoltage Divider

KCL
KCurrent Divider
Parallel Circuit

EF
EFEF

K
EJ FK

K
A

I1

R1

I2

I1

R1

R2

I2

R2

R1

I2

I1

I1

R2

R1

I2
R2

KEJ J F
- -

I1

R1

I2

I1

R2

R1

R2
B
I2

R3

KEJ J F
Voltage Drop in Parallel CircuitJ

KK

EJ F

EJ F

VS =

25V
R1 =
1.8k

R2 =
F

1k

R3 =

R4 =

2.2k

2.2k

R5 =

3.3k

KEJ FEJ F

W
V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 = V5 = VS = 25V
- -

Kirchhoffs Current LawJ

K Node

K
EJ F
EJ F

K A

IT

+
VS

I1 = 5mA

I 2 = 12mA

R1

R2

IT

KEJ FEJ F

R1 5mA A

W A R 2 12mA

I T = I1 + I 2
= 5mA + 12mA = 17 mA
I T = 17mA

- -

EJ F

KEJ F R 2

IT = 100mA

I1 = 30mA

+
VS

R1

I2
R2

I 3 = 20mA
R3

IT

KEJ FEJ F

I T A
I T = I1 + I 2 + I 3

100mA = 30mA + I 2 + 20mA

I 2 = 100mA 50mA = 50mA

EJ F

A1 , A 2

5A

I3

+
VS

R1

IT

R2

I1 = 1.5A

R3
I 2 = 1A

KEJ FEJ F
- -

W 5A x

5A = 1.5A + I A1

K A1 I A1 W
I A1 = 5 1.5 = 3.5A

K 3.5A y
3.5A = 1A + I A 2
I A 2 = 3.5 1 = 2.5A

W
I A1 = 3.5A
I A 2 = 2 .5 A

Total Parallel ResistorsJ

R T W

K
I1

R1

I2

R2

IT

+ VS
R1 , R 2 EJ F

- -

R1, R 2

W R T EF

W
EJ F

I T = I1 + I 2

W
VS VS VS
=
+
R T R1 R 2

EJ F
K VS

1
1
1
=
+
R T R1 R 2

EJ F

EJ F

1
R + R2
= 1
R T R1 R 2

EJ F
W

RT =

R1 R 2
R1 + R 2

EJ F

K R T
R T W

- -

I1

R1

I2

R2

I3

R3

IT

+ VS

R1, R 2 , R 3 EJ F

W
EJ F

IT = I1 + I 2 + I3

VS VS VS VS
=
+
+
R T R1 R 2 R 3

EJ F
W VS

1
1
1
1
=
+
+
R T R1 R 2 R 3
RT =

EJ F
W

R1 R 2 R 3
R1R 2 + R1R 3 + R 2 R 3

EJ F

R T
K

- -

R T
RT =

EJ F

1
1
1
1
( ) + ( ) + ( ) +K+ ( )
R1
R2
R3
Rn

EJ F

W A, B R T

R 1 = 100

R 2 = 47

R 3 = 22

KEJ FEJ F

WEJ F
RT =

R1 R 2 R 3
R1R 2 + R1R 3 + R 2 R 3

RT =

100 47 22
= 13
100 47 + 100 22 + 47 22

J J

W
EJ F

QR1 = R 2 = R 3 = K = R n = R

- -

R T =

1
R
n

EJ F

R
n

EJ F

or R T =

K R W

K
EJ F

K R T 8

W

RT =

R 8
= = 2
n 4

Determining an unknown Parallel ResistorJ

R T
WEEJ FF
RT =

R1R 2
R1 + R 2

R X R A
W

- -

RA

RX

RT

KEJ F
R X

RT =

R AR X
RA + RX

EJ F

R T (R A + R X ) = R A R X

EJ F

RTR A + RTR X = R AR X

EJ F

R T R A = (R A R T )

