nh bng hay cc c s ti chnh hay bng cch u t vo cc

cng ty. Khi qu v u t vo mt cng ty, qu v mua c phn

chng khon (stocks) hay cng kh phiu (bonds) do cng ty
pht hnh. y c gi l u t.
Tin u t ngn hn c th c g trong mt qu tit kim bo
m, ni khng c bt c ri ro mt tin v l ni qu v c th
ly tin ra d dng khi cn. Qu tit kim bo m gi tin cho
qu v v c tin li gip tin trong qu nhiu thm. Cc qu
tit kim (v qu chi phiu) c bo him bi chnh quyn lin
bang. Li xut khc bit nhiu, v th qu v gi nhiu nh bng
v nu qu v hi iu kin th nn tham gia vo cc nh bng
nghip on, cng nn thm d cc nh bng ny.
Ging nh cc qu tit kim, qu CD (certificate of deposit) c
chnh quyn bo him. Qu CDs thng tr tin li nhiu hn
qu tit kim. Nhng qu v phi ng tin ca qu v nm
yn trong vng su thng hay mt nm hay lu hn c c
li xut cao nht ca qu CDs. Nu qu v ly tin ra sm, qu
v phi tr tin pht v qu v s mt li tc t tin li. gi vi
cc nh bng khc nhau kim c li xut cao nht.
Qu v c th mun u t tin dnh ca qu v vo mc ch
di hn trong cc u t khng bo m nh c phn chng
khon, cng kh phiu v qu u t chung (mutual funds). Qu
v c th bit thm v cc la chn bng cch ni chuyn vi
ngi bn, nh bng hay c vn u t v cc qu ny. D hi
trc khi quyt nh v cch u t tin ca qu v v hi cc
chi tit v cc ri ro ca u t ny nh th no. Cc u t vi
nhiu ri ro hn c chiu hng kim nhiu tin hn, nhng
khng c mt u t no bo m qu v s b mt mt phn hay
mt tt c tin ca qu v.

BO HIM
ng gim bt tin bo him. N c th gip qu v bo v cc
vt qu v s hu trong cc bin c khng d on c nh
thin tai, ha hon hay trm cp. Chn cn thn mt bo him
cn thit s gip qu v c th kim c bo him thp hn
(tin bo him thng c tr hng thng, tam c nguyt hay
hng nm) v xng ng vi tin qu v b ra.
Mt s cc cng ty cung ng bo him sc khe cho nhn vin
ca h. Nhn vin thng phi tr mt phn ph tn bo him
sc khe ly ra t tin lng ca h. N c v kh cho qu v
b ra thm ng no, nhng nu qu v t tr tin bo him sc
khe hay tr ha n y t m khng c bo him th s tn km
hn nhiu. Nu qu v c bo him sc khe ti ch lm, ly tt
c cc tin tc ni cng ty qu v lm trc khi quyt nh c nn
tham gia hay khng.

Mt v kin c th lm qu v mt nh, mt xe, v tin tit kim,

v th qu v nn c bo him xe v nh cho chc n bo
v qu v khi cc tai nn.
Tiu bang ni qu v chc chn i hi qu v phi mua gi ti
thiu mt bo him xe, th nhng gi ti thiu mt s tiu bang
qu thp bo v ti sn ca ngi mua bo him. Trc khi
mua bo him, tnh xem qu v phi chu thit mt bao nhiu.
Hi xem nu qu v iu kin c gim gi bo him -thng l nu qu v c mt qu kh li xe tt, bo him hn mt
chic xe, i hc li xe hay c thng xe anti-lock brake, bao hi
an ton hay h thng bo ng trong xe, qu v s c gim gi.
Mt s cng ty gim gi cho ngi gi.
Qu v c th hu nh lun tit kim c tin cho bt c loi
bo him no nu qu v chn tin khu tr cao, c ngha l qu
v s phi tr trc $250 ti $500 m kim (hay hn) t tin ti ca
mnh khi khai thit hi cn bi thng.
Nu qu v s hu cn nh ca mnh, loi bo him cho ch
nhn cn nh c th bo v qu v trong mt v kin nu mt
ngi khch hay ngi l b thng tch trong bt ng sn ca
qu v. Nu thu nh, qu v cng c th mua bo him thu nh
c s bo v tng t. Bo him cho ch nhn cn nh
cng bo v qu v khi c ha hon hay cc tai bin khc tn ph
cn nh ca qu v. (Bo him lt li cn c mua ring bit).
Bo him cho ch nhn cn nh cng c sn cc chng trnh
gim gi. Th d nh, qu v c th c gim gi nu qu v
cha in n khai thit hi trong nhiu nm qua hay nu qu v
c my bo ng khi trong phng ng ca qu v.

