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baigiangKTdien PDF
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3
2
Hnh 1.1.a
a. Ngun in: Ngun in l thit b pht ra in nng. V nguyn l, ngun in l
thit b bin i cc dng nng lng nh c nng, ha nng, nhit nng thnh in nng.
Hnh 1.1.b
b. Ti: Ti l cc thit b tiu th in nng v bin i in nng thnh cc dng nng
lng khc nh c nng, nhit nng, quang nng vv. (hnh 1.1.c)
Hnh 1.1.c
c. Dy dn: Dy dn lm bng kim loi (ng, nhm ) dng truyn ti in
nng t ngun n ti.
1.2.1. Dng in
Dng in i v tr s bng tc bin thin ca lng in tch q qua tit din
ngang mt vt dn: i = dq/dt
i
B
UAB
Hnh 1.2.a
Ung
Hnh 1.2.b
Khi gii mch in, ta ty v chiu dng in v in p trong cc nhnh gi l
chiu dng. Kt qu tnh ton nu c tr s dng, chiu dng in (in p) trong
nhnh y trng vi chiu v, ngc li, nu dng in (in p) c tr s m, chiu ca
chng ngc vi chiu v.
u( t)
e( t)
Hnh 1.3.1.a
Hnh 1.3.1.b
Ngun in p cn c biu din bng mt sc in ng e(t)
(hnh1.3.1.b).
Chiu e (t) t im in th thp n im in th cao. Chiu in p theo quy c t
im c in th cao n im in th thp:
u(t) = - e(t)
4
b. Ngun dng in
Ngun dng in J (t) c trng cho kh nng ca ngun in to nn v duy tr mt
dng in cung cp cho mch ngoi ( hnh 1.3.1.c)
J( t)
Hnh 1.3.1.c
1.3.2. in tr R
in tr R c trng cho qu trnh tiu th in nng v bin i in nng sang
dng nng lng khc nh nhit nng, quang nng, c nng vv.
Quan h gia dng in v in p trn in tr : uR =R.i (hnh1.3.2.)
n v ca in tr l (m)
Cng sut in tr tiu th: p = Ri2
i
uR
Hnh 1.3.2
in dn G: G = 1/R. n v in dn l Simen (S)
in nng tiu th trn in tr trong khong thi gian t :
1.3.3. in cm L
Khi c dng in i chy trong cun dy W vng s sinh ra t thng mc vng vi
cun dy = W
(hnh 1.3.3)
in cm ca cuc dy: L = /i = W./i
n v in cm l Henry (H).
Nu dng in i bin thin th t thng cng bin thin v theo nh lut cm ng in t
trong cun dy xut hin sc in ng t cm:
eL = - d /dt = - L di/dt
Quan h gia dng in v in p:
uL = - eL = L di/dt
Hnh 1.3.3
Cng sut tc thi trn cun dy: pL= uL .i = Li di/dt
Nng lng t trng ca cun dy:
1.3.4. in dung C
Khi t in p uc hai u t in (hnh 1.3.4), s c in tch q tch ly trn bn t
in.: q = C .uc
Nu in p uC bin thin s c dng in dch chuyn qua t in:
i= dq/dt = C .duc /dt
Ta c:
C
i
uC
Hnh 1.3.4
Cng sut tc thi ca t in: pc = uc .i =C .uc .duc /dt
Nng lng in trng ca t in:
I
O
Hnh 1.4.a
Hnh 1.4.b
Hnh 1.5.1
R1
i4
e2
e4
R2
R
i2
R3
i3
Hnh 1.5.2
R1 i1 + R2 i2 R3 i3 +R4i4 = e2 e3 + e4
e3
10
v vct in p
Tng hay hiu ca cc hm sin c biu din bng tng hay hiu cc vc t
tng ng.
nh lut Kichp 1 di dng vc t:
nh lut Kichp 2 di dng vc t:
Da vo cch biu din cc i lng v 2 nh lut Kichp bng vct, ta c
th gii mch in trn th bng phng php th vct.
c. Nhn s phc vi j
ej 90 = 1.( cos90 + j sin90) = j; ej -90 = 1[cos (-90) + j sin (-90)] = - j
Z = R +jX
M un ca tng tr phc k hiu l z:
Tng dn phc:
12
Ta c: P = URI = RI2
n v ca cng sut tc dng l W (ot) hoc KW
L
i
/2
I
UL
b)
a)
u,i,pL
PL
UL
i
2
/2
c)
Hnh 2.6
13
T th vct ta c:
Trong :
z gi l m un tng tr ca nhnh R L - C ni tip.