EJ F

R X =

RTRA
RA RT

EJ F
EJ F

150

K 330

R A = 330

RX
KEJ FEJ F
- -

330

W
RT =

R AR X
RA + RX

150 =

330R X
330 + R X

150(330 + R X ) = 330R X
150 * 330 = 330R X 150R X
R X =

150 * 330
= 275
180

EJ F

KEJ F
10mA

+
VS

R 1 = 220

R 2 = 560

R 3 = 1k

KEJ FEJ F

R T

RT =

R1 R 2 R 3
R 1R 2 + R 1R 3 + R 2 R 3
- -

RT =

220 560 1000

= 136
220 560 + 220 1000 + 560 1000

V = IT * R T = 10mA * 136 = 1.36V

EJ F

1k R 3 = 680

K IT = 10mA

W R T
RT =

R1 R 2 R 3
R 1R 2 + R 1R 3 + R 2 R 3

RT =

220 560 680

= 128
220 560 + 220 680 + 560 680

V = I T * R T = 10mA * 128 = 1.28V

Current Division in Parallel CircuitsEFJ

R T

KBranches

Current Divider Law

WEJ F

- -

I1

R1

I2

R2

+ VS

KEJ F
W I I1 , I 2
V = I*RT

EJ F

V = I1 * R 1

(J F

V = I2 * R 2

EJ F

WEJ FEJ F
I * R T = I1 * R 1

EJ F

RT
R1

EJ F

I1 = I

WEJ FEJ F
I2 = I

RT
R2

EJ F

Node

W
- -

IX = I

RT
RX

EJ F
K X = 1,2,3,K, n W
K W

RT

K W

RX

X X W

IX

- -

EJ F

KEJ FBranch
I1

R1 = 680

I2

R 2 = 330

I3

R 3 = 220

10A

KEJ FEJ F

10A

K R T

RT =

R1 R 2 R 3
R 1R 2 + R 1R 3 + R 2 R 3

RT =

680 330 220

= 111
680 330 + 680 220 + 330 220

I1 = I T

RT
111
= 10
= 1.63A
680
R1

I2 = IT

RT
111
= 10
= 3.36A
R2
330

I3 = IT

RT
111
= 10
= 5.05A
R3
220

- -

W I 3 I1 , I 2
I T = I1 + I 2 + I 3

10 = 1.63 + 3.36 + I 3
I 3 = 10 (1.63 + 3.36)

I 3 = 5.05A

K I1 = 1.63A R1 = 680 K

K I3 = 5.05A R 3 = 220
K

- -

IT
I1

I2

R1

R2

KEJ F

WEJ FEJ F
I1 = I T

RT
R1

EJ F

RT =

R 1R 2
R1 + R 2

EJ F
WEJ F R T

I1 = I T

I2 = IT

R1
R1 + R 2
R2
R1 + R 2

EJ F
W I 2
EJ F

I1 , I 2 EJ FEJ F
I1 , I 2 , I 3 R1, R 2 , R 3
W

- -

I1

R1

R2

I2

R3

I3

IT

+ VS

KEJ F

I1 = IT

RT
R1

W R1 I1
EJ F
R T

RT =

R1 R 2 R 3
R1R 2 + R1R 3 + R 2 R 3

I1 = IT .

R2 R3
R1R 2 + R1R 3 + R 2 R 3

EJ F
W R T
EJ F
W I 2 , I 3

I2 = IT .

R1 R 3
R 1R 2 + R 1R 3 + R 2 R 3

EJ F

I3 = IT .

