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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    34 views12 pages

    PT 59s

    Uploaded by

    GiaHuyHoang
    PT+59s

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 12
    & in of the aw School Admission Produ of the LSA’ 4 ab sewn 27 Questions Directions: Hach set of questions in this section is based on a single passage or a pair of passages, The questions are to be ‘answered on the basis of What is tated or implied in the passage or pai of passages. For some of the questions, more than one fof the choices could conceivably answer the questions. However, you are to choose the best answer; that 18, the response that ‘most accurately and completely answers the question, an blacken the corresponding space On Your answer sheet, Passage A (50) emerges its as ifthe whole is thinking, planning, o ‘Revent studies have show tha sophisticated ‘computer models of the aceans and atmosphere are ‘capable of simulating large-scale climate lrends with remarkable accuracy. Bu these models make wse of large mumbers of variables, many of which have wide ranges of possible values Bosse even small sllerences in those values can havea significant impact on what the simulations pred i portant to determine te impact when valves differ even calculating 1s an intelligence, a kindof live ‘compute, with erawling bts for wits 'We are now vang through a great paradigm sil inthe Field of computing, «shi from sequential (55) computing (performing ane calculation ata tie) to ‘mastve paralel computing, wich employs ‘thousand of computers working simultancovely to solve one compulation-inlensive problem, Since many ‘computation-intensive problems aze inherently (4) Shey (60) jal oly make ae ose a copting Shes he inten tom th ny asia ‘oval hat xls ut prlition A comping incite slat ae Nh sop. ere ioe tat sb tinea poles ‘ema on" exploration of al isang ose wil perenne The fostble coin of nt tei edition parol income net tote seed ite (15) tetoterelabe Theme egret ge (65) Imposed by pely sxgoenia computing mar of ten dao a. Fr ‘Nal, xu uammaton oe sabes or Which eof he flloing mos acy exes the ontoatynine wine would requre 2 le in pinotpesege BT ‘Sislatonimaysie smuaton ss Cure : — (20) Selb nd emptor ar compe (0) Many iia penn coping indegute fr sch as compu B)_ sep ping it ngs wel ese in ale atcrane deck compute ame tat of the speed limits it imposes. ‘apes oft wveage deakop compat meat at (©) Thetis cuenta pradesh oseeing in (25) evned dtp mhne comet eee tote ~~ ia ie fmtemet, The calculations are divided among (D) Complex biological and social systems are the the individual desktop computers, which work ‘next frontier in the field of computer simulation jimultaneusly on eit abare ofthe overall problem, (©) _Inberenily parallel computing problems are best Sore poe esos camping proto is ind rls parle anpating bls (30) hoeaeady ecm ues ugh nt whe soe ye they cared th pbs mest uel toeure widerpred participation. 2 The large-scale climate trends diseased in passage Aare PasageB Ios aogos a whch ane fe ollong clnetn Scrces rnin that mary problems poured inna mn ope acne tl ogi re eee spmuande of campus we (25) nay “paral that is tha they canbe (% “Smulaneaty save ncolaben-aenive ‘Sete ed by ing etd at ork sol Silay ape Then eblens har ett seta SShmorchusasta ofinohgge pester ot (Seiler eh Salaam vs nll cen 5 : (©) ety came evo of dene mass (4) feopla Vine ta sctoas poverty © Beha oie oa_ Hunetion as & (D) the paradigm shift from sequential to parallel "An cxample the method used by ants o forage om posed by oo se for food. As Lewis Thomas observed, a solitary ant is (Ey Me sea Tina imposed hy computing purely (45) lemon fo tes tug gether y fihers Its behavior fllows afew simple rues. Put ‘when one sees a dense mass of thousands of ants, ‘rowed together around their antl erieving food ‘or repelling an intuder, a more complex poture G0 ONTO THE NEXT PAGE 4 3 IHean be inferred that the authors ofthe two passages ‘would be moa ikely to agree om which ane of the following statements concerning complting systems? (A) Massive, parallel compoting systems ae able to solve complex compttaton-intensive problems ‘without having to zesrt to “brute force (@) Computer modes are not capable of simulating ‘he bhavior of wry large biological populations suck as