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    seccion util del libro de estudio de ingles en algunas escuelas de esnseñanza de idiomas,

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    seccion util del libro de estudio de ingles en algunas escuelas de esnseñanza de idiomas,

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    20 views32 pages

    PB Retallat

    Uploaded by

    lectoadicta
    seccion util del libro de estudio de ingles en algunas escuelas de esnseñanza de idiomas,

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    ENGLISH FILE Zeyg Beene rt} eee Robin Walker Clive Oxenden Christina Latham-Koenig Paul Seligson OXFORD Robin Walker Clive Oxenden Christina Latham-Koenig Paul Seligson ENGLISH FILE Pre-intermediate Pocket Book OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Grammar 1A Word order in questions Remember to use an auxiliary verb to make questions. iVives en Bilbao? = 9 you live in Bilbao? NOT Youlivein Bilbao? = Where aed she/he work? NOT Where-she/he works? = id you arrive on time? NOT Youarrived-omtime? Don’t forget to put the auxiliary verb before the subject. zHablan espanol? ‘Do they speak Spanish? NOT Fhey-despeek Spanish? eFuiste a Londres? = go to London? NOT Youdid- goto London? With be, there is no auxiliary and the verb be comes before the subject. Donde esta ahora? = she/he now? NOT Where she/he isnow? “Donde estuviste ayer? = Where Gere you yesterday? NOT Where youwere yesterday? 2. PRONUNCIATION Be careful with rhythm in questions. Do you like it? Do you live in Bilbao? Do they want it? Did she go to London? but Where do you work? Who works with you? Where were you born? Who saw them? What's she like? > Check the pronunciation on your GRAMMAR 1A. 1B Present simple Remember to use the auxiliary do in questions. {rabajan aqui? =(D9 they work here? NOT Fhey-workhere? gHablais ingles? (Od you speak English? NOT YouspeakEnglish? Remember the-s on the third-person singular, and does/doesn’t in questions and negatives. Vive en el campo. = He live§ in the country. NOT Heliveinthe-country: jaenelayuntamiento, = She workin the Town Hall. NOT She work inthe TownHalk Donde vive? = Where@oe she live? NOT Where do shelives? No le gusta la musica clasica. = He@oesn lil classical I music. NOT Hedon'ttike sh we often answer a question with yes/no and an auxiliary verb. B Yes(lam. y in Spain? B Yes(Ldo. ADoyouspeak Russian? B No{{don?. Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb, and after the verb be. Siempre llegan tarde. hey dways arrive late. NOT Adwaysthey-arrivetate: Siempre esté muy contenta. = She alway very happy. NOT Sheahwaysisvery-hapy Expressions of frequency usually go at the end of the sentence. ‘Tenemos eximenes tres veces al aio. = We have exams three timesa year. NOT We have three times year exams: £ PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of the’s’ of the third-person singular. Use /iz/ for verbs ending in ‘sh, s, ch, x. finishes fnifiz/ watches Awot{iz/ misses /mistz/ mixes /miksiz/ > Check the pronunciation on your PRONUNCIATION 1B. 1C Present continuous: be + verb + -ing Remember to include the auxiliary verb when you use the present continuous. Voy al colegio ahora. IG) going to school now. NOT [going te school now: Estamos jugando a videojuegos. = We(r9 playing video games. NOT 4¥epiaying-video games; Remember to use the present continuous, not the present simple, for things happening now. 2Qué haces? = What are you doing? 2A donde vas, David? = Where are you going, David? NOT Where NOT Whatdoyoudo? dhrvonrge Davids The verb do has different meanings in the present simple and present continuous. A 2En qué trabajas B Soy arquitecto. A Qué haces? B Estoy dibujando un plano de una casa. A What do you do? B'manarchitect. ‘A What are you doing? B I'm drawing a plan ofa house. & PRONUNCIATION Im /atm/ She's /fizz/ You're (jax! Its Ats/ He's /hizz! Be careful with the pronunciation of the contracted forms of ‘be’. Were /wia They're Mea! > Check the pronunciation on your GRAMMAR 1¢. 2A Past simple regular and irregular Remember to use the auxiliary verb didin [-] and [?]. Noles gusté la pelicula. = They@idnblike the film. NOT They notiked the film: gD6nde comiste? Where@id you eat? NOT Where youate? In [-]and [2] the auxiliary verb isin the past tense, but not the main verb. No fuimos al cine = We@idm? go to the cinema. NOT Wedidn’twenttothe cinema: {Viste el partido anoche? =Qidhyou watch the match last night? NOT Did-you watched the mateltast ni gLo pasasteis bien? = Oid you have a good time? NOT Did youhadegoodtime? £ PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of ‘ed’ in regular past simple. When the last sound of the verb is /t/ or /d/ the pronunciation of ed" is /id/. hated /hertid/ started /sta:tid/ wanted /wontid/ landed /landid/ waited /wertid/ > Check the pronunciation on your JMf&I9) PRONUNCIATION 2A. 2B Past simple or past continuous Spanish has two tenses for actions and situations in progress in the past. Sometimes they correspond to the past continuous in English. Estaba cenando cuando vilas = 1 @as having supper when | saw the news noticia en la tele. onTV. Cuando llegaron alli, ella estaba = When they got there, she as working trabajando en el jardin. inthe garden. Vivia en Glasgow cuando cayéelmuro = she @as living in Glasgow when the de Berlin. Berlin wall came down. Viajaban hacia Zamora cuando = They ®ere travelling towards Zamora se les averié el coche. when the car broke down. But sometimes the pretérito imperfecto corresponds to the past simple in English. ‘Cuando era pequeno, jugaba al futbol = When Iwas small, I@laye? football every todos los dias. day. NOT When wassmall; i ballevery day: Antes nevaba mucho mis. = In the past it Glowe much more. NOT. Cuando era pequefta, tenia el pelo largo. = When I waslittle, 1G@ad long hair. NOT No sabian nada. = They Gidn’t know anything. NOT Fhey weren't knowing anything: © PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of was and were in short answers. Yes, | was. /woz/ No, she wasn't. /woznt/ Yes, they were, /wst/ No, we werent, /wsint/ > Check the pronunciation on your imei GRAMMAR 2B. 2C Time sequencers, connectors You can use then or after that to link expressions. Primero abre una cuenta. = First open an account. Thed choose a password. Luego escoge unacontraseha. or First open an account. @fter that, choose a password. NOT Firstopenanaccount-After; choosea password: orgue idn’t she come? BecausP she didn’t want to. why = por qué A Check the pronunciation on your Gimp) GRAMMAR 2C. 3A Going to ira +infinitivo = going to + infinitive Qué vamos a hacer? What are we going to do? Vaa hacer frio. t’s going to be cold. Me viene a recoger. = He's going to meet me. No vaaser facil. it isn’t going to be easy. No vaa trabajar con nosotros. = He isn’t going to work with us. ‘We can say Voy airala universidad elano que viene. _= I'm going to go to university next year. or Voy (air) ala universidad elano que viene. = I’m going (to go) to university next year. £ PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the rhythm of phrases with going to. What are we going to do? I's not going ta be easy. It’s going to be cold, He's not going to work with us. > Check the pronunciation on your arp PRONUNCIATION 3A. 3B Present continuous for future arrangements Spanish often uses the present simple for future arrangements when English uses the present continuous. Mary on Friday. NOT see Morvan Friday: Veo a Mary el viernes. Me voy a Madrid el viernes. = Ga going to Madrid on Friday, NOT TgotoMadrid-on Friday: No vienen ala fiesta. = They Ggen't coming to the party. NOT. 2Qué haces esta tarde? = WhatGie you doing this evening? NOT 3C Defining relative clauses with who, which, where Remember that who is for people and which is for things (and animals). Mario esla persona que mas = Mario is the person@hd understands most about entiende de fotografia. photography. NOT Mario# understands most about hy: Un cortacésped es una =A lawnmower is amachine cuts grass. maquina que corta la hierba. Es un animal que vive = It’s an animal Ghicb lives in the sea. NOT enel mar. Irsananimabwhotivesin the sea: £& PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation ‘wh’ in who. It’s not the same as in which and where. who /hu:s which /witf! where /wea/ }> Check the pronunciation on your TZ GRAMMAR 3C. 4A Present perfect One of the main uses of the present perfect simple in English is similar to the use of the pretérito perfecto compuesto in Spanish. a iVaya! Nos han visto. No ha terminado los deberes. = Oops! They've seen us. = He hasn’t finished his homework. 4Has visto las Haves del coche? © Have you seen the car keys? In some parts of Spain the pretérito indefinido can have the same meaning as the present perfect in English. if iVaya! Me vieron. = Oops! TheyGeseen me. NOT Oops!-Fhey-saw-me: In Spanish the preterito perfecto compuesto is sometimes used with a recent time expression. In English we use the past simple. Lohe visto hace cinco minutos. = [Gay him five minutes ago. Already, yet, just In Spanish it is common to use the pretérito indefinido + ya where English uses the present perfect + already/yet. Ya llegaron los otros. = The others have already arrived. NOT Fhe-others already-arrived: aencontraste las llaves?_ —_-= Haye you found the keys yet? NOT Did-youfind the keys yer? A Mira. Lee este articulo enel periédico. A Look. Read this newspaper article. B Ya lo he leido. B I've@Ireadp read it. ya = already in [+] and goes before the main verb. ‘A Cuando le vas a llamar? A When are you going to call him? B Yale he llamado. /Yalellamé. _ B I've@[ready called him. ya = yet in [?] and goes after the main verb. Ya han terminado? / Ya terminaron? = Have they finished Ge}? todavia or atin = yet in [-] and goes after the main verb. No han terminado todavia/aim. _ = They haven't finished (@). [ No terminaron todavia/atin. Spanish acabar de + infinitivo = English just + present perfect. We put just before the main verb. Acaban de llegar. = They’veGus) arrived. Toma. Acabo de terminarlo. = Here. I’ve us? finished it. A 2Quieres un café? ‘A Would you like a cup of coffee? BNo, gracias. Acabo de tomar uno. _B No thanks. I'veGus? had one. 2 PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of the ‘y’ in yet and the j yet/iet/ just Adgast/ just’. > Check the pronunciation on your GRAMMAR 4A. 4B Present perfect (experience) + ever, never We use the present perfect to talk about an experience ‘any time up to now’. alguna vez = ever in [?]. It goes before the main verb. Has estado/Estuviste alguna vez en Berlin? = Have wgeaten to Berlin? 2Has probado|Probaste alguna vez los caracoles? _= Have you@ve) tri Excepto en algunas regiones de Espana, se utiliza normalmente el pretérito perfecto compuesto (e,j. Has estado). nunca = never in [-]. It goes before the main verb. Nuncaheestadoen Berlin. = I’veG@evep been to Berlin. Nunca he ido ala opera. = 'veGeveD been to the opera. Don’t use never and not together. No he probado nunca el sushi, = I've never tr ied sushi. NOT Hhaven’t never tried-sushi: No he estado nunca en Paris. = I’ve never been to Paris. NOT Fhaven'tnever- been in Paris: The verbs be and go have different meanings in the present perfect. He estado/Estuve dos veces = I've Gee} to Madrid twice. en Madrid. NOT fvegoneto Madrid-twice: Af A Llegas tarde. A You're late. B Yalo sé. He ido/Fui al dentista. B Iknow, Ifve beer to the dentist’s. gMarcela esté en su despacho? Is Marcela in her office? ANo, no esta. Ha ido/Fue a Madrid. A No, she isn't. She gon? to Madrid. Present perfect or past simple (1) Conversations often begin in the present perfect then change to the past simple to talk about details. A zHas probado alguna vez los ‘A Have you ever tried squid in chocolate Calamares con salsa de chocolate? sauce? B Pues si. Los probé una