R1 R 2
R 1R 2 + R 1R 3 + R 2 R 3

EJ F
- -

Power in Parallel CircuitsJ

WEF PT
EJ F

PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + K + Pn

IT

I2

I1
PT

R1

P1

R2

P2

I3

R3

In
Rn

P3

Pn

KEJ F
PT = V.I =

I T2 .R T

V2
=
RT

EJ F
W

P1 = I12 .R 1

EJ F

P2 = I 22 .R 2

EJ F

P3 = I 32 .R 3

EJ F

PT = P1 + P2 + P3

EJ F
KWatt

- -

EJ F

R 1 = 68

R 2 = 33

R 3 = 22

KEJ FEJ F

RT =

R1 R 2 R 3
R 1R 2 + R 1R 3 + R 2 R 3

68 33 22
= 11.1
68 * 33 + 68 * 22 + 33 * 22

Q PT = I T2 .R T

= (2) 2 * 11.1 = 44.4W

PT = 44.4W

K
K
VS = I.R T = 2 * 11.1 = 22.2V
VS2 (22.2) 2
P1 =
=
= 7.25W
R1
68

- -

VS2 (22.2) 2
P2 =
=
= 14.9 W
R2
33
VS2 (22.2) 2
P3 =
=
= 22.4W
R3
22

Q PT = P1 + P2 + P3
= 7.25 + 14.9 + 22.4

PT = 44.6W

KEF

- -

WEF
EFEF

EFEF

100 1.2k EF
R T
1.2k 100 EF1.2k EF
90 EEF 90 100 EF

68 270 330 EF
47 EF 668 EF
22 EF 68 EF

1k EF

1k EF 8k EF

500 EF1k EF

EF
EFEF
EFEF

EF

EFEF
EFEF
- -

K 3A 5A EF
W

EF 2A EF

KEF 8A EF

390 , 560 , 820 EF

560 EF 390 EF

KEF 820 EF

EF
EFEF
EFEFEFEF

WEF
EF

EF

EFEF
KEF

W1W EF
4W EF1W EF

16W EF 0.25W EF

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

K
K
K

- -

J



K

W
KEJ F

J
EJ F
KEJ F

R
R
R

KEJ FEJ F

R 1 , R 7

K
W
R T = R1 + R 2 // R 3 + R 4 // R 5 // R 6 + R 7 + R 8 // R 9
W
- -

R T = R1 +

R 2R 3
R 4R 5R 6
R 8R 9
+
+ R7 +
R 2 + R 3 R 4R 5 + R 4R 6 + R 5R 6
R8 + R9

EJ F
KEJ F

R1
IT

+
VS

I3
R3

R4

IT

I2
R2

KEJ FEJ F

R1
K R 3 R 2 A

R1, R 4 K R 4 B
R 2 // R 3
R 2 , R 3 K
W R T

R T = R1 + R 2 // R 3 + R 4
EJ F

KEJ F

- -

R1

+
VS

R2

R4

R3

R5

KEJ FEJ F

KEJ F

R1

+
VS

R2

R3

R4

R5

KEJ FEJ F

W R T

R T = R1 + R 2 // R 3 + R 4 // R 5R T1

- -

EJ F

KEJ F A, D
R2

R1

R3

R6

R4

R5

KEJ FEJ F

- -

R 2 , R 3 R T1

W R 4
R T1 =

(R 2 + R 3 ) R 4
(R 2 + R 3 ) + R 4

KEJ F R 5 R T1

R T1

R1

R6

R5

KEJ FEJ F
W D, A
R T = R1 + R 6 //(R T1 + R 5 )
EJ F

K A, B, C EJ F
B

R1

R2

R3

KEJ FEJ F
- -

R 1 , R 3 A, B

W R T R 2
R TAB =

R 2 * (R 1 + R 3 )
R 2 + (R 1 + R 3 )

W B, C A, C
R TAC =

(R 1 + R 2 ) * R 3
(R 1 + R 2 ) + R 3

R TBC =

(R 2 + R 3 ) * R 1
(R 2 + R 3 ) + R 1

Analysis of Series-Parallel Circuits J

W
K

K
K
EJ F

KEJ F

R 2 = 47 R 3 = 47
A

+
VS

R 1 = 100

R 4 = 68

R 6 = 75

R 5 = 39

KEJ FEJ F

- -

R 2 , R 3
R T2,3 = 47 + 47 = 94

R 6 R 4 , R 5
W

R T4,5, 6 =

68 * 39
+ 75 = 99.8
68 + 39

99.8 , 94
R TA , B =

99.8 * 94
= 48.41
99.8 + 94

94
B

+
VS

100

99.8

KEJ FEJ F
R AB = 48.41

R T = 100 + 48.41 = 148.41

EJ F

KEJ F R 3 R 2

- -

IT

+
VS = 22V

R1 = 1k

R 2 = 2 .2 k

I2

I3

R 3 = 3.3k

KEJ FEJ F

R 3 R 2
K A

K R T
R T = R1 +
R T = 1k +

R 2R 3
R2 + R3

(2.2k)(3.3k)
2.2k + 3.3k

R T = 1k + 1.32k = 2.32k

R T = 2.32k

IT =

VS
22V
=
= 9.48mA
R T 2.32k

- -

I 2 = 9.48mA *

3.3k
= 5.69mA
5.5k

I 3 = 9.48mA *

2 .2 k
= 3.79mA
5 .5 k

EJ F

VS = 50V R 4
I2

I1

VS = 50V

R2

R1

330 A

560

I4

I3

R4

R3

560

330

KEJ FEJ F

50V

K R 3 , R 4 R 2 R1
W R 4 I 4

K R 2 , R 3 , R 4 W

K R 2 , R 3 , R 4 I 2 W

K I 4 A I 2 W
R T2,3, 4 = R 2 + R 3 // R 4

= R2 +
= 330 +

R 3R 4
R3 + R4

330 * 560
= 538
330 + 560
R T2,3, 4 = 538

I2 =
- -

50
= 93mA
538

W
R3
I 4 = I 2
R3 + R4

= 34.5mA

I 4 = 34.5mA
Voltage Drops in Series-Parallel Circuits J

K
EJ F

EJ F A

K R1

R1 = 150

R 2 = 560

R 3 = 560

VS = 80V

KEJ FEJ F

R 2 , R 3
K

R T2,3 =
- -

560 * 560
= 280
560 + 560

1
2

R TAG = (560) = 280

W R1 280

R1 = 150

+
VS = 80V

280

KEJ FEJ F
W R T
R T = 150 + 280 = 430
VAG
R AG
VS
RT

VAG =

K R AG
VAG =

280
* 80 = 52.1V
430

R1
VS = V1 + VAG
V1 = VS VAG

- -

= 80 - 52.1 = 27.9V

V1 = 27.9V
EJ F
KEJ F

R1 = 1k
IT = 1mA
+
VS

I1
I2

R 2 = 2 .2 k

I3
R 3 = 3.9k

R 4 = 1.5k
I4

R 5 = 560

KEJ FEJ F

R1 K
R1, R 2
W R 2
R2
I1 = I T
R1 + R 2

2 .2 k

= 1mA
= 688A
1k + 2.2k

I1 = 688A
R1
V1 = I1 .R 1 = 688A * 1k
V1 = 688mV
- -

W R 3 I 3

R4 + R5

R
+
(
R
+
R
)
4
5
3

I3 = IT

W I T
I3 = 346A
W R 3 , R 4 , R 5
V3 = I 3 .R 3 = (346A)(3.9k)