insect colonies (©) Paraliel computing systems that ink privately ‘owned desktop computers va the Intemet are not Feanble because they rely to heavily on pubic particpation (©) Comently available comptes are not well-suited {running simulations, evens the simulated © Parallel computing systems employing mlple computer ee the bes means for simulating large-scale climate tends The autor of passage A mentions public participation (ines 30-82) primarily inorder to w saurage public engagement inthe sort of ‘comping model discuss inthe passage (B) —idensly a lator allectng the east ofthe ‘comping model advacatd in the passage (C) indicate thal government suppor: of large-scale ‘computing elfris is nowdet! ©) demonstate that adequate support forthe type of ‘approach described inthe passage already exist © suggest hata computing model lke that proposed in the pastoge infeasible bosause of forces Deyond the designers” control Passage B relates to passage Ain which one of the following ways? (A) The argument in passage B has litle bearing on the iste dsounsed in passage A (B) The explanation offered in passage B shows why ‘the plan proposed in passage A is unkely to be implemented. (©) Theideas advanced in passage B provide a rationale forthe solution proposed in passape A, (©) The example given in passage B illustrates the ned for te “brute Force” exploration mentioned inpassage A The discussion in passage B conflicts with the assumptions about individual computers made in passage A. The passages share which one of the fllowing as their “4 (A) to show thatthe traditional paradigm in ‘computing i ineffective for many commen computing tasks Bo argoe that anew approach to computing isan elective way to solve a dilicul type of problem (©) toconvince skeptics ofthe usefulness of desktop ‘comptes fr ealclation-intensive problems () —coderonstate that a new computing paradigm tas supplanted the aditional paradigm for most large-scale computing problems (© Co describe complex and as yt unsolved problems that have recently aren in computing Incalling a population of ants “an intelligence, a kind of Live computer” (ines 51-52) the author of passage B most kely means that (A) the behavior of the colony of ants Functions as a ‘complex, organized whole ) he paradigm sift tking place in computing was inspired by observations of living systems. (©) computers are agglomerations of elements that ean be viewed as being alve in a metaphorical (©) computer simulations ean simlate the behsvior of large biological populations with great accuracy (®) the simples thal gover he behavior of ‘ndivicil ants have been adapted for ue in computer simblations The author passage B would be most likely to agree with which one ofthe following statements regarding the computing system proposed inthe last paragraph of passage A? (A) Tewould be a kind offve compote (@)_Iewould be completely madequate for simulating large-scale climate tends, (©) Weyould impose strict imstations on the umber ‘of variables tha could be sed in any similation (©) lwoule be likely to secure widespread public participation (©) Ubwould solve calolaton-intensve problems faster than a traditional sequential computer would GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 4 1 o a as 20) 2s), Bo 85) a a5) 60) 63) A proficieney in understanding, applying, and even formulating statutes —the actual exis flaws enacted by legislative bodios—is vill sspoct af the practice ‘of las, but statutory law soften given too ile atlption by law schools, Much of lepal education, with its focus on judicial decisions and analysis of cases, ‘ea give a Taw stent the impression thatthe pation ‘of law consists mainly in analyzing past cases to ‘determine tei relevance toa clients situation and arriving a speculative interpretation of the law relevant tothe een’ legal problem, Lawyers discover fly soon, however, that much ‘oftheir practice does not depend on te kind of painstaking analysis of cases tat i performed in aw school. Por example, oliver representing the owner ‘of busines ean often find an expleit answer as to ‘what the cent should do about a certain ak-rolated issue by conmlting the relevant tates, In such 2 ease the fete are clea and the statutes’ relation to them transparent, so that the client's question ean be answered by dzeet reference lo the wording