vez en Catalufia.B I have actually. I tried it once in Catalonia. AX quétal? A What was it like? B Me gustaron bastante. B [quite liked it. ‘A :Fueron caros? ‘A Was it expensive? B No fueron baratos. B Itwasn't cheap. £. PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the rhythm of phrases with ever and never. Have you ever been to Berlin? \'ve never been to Berlin. Have you ever tried snails? We've never tried snails Has he ever thought of leaving? He's never thought of leaving. > Check the pronunciation on your GRAMMAR 4B. 4C Something, anything, nothing, etc. We usually use somebody/someone, something and somewhere in [+] and anybody/anyone, anything and anywherein i and [-]. Alguien te ha dejado este paquete. /=Gomebody has left this for packet for you. NOT Estoy comprando algo para = I'm buying Gomething to wear for New Year's ponerme en Nochevieja. Eve. NOT Enrbuying- anything towearfor {Vamos aalgiin sitio mas tranquilo! = Let’s Peer NOT kets go- anywhere quieter! 2Me ha llamado alguien? = Has@nybodp phoned me? NOT Hassomebody- phoned-me? Sabes algo de mecanica de = Do you know @nything about car mechanics? automéviles? NOT Do yowknow something about carmechenies? Buimos de compras, pero no = We went shopping but we didn’t buy @nything. compramos nada. NOT Wew i id Novianadie conocido enla fiesta. =I didn’t see @nybod? I know at the party. NOT Ididn't see somebody-Fknow-atthe party: We canalso use nobody, nothing and nowhere in [-]. Nadie quiso ayudar. = Nobody wanted to help. No hay nada de comer. = There's nothing to eat. No hay dénde aparear. = There’s nowhere to park. Don’t use use two negatives together. No lo sabe nadie. Nobody knows. NOT. : No vino nadie. lobody came. NOT Nobody didn't come: Yo no sé nada. =Idon’t know anything. NOT Fdon’tknow nothing: No lo encuentro por =I can’t find it anywhere. NOT Fean'tfinditnowhere: ninguna parte. | £ PRONUNCIATION In somebody and somewhere the ‘ is pronounced like ‘up’. somebody /'sambadi! somewhere /'samwea/ | In nobody and nowhere the ‘o' is pronounced like ‘phone’. | nobody /*naubadi/ nowhere /*nauwea! Be careful with the word stress in something, etc. something somebody somewhere anything anybody, anywhere nothing nobody nowhere > Check the pronunciation on your GRAMMAR 4C. 5A Comparing things In Spanish all comparatives are mas + adjective. In English comparatives are formed in two ways. adjective +-er mis cortofa = shorter (short = one-syllable adjective) mas largofa = longer (long = one-syliable adjective) mis feliz/contento = happier (happy = two syllables but ending in ‘y’) more + adjective mis relajadofa = more relaxed (relaxed = more than two syllables) mis carofa = more expensive (expensive = more than two syllables) Remember to use than in comparisons. Don’t use that. Mihermana es mayor que yo. = My sister is older ¢haime. NOT My-sisteris older: thatme: tan + adjectivo + como = as+ adjective + as Lanueya pelicula de = The new Almodovar film isn't@} funny as the Almodévar no es tan others. NOT Fhenew-Almodovar filmisn’t graciosa como las otras. sofunny-astheothers: Remember to use an object pronoun after a comparative. Mihijo es masaltoqueyo. _ =My sonistaller than@i3. NOT My-somistaHerthant: We use an adverb to compare actions. Noestansilenciosocomo —_ = It doesn’t work as@uiet]P as my old computer. NOT mi viejo ordenador. Iedoesn’t work-as quietasmy-old-computer: PP PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the rhythm of comparatives. Don't stress than or as. Hes taller than her. Itisn’t as good as it was. My brother's older than me. mless relaxed than | was. \Wwe work harder than before. He's not as clever as his sister. Be careful with the pronunciation of the ‘gg’ in ‘bigger’ "big. > Check the pronunciation on your SD PRONUNCIATION 5A. 5B Superlatives (+ ever + present perfect) In Spanish all superlatives are el/la/los/las/lo mds + adjective. In English superlatives are formed in two ways. the+ adjective +-est el mas cortofa = the shortest (short = one-syllable adjective) el mas largoja = the longest (long = one-syllable adjective) el mas feliz/contento = the happiest (happy = two syllables but ending in ‘y’) el mis sucio/a = the dirtiest (dirty = two syllables but ending in‘y’) the + most + adjective elmas relajado/a = the most relaxed (relaxed = more than two syllables) el mas caroja = the most expensive (expensive = more than two syllables) Use in after superlatives which come before places and groups of people. Esla ciudad mas suciadel mundo. = It's the dirtiest city(® the world. NOT tt'sthe- dirtiest city-of the world: Es el mas alto de la clase. = He's the tallest the class. NOT He'sthetaHlest- of the class Remember to put superlatives before the noun they describe. Es el sitio mas bello que jamas he visto. = Ir'sthe most beautifit place I've ever se Iesthe pktce most beautift- Fveeverseem: 2. PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of ~iest. busiest /bizitst/ funniest /‘fanitst/ prettiest /pritirst/ dirtiest /a:titst/ happiest hapirst/ noisiest /novzinst/ easiest /'ixzitst/ laziest /lerzitst/ > Check the pronunciation on your @[M<— PRONUNCIATION 5B. 5C Quantifiers Don’t confuse too much with a lot. Esto me gusta mucho. =I like this@Iox. NOT Hike this too much: Daniel me cansa. Habla demasiado. = Daniel tires me out. He talks 0 much. Be careful with the position of enough. It goes after an adjective (not before). Bl aceite no esta lo suficientemente caliente. = The oil isn’t hot enough. NOT Fheoit reenouglrhot: 6A Will, won’t + infinitive (predictions) The use ofa future form for making predictions is similar in Spanish and English. A JNiene Isabel? Als Isabel coming? B Si, pero llegar tarde, como siempre. B Yes, but she'll be late as always. A .Viene Paco con ella? Als she bringing Paco? B Si, pero él no se quedaré mucho. B Yes, but he won't stay long. In English we often use I think / I don’t think + will to make predictions. No creo que