V3 = 1.35V
W R 4 V4
I 4 = I5 = IT I3

= 1mA - 346A
= 1mA - 0.346mA

I 4 = 0.654mA
V4 = (0.654mA)(1.5k) = 0.981V
V4 = 981mV
V5 = I 5 * R 5 = 366mV

- -

EJ F

KEJ F

R 1 = 3.3k
A

+
VS = 8V

R 3 = 1k

R 2 = 6.2k

R 4 = 1k

R 5 = 680

R 6 = 390

KEJ FEJ F

EJ F

W A, B RAB
R AB =

R1R 2
= 2.15k
R1 + R 2

W C, D RCD
R CD =

R 4 (R 5 + R 6 )
= 517
R 4 + R5 + R6

KEJ F

- -

R AB = 2.15k

R 3 = 1k

+
VS = 8V

R CD = 517

KEJ FEJ F
W
R
VAB = AB VS = 4.69V
RT
R
VCD = CD
RT

VS = 1.13V

R
V3 = 3 VS = 2.18V
RT

W
R AB
VS = 4.69V
RT

VAB = V1 = V2 = 4.69V

K (R 5 + R 6 ) R 4 VCD
R5
V5 =
R5 + R6

VCD = 718mV

R6
V6 =
R5 + R6

VCD = 412mV

- -

EJ F

KEJ F

IT

Rc

Ra
VS

RL

Rd

Rb

KEJ FEJ F

K R d // R L R d , R L
R C + R d // R L R C
R b

R b //[R C + (R d // R L )]
R a
W

R T = R a + R b //[R C + (R d // R L )]

- -

W R T

IT

Ib

Ra

Ic

Rc

+
VS

Rb

Rd
Id

RL
IL

KEJ FEJ F
W
Ia = IT

IT = Ib + IC

IC = Id + IL
D
W I T
IT = I b + Id + I L
J
K

- -

KEJ F
EJ F
WEJ F
V1 = 12V, V2 = 8V, V3 = 8V, V4 = 5V

R1

+
VS

R2

R3

R4

KEJ FEJ F

VS

VS = V1 + V2 + V4
= 12 + 8 + 5 = 25V

EJ F

KEJ F

R 2 = 100

R 5 = 50

R 3 = 50

R 4 = 100

R1 = 50

R 6 = 100

R 7 = 100

- -

KEJ FEJ F

Q R 6 // R 7

R 6, 7 =

100 * 100
= 50
100 + 100

W R 6,7 R 5
R 5 + R 6,7 = 50 + 50 = 100

R 4 //( R 5 + R 6 // R 7 ) = 100 // 100 = 50

K R 3
R 3 + R 4 //( R 5 + R 6 // R 7 ) = 50 + 50 = 100
W R 2
R 2 //[R 3 + R 4 //(R 5 + R 6 // R 7 )] =

100 * 100
= 50
100 + 100

R T R1
R T = 50 + 50 = 100
EJ F
W VS V4 = 28.2V W
R 1 = 2.7k, R 2 = 2.2k, R 3 = 5.6k, R 4 = 10k, R 5 = 15k, R 6 = 820

R1
IT

- -

I1
+
VS

R2

I3

I5

I4

R3
R6

IT

I2

R4

R5

IT

KEJ FEJ F

W
I T = I3 + I 4 + I 5
R 3 , R 4 , R 5 V4 = 28.2V
W I 3 , I 4 , I 5
I4 =

28.2
= 2.82mA
10k

I5 =

28.2
= 1.88mA
15k

I3 =

28.2
= 5.04mA
5 .6 k

I T = 5.04mA + 1.88mA + 2.82mA = 9.74mA

R eq I T

W I T R 3 , R 4 , R 5
IT =

V4
R eq

W
- -

R eq =

R 3R 4 R 5
= 2.896k
R 3 R 4 ,+ R 3 R 5 + R 4 R 5

IT =

28.2
2.896 * 10 3

= 9.74mA

K
R1 // R 2
V1 = V2 = I T (R 1 // R 2 )

= IT (

R 1R 2
)
R1 + R 2

W
V1 = V2 = 11.8V
R 6
V6 = I T .R 6 = 9.74 * 10 3 * 0.82 * 10 3

V6 = 7.99V
VS
VS = V1 + V4 + V6

= 11.8 + 28.2 + 7.99 = 48V

VS = 48V
VS EF
K

VS VS EFKW
W
VS = IT * R T
Summary
- -

EFEF
K

EF

FEF
E

WEF
RX

R
T

VX = VS

W
W R X

W VX
W VS

KW R T

E
FEF

K
Common Reference Point

- -

WJ

R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

R 3 , R 4 , R 5 R1 , R 2 EF

K R1, R 2 EF

R 3 , R 4 , R 5 EF

R 3 , R 4 , R 5 R1, R 2 EF
EFEFEF

W R T
R1 + R 2 + R 3 // R 4 // R 5 EF

R1 // R 2 + R 3 // R 4 // R 5 EF
(R1 + R 2 ) //(R 3 + R 4 + R 5 ) EF

EF

A, B
W
R 3 , R 4 , R 5 EF R 5 EF
EF R1, R 2 EF

- -

1k
2.2k

V1k

V1 = 6V

1k

1k
2.2k

: 2.2k

VEFVEF

{VEF

VEF

330,470

100V K1k

1k
1k

330

1k

1k

470

100V

- -

470 EF 330 EF1k EF

EFJ

470 EF 330 EF1k EF

EFJ
{ EF

W1k

EF EFEF

FVJ
W E
EF

EF EFEF

F10k J
WE

10k
+

V2

10k

- -

output

1M EFK
10k EF

100k EF 20k EF

WJ

EF EF EFEF

- -

WK

R1 = 56

+
VS = 1.5V

R 3 = 100

R 2 = 100

R 4 = 27

(a )