ofthe aller. Bul satus’ meanings and thei applicability torelevant situations are not alvays so obvious, and that i one reason tha the ability to interpret them aceurately is an essential skill for Ta students to learn, ‘Another skill that eaching statutory law would improve is synthesis, Law professors work hard at developing their studens' abl to analyze individual ‘eases, bun so doing they favor the ability to apply the Taw in parcicula eases over the ability to Understand the interelations among laws. In cntast, the study of all he sates ofa legal system in certain smal rea ‘ofthe law would enable the sdentto see how these laws form a coberent whole, Students would then be able to apply this ability to synthesize in other areas of statutory law that they encounter in ther study or practice. This is expecially important because most Stadens intend to specialize m a chosen area, or areas, ofthe law ‘One possible argument against including traning in sotuory la a8 a standatd par of law school curt is that many staates vary fom repion fo region within nation, 80 thatthe mastery ofa st of statues would ‘usually not be generally applicable. There ss some trath to this objection; la schools thet eurrentiyprovde sosne traning in statues generally intend itas a reparation for practice i thet particular region, bt for schools tha ae nationally oriented, this could seem lo bean inappropriate investment of time and resources But while the knowledge ofa particular ‘epion’'s stator lat i not generally transferable to ‘other repions, the skills acquired in mastering @ particular sot of statutes are, making the sty of ‘atuery Taw an important undertaking eve fr aw Schools with a natonalerientation, 9 Which one ofthe following most accurately expresses the sain point of the passage? (A) Inspite ofthe reservations thal nationally oriented Tay schools car be expected to have law sebools can ferve the overall needs of law students betot by implementing a standard national curriculums in statotory la. (B) Since the sll promoted by the study of statutory Taw are ultimately more important thea those promoted by ease analysis, the relative emphasis ‘hal law schools place on these two areas should be reversed (©) Although statutes typically vary fom region to region, la schools shoul provide traning in statutory’ Taw inorder to develop students aibty to synthesize legal information and interpret individual statutes. (©) Inthe theoretical world of law schoo raining, as ‘opposed tothe actual practice of lay 8 proficiency in ease law is flen one ofthe mast Smportant asso tha students can have © Law sehools generally are deficient in their ‘tention to statuony law taining and therefore Taio smpart the skills necessary forthe analysis of legel information. Which one of the following is cited in the passage as a reason that might be given for not incuding satay law tenining in aw schoo! curcula? (A) Such mining would divert resources away for ‘he far more important development of the ability co analyze eases (8) Suoh naining is nat essay diferent from ‘what is already provided inthe core areas of aw school edusation. (©) The goals of such taining can beter be achieved by other means, most of which ae more direst related tothe actual practice of aw (©) Sash taining woald be ielevant for those students who do at plan o specialize, (@) The lack of geographic unilormaty among sataory laws makes expertise in the statutes of ‘ny particular region generally nonranslerable G0 ONTO THE NEXT PAGE 4 4 u 1B ‘Which ove ofthe flowing would, if tru, most weaken the author's argument es expressed an the passage? (A) Many law schoo! administrators recommend the inclusion of statutory aw training inthe corricule oftheir schools (B) Most lawyers easily and quickly develop proficiency in statutory law through their work experiences afte aw schoo (©) Most lawyers donot practice law in the same ‘geographic ares in Which they attended law school (©) ‘The eumcula of many ronal onented law schools rely primarily on analysis of cases (Most lawyers who have undergone tsiing in ‘atury law ane thoroughly familiar with only & arrow range of sates ‘The author discusses the sill of synthesis in the third paragraph primarily in onde to (A) identify and deseibe one ofthe benefits that the author says would result rom te change tha i