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C (air) = 3.0x1010 m/sec.

V (water) = 225.000 Km/sec.

-5

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:
d=vt

n = c / v

nd=ct

n d

v = c / n

d = (c / n) x t

or

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= nd

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,//n, n/, n
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= n d + n/ d/ + n// d// +

Path in medium

nd//

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d//n

nd

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cm 20

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Y

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or

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n1

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AB

n1

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sin( ) n2

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sin()

and

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1

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n
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1
sin( ) n2

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1
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d
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1

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n2
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2

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n4

3
E

///

n1

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:
n
sin( )
2
n
sin( )
1
1

n
sin( )
1 3
n
sin( )
2
2

sin( )
n
2 4
n
sin( )
3
3

sin( )
n
3 1
n
sin( )
4


sin( ) sin(1) sin( 2 ) sin(3 )

sin( ) sin( ) sin( ) sin( )


1
2
3

n n n n
2 3 4 1 1
n n n n
1 2 3 4

)(10

) sin( ) sin(

EF . AB
-5

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AB

n1

n1

n2

S/

XY

n2

SN

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.

BA

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sin( ) n1

sin( ) n2

)(11

AN
sin( ) AS AS

sin( ) AN AS
AS
) sin(
) sin(

)(12

AS AS

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)(14

AS NS
AS N S
NS sin( ) n1
NS
sin( ) n2

NS

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/SS :

)(15

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SS NS NS NS 1 NS
NS

n
SS NS 1 1

n
2

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2

90o

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sin( ) n2

sin( ) n1

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Sin( ) 2 n
1

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1
1

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M E F M F E

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A E L A F L 180

A F L E 180

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FEL

1 F L E 180

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A
1

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1 A

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..

-:




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d zero
d

) (23

)(24

d 1 d1
d
d


)(25

d
1 1 0
d


d d1

0
d
d

(22)
(26)


sin( )

sin( )

sin( )
1
sin( )
1

(*)

sin( ) sin( )

cos( ) cos( )

d
d

d
cos( )

d cos( )

(27)


d
cos( )
1
1
d
cos( )
1
1

(28)

(26) ( 27)
d
cos( )
1 0
cos( )
d

(29)


d
d d
1 1 1
d d d
1

)(30

) (28 ) (29 ) (30

)(31

cos( ) d
1 1 cos( ) 0
cos( ) d
) cos(
1

) (25 )(31

)(32

)cos( ) cos(1

) cos(
) cos(
1

)(33

) 1 sin 2 (
) 1 sin 2 (
1

2
2
) 1 sin (
) 1 sin (
1

)*(

)(34

) 1 sin 2 (
) 1 sin 2 (
1

) sin 2 (
) sin 2 (
1
1
1
2
2

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sin 2 ( ) sin 2 ( ) ( 2 1) 0
1

1
1

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)(37

=
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) ( 22 :
A 2

)(38

) (23 :
A 2

)*(

)(39

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(sin
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2

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2

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(
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2

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-10

ABC

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b
N

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1



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r

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y

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x

r,y,

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x
y

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x
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1
r 2
x
y

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2
N

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1
2

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)*(

N
y

N
r

N
x

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)(52

)(53

1 1 1 1
2 y
x r
r

1 1 2

2
r 1
x
y

)(54

r
2

2
1

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