R1

+
VS = 3V

680

R2

R3

680

330

R 3 = 3.3k

R 4 = 10k

R 5 = 5.6k

- -

(c)

R 2 = 6 .2 k

R 1 = 1k

180

(b)

+
5V

R4

KK

R 2 = 1k

1V

R 1 = 1k

R 4 = 3.3k

R 3 = 2.2k

WK
A

4.7 k

10k
5 .6 k

+
100V

1k

1.8k
F

1k

W (A, B) J
R1 = 1k
+
100V

R 4 = 560

R 2 = 330
R 3 = 470
R 8 = 100
- -

R 5 = 1k

R 6 = 1.5k

R 7 = 680

WJ
R2

P = 20 W

4A
+

R4

R3

40V

R5

1A

P = 2W

R1

20V

5V

R6

1V

R8

R7

1A

J
R L = 10k KE (A, B) FNo Load
K

+
22V

R 1 = 10k

R 2 = 5 .6 k
RL

R 3 = 2 .7 k
B

WJ
R T EF

I T EF
910 EF

K VA , VB A, B EF
- -

56

+
60V

56

910

1k

560k
B

1k

560k

1k
1k

WLadder NetworkJ
R T EF

VA AEF
VB B
R 1 = 5 .6 k

18V

R 3 = 1k

R 2 = 2.2k

R 5 = 1k

R 4 = 2 .2 k

R 6 = 1k

A, B J
W

- -

R 3 = 220

R1 = 100
A
+

I2

IT

I3

R 2 = 820

R 5 = 100
I5

I4

R 4 = 820

R 6 = 680

R 9 = 100

R 7 = 100

R 8 = 220

IT

J
VS = 10V V A, B

J
W

R 1 = 10k, R 2 = 20k, R 3 = 60k, R 4 = 15k, R 5 = 5k

R3

R2
VA

VC

R4

B
R

R5

VB

100V

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

K
K
K

K
K

- -

Introduction J

K

K

K
KEJ F

K
J
Voltage Source
KCurrent Source
Constant Voltage Source

J J

R S

KEJ F

+
VS

RS

RL

EJ F
R S
Ideal Voltage Source

W
EJ F

R L >> R S
- -

Constant Current Source

J J

R S

KEJ F

iS

RS

EJ J F

iS

RL

RS

EJ J F
R S Ideal Current Source

R S R L

EJ F

K
?Source Conversions "

J J

KEJ F
- -

+
VS

iL

RS

RL

i L

iS

RS

RL

KEJ F

W IL
IL =

VS
RS + R L

EJ F

KW IL
RS
iS
I L =
+
R
R
L
S

EJ F
WEJ FEJ F

VS = R S i S

EJ F

- -

EJ F
W
(a )R L = 100 (b)R L = 560 (c)R L = 1K
A

iL
iS
1A

RL

RS
10k

KEJ FEJ F

R L = 100

IL EJ F
RS
iS
I L =
RS + R L
10k
IL =
* 1 = 990mA = 0.99A
10.1k

W R L = 560
10k
IL =
*1 = 0.947A
10.56k

IL R L = 1K
10k
IL =
* 1 = 0.909A
11k

R L iS I L
K R S
- -

EJ F
K IL = 750mA R L

i S = 1A

R S = 10k

iL

RL

KEJ FEJ F

RS
iS
I L =
R
+
R
L
S

WEJ F

W iS R S
0.75(10 + R L ) = 10
7.5 + 0.75R L = 10
0.75R L = 2.5
RL =

2.5
= 3.33k
0.75

- -

EJ F
KEJ F
A

+
VS = 100V

R S = 50

KEJ FEJ F
iS =

VS 100
=
= 2A
R S 50

- -

WEJ F
A

i S = 2A

R S = 50

KEJ FEJ F

Superposition Theorem J

??