advocated inthe passage (®) indicate dat law schools currently value certain ‘other sills over this skill and explain why tis is (©) ange forthe greater importance of this sil ‘compared with certain olers that are discusted catir inthe possage (D) explain why this skill is necessary forthe study of satury law © provide an example ofthe type of problem ‘ypieally encountered inthe practice of lw Which one of the following questions ean be mos clearly and diectly answered by reference to information inthe passage? (A) Whatare some ways in which synthetic skills are “tengthened or encouraged through the analysis of cases and judicial decisions? (@)—_Invwhich areas of legal practic isa proficiency in ‘age analysis more valuable thin a proiieney in Sutuory aw? (C) What skills ze commen tothe study of both satuory law and judicial dessins? ()_—Whatare some objections that have been raised ‘agains including the study of statues in regionally oriented law schools? (©) Whats the primary focus ofthe cuiculum currently offered in most aw schools? 4 ‘The information inthe passage suggests that the author ‘would most likely agree with which one of the following satements regarding taining in sattoryIav7 (A) While nationally oriented law sehools have Been deficient in statutory law taining, most ego oriented law schools have bees equally deficient in the teaching of eae la (B) Training i story’ Taw would help Tawyers resolve legal questions for which the answers are ‘ot immediately appatent in the relevant statues (©) Lawyers who ate tained i stator’ la sypieally 0 develop a higher level of eficseney in ‘manipulating details of past cases as compared sen lawyers who are not tained in tis way ) Courses in statutory law are less effective if they Toca specially on the slates of particular region or in a pesticular area ofthe law. (@)—_Laswyers who donot specialize probably have Title ned for traiing in statutory law beyond a bre! introduetion to the subject Each ofthe fllowing conforms to the kinds of ‘educational results that the author would expect am the ‘course of aetion proposed in the passage EXCEPT (A) sal n locating references to court devsions fan issue involving a paraeular statute regarding (®) ap understanding ofthe ways in which certain ‘underlying purposes are served by an interelated group of environmen alle (©) alowledge ofhow maritime statutes are Tormlates (D) —_amnanity withthe specie wordings of a group of las applying to businestes in a particular 6g ot foslity (©) stapyrecistion ofthe problems of wording involved in drating anterrori ls GO ON To THE NEXT PAGE 4 26 ao as) 20) oo) 85) co 43) 60) 60) The Japanese American sculptor Isamu Noguchi 16. In saying that “no metals, other than the expensive, (1904-1988) was an artist who intuitively asked—and responded to—deeply original questions fe might ‘well have become a sciensst within a standard ‘cicalifie discipline, but he instead became an ait Who repeatedly veered off at wide angles from the a ‘Well-known courses followed by conventionally lalenled arts of both the traditional and modem schools The sory behind ane particular sculpture @ Types this aspect of his ereativeness, By his early twenties, Noguchi's sculptures showed such exquisite comprehension of human « anatomy and deft conceptwal realization that he won a 5) ‘Gopgenheim Fellowshyp for travel in Europe, After arriving in Pris in 1927, Noguchi asked the ‘Romanian-bor seuptor Constantin Branensiifhe ‘might become his student, When Brancusi said no, that he overtook students, Noguchl asked ithe ceded a stonecutter, Brancusi did. Noguchi ct and polished stone for Braneus in his stich, frequently © also polishing Brancusi’ brass and bronze seulptres » [Nogchi, wits his sient s mind, pondered the lack, ‘hat sculptors through the ages had relied exclusively upen negative light—shat is, shadows—for ther ‘conceptual communication, precisely because no i ‘melas, ober han the expensive, anoxidizing gold, «auld be flied upon to give off postivedight o reflections “ ‘Noguchi wanted to reste ascupure that was purely reflective In 1929, afer retuming to the United States, he met the echitoet and philosopher ® IR Buckaninster Fuller, offering to sculpt a potait of him. When Fuller heard of Nogucht's ideas regarding o positive-light seulptre, he suggested using chron nickel sce, which