llueva manana. ain tomorrow. NOT Hthinkitwon't or Hdon’tthinkitrain/rains tomorrow: £& PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the contracted forms of will. tll be late. He'll / She'll be late. ‘We'll be late. You'll be late. It'll be late. They'll be late. > Check the pronunciation on your @MiIp PRONUNCIATION 6A. 6B Will (promises, offers, and decisions) In English we cannot use a present tense for promises, decisions, and offers. Lohagoyo.Telo prometo. =(11dDit. Ipromise. NOT Fdoit-Epromise: Luego pasamos por tu casa y te ayudo. = We) come round to your house later and(' help you. NOT Weeomeround to’ 2Abro la ventana? =Ghall) open the window? NOT F e window? No tengo tiempo ahora, asi que = don’t have time now so: itlater. Jo hago mas tarde. NOT haven't gortimenow's : A (Elteléfono! A Telephone! B jVoy yo! B it! 7A Uses of the infinitive with to Remember that infinitives in English often have to in front of them. Necesito comprar unos = need 9 buy some winter shoes. NOT fneed- zapatos de invierno. buy-someswintershoes. Es importante decir la verdad. = It’s important 9 tell the truth. NOT It’simportant- ellthe truth: c : No séadénde ir. =I don't know where® go. NOT #don't know where go: For [-] we use not to + verb, Procura no hablar de politica. = Try@otto tal about politics. NOT Fry-to-don’t talk ities: Decidimos no salir. = We decided@ox to gp out. NOT Wedecided-to-don’t gorout: We use the infinitive with to to say why we do something. Puia Inglaterra para =I went to England€oTearm English. NOT Fwent aprender inglés. toEngland for learn-fortearning English: & PRONUNCIATION We don't put the stress on to when it is with an infinitive. He needs to buy some shoes The only way is to study hard. it’s important to tell the truth Try not to talk about sport. we don’t know where to go. She went to learn English > Check the pronunciation on your PRONUNCIATION 7A. 7B Verb + -ing English uses the verb + -ing structure in situations where Spanish uses an infinitive. Fumar es perjudicial para la salud. = Gmokingis bad for your health. NOT Smoke} Fo smoke is bad-for your health: Mi deporte favorito es = My favourite sport is€unning. correr. NOT Mya We use ~ing after some verbs (like, love, hate, enjoy etc.) and after prepositions. Odio hacer las cosas mal. =I hate@oing things badly. NOT Nos gusta sacar a pasear = We enjoy faking our dog for a walk. NOT Weenjoy2 al perro. Sele da bien hacer = She's good attnaking cakes. NOT She's good pasteles/tartas. atmake cakes: Estoy pensandoencomprar = I’m thinking ofuying.a camera. NOT una camara. Emthinking-to-buy-reamera: £ PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of -ing. buying /bann/ saying /‘senn/ smoking /'smauk1p/ swimming /swimuy/ reading / running /'rantn/ > Check the pronunciation on your GRAMMAR 7B. 7C Have to, don’t have to, must, mustn’t Remember that we don’t use to with must. Debo ir/Tengo que ir. = [Gus go. NOT Fmustto-go: In English have to and must are very similar, but don’t have to and mustn’t are very different. Tengo que ir. Gaus go. or | fave wD go. but No tienen que ir. They don'thavet go. NOT Fhey-mustn't go: No debenir. TheyG@uusti go. NOT Fhey-don’thave to-go: No tenemos que hacernada. = We don't have do anything. NOT Wemustn't- doanything. No debemos hacer nada. =We do anything. NOT Wedon'thaveto- doanything: Be careful with the spelling. mustn’t NOT musn’t # PRONUNCIATION We don't stress the to in have to / don't have to / has to / doesn't have to. You have to go. re has to go. They don’t have to go. She doesn't have to go. The first ‘t’ of mustn’tis silent. mustn't masnt/ When must or mustn't is followed by another consonant sound, we often don’t pronounce the final 't’. must play /mas 'plei/ must go. /mas 'gou/ mustn't bring it /masn ‘brig tt/ mustn't come. /masn 'kam/ > Check the pronunciation on your_@jiit1p PRONUNCIATION 7C. 8A Should / shouldn’t We don’t use to with should or shouldn't. Deberian llevar uniforme. = TheyGhould wea» a uniform. NOT ‘Fhey-should-to wear auniform: No deberias trabajar tanto. = YouGhouldn’t work so much. NOT Youshouldn’tto- work-somuch: must/mustn’t = (no) tener que should/shouldn’t = (no) deberia Tienes que decirselo. = You have to tell them. Deberias decirselo. = You should tell them. No debes decirles nada. = You mustn’t tell them anything, No deberiasdecirles nada. = You shouldn't tell them anything. Have to/mustis like duty, responsibility. Should is more like advice, moral. Be careful with the spelling: shouldn't NOT shoudn’t, shoedn’t or shoulden't. B&D. PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation and stress of should /fud/ and shouldn't /Jodnt/. You should know. /ju: fad ‘nou You shouldn't know. /ju: ‘fodnt ‘nau / He should go. /hiz fad 'gao! He shouldn't go. /hi: ‘fudnt 'gav / They should listen. /Oer fad ‘lisn/ They shouldn't listen. /der 'fudnt ‘lisn / > Check the pronunciation on your GRAMMAR BA. 8B /f+ present, will + infinitive (first conditional) The first conditional has a similar structure in Spanish and English, but remember to put if with a present tense. Si tengo tiempo, vendré a verte. If (Gaya time, I'll come and see you. NOT HE wilthavetime;Fitcomeand see you: Sino te das prisa, perderaseltren. = [fyou@on hurry, you'll miss the train. NOT If youwon't hurry-you'lhmiss the train: Si pierdes el autobus, toma un taxi. = If younis> the bus, get a taxi. NOT H-you'lt miss the bus, getataxi: £ PRONUNCIATION if you miss the bus, get a taxi ifyou miss the bus, you can get a taxi Be careful with the rhythm of first conditionals. if have time, come and see you if you don’t hurry, you'll miss the train > Check the pronunciation on your PRONUNCIATION 8B. 8C Possessive pronouns Remember that possessive pronouns are not singular or plural, and do not go with the. mio / mia / mios / mias tuyo / tuya/ tuyos | tuyas nuestro / nues vuestro / vuestra / vuestros / yuestras A :De quién es este reloj? BEsmio. C 2Es