R S

KShort Circuit

R S
Open-Circuit

EJ F

- -

R2

+
VS1

VS2

R3

b
KEJ F

E R 3 Fab
I1 EJ F
ab I 2

ab
K

I1
+
VS1

I2

R2

R3

R2

R3

KEJ F

- -

VS2

EJ F
K R 2

R1 = 100

+
10V

R 3 = 100
R 2 = 100

+
5V

KEJ FEJ F

K

KEJ F VW
a
+

R1 = 100

R 3 = 100

10V

R 2 = 100

KEJ F VEJ F

W R 2

RT =

R2 * R3
+ R1
R2 + R3

RT =

100 * 100
+ 100 = 150
100 + 100

IT =

VS
10
=
= 66.7mA
R T 150
- -

Wab
Iab = 66.7 *

100
= 33.3mA
100 + 100

KEJ F VW

R1 = 100

R 3 = 100

R 2 = 100

+
5V

KEJ F VEJ F

W R T ab
RT = R3 +

R 1R 2
R + R 21

R T = 100 +

100 * 100
= 150
100 + 100

IT =

VS
5
=
= 33.3mA
R T 150

Wab
R1
I ab = I T
R1 + R 2

I ab = 33.3 *

100
= 16.7 mA
100 + 100

- -

W
ITab = 33.3 + 16.7 = 50mA

EJ F

KEJ F R 2
a

R1 = 220

+
10V

R 2 = 100

i S = 100mA

KEJ FEJ F

KEJ F VW
a

R 1 = 220

+
10V

R 2 = 100

KEJ FEJ F

W R T
R T = 220 + 100 = 320
iT = i R2 =

10
= 31.2mA
320
- -

K 31.2mA 10V R 2
KEJ F mAW

R1 = 220
R 2 = 100

i S = 100mA

KEJ FEJ F

Wab
220
i R = iS

2
220 + 100

i s R 2 i R 2
W
220
i R 2 = 100
= 68.8mA
320
i R 2 = 68.8mA

K 68.8mA R 2
W R 2
i = 31.2 + 68.8 = 100mA

- -

Thevinen's Theorem J

KThevinen's TheoremEF

R Th VTh
KEJ F

R Th
A

VTh

K??EJ F
R Th
I=

VTh
R Th + r

W r I
EJ F
W

WEF

E
K VTh
EZF E
F R Th Short Circuit

KE R Th

- -

R Th VTh EF E
KEJ F
W

I=

VTh
R Th + r

KComplex CircuitW

Output
W

EFOpen E
K VTh

EF
E
K R Th

Series CircuitEF E
K R L R Th VTh

EJ F

Kab
a

+
10V

R 1 = 4

R 2 = 8
R 3 = 6

+
5V

KEJ FEJ F

- -

Open
abW

K VTh ba

a
+
10V

R 1 = 4

R 2 = 8

+
5V

KabEJ FEJ F

W
10 5 = I(4 + 8)
I =

10 5 5
= A
12
12

W Va
Va = 10 I * 4
Va = 10

5
* 4 = 8.33V
12

VTh = 8.33V

V a
W Va

Va = 5 + I * 8
Va = 5 +

8
*8
12

Va = 5 + 3.33 8.33V

- -

K Va
KShort R Th W
R Th = R ab

KEJ F
R 1 = 4

R 2 = 8
a
b

KEJ FEJ F

KEJ F
R 1 = 4

R 2 = 8
a
b

KEJ FEJ F

WRTH
R Th = R ab =

4*8
= 2.66
4+8

- -

KEJ FW

R Th = 2.66

VTh = 8.33V

KEJ FEJ F

I ab =

Wab

VTh
8.33
=
= 0.96A
R Th + 6 2.66 + 6

EJ F
K

KEJ F E1 W
IT

+
10V

a
R 1 = 4

R 2 = 8

Iab

R 3 = 6

KEJ F VEJ F
WIab
- -

RT = 4 +
i T1 =

8*6
= 7.43
8+6

10
= 1.345A
7.43

i ab1 = 1.345 *

8
= 0.77 A
8+6

KEJ F E 2 W

IT

a
R 1 = 4

R 2 = 8

Iab

R 3 = 6

+
5V

KEJ F VEJ F
WIab
RT = 8 +
iT =

4*6
= 10.4
4+6

5
= 0.48A
10.4

i ab = 0.48 *

4
= 0.192A
4+6

abW
W
i ab = 0.77 + 0.192 = 0.962A

K

- -

EJ F
WEJ F R L
KEF

KEF

2mA

10k

12k

R L = 8k

KEJ FEJ F

12K 8K W
K10K

i = 2 *
RL

10
10 + 20

1 2
i = 2 * = mA
3 3
RL

- -

KW
KEJ J F VTh R L W

12k

I=0

2mA

VTh

10k

KRLEJ FEJ J F

VTh = 2mA * 10K = 20V

KEJ J FE F
a

12k

I=0
10k

open

R Th

KEJ FEJ J F

WRTh
R Th = 10 + 12 = 22K

KEJ FW
- -

R Th = 22k

VTh = 20V

R L = 8k

KEJ FEJ F

W
I =

I=

VTh
R TH + R L

20
20V
2
=
= mA
22 + 8 30K 3

J J

Bridge Circuit

Thevinen's Theorem
K

BAW
EJ F

K R L DCOutput
DC

KSourceBA

- -

R2

R1

RL

VS

R 3

R4

KEJ F
EJ F
WEJ F
KDC R L EF
A

R 2 = 680

R 3 = 330
VS = 24V

K R L EF

R L = 1k
D

R 4 = 560

R 3 = 680

KEJ FEJ F

- -

DC R L W

W VTh DC

VTh = VC VD
R3
R4
VS
VS
VTh =
R
R
R
R
+
+
2
3
4
1

EJ F

K R L
KEJ F

W
VC = I1R 3
I1 =

VS
R1 + R 3

VD = I 2 R 4
I2 =

VS
R2 + R4

+
24V

R 1 = 330
C

R 2 = 680

VC

VD

R 4 = 560

KRLEJ FEJ F
- -

VTh

R 3 = 680

I2

I1

WVTh
680
560
VTh =
* 24
* 24
330 + 680
680 + 560
VTh = 16.158 10.838 = 5.32V

R Th W
KEJ FDC
R1
A

R3

R Th

R2

R4

KEJ FRThEJ F

WRTh

R Th =
R Th =

R 1R 3
R 2R 4
+
R1 + R 3 R 2 + R 4

EJ F

330 * 680 680 * 560

+
330 + 680 680 + 560

R Th = 222.178 + 307.096 = 529.27

KEJ FW

- -

R Th = 529.27

VTh = 5.32V

R L = 1k

KEJ FEJ F

WCD
I CD =
I CD =

VTh
R Th + R L

5.32
= 3.5mA
529.27 + 1000

{ mACD
J J
E Y F J J
" Conversion From Delta Star "