Henry Ford, through automotive research and development, had just made o ‘commercially available forthe fist time in history. Fete, finaly, was a permanently reflective surface, ‘economically available in massive quanti, © In sculpting his portrat of Fuller, Noguchi did not think of morelya shiny lteroate mode of traditional, nepative-light sculptures, What he sas ‘was that completly rellective surfaces provided a fndamental invisibility of surface ike fat of watery sll waters, whose presence ean Pe apprehended only ‘when objecis—a ship's mas tree, o sky—arereflcted inthem Seaplane plots making offsore landings m dead calm canoe where the Wales and must slide in, wating forthe unpredictable oushdown, [Noguchi conceived « silary invisible sculpture, hidden in and communicating through the reflections ‘of images surounding it Then only the distortion of familar shapes inthe surrounding environment could be seen by the viewer The viewer's ararenes of the invisible” sculptre's presence and dimensional relationships would he derived only sesondaily [Bven after ths stunning discovery, Noguchi remained fh ois inquisitive nature At the ‘moment when his explorations had won critical recognition of the gents of his onginal and Findamental conception, Noguchi proceeded tothe next phase of his evolution ronoxidiving gold, could be relied upon to give oll positiveght reflections” (lines 25-27), the author draws ' distintion between ‘metal that can be made moderately reflective in ny sealptural application and metas that ean be ‘made highly reflective but only in certain pplieations ‘naturally highly reflective metal that was technically stited for seule and other highly lective metals that were not $0 suited ‘tals that can be made highly reflective but lose bet reflective properties over ime and a metal that does not similarly lose its reflective properties a highly reflective sculptural material tht, because it isa metal, is long lasting and ‘onmetallc materials that are highly reflective but impermanent ‘highly reflective metal that was acceptable to both traditional and modern seulptrs and highly reflective metals whose use in sculpture was purely experimental The passage provides information sufficient to answer whic one ofthe folowing questions? In what way did Noguchi first begin to acquire ‘experience in the culing and polishing ol stone Tor ute in seulpture? Inthe course of his career, did Noguehi ever work in any art frm other than seupture? |What ze some materials other than metal that ‘Noguchi used in his sulprues after ending his association with Brancusi? Daring Noguchi's Ifstime, was thee any favorable etical response to his eeation of pontie-light souiphre? Did Noguchi at any time in his career consider ating a transparent or transfacentseupture Tighted from within? GOON TO THE NEXT PAGE “The passage offers the strongest evidence tha he author ‘would agree with which one ofthe following satemens? (A) Nogushi’s workin Paris contbuted signifcenly to the rt of sculpture in that it embodied solutions to problems tha other sculptors, including Brancusi, had sought uneusceseilly to (8) Noguehi’s seieniie approach to designing sculptures and t selecting materials for sculptures is especially remarkable in that he had to formal selene raining. (©) Despite the fact that Brancust was a seulptor and Fuller was not, Fuller played a more pivotal role ‘than did Branca in Nogueh’s realization ofthe importance of negative light to the work of previous sculptors (D) Noguchi was more interested in addressing fundamental aesthotie questions than in ‘maintaining a consistent artistic style (&)—Noguchi's work i of special interes for what st reveals not only about the value of scientific thnking inthe arts bt alse about the value of aestetie approaches to seientifie nq. In which one of the following isthe elation between the ‘so people most analogous othe relation between Ford and Noguchi as indicated by the passage? (A) A building-materials dealer decides to market 2 ev typeof expecially durable simulated-wood Tooring material aller leaming that «famous architect has praised the material @)—_Anexpert skier begins experimenting wi the use ‘ofa new type of material in the sole a ski boots aller a shoe manulacturer suggest that that ‘material might be approprite Tor that use (©) A.producer of