X = XL - XC; X l in khng ca nhnh.
in p lch pha so vi dng in mt gc : tg = X/R= (XL XC)/R
Biu din nh lut m di dng phc:
Ta c:
Tng tr phc ca nhnh:
iC
IC
iL
iR
IL
I
IC IL
A
IR
b
)
a)
Hnh 2.8.2
15
17
I2
I1
&
U
AB
XL
B
Hnh 3.2
(A)
Mc khc :
T (1) v (2) ta c:
Ta c: Yt = Y1 +Y2 +Y3
19
(1)
20
E& 1
Z1
&I
1
a
E& 2
Z2
&I
2
b
E& 3
Z3
&I
3
Hnh 3.4
Gii mch n bng phng php dng in nhnh
Mch in c 2 nt (n = 2) v 3 nhnh (m =3)
Chn chiu dng in nhnh I1,I2 , I3 v chiu dng cho vng a, b ( hnh 3.4)
Vit phng trnh Kichp 1 cho nt B:
Vit 2 phng trnh Kichp 2 cho hai vng :
Vng a:
Vng b:
Th s vo 3 phng trnh (1) (2) v (3) ta gii h phng trnh c kt qu:
21
Nhc im ca phng php dng in nhnh l gii h nhiu phng trnh vi nhiu
n s.
&I
1
Z1
& AB
U
E& 1
&I
2
&I
3
Z2
Z3
E& 3
E& 2
B
Hnh 3.6
23
Nhnh 2:
Nhnh 3:
p dng nh lut Kichp 1 ti nt A:
T cc phng trnh trn ta c:
Suy ra:
Cng thc tng qut nu mch c n nhnh v ch c hai nt A,B :
trong c quy c cc sc in ng Ek c chiu ngc chiu vi in p UAB th ly
du dng v cng chiu ly du m.
Gii bi ton trn bng phng php in p hai nt:
in p UAB:
Thay s vo ta c:
p dng nh lut m cho cc nhnh ca mch in :
Nhnh 1 :
Nhnh 2:
Nhnh 3:
Kt lun:
Phng php in p hai nt thch hp gii cho mch in c nhiu nhnh nhng ch
c hai nt.
24
a. Thut ton:
25
Khi
26
Ta c:
V ln:
Up
UAB = UBC = UCA = Ud =
V pha, in p dy UAB , UBC , UCA lch pha nhau mt gc 1200 v vt trc in p
pha tng ng mt gc 300 .
i vi ni sao i xng:
i vi ni tam gic i xng:
Cng sut tc dng ba pha vit theo i lng dy, p dng cho c trng hp ni sao v
ni tam gic i xng:
Ti ni hnh sao: Id = Ip
b. Khi c xt tng tr ca ng dy pha
Cch tnh ton cng tng t:
Dng in dy:
b. Khi c xt tng tr ng dy
Tng tr mi pha lc ni tam gic: Z = Rp+jXp
Tng tr bin i sang hnh sao
Dng in dy Id:
Dng in pha ca ti :
A
Up
Zoo
ZA
&I
o'o
O
ZB
Ud
C
B
ZC
&I
C
29
&I
B
Hnh 4.6.1.a
Dng phng php in p hai nt, in p gia hai im trung tnh O v O:
trong YA= 1/ZA; YB=1/ ZB; YC=1/ ZC; Y0=1/ Z0 l tng dn phc cc pha ti v dy
trung tnh .
V ngun i xng:
Pha B:
Pha C:
30
ZCA
Ud
&I
C
ZAB
&I
CA
ZBC
B
&I
BC
C
&I
B
Hnh 4.6.2
Ngun in c in p dy l UAB, UBC, UCA
Nu khng xt tng tr cc dy dn pha (Zd =0) in p t ln cc pha ti l in p dy
ngun. Dng in trn cc pha ti:
31
32
CHNG 5. O LNG IN
5.1. NHNG KHI NIM CHUNG V O LNG IN
5.1.1. nh ngha
o lng l mt qu trnh nh gi nh lng i lng cn o vi n v ca i
lng o
33
5.2. C CU BIN I IN C
a. nh ngha
Dng c o tng t ( analog) l loi dng c o m ch s ca n l i lng lin
tc t l vi i lng o lin tc.
Trong dng c o tng t ngi ta thng dng cc ch th in c, trong tn hiu vo
l dng in cn tn hiu ra l gc quay ca kim ch th.
C cu ny thc hin vic bin nng lng in t thnh nng lng c hc lm quay
phn ng mt gc lch so vi phn tnh.
= f(X) , X : i lng in
b. Nguyn l lm vic ca c cu bin i in c
Khi cho dng in vo mt c cu bin i c in do tc dng ca t trng quay ln
phn ng ca c cu m sinh ra mt m men quay Mq.
Mq = dWt/d ( Wt l nng lng in t trng)
Nu ta t vo trc ca phn ng mt l xo cn th khi phn ng quay l xo b xon li
v sinh ra mt mmen cn Mc:
Mc = K. ( h s K ph thuc vo kch thc v vt liu ch to l xo)
Khi phn ng ca c cu nm v tr cn bng:
Mq = Mc = 1/K. dWt/d
y l phng trnh c tnh thang o
C cu bin i kiu in c c 4 loi:
1. C cu kiu t in
2. C cu kiu in t
3. C cu kiu in ng
4. C cu kiu cm ng
5. C cu kiu tnh in
5.2.1. C cu o kiu t in
a. Cu to
Nam chm vnh cu (1) c t cm cao c hai m cc t.