tuyo? B Si, es mi A 2De quien son estas fotos? B Son nuestras. C ;Eistas seguro de que son vuestras? B jAy, perdon! Son vuestras. | nuestros / nuestras = mine NOT themine or mines or the mines urs NOT your or the your or the yours =ours NOT our or the our or the ours =yours NOT your or the your or the yours A Whose is this watch? Blit's@ind. Cls itQours? B Yes, it’s @ind. A Whose are these photos? B They're@urp. C Are you sure they’: B Oops, sorry! They’r Be careful with his, hers, theirs. These pronouns agree with who possesses the object(s). El coche es suyo. (de él) El coche es suyo. (de ella) El coche es suyo. (de ellos) Las llaves son suyas. (de él) Las llaves son suyas. (de ella) Las llaves son suyas. (de ellos) = The car's Gi. The car’sherd. The car’s¢heird. = The keys are is. The keys are Gerd. The keys are¢heind. Hi at A .Quién es la mujer que es B Esuna amiga suya A.Y elhombre que esta con Paula? B Esun familiar suyo, on David? A Who is that woman with David? Blt’sa friend of Gd. ‘A And the man with Paula? B lv’sa relative of Gers. - PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the long vowels and diphthongs of the possessive pronouns. mine /main/ hers /harz/ theirs /deoz/ yours /jozz/ ours /auoz! > Check the pronunciation on your GRAMMAR BC. 9A If+ past, would + infinitive (second conditional) ‘The second conditional has similar structure in Spanish and English, but remember to put if with a past tense, as there is no subjunctive in English. Sime atacara un toro, = Ifa bull@ttacked me, I'd run away. NOT Herbutlta echaria a correr. attacks me; Ferun-away: zAceptarias el trabajo site = Would you take the job if they Gffered it to you? NOT lo ofreciesen? Would yotttake the jobifthey-wiltofferitto you? Sino trabajase tanto, = If shedidn't work so hard, she'd feel less stressed. NOT estaria menos estresada, Ifshe wouldn't worksohard;shefeltless-stressed: Siencontraralasllavesdel = If IGouls# find the car keys, we could go. NOT If coche, nos podriamos ir. peutic rad hecereey iad £ PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the contracted form of would. Id know. He'd leave. We'd love to. You'd learn faster. She'd get one. They'd take it. > Check the pronunciation on your SD GRAMMAR 9A. 9B Present perfect + for and since Spanish often uses the present simple where English has to use the present perfect. Vivo en Granada desde 1997. = in Granada since 1997, NOT Hivein- Granada-sinee 1997. No trabaja aqui desde hace = Sheiasn't worked here for some time. NOT algin tiempo. ‘She doesn't work here here for some time: Desde cuando le conoces? = How long faye you known him? NOT How- Jong doyou know him? - SWesq7 Hace mas de 5 minutos que estoy en el — PZ ne Ye miami sitio. s Gin the same place for over 5 VSP minutes: NOT Fm-inthesame place for- Seva 5 ae — 5 Don’t confuse for and since. ‘Trabajan aqui desde hace anos. = They've worked here@@) years. NOT They've worked-here since years: ‘Trabajan aqui desde mayo. = They've worked here@incd May. Don’t confuse for and during. Lo he hecho asi durante aos. = I’ve done it like that€op years. NOT Fvedoneit ring years: Ha jugado en Primera Division = He's played in the First Division} 18 seasons. durante 18 temporadas. NOT He'splayed inthe First Division during & PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the contracted form of have. Ive finished They've seen it We've arrived You've forgotten it Ive doneit. They've left. You've won |___We've found one > Check the pronunciation on your mip) GRAMMAR 9B. 9C Present perfect or past simple (2) Use the present perfect to talk about a period of time from the past until now, and the past simple to talk about a finished period of time in the past. David Storton nacié en Manchester, donde corrio en el equipo de atletismo de su colegio. Gano su primer campeonato de atletismo en el 2001, y desde entonces ha sido campedn del mundo de los 10.000 metros en seis ocasiones. Lleva seis aos corriendo maratones, y ha ganado casi veinte. David Storton@ pin Manchester where heap for his school ath: letics team. He his first athletics champion in 2001, and since then he as been the world 10,000m champion six times. H ‘a marathon runner for six years, and nearly twenty marathons. = She’s a woman that fas maw history. Es un hombre que hizo historia = He's aman that@uad history in the enel siglo XX. 20" century. ‘A Cuanto tiempo hace que vive en Barcelona? A How longchas she lived in Barcelona? Es una mujer que ha hecho historia. B Dosaios. B Two years. AY donde vivia antes? A And where did she live before that? B En Nueva Zelanda. BinNew ested & PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of irregular past participles. bought /bo:t/ become /b'kam/ rung /ray/ brought /brost/ begun /brigan/ sung /san/ caught /koxt/ come /kam/ shut /fat/ taught /tovt/ cut /kat/ swum /swam/ thought done idan/ won /wan/ > Check the pronunciation on your iii» GRAMMAR 9C. 10A Passive: be + past participle Remember to use by to show who did the action. El lavavajillas fue inventado por _ = The dishwasher was inventedy Josephine Josephine Cochrane. Cochrane. NOT The dishwasher wasinvented for Josephine Cochrane: Spanish uses a reflexive verb where English uses the passive. El Kevlar se usa para fabricar = Kevlar used to make bullet-proof vests. NOT chalecos antibalas. Itisused Kevlartomakebulk : 3Seusan los paiiales desechables = Gr disposable nappies @sed all over the world? en todo el mundo? NOT Disposable nappies arethey-usedalt over the world? El Goretex se usa/se emplea para = Goretex @used to make waterproof clothes. hacer fabricar ropa impermeable. NOT Goretexisusing tomake waterproof clothes: Toda lacomidase preparacon _= All the food @preparecbwith local ingredients. ingredientes de la region. NOT Alithe food- prepares withlocat ingredients: 10B Used to / didn’t use to We use used to / didn’t use to for past habits which are no longer true. De nifo solia salir a navegar con mipadre. = Asa child I Ged go sailing with my father. Cuando era estudiante no terminaba = When he wasa student, he inca) nadaa tiempo. finish anything on time. Use an auxiliary + infinitive use to in [-] or [?] [= No solia hacer mucho ejercicio. =1@idn't useg do much exercise. NOT Fdidn't Qué solias hacer en las vacaciones? = What did you Gse #9 do in the holidays? NOT ithe holidays? 