shipping containers begins using & ew fype of strapping matenal, which a sockelimbing expert soon finds useful as an specially strong and reliable component of| slety ropes for chmbing (©) Acconsullnl toa book edhor suggests the use of @ ‘ev typeof software for typesetting, and eer researching the sllware the editor decide not to ‘adopt tbat finds a bette altematve a «result ofthe research (©) Avfnend of landscaping expert advnses the use ‘of certain material forthe ereaton of retaining ‘walls and, asa revul the landscaper explores the _se of several similar materials, 20 21 2 “4 ‘The passage most strongly supports which one ofthe {allowing inferences? (A) Prior io suggesting the sculptural use of ‘huomenickel stel to Noguchi, Fuller himself baad made architectural designs that calle for the ‘se of this material (@) Noguchi believed that the use of industrial ‘materials to eteatesculprures would make the sculptures more commercially wable. (©) Nogushi’s “invisible” seulpure appears to have to shape or dimensions ofits own, but rather ‘hore of surromnding objects, (D) _Taposiive-igh seulpture depicting a person ina realistic manner were coated with a metal subject tw oxidation, t would eventually cease to be recognizable asa realistic likeness. ©) The perception ofthe shape and dimensions of regate-lght sculpture doesnot depend ons reflection of objects rom tie environment round i Which one ofthe following inferences about the prtat of Faller does the passage mos strony support? (A) The material that Noguchi used in ithad been ‘entanvely investigated by other sculptors but not tn direct connection with reflective properties. (@) vas sar (oat least some ofthe soulpties ‘at Noguebi produced prior to 1927 i thts represented a human form, (©) Noguchi id not intially thnk oft as especialy ‘innovative or revoltionary and thos was surprised by Fuller's reaction tit, (D) Teas prised ssa personal favor to Fuller and ‘thus Was not intally intended tobe noticed and commented an hy at rites (®—_Towas unlike the sculptures that Nopucti bad ‘helped Francs to produce i thatthe laters aesthetic effects did not depend on contrass of Tight and shadow Which one ofthe following would if tre, most weaken ‘he authors position inthe passage? (A) Between 1927 and 1929, Brancusi experimented ‘wih the use of highly rellctve matenal fr the sation of positive-light sculptures (@)—Aflercompleting the portrait of Fuller, Noguchi reduced only a fev positive-ght sculptzes and tn ct changed his syle of sculpture repeatedly thoughout his carer, (©) When Noguchi arrived in Pais, be was already ‘wel aware of the intematonal socaim that Brancusis sculptores were receiving at the time (©) Many of Noguehy’s seulpnures wer, unk the portait of Fuller, entirely abstract (©) Despite is inquisitive and scenic approach to the art of sculpture, Noguchi nether thought of bimel asa sient nor ad extensive seientfic scaining GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 4 2 o a as) 20) Bo 85) ao) a5) 60) 63) Iman experiment, two strangers are given the ‘opportunity to share $100, subject o the following ‘enstiaints| One porson—the "proposer”—is to suggest how to divide the money and ean make only ‘ane ich proposal The ether petson—he “responder’—aust either acceptor reject the offer ‘without qualification Toth parties know that ithe ‘offer is accepted, the money willbe split as agreed, Df the offer i ejected, neither wil receive anything This scenario is called the Utimatum Game Researchers have conducted st numerous times with ‘wide vanety of volunteers. Many parsicpants inthe tle ofthe proposer seem instinctively 0 feel that they should aller 50 percent tothe responder, because such a division ist” and therefore likely tobe accepted. Two-thirds of proposer offer responders ‘petween 40 and 50 pereent Only 4 in 100 ar less than 20 percent. Offering such a small amount is guile risky, mast responders eject such offers. This is ‘puzzle: Why would anyone reject an offer as too "hall? Responders who rejest an oller receive nothing, so if one assumes—as theoretical economics traditionally has—that people make economic decisions primarily out of rational selEintrest, one ‘would expect that an individual would accep any offer. ‘Some theorists explain the insistence an fair

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