MN TIN
Mn tin c th ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic qun l
tin bc. cng l mt ci t an ton quan trng trong lc khn
cp. Nhiu ngi khng tin mt trong tay mua xe, mua t
lnh hay my git, my sy mi. Tin mn c th gip mua
vt qu v cn v tin tr chia ra d dng tr dn vi thi gian.
hi iu kin mn tin khi cn, qu v nn tr tin ha
n ng hn. ng xi ht mc tin th tn dng. Duyt qua
bn bo co tn dng ca qu v hng nm. c mt bn bo
co tn dng min ph, hy xem trang AnnualCreditReport.com
hay gi 877-322-8228.
Nn khn kho khi mun mn tin. Tr nhiu hn s tin ti
thiu phi tr trong th tn dng ca qu v gim tin n. Tr
cng nhiu cng tt nu qu v c kh nng, qu v s gim tin
tr nhanh chng v tin n t hn trong ng di.
Nn rt cn thn vay tin bng cch cm nh ca mnh. Nu
khng tr c tin n hng thng, qu v s c nguy c mt nh.

Nhng loi n nn trnh:

Cc tim cm , ni cho mn trc tin lng v tim cm

giy y quyn xe. Nhng cng ty ny tnh li xut rt cao trn
s tin mn.
Cho mua hng ha khng tnh tin li. Nu qu v khng tr
c ht tin n ng thi hn, qu v s b tr tin li m li
xut tnh li t u k t ngy qu v lm ch mn hng .
Th tn dng c li xut cao. Tm bit v li xut trung bnh cho
th tn dng bng cch coi trong Bankrate.com khi kim mt li
xut thp hn li xut trung bnh.

N
Cc ch dn trong bn cm nang ny c th gip qu v bt u
chi tiu t hn tin qu v lm ra. Nhng nu qu v cm thy b
chm trong b n, v rng qu v khng tin chi tiu hay s tiu
xi ca qu v khng km ch c, nn ngh ti dch v tham
vn n nn. Nhiu c quan v v li cung ng tham vn n nn
vi l ph nh. Nhng c quan ny c th gip qu v ly li s
kim sot tin bc ca qu v v bt u ko qu v ra khi h n.
National Foundation for Credit Counseling l c quan u no
ca hng trm vn phng tham vn n nn a phng c th
gip qu v tm mt dch v tham vn gn ni qu v . Gi s
(800) 388-2227 hay ving mng (www.nfcc.org).

C Quan Tc ng Gii Tiu Th (Consumer Action)

www.consumer-action.org
Lin Lc ng Dy Khn Ca Chng Ti Ti:
www.consumer-action.org/hotline/complaint_form

415-777-9635
C ni ting Trung Hoa, Anh, v Ty Ban Nha.

n bn ny c pht hnh bi Consumer Action vi s hp tc ca Capital One Services, Inc. bit thm chi tit, ving thm trang in ton ca
MoneyWi$e (www.money-wise.org). Consumer Action 2010 Rev. 9/13
Tracking Your Money (Vietnamese version)

QUN L TIN
CA QU V CHO

KHN NGOAN
KIM SOT TIN CA QU V

TIN CA QU V I V U?
Nu qu v theo di tin tiu xi trong mt vi thng, qu
v s c cu tr li.
Bit mnh tiu cho nhng g l bc u tin qu v t ra qu
chi tiu. Qu chi tiu l mt k hoch tiu xi gip qu v tin
on v kim sot chi tiu ca mnh.
t ra mt qu chi tiu qu v cn bit mnh xi mi thng bao
nhiu v so snh con s vi tin lng qu v thu v. Chi tit
ny s gip qu v qun l tin bc khn ngoan ra sao.
C nhiu cch theo di vic chi tiu ca qu v. y l mt s
kin ng gp:
Gi mt quyn s nh bn ngi v ghi xung mi th qu v
mua v mi ha n qu v tr
Gi tt c cc giy tnh tin (receipts) trong mt bao th hay
hp giy
Nu qu v c my in ton, lp ra mt h s ghi vo tin
lng ca qu v v cc chi tiu
Nn ngh n chuyn c mt nhu liu in ton v qun l tin bc