2Antes fumabas? = Did you use to smoke? NOT Did-yowused to smoke? There is no present form of used to. For present habits we use the present simple (often with usually). Entre semana suele = On weekdays he usually goes to bed early. NOT On acostarse temprano. weekdaysheused-to goto bed early. or On weekdays 3Suelessaliracomer fuera? = Do you usually go out to eat? NOT Doyouusetogo- outtoreat? £ PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of used to. The /d/is silent. We don't stress the to. She used to go. /fi ju:s ta gau/ We used to live in London. /wi juss to liv! They used to smoke. Sct ju:s to smouk/ He used to play football. /hi jurs ta pler 'futbo:l/ > Check the pronunciation on your m= PRONUNCIATION 10B. 10C Might + infinitive (possibility) Don’t use to after might. Es posible] Puede que venga. = She might come. NOT She mi : Es posible/Puede que no les = They might not like Indian food. NOT They guste la comida hinda. might nottotikeIndian-food: May means the same as might, e.g. Es posible/Puede que no venga. She may not come. Sometimes might and couldare similar. Puede que llueva. = It might/could rain, Podrian ganar mucho dinero. = They could/might win a lot of money. > PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of might. The ‘gh’ is silent. might /mait/ > Check the pronunciation on your GRAMMAR 10C. 11A Expressing movement: go, etc. + preposition To express movement Spanish often uses a verb indicating direction and movement. In contrast, English uses a verb of movement and a preposition of direction, Subieron las escaleras. rhey the steps. Bajaron las escaleras. = TheyGame down the steps. hey@ent int the church for the wedding. heyCame outof the church after the wedding. he the square. Sometimes Spanish uses a verb indicating direction and another one to indicate action. English uses a verb of movement and a preposition of direction. Entraron en la iglesia para la boda. Después de la boda salieron de la iglesia. Cruz6 la plaza. Bajé las escaleras corriendo. = [Gan dow? the steps. Subi las escaleras corriendo. = Ianup th Cruzamos la carretera corriendo. = We€an actos the road. rs fueron corriendo por lacalle. = They@analong the street. eal Saltaron el muro. = HeGlimbed over the wall. KAS Atravesaron el ttinel = They @€nt through the tunnel. & PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the word stress of prepositions of movement. across out of along the street along towards into the shop into across the park towards the station > Check the pronunciation on your GRAMMAR 11A. 11B Word order of phrasal verbs Remember to include the particle with all phrasal verbs. Sigo buscando las llaves. = I'mstill lookingfo> my keys. NOT FnrstilHooking my keys: Rellene esto, por favor. ill this, please. NOT Fillthis; please: Lo voy a buscar en 'm going to look it@p in the dictionary. NOT Fmrgeingto eldiccionario. jookitinthe-dictionary: & PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the rhythm of phrasal verbs that are separable. She put it on. She put on her coat. She took it off She took aff her coat. Can you tum it on / off? Can you turn the TV on / off? Can you fillit in? Can you fill the form in? Did he look it up? Did he look the answer up? Did he throw it away? Did he throw the keys away? > Check the pronunciation on your ffi PRONUNCIATION 118. 11C So, neither + auxiliaries Remember to change the auxiliary verb so thatit’s the correct tense. A Hablo francés. Al speak French. B Yo también. BSo@9I. AMeencantélacomida. A Iloved the food. BA mitambién. BSo Gig. ‘A Yo no andaria en bicicleta por Londres. A I wouldn’tride a bicycle in London. B Yo tampoco. B Neither @ouls I. £ PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the rhythm of so, neither + auxiliaries. sodol er dol so/neither did! sodo you neither do you so/neither can! so does she/he neither does she/he so/neither have| sodowe neither do we so/neither would! s0.do they neither do they > Check the pronunciation on your Ji PRONUNCIATION 11C. 12A Past perfect had + past participle ‘The Spanish pretérito pluscuamperfecto is the same as the English past perfect. Al despertarme vi que habia nevado = When I woke up I saw that it durante la noche. during the night. De repente me di cuenta de que me =I suddenly realised that liad lef) my ‘abia dejado el movil en el taxi. mobile in the taxi Llegamos justo a tiempo el partido = We got there just in time—the match still todavia no habia empezado. ad aeseaey) # PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the prounciation of the contracted form of had. He'd stolen the car. Id arrived early. She'd been there before. You'd already done it They'd given him a drink. We'd always wanted to go. > Check the pronunciation on your Tp PRONUNCIATION 12A. 12B Reported (or indirect) speech Reported speech is similar in Spanish and English. Le dijo que la queria. = He said that he loved her. Ella dijo que habia visto a Miguel. = She said that she had seen Miguel. Me dijo que me ayudaria. = He said that he would help me. The word que is obligatory in Spanish, but the word that is optional in English. Me dijo que me llamaria. = She said (that) she would phone me. Nos dijo que habia conocido a unachica. = He told us (that) he had met a girl. Don’t confuse said and told. You must use told with an object. Me dijo que la llamaria. that he would phone her. NOT He-said-me Me dijo que se iba a casar. HeGold mp he was going to get married. NOT Hesaid Le dije que iria manana. = I€9d him I would go tomorrow. or 1G@id would go tomorrow. NOT Ftold-Fwould go tomorrow: & PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the difference between the pronunciation of the past simple and the past perfect in reported speech. She said she often played tennis, {told him | bought them in town, She said she'd often played tennis. \told him Id bought them in town, They said they lived in Spain. We told them we made them ourselves They said they'd lived in Spain. We told them we'd made them ourselves. He said he learned English at school. You said you spent a lot an clothes. He said he'd learned English at school. You said you'd spent a lat on clothes. 