KEJ F Y
A

R1
R2
B

RC

RA

R3
C

K Y EJ F
- -

RB

KcbaCBA
K Y

" Conversion From (Y)" (Y)

EJ F Y
K

R1

RC

R2
B

RB

RA

R3

EJ F
= Y W
WK
R1 =

R AR C
RA + RB + RC

EJ F

R2 =

R BR C
RA + RB + RC

EJ F

R3 =

R CR A
RA + RB + RC

EJ F

- -

E Y F

J J

W
R A = R1 + R 3 +

R 1R 3
R2

EJ F

RB = R2 + R3 +

R 2R 3
R1

EJ F

R C = R1 + R 2 +

R 1R 2
R3

EJ F

K
EJ F
K Y EJ F

220

560

100

KEJ FEJ F

EJ F Y

K Y

- -

R1

100

R2
B

560

220

R3

KEJ FEJ F
EJ FJ EJ F

R1 =

100 * 220
= 25
100 + 220 + 560

R2 =

100 * 560
= 63.6
100 + 220 + 560

R3 =

220 * 560
= 140
100 + 220 + 560

- -

KEJ F
A

R 1 = 25

R 2 = 63.5
B

R 3 = 140

KEJ FEJ F
EJ F
KEJ F Y

R 1 = 1k

R 2 = 2.2k

R 3 = 5.6k
C

KEJ FEJ F

- -

EJ F Y

K Y

1k

RB

2.2k
B

RC

RA

5 .6 k
C

KEJ FEJ F

H Y =

K Y

WEJ FJ EJ F
R A = 1 + 5 .6 +

1 * 5 .6
= 9.15K
2.2

R B = 1 + 2.2 +

1 * 2 .2
= 3.59K
5 .6

R C = 2.2 + 5.6 +

2.2 * 5.6
= 20.12K
1

- -

K Y Y

J J

EJ F
EJ F R L
K Y

R 1 = 4.7k
18k

VS = 120V

R 2 = 3 .9 k

R 3 = 2 .2 k

R 4 = 2 .7 k

KEJ FEJ F

D CA

Y DCB
DCB
KEJ F Y
C

18k

R 3 = 2 .2 k

C
D

R 4 = 2.7k
B

R
o

R
B

KEJ FEJ F
- -

W R 3 R 2 R1
R1 =

18 * 2.2
= 1.73K
2.2 + 2.7 + 18

R2 =

2.7 * 18
= 2.12K
2.2 + 2.7 + 18

R3 =

2 .2 * 2 .7
= 0.26K
2.2 + 2.7 + 18

R 3 R 2 R1
WEJ F

R 1 = 4.7 k

R 2 = 3 .9 k

VS = 120V

1.73k

2.12k

0.26k
B

KEJ F

WEJ F

- -

+
120V

I2

I1
4.7 k

3 .9 k

1.73k

2.12k

0.26k
B

KEJ FEJ F


W

K R T W
K I T W

K I 2 I1 W
K VC C W

K VD D W
VCD = VC VD

K D C W

K R L VCD CD W
ICD =

VCD
RL

W
RT =

(4.7 + 1.73) (3.9 + 2.12)

+ 0.26 3.37 K
(4.7 + 1.73) + (3.9 + 2.12)
- -

R T = 3.37 K
IT

120
35.6mA
3.37

W
I1 = I T *

(3.9 + 2.12)
(3.9 + 2.12) + (4.7 + 1.73)

I1 = 17.2mA

I 2 = 18.38mA
VC 39.18V
VD = 48.32V

K D C
VCD = VC VD

VCD = 39.18 48.32 = 9.14V

C D EJ FW
K ICD VD VC

ICD =

9.14V
= 0.507mA
18K

KEF J

- -

Mesh
KbaEJ F
a

R3

R5

R4

KEJ F

W
KMesh

KCL Meshes

EF

EF

K
KKVL

EF

EF

Meshes.