Nn nh cng cc mn sau:
Tin nh (mn hay tin n mua nh hng thng, thu bt
ng sn)
Thc phm (tin ch, nh hng, bnh m sandwich, c ph,
nc s-a, qu vt)
Xe (tin n xe, xng, sa cha, bo him), tin u xe hay ph
tn di chuyn.
Nh ( chi dn nh, tu b, bo him cho ngi mn hay
cho ch nhn)
o qun, git kh, th lm tc hay th ht tc v cc vt dng
trang im
in nc (dch v in thoi, vin lin, in, xng hay du
la, nc)
Tr tin tn dng (nu qu v mc n th tn dng)
Tr n tin hc
Tr tin bo him (ti thiu mi thng)
Gii tr (coi phim, sch, tp ch, chi, tivi dy cp, dng
mng li in ton)
Gi tr
Cp dng con ci hay cp dng cho ngi thn trng nh
vo mnh nh cha m gi hay gia nh sng quc gia khc
Ha n khm bnh, thuc men
Ph tn lut php (chng th v di tr hay quc tch, son
thu, lut gia nh, cp dng con)
Tit kim (chuyn qua qu tit kim, qu hu tr hay qu u
t c phn)

Ngh x hi
ng thu ph tri ngoi tin thu ly ra t tin lng
Khi qu v cng li tc ca mnh, bao gm ngn phiu tin lng
hay ngn phiu tr cp vi bt c thu nhp no qu v nhn
c t cc ngun khc nh vic lm bn thi gian, tin thu tr
v, tin cp dng con, tin cp dng, tin mn, li tc u t
hay qu.
Khu tr chi tiu hng thng t thu nhp ca qu v s cho qu
v bit r tin chi tiu c nhn cn li ca qu v. Liu thu nhp
ca qu v c trang tri c cc chi tiu ca qu v? Nu khng,
qu v cn c quyt nh nn tiu t i hay lm sao kim thm
tin. sng trong kh nng ti chnh ca mnh, qu v cn
ra mt k hoch chi tiu.

CN BNG
Qu ngn pphiu v s ghi chi phiu l cng c qun l tin quan
trng. Nu qu v tr tin ha n hng thng khi nhn c tin
lng, qu v s bit r hn v tin mnh ra sao cho ti k lng k.

Nn nh:

Kim s ti chnh ngn hng mi khi nhn c bo co ti

chnh hng thng. a s nh bng u c ch dn d dng,
qu v ch cn theo s hng dn tng bc mt c trong bn
bo co ti chnh
Ghi li trong s chi phiu ca qu v v khu tr s tin ca
mi chi phiu qu v vit, mi ln ly tin t tr rt tin t
ng ATM hay mi ln dng th t ng tr tin v bt c l
ph nh bng no m qu v phi tr
ng qun tr cc khon tin rt trc tip v tin khu tr
(nh chuyn tin t qu tit kim hay tin tr ha n nh l
ph hi vin hi th thao hay ha n in nc) t qu nh
bng ca qu v

BT CHI TIU
C gng tiu xi t hn l tin qu v kim c. Bng cch ,
qu v c mt s tin xi. Tin tit kim quan trng cho cc
trng hp khn cp v cho cc k hoch tng lai. Nhiu ngi
nhn thy rng ch vi mt vi thay i nh cng li h dnh
c mt s tin ln.
Ct gim chi tiu bt u bng cch coi xem nu qu v c cc chi
tiu qu v c th gim thiu hay ct b hon ton. tm xem
nhng g qu v c th sng khng thy thiu n, c gng ng
mua bt c ci g trong vng mt tun ngoi tr cc vic rt mc
cn thit nh mua thc phm v xng cho xe.

CC CCH KHC CHI TIU T I

Lm mt danh sch i ch v lm ng theo . Mua hng
bn r, hng ha thng thng v cc mn hng l bt c lc
no c th mua c
Kim cc chng trnh hp tc x mua chung qua cc c quan
a phng
Nu thc n nh. Mang theo bch n tra n trng
hay n s. Trnh cc ni bn nc c ph t tin. Mua mt
ly c ph cappuccino hay latt mi ngy, cng li c th tn
ti $800 mi nm!
Cn thn khi i mua sm ti cc ca hng ln c nhiu hng
ha khi qu v i mua thc phm, qu v c th mun mua
cc mn hng khc m qu v khng thc s cn n
Dng th vin cng cng gia nh gii tr. Sch, tp ch,
CDs, chi v cc phim video ti thng min ph
H nhit my si xung vo ban ngy khi qu v khng c
nh v vo ban m khi qu v i ng
Nu qu v dng my lnh, vn n nhit cao hn bnh
thng
Nu c, qu v i b, tham gia i xe chung hay dng
phng tin di chuyn cng cng thay v li xe
Gi cho ngn hng a phng coi nu h c cho qu chi
phiu min ph hay vi l ph thp. Nu qu v dng th rt
tin t ng, tm nh bng no khng c cc l ph nh vy
hay rt tin t my rt tin t ng t nh bng ca qu v
Ngh n chuyn mua cc mn hng c c phm cht nh xe,
my dng trong nh v o qun
Thay v i chi xa lu ngy, i chi, cm tri gn nh
Mua thuc theo toa loi thng hay thuc khng cn toa thay
v mua thuc c hiu ni ting

i gi. Qu v c th tit kim c mt s tin ln v hng

ha hay cc dch v qu v cn bng cch i gi. So snh gi
c ca mt s cc tim trc khi qu v mua. Khi i kim mt
ngn hng, cng ty in thoi, bo him hay thuc cn toa bc s,
qu v nn gi cho t nht l ba cng ty.
Gia tng li tc ca qu v. i khi cho d qu v c ct gim

chi tiu bao nhiu i chng na, qu v cn thm tin. Qu v coi

xem nu mnh c th:
Li dng chng trnh thu thu nhp nh Earned Income Tax
Credit, hay cc chng trnh tr gip cho ngi c thu nhp
thp hay trung bnh.
Kim vic lm bn thi gian hay lm cui tun. Nhiu c s
thng nghip mn thm ngi lm trong ma l
Cho mn phng d
Nhn cho mt du hc sinh . Nhiu chng trnh tr cho tin

th lao m c th gip cc chi tiu trong nh

Bt u mt thng nghip ti nh m khng cn nhiu tin
mt b ra nh dch v cung ng th tho vt (handy-person
services), gi tr hay khu v
Bn garage sale cc dng trong nh v o qun m qu v
khng cn cn na

Tit kim thm tin ca qu v. Tm nhng cch dnh

tin, n:
Lm thi kha biu ngy c tr lng s trc tip i vo
qu tit kim ca qu v hay qu v hu c nhn IRA (Individual Retirement Account)
Cc c hi tit kim tin trc khi b ng thu nh k hoch
tit kim tin v hu do hng bo tr. Nhiu hng cho vo
qu ca qu v s tin tng ng hay mt na ca s tin
qu v ng vo
Qu Chi Tiu Uyn Chuyn (Flexible Spending Account), cung
ng bi mt s hng. Qu v c th gim thiu tin ng thu
li tc bng cch dng tin trc khi ng thu tr cho chi
ph gi tr hay chi ph y t m khng c hng bo him tr

LP RA K HOCH TI CHNH
Qu v c th khng c qu cu thy tinh chim tinh, nhng chc
chn rng qu v c mt tng v tng lai ca qu v mun n
nh th no. C l qu v mun lp gia nh v bt u mt mi
gia nh, i hc, du lch, mua nh -- y l nhng mc ch ca
qu v. Tin bc thng cn thit nhn thc ra cc mc ch
quan trng ca cuc i -- nn cc mc ch ny tr thnh mc
ch ti chnh.
Mc ch ti chnh thng l ngn hn hay di hn. Mc ch
ngn hn c th l mc ch qu v mun thnh t trong vng
mt hay hai nm, nh hon tt vic hc ca qu v hay lp gia
nh. Mc ch di hn c th i hi nhiu thi gian hn t
c. Phi mt nm nm hay lu hn qu v c th mua c
mt cn nh, v phi mt nhiu thi gian hn nu ni v tin bo
m hu tr hay tin tr cho con ci vo trng i hc.
Qu v l ngi duy nht c th lp ra mc ch cho mnh. Ngi
xung vi cy vit mc v t giy v suy ngh v tt c nhng
g qu v cn cho thng ti, nm ti v cho 10 hay 20 nm ti.
Khng lu, qu v s c mt bng mc ch ti chnh.
Mt khi qu v t ra c mc ch cho mnh, mt chng
trnh tit kim v u t s cn n t c mc ch.

TIT KIM V U T
Qu v c th dng tin ca mnh to ra thm tin. Tin qu v
dnh c th lm li cho qu v qua vic nhn c tin li ca