12C Questions without auxiliaries Most questions in the present and past tense are formed with the auxiliary do or does. The word order is: Question auxiliary subject verb Where do you work? NOT Whereworkyou? = :Dénde trabajas? Butin some questions we don’t use an auxiliary (when the question word, e.g. Who?, is the subject of the sentence). The word order is: question word (subject) + verb. 2Quién sabe la respuesta a esta pregunta? = Who knows the answer to this question? Qué pas6? = What happened? Cuanta gente vino a la clase? = How many people came to the class? Vocabulary Describing appearance What's he like? / What does he look like? Como es? = What does she/he look like? NOT How/isshe? or How does-she look? iene el pelo rizado y castaiio. = She has curly brown hair. NOT Shehasthe brown haireurly or She hasthe brown, curly hair: ‘Tengo el pelo liso y castano. = Ihave straight, brown hair. NOT fhavestraightand- brownhair: Ahoratiene el pelolargo. = He has longhair now. NOT He has large hairnow- Es muy alta. =She’s very(al}. NOT She'svery high: delgadoja=slim flacoja = thin Esalto y delgado. = He's talland slim, NOT He'stalland thin: Tienes un pelo precioso. You have beautiful hair. NOT Youhavebeautifubhair: {iene barba/bigote? oes he have@ beardmoustache? NOT Boeshe have beard/moustache? 2 PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of -eight and -aight. weight /wert/ height /hait/ straight /strert/ > Check the pronunciation of describing appearance on your @UMZIy VOCABULARY 18. Personality What's she like? | What does she like? Como es? Es amable? = What's sheik}? Is she nice? NOT Howisshe?Isshenice? 2Quéle gusta? = What does she/he like? NOT Whatis-shefhe like? Be careful with fun and funny. Sondivertidos. Me gusta = They’r&fup. [like going out with them. NOT They're salir con ellos. funny-Hike going outwith them: Sus chistes son graciosos. = His jokes areanny. They make me laugh. NOT Me hacen reir. His jokes-areftm-Fhey make me laugh: Be careful with quiet. Es una persona muy tranquila. = He/She’s a very quiet person. NOT He/She'sa-very- tranquil person: 2. PRONUNCIATION Look at these words with the sound /ai/. shy /ai/ nice /nats/ kind /karnd/ quiet /kwarot/ > Check the pronunciation of describing personality on your AD VOCABULARY 1B. Things you wear grey trousers ropa cara un pantalon gris un pantalén corto NOT ashort trouser Lleva un vaquero azul. He's wearing blue jeans. NOT orabluejean(s). Be careful with get dressed and dress. iVamos! Vistete. = Come on! Get dressez. Se viste con mucho estilo. = She dress with a lot of style. Lleva gafas. = He ear glasses. NOT He carries glasses: jMira! Hoy lleva pantal6n corto. _ = Look! He’s wearing shorts today. NOT Leok!He wears shores today: Pp PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of these words. socks /spks/ gloves glavz/ suit (Sust/ jeans (dsinz/ ! earrings /rarmyz/ leggings leginz! ( sandals /'sendlz/ clothes /klovdz/ trainers /tremaz! > Check the pronunciation of ‘Things you wear’ on your jit VOCABULARY 1C. Holidays Phrases with go irde vacaciones 0 go on holiday NOT to-go for holiday / omholidays ir de camping ‘0 go camping NOT to-goforcamping andar en bicicleta iranavegar 10 go cycling NOT go-outonbieyele ‘0 go sailing NOT go-outto-sailing irahacer surf ‘0 go surfing NOT make/dosurf hacer turismo = 0 g0 sightseeing NOT makejdotourism irapasearfiradarun paseo = to go fora walk iraandarjpracticar 10 go walking senderismo salir por la noche = to go outat night They're going for a walk. | 2 PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the ‘ng’ in these words. camping /'kempin/ walking /'warkin/ sailing / sightseeing /'saitsityy cycling //sarklin/ surfing / skiing /'ski swimming /'swimin/ > Check the pronunciation of ‘Phrases with go’ on your TD VOCABULARY 2A. Other holiday activities Be careful: stay = alojarse/quedarse NOT estar: alojarse en un camping tay at a€ampsime NOT stay-atweamping quedarse en casa de un amigo = stay ata friend’s house sacar fotos hotos NOT make-photos pasarlo bien (lava a good time NOT Lo pasamos bien. = We fiada. orTewas fun. NOT fewas-furny: pasar el tiempo i alquilar una casa alquilar una tabla de surf =Gird a surfboard NOT renta-surfboard 2 PRONUNCIATION The pronunciation of the letter ‘a’ is the not the same in these words. apartment / a'partmant/ have /hiev/ sunbathe /'sanbew/ campsite /‘kaempsaut/ stay ister! take /terk/ > Check the pronunciation of holiday activities on your ED VOCABULARY 2A. Adjectives 2Qué tiempo hizo? = What was the weather like? NOT What weather diditmake? Tuvimos buen tiempo. = We had good@eather. NOT Wehadagoodtime: Hizo calor. it was hot. NOT itmadehot: Qué tal el hotel/lacomidafetc? = (hg? was the hotel/the foodjete. kp? Be careful: disgusting = asquerosoja NOT disgustadofa The food was@isgustin. @ Estaba disgustado. Le a comida estaba asquerosa. was @pse. NOT twasdisgusted: P PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the stress in these words. comfortable horrible delicious uncomfortable beautiful terrible luxurious unhelpful helpful special disgusting > Check the pronunciation of holiday adjectives on your TD VOCABULARY 2A. Prepositions Be careful: it’s not a good idea to ‘translate’ prepositions from Spanish to English. Estan en Roma. = They're) Rome. Estan enel tren. = They're oe