EF

- -

EF

EJ F

KEJ F

I1
b

10

I1

20

10V

I3

I2

20

30

15V

20V
10

I2

I3

I4

I5

KEJ FEJ F

W
K

K I 5 I 4 I 3 I 2 I1 I 3 I 2 I1
EbF I 5 I 4

I 5 = I1 I 2

(a)

I 4 = I 2 I3

(b)

I 3 I 2 I1

Mesh EFW
10 = 10I1 + 20I 5

(c)
- -

I1 + I 2 EaF I 5
I 2 I1 I 5 KW
10 = 10I1 + 20I1 20I 2
10 = 30I1 20I 2

(d)

KEdF

Mesh EFW

20 = 30I 2 + 20I5 10I 4

(e)

WEeF I 5 I 4

20 = 30I 2 + 20(I1 I 2 ) 10(I 2 I 3 )

20 = 30I 2 + 20I1 20I 2 10I 2 + 10I 3

20 = 20I1 60I 2 + 10I 3

(f)

15 = 20I 3 + 10I 4

Mesh EFW
(g)

WEbF I 4

15 = 20I 3 + 10(I 2 I 3 )

15 = 20I 3 + 10I 2 10I 3

15 = 30I 3 + 10I 2

(h)

I 3 I 2 I1 EhFEfFEdF
10 = 30I1 20I 2 (0) I 3

W
(I)

20 = 20I1 + 60I 2 10I 3

(II)

15 = (0) I1 10I 2 + 30I 3

(III)

W(III, II, I)

- -

10 + 30
20 = 20

15 0

20
+ 60
10

0
10

30

I1
I
2
I 3

(IV)

WEIVF

[V] = [R ] [I]

EJ F

K [I]J

MeshEFMeshEFMeshEF
W [V ] J

WW [R ] J
R11 R12 R13
[R ] = R 21 R 22 R 23
R 31 R 32 R 33

EJ F

R 33 R 22 R11

KMeshEF R11

KMeshEF R 22

KMeshEF R 33

R12
EF R 23 KMeshEFMeshEF

KMeshEFMesh

MeshEFMeshEF

KR
- -

K I 3 I 2 I1

WE
R 11

R 12

= R 21 R 22
R 31

R 32

R 13

EJ F

R 23
R 33

K
W
= R11{R 22 R 33 R 32 R 23 } R12 {R 21R 33 R 31R 23 } + R13 {R 21R 32 R 31R 22 }

K
W I1
V1 R12 R13
1
I1 =
V2 R 22 R 23

V3 R 32 R 33

EJ F
W I 2

R11
1
I2 =
R 21

R 31

V1

R13

V2

R 23

V3

R 33

EJ F
W I 3

R11
1
I3 =
R 21

R 31

R12

V1

R 22

V2

R 32

V3

EJ F

W I 3 I 2 I1
W
+ 30 20
= 20 +60
0
10

0
10
+ 30
- -

W
= 30(60 * 30 (10) * (10 )) (20) * ( 20 * 30 0) + 0(KK) = 39000

+ 10
1
I1 =
20

15

W I1

20 0
+ 60 10
10 +30

W
I1 =

1
{10 * (60 * 30 100) (20) * ( 20 * 30 15 * 10)} = 0.05128A
39000

W
+ 30 +10
+ 30 + 10 0
0
1
1
20 20 10 =
20 20 10
I2 =

39000
0
15 + 30
0
15 + 30

I2 =

1
{30 * ((20) * (30) (15) * (10)) (10) * ((20) * (30) (0))}
39000

I 2 = 0.423A

K
W

+ 30 20 + 10
1
I3 =
20 + 60 20

0 10 15

WI
I3 =

1
{ 30 * ((60) * (15) (10) * (20)) (20) * ((20) * (15)
39000
(10) * (10)) =

I 3 = 0.641A
- -

K
W I 5 I 4 I 3 I 2 I1
I 4 = I 2 I 3 = 0.218A
I 5 = I1 I 2 = 0.05128 + 0.42300 = 0.47428A

W
K

"Summary"

K KCL EF

KVL EF
K

K EF
K EF

K EF

EF

EF
K

EF
K R Th VTh

- -

K R S = 50 VS = 300V EF

KEF

2 .2

100

5kV

12V

K R S = 1.2K iS = 600mA EF

KEF

0.01A

10mA

2.7 k

4 .7 k

K R 5 EF
R1 = 1k

2V

R 3 = 1k

R 2 = 2 .2 k

R 4 = 1k

3V
- -

R5

W R 3 EF

R 3 = 330
R 1 = 680
100mA

R 2 = 220

R 4 = 470

20V

K R L EF

40V

1k

8.2k

560

R 5 = 1 .5 k

0 .5 A

60V

1k

R L EF
A

R 2 = 820

R 1 = 1k

R L = 1k

VS = 12V

R 3 = 2.2k

R 4 = 1.2k
B
- -

W AB EF

R 1 = 10
+
10V

R 2 = 15k

R 3 = 12k

I = 0.2mA

R4

- -

(References)

[] Thomas L. Floyed, Electrical Engineering Fundamentals, Prentice, Inc, sixth

edition, .
[] B. L. Theraja, A. K. Theraja, " Electrical Technology", published by Ninja
Construction development Co. Ltd. Ram Nagar, New Delhi, , .
[] M. A. PAI, "Introduction to Electric Circuits and Machines", Affiliated east west
presses private limited, .

- -

J
J J
J J
J
J J
J J
J J
J J
J J
J J
J J

W

J
J

EFJ J

J J

J J

J J J

J J J

J
J

W

J

J J

J
J

J J

J J

EFJ

J
J
J
J

W

J

J J

J J

J J

J J

J J

E Y FJ J
E Y FJ J

Y Y J J

FJ

KE

EF
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS