—— @—___ absolutism system of rule in which monarchs held total power and elaimed to mule by the will ef ‘God fp. 686) acupuncture Chinese practice of easing, Ty etching than needles into patent’ alin tp. 246) adobe sundried mud brick (p. 591) in early Greek city-states, an open area that ered iahedr tact nel acmeeas peek (p12) alphabet group of letters that stand for sounds (p. 85) anatomy the study af body structure (p. 305} animism belief that all natural things are alive and ‘have their own spitits (p. 490) ‘annul fe cancel fp. 648) anthropologist scientist who studies the physical ‘characteristics and cultures of humans and their ancestors (p- 9) anti-Semitism hatned of Jews (p: 548) apostle early Christian leader whe had been chosen bby Jesus to spread his message (p. 345) aqueduct human-made channel built to carry water (p-291) scientist who leams about past human life by studying fossils and artifacts (p. 9) aristocrat noble whose wealth came from land ‘ownership (p. 227) artifact weapon, tool, or ather item made by thurman (p. 9) artisan skilled crafteperson (p. 2) astronomer person wha studies stars, and ‘other heavenly bodies (pp. 30, — @—__—_ barbarian uncivilized person (p. 435) barter to exchange gouds without using money (p39) bazaar marketplace (p. 389) mone all deities are different parts (p. 203) tom founded by Siddhartha Gautama, ‘the Buddha; that the way to find truth was to give up all desizes (p. 205) bureaucracy a group af appointed aificials who are ‘responsible for different areas of governanenit (p. 225) —@—__——_ mportant Muslim polstical and relipicsse ‘leader (p. 380) calligraphy beautiful handwriting (p. 421); the art of producing beautiful handwriting (p. 500) carvan group of traveling merchants and animals (pp. 30, 373) caste social carmot that a person is bam into and p19) calared steep rapids formed by cliffs and boulders ina river (p.39) census a count of the number of people (p. 432) diy state mdependent state made up of a city and the surrauding laa and villages (p19), dilation complex society with cities, organized ‘government art, religion, las divisions, and writing system (p. 17) ddan gronp of families related bry blood or marriage (pp. 461. 487) officials, such as priests, Sento (pp- 355, 538) settlement in a new territory close {Ses veh ig homeland pp. 121 oe comedy form of drama in which the story has a esppy ancinag 161) commerce the buying and selling af goods in large ‘over long distances (p.-666) concordat agreement between the pope and the ruler of a country (p. 521) a loose «nica of several groups or states (p- 582) Confucianism system of beliefs introduced by the ‘Chinese thinker Confucins; taught that people needed to have a sense of duty to their family and ty in onder to bring peace to society tp. 238) conquistadoe Spanish conqueror of seldier in the Americas (p. 595)‘constitution written plan of government (pp. 488, 64) consul ore eof the tw jernanent officials in ee cteetee ‘covenant agreement (p. 82) crler announcer who calls Mushin believers to prayer five times a day (p. 334) ‘cuneiform Sumerian system of writing made up of wedge-shaped markings (p20) currency system of money ip. 24) ——_Q——_- daimyo. poweréul military lord in feudal Japan (p. 496) es the Chinese expected Fei ascaauag cies ie eh based on the teachings of ae coco should tum to nature and give up their ly concerns (p. 238) deism religious belief based on reason (p. 685) deity. god or gnekess (p49) delta area af fertile sail at the mouth af a river (p. 39) democracy government in which all citizens share in running the government (p. 126) denomination an organized branch of Christianity (p. 636) dharma in Hinduism, the divine kaw that requires people to perform the duties of their caste (p. 2M) dhow an Arab sailboat (p. 452) Diaspora refers to the scattering of communities of Jews outside their homeland after the Babylonian captivity (p. 96) didator in ancient Rome, a person who ruled with Giplomacy the art of negotiating with other countries (p- 615) rect democracy system nf government in which people gather at mass meetings to decide on government matters (p. 159} disciple close follower of Jesus (p. 344) doctrine official church teaching {p. 355) domesticate to tame animals and plants for human use (p. 13) dre told by actors who pretend to be “uladnin de ery 1 dynasty line of rulers from the same family tp. 44, 210, 226) Ss way in which people produce, ‘buy goods and services (p. 410) process developed by the ancient Egyptians of preserving a person's body death (p. 49) empice group of territories or nations under a singke ruler or government (pp. 23, 85) ork fog orm tnd seabed or hie deeds (p. 157) ston jAhoogfiy Src te Peters Piscorgniaesacspe, cau muy life (p. 184) excommunicate to declare that a person or group: no longer belongs to a church (pp. 361, 521) elle period of forced absence from one’s country er home (p34) expert to sell to another country (p. 666) extended family tamsily groups several generations as well as ather relatives (p. 469) ee short tale that teaches a lesson (p. 158) feudalism political based on bonds af layal Poe ncaanee 497,523) = flel under feudalism, the land a land granted te a vassal in exchange for military service and loyalty (p. 524) filial piety children's respect for their parents and det cee aie eee beliefs (p. 254) fjord steep-sided valley that is an inlet of the sea ip. 518) Forum open space in Rome that served as a tesa plc. separ: (305) fossil the trace or imprint of a plant or animal that has been preserved in mck (p. 9) ——— &—__——_. lacier huge sheet of ice (p. 573) economy sell,gladivtor in ancient Rome, person who fought aniinals and other peaple as public ‘entertainment (p. 306) 0spel ("good news") one of the four accounts of ‘Jesus’ life, teachings, and resurrection (p. 355) that decides whether there is jonce to accuse a person of a crime eo ‘lot storyteller (p. 449) medieval business group formed oe and merchants (pp. S08 530) (guru religious teacher and spiritual guide in. ‘Hinduism (p. 2) ra period when the Greek language anid (Greek ian epessd So the rear Check: peoples af southwest Asia (p. 178) helot person who was conquered and enslaved ‘the ancient Spartans (p. 126) re heresy belict that differs trom or contradicts the accepted teachings nf. religion (pp. 547, 643) hierarchy organization with different levels of authority {p-355) Hinduism system of religion that grew nut of the religgion of the Aryans in ancient India (p. 203) historian persem who studies and writes about the ‘human past (p. #) important (p. 619) Iypathesis propased explanation of the facts (p. 679) ———_@_____ kon Christian religious image or picture (p. 359) antine encouraged the worship of idels (p. 360) ldeograph « character that joins two or mere ‘pictographs to represent ar idea (p. 228) {slo dome-shaped home built by the Inuit (p. 590) Import to buy from another country (p. 646) lncease material burned for its pleasant smell (p. 62) reduced the Church's punishment for a sin ip. 63) inflation period of rapidlly increasing prices (p. 318) invest to put money into a project (p. 667) irrigation method of bringing water to a field from, another place t water crops (p. 15) —g@———_- (arma in Hints, the good os ba 2 or she based whether! Emer es a ipa or ie tad fn tora ($08) 9 lolly church members whe are not ergy (p. 355) Lollfundia large farming estates in ancient Rome 278) legary what a person leaves behind whem he or she dies (p. 178) legalism Chinese ty “Hanteizi: are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh Laws: 2 legion smaller unit of the Roman army inade up of about 6,000 soldiers (p. 266) limited government idea that a may only ‘ee Bee pomecy glenn bnaley Oe peace 70h —Q@———_ mandate formal ander (p. 230) martial ans sports, such as judo and karate, that peurediorwipne eos winten martyr person willing to die rather than give up his af eerie an mass Catholic worship service (p. 546) matrilineal refers to a that traces descent ‘through mothers rather than fathers (p. 4) meditation practice of quiet reflection to clear the ‘mind and find inner peace (p. 499)mercantilism the idea that a country gains power by building up its supply of gold and silver (p. 666) messiah in Judaism, a deliverer sent by God (pp. 101, 344) inaret twnver of a moque from which the erier calls