train. Estan enc ‘They're@) home. Vienen en ma = They're coming (i) March. Vienen el martes a las seis. = They’re coming 61) Tuesday (6 o'clock. Estan en elaula 4. They're) classroom 4, NOT Fhey‘reinto-classroom-4- Verbs + prepositions Be careful: sometimes a verb in Spanish is a ‘verb + preposition’ in English. Pedi una cerveza. eettora beer. NOT Fasked-abeer: Déjame pagar las entradas. = Let me Gay forthe tickets. NOT Letme pay thetickets: gCuando les vasa escribir? = When are you going to @ritet them? NOT Wherrare- you going to write them? Be careful: the English preposition is often different to the Spanish one. Tengo que hablar con mijefe. = Ineed toGpeakD my boss. NOT Tneed-to-speak-with my-bass: No te preocupes por el dinero. = Don’t Worry abou the money. NOT Don’tworry for the money: 2En qué piensas? = Whatare you thinking abom? NOT Whatareyou: eegrsls 2) as A Nas aira andar este fin de eae A Are you going walking this weekend? B No losé. Depende del tiempo. aeeit ete weather. NOT Housework, make or do Be careful with these housework verb phrases. guardar la ropa = Gutawap your clothes NOT guard-your clothes poner la mesa =(ay the table NOT putthetable ordenar la habitacion Gdp your room NOT tidytheroom flick up recoger la ropa sucia = p dirty clothes NOT eatelrdirty clothes Be careful: many different Spanish verbs correspond to English do. planchar (Ia ropa) = @the ironing NOT irontheclothes fregar (los platos) = the washing up NOT washthe plates hacer los deberes = @your homework NOT make the homework gPracticas algtin deporte? = Do you@9any sports? NOT Do-youpractise-any-sports? English make is often Spanish hacer. hacer ruido a anoise NOT do-anoise hacer la comida/cena lunch/dinner NOT do-tineh/dinner hacer las camas G@akp the beds NOT dothebeds but not equivocarse/cometer un error =@akda mistake NOT commitamistake & PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of the letter ‘o' in these words. clothes /kloudz/ room /ru:m/ sport /spo:t/ floor /fl shopping /fopiy/ work /watk/ > Check the pronunciation of housework, make or do on your VOCABULARY 4A. Shopping Inashop or store el dependiente {la dependienta =the shop assistant NOT the dependent los clientes he customers NOT the clients eltique he receipt NOT the ticket los probadores he changing rooms NOT thetryingrooms probarse una chaqueta ajacket@p NOT try-ejacket Be careful with try on. {Por qué no te pruebas esta camisa? = Why don't you try this shirt@¥: 2Quiere probarselo? Do you want to try it@? E e Ese color no te queda bien. ‘That colour doesn’tGuid you. Te queda un poco grande. abit big for you. Online una cuenta naccount NOT acount una cuenta online =anonline account NOT animtine account & PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of the letter ‘' in these words. Like ‘it? Like ‘? fit /fit! site /satt/ expiry /tk'sparari/ click /kluk/ online fon'lain/ right /ratt/ delivery Ad'livari/ item faitom/ tight /tant/ assistant /a'sistont/ > check the pronunciation of shopping on your imix» VOCABULARY 4B. Describing a town or city ciudad y or town pueblo own or village una ciudad detamano medio =amedium-sized city NOT amiddle-sized-city Como es Salamanca? What's Salamanca like? NOT How-is Salamanca? Como es de grande tu = How big is your town? NOT Howisyourtown- ciudadjpueblo? of big? Gijon esta en el norte, en la costa. = Gijon is the north,@9 the coast. NOT Ir’sin- the northinthe- coast: Animals Be careful: un raton =amouse una rata =arat elefante = elephant NOT elefant £ PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the stress in these animal names. butterfly dolphin monkey camel lephant rabbit dile jellyfish Spi but giraffe kangaroo > Check the pronunciation of animals on your VOCABULARY 9A. Expressing movement In Spanish, movement is normally shown with the verb. English expresses movement witha verb + preposition or adverb. Baja/Sigue por la calle. = Goalong the street. Rodeael lago. = Go around the lake. Atraviesa/Pasa por el ttinel. = Go through the tunnel. Entra en la tienda. = Go into the shop. Sal dela tienda. = Go out of the shop. Go across the street/road. ‘o overjacross the bridge. Go up the steps. 3o down the steps. Cruzala calle Cruza el puente. Sube las escaleras. Baja las escaleras. Se fue corriendo = He ran away. Se marcharon. they went away. Volvimos al hotel. = We went back to the hotel. Bajamos del autobas. = We got off the bus. # PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the pronunciation of these prepositions. into over across out of under towards > Check the pronunciation of expressing movement on your VOCABULARY 11A. Phrasal verbs Phrasal verbs are verbs witha particle (on, off, for, up, etc.), e.g. turn on, turn off, look after They are usually just normal verbs in Spanish, e.g. turn off = apagar, look for = buscar Quiero dejar de fumar. =I want to Give up smoking. NOT Hyant toleave of smoking: Baja la misica. {urn down the music. NOT Go-downthe music: Quitate las botas antes deentrar, = Cake off your boots before you come in. NOT Quityour boots before you come in: Relléneme (usted)/Relléname (tii) his form for me, please. NOT este formulario, por favor. Filfthis-form-for-me, please. Back often means return an action. zMe dejas tu camara? = Can [ borrow your camera? I'll give Tela devuelvo mafiana. you tomorrow. ‘Tengo que devolver estos libros a la biblioteca. Thave to take these books@aeB to the library. Déjame tu niimero y te = Leave me your number and I'll call youGack, devuelvo la Hamada. Cuando me puedes devolver ese dinero? = When can you pay me@ack that money? 2 PRONUNCIATION Be careful with the stress with phrasal verbs. Can you turn the light or? They took their coats off. Look the word up. We've paid the money back Ive filled the form in He wrote our names down Put your pyjamas on. She put the toys away. > Check the pronunciation of phrasal verbs on your @Mi

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