Li thp hnh tr (2) nhm gim khe h khng kh gia hai cc nam chm lm
cho t trng mnh v phn b u.
Cun dy ng (3) bng dy ng tit din nh trn khung nhm khung nhm
qun dy.
L xo (4) dng to mmen phn khng.
Trc (5)
Kim ch th (6)
b. Nguyn l lm vic
Khi c dng in mt chiu cn o chy vo cun dy ng, t trng ca n s tc
dng vi t trng ca nam chm vnh cu, to nn lc F tc dng ln hai cnh cun dy
ng v gy ra mmen quay Mq:
Mq =F.*D = BLWI .D = Kq .I
Mi quan h gia gc lch kim ch th v dng in cn o:
34
= S.I
trong S l nhy ca c cu o
c. c im v ng dng
u im:
C chnh xc cao v cc phn t c cu c n nh cao, t trng cc t
mnh nn t b nh hng ca t trng ngoi v cng sut tiu th nh
Thang o chia u
nhy ln nn o c cc dng mt chiu rt nh.
Nhc im:
Ch o c dng mt chiu v gc lch t l bc nht vi dng in
Tit din cun dy ng nh, nn kh nng qu ti km
Cu to phc tp, h hng kh sa cha.
ng dng:
Ch to o dng in v in p mt chiu: vn k, m pe k.
o cc dng, p tr s nh nh: in k, milimpek, milivolk.
o in tr : m mt, mgmt
Ch to ng h vn nng.
5.2.2. C cu o kiu in t
a. Cu to
C cu gm 2 loi chnh: kiu cun dy phng v kiu cun dy trn
Ta xt c cu kiu cun dy phng nh hnh 5.2.2
Cun dy phng phn tnh (1)
Li thp (2)
L st t mm (3) l phn ng, nm trong lng cun dy phn tnh
B phn cn du (4)
Hnh 5.2.2
b. Nguyn l lm vic
Khi cho dng in cn o I vo cun dy 1, l st t 3 s b y lm kim quay i mt gc
. Trong cun dy c tch ly nng lng t trng:
WM = LI2 /2
L: in cm ca cun dy
Mi quan h gia gc lch ca kim ch th vi dng in cn o I:
= SI2
S: nhy ca c cu o
35
c. c im v ng dng
u im:
- o c dng xoay chiu v mt chiu
- Kh nng qu ti ln do tit din dy qun ln, o c dng v p ln
- Cu to n gin
Nhc im:
T trng bn thn yu, b nh hng ca t trng ngoi. Do tn hao phu c v
t tr, nn chnh xc khng cao, nhy thp.
Thang o chia khng u.
ng dng: Ch to cc ampe k v vn k mt chiu v xoay chiu
5.2.3. C cu o kiu in ng
a. Cu to
- Phn tnh l cun dy (1 ) gm hai na cun dy t cnh nhau to ra khong
khng gian c t trng tng i u, qun dy tit din ln.
- Phn ng l cun dy (2 ) c tit din nh t trong lng cun dy tnh.
Ngoi ra cn c l xo v b phn cn du
b. Nguyn l lm vic
Dng in cn o c a vo cun dy 1( I1) v 2 (I2) to nn 2 t trng y
nhau, gy nn mmen quay. Nng lng t trng tch ly trong 2 cun dy:
WM = L1I12/2 +L2I22/2 + MI1.I2
L1, L2 : in cm ca hai cun dy; M: h cm gia hai cun dy
Mi quan h gia gc lch kim ch th vi 2 dng in cn o:
= S. I1 I2
trong S l nhy ca c cu o
Nu I1= I2 =I =S I2
c. c im v ng dng
u im:
Khng c li thp nn khng c tn hao st t, nn chnh xc cao, ch to dng
c o vi cp chnh xc n 0.05.
o c dng mt chiu v xoay chiu.
Nhc im:
Cun dy (2) c tit din nh, nn kh nng qu ti km.
Cu to phc tp
T trng ca c cu o b nh hng bi t trng ngoi.
ng dng:
Ch to vn k, ampe k mt chiu v xoay chiu v ch to dng c o
cng sut (ot k) l ch yu .
5.2.4. C cu o kiu cm ng
a. Cu to ( hnh v 5.2.4)
-
Hnh 5.2.4
b. Nguyn l lm vic
Cho dng in I1 v I2 vo hai cun dy (2) v(3) sinh ra t thng 1 v 2 lch
nhau gc . Mmen lm cho a nhm quay: Mq = Cf.1.2 sin
Hai cun dy phn tnh ln lt o dng I v in p U cho nn:
1 U ; 2 I ; gc lch pha gia U v I ( v U nhanh pha so vi 1 gc 90 , I cng pha
vi 2 ) cho nn