believers to prayer five times a day (p. 394) Peron wha travels to carry the ideas af a religion to others (pp. 363,520) monastery religisus community where monks live and work (pp. 362, 413) e monopoly control of all (or almost all) trade or production of a certain good (p. 576) monotheism the belied in ore God (p. 81) ‘monsoon in South Asia, a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the opposite direction in summer (p. 195) ‘mosaic picture made from many bits of calored ‘glass, tile, or stone (p. 333) ‘mosque Musiim house of worship (p. 389) mummy body that has been embalmed and in linen (p. 50} myth traditional story describing on heroes or explaining natural events (p. so ———_q@—__ ‘natural law Law that to everyone and can be understood by reason (p. 651) ivana in Buddhism, a state of wisdom and freedom from the cycle at eebirth (p. 205) nomad person who regularly moves from place to place (p. 10) novel long fictional story (p. 432) oasis green area ina desert fed by underground ‘water (p. 373) ode poem that expreses strong emotions about life (p HH) ligarehy government in which a small growp of are oracle sacred shrine where a priest or spake for a god or goddess (p. 156) ‘oral history the stories passed down from generation te generation (p. 470) en Se ‘papyras reed plant of the Nile Valley, used to make a form of paper tp. 42) ‘parable story that used events from everyday life to “express spiritnal idens (p. 345) ‘paterfanilias (“father af the father as head of the houschal (p. Mr) patridan wealthy landowner and member of the ruling class im ancient Rome (p. 269) Pex Romana (“Roenan Peace”) long era of peace and safety in the Roman Empire (p. 257) ‘peninsula body of land with water oa three sides (p17) ‘pESEGIte to mistreat a person because of his or her beliefs or differences (p. 353) ‘pharach all-powerful king in ancient Egypt (p. 48) ‘philosopher thinker who seeks wistlem and ponders questions about life (pp. 140, 169) phllssophy study of the nature and meaning of life; comes from the Greek word far “hove of wisdom” (p. 168) ‘pictogeaph a character that stands for an object (p. 228) pilgrim person wha travels to go to a religious shrine or site (p-213) plague diseave that spreads quickly and kills many people (pp. 319, 554) plane geometry branch of mathematics that shows how peants, lines, angles, and surkaces relate to ane another (p- 155) plateau area of high flat land (p. 146) plebelan member of the commen people in ancient Rome {p. 269) the. ‘Greek city-state, made up of a cit we sal tat et ea nae mame for the inancient Rame tryside and. an independent country (p- 122) ‘pope the of Rome, later the head af the Roman lic Church (p. 356) ‘popular sovereignty idea that a gavernment receives its power fram the people (jp. 700) ‘poruelsin type of ceramic ware that is made of fine dlay and baked at high temperatures (p. 418) prattor important government official in ancientrotates belict that no matter what a person does, the outcome of his or her life is already planned by God (p. 640) prophel person believed tobe instructed by God to shave God's wards (p. 57} me prover wise saying (p. 59) province political district (p. 23) pyramid huge stone structure built by the ancient Egyptians to serve as.a tomb (p. 50) ee © quip rope with knotted cords of different lengths rece ‘Quran hely book of islam (p. 377) vablbl Jewish leader and teacher of the Torah (p. 101) ‘aja prince who led an Aryan tribe in India (p. 199) vationatism the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge (p. 675) ‘Reconquista (*reconquest”) Christian struggle to take back the Sberian Peninsula from the Muslims (p. 558) reform change that tries te bring about ar improvement (pp. 320, 411) Reformation movement to reform the Catholic Church; led to the creation of Protestantism: (p63) regent person who acts as a temporary cules (p. 334) reincarnation rebirth of the seat ar spirit in diflerent ‘bodies aver time ip. 204) Renaissance (“rebirth“) of renewed interest in art and learning in fp-008) representative democracy system of in which citizens choose a smaller to make Jaws and governmental decisions on their behalf ip 1) representative government system of tins olay peng cic Sowers hake ewe fp 34) republic form of goverment in which the leader is not a king or quem but a perm elected by citizens (p. 285) resurrection the act ofising from the dead (p. 347) rhetoric public speaking (p. 37) Sabbath weekly day of worship and rest for Jews (pi) ‘saint Christian haly person (p. 333) salvation the act of being saved from sin and, allowed to enter heaven (p. 350) samarai class of warriors in feudal Japan whes pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land a5) Sanshift written language developed by the Aryans (p19) satire work that pokes fun at human weaknesses: p30 saivap official whe ruled 2 state in the Persian Empire under Darius (p. 133) salrapies the 20 states into which Darins divided the Persian Exopire (p. 133) enan goeey peel: ‘schism separation (p.361) ‘scholasticism medieval way of thinking that tried to bring together reason and faith in studies of relignon (p. 551) scientific method orderly way of collecting and analyzing evidence (p. 674) scribe record keeper (p.20) sec asmaller group with distinct beliefs within a Langer selagious group (p.499) ‘seaular interested in worldly rather than religious matters (p. 609) seminary schoo! for training and eduicating priests and ministers (p. 643) separation of powers equal division of power among, Terkranches of povensment (622) serf peasant laborer bound by law th the Lands nf 3 noble (p. 524) sheikh leader of an Arab tribe (p. 373) Shilte Muslim group that accepts only the ascsarst of Rebate cocoa Alan rightful ralers af Muslims (p. 382) ‘shogun military ruber of feudal Japan (p. 495) ‘thtlae holy place (p. 490) ‘sotial dass graup af people wha share a similar position in society (p. 233)sodal contract agreement between rulers and the people upon which a gowernment it based fp. 68) Socratic method way nf teaching developed cuales Hat mae a quesbioecidecnowes = Fasmnat ao ona atacknde ks oo Brace see things for themselves (p. 170) solid geometry branch of mathematics that studies eden ial game ae ‘the development of different kinds of jobs tp 15) steppe wide, rolling, grassy plain (p. 424) Stoicism founded by Zeno in Hellenistic Athens; that happiness came not from following emotions, but froen fellewing reason and doing one’s duty (p. 184) stupa Buddhist shrine that is shaped like a dome or ‘mound (p. 211) subcontinent large landmass that is part of a continent but distinct from it (p. 195) sultan military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country (pp. 383, 467) Sunni Muslim group that accepts descendants af the ‘Umayyads ax rightful rulers of Muslims (p. 382) Swahili refers ta the culture and language of East Africa (p. 467) Symagogue Jewish house of worship (p. 4) 3. tanka Japan’s oldest form of poetry; an unthymed nein bat technology tools and methods used ta help humans (perform tasks (p. 11) violent hat ame meant to scare Soames thescracy government headed bby religious leaders tp 208) theology the study of religion and Gad (pp. 550, 640) theory an explanation of how of why something ‘happens (p. 671) et psi Sa heeepe fh any (p82) tragedy form of drama in which a person struggles tw overcome difficulties but meets an unhappy end (p. 160} reason disloyalty to the government (pp. 431, 399) Arial jury group that decisled whether an accised Pefson was innocent or guslty (p- 537) Iribe group of related families (pp. 81, <2) tribute payment made by one group er nation te another to show obedience or to obtain peace or protection (pp. 6, 89) Arlumirate in ancient Rome, a three-person ruling oon tyrant person who takes power by force and rules with total authority (p. 125) ——g—_— vassal in feudalism, a noble who held land keer and served 3 Jord, and in return 2 higher-ranking was given protection (pp. 406, 323) vault curved structure of stone or concrete forming, 2 ceiling or mol (p. 303) vernacular everyday language used ina country er ‘region (pp. 552, 620) velo. ta reject (p. 270) ——————o— warlord military leader who runs a. government (p. 405) Zoroaster; taught that Sarl Nea ae Gate to choose between right and wrong, and that goodness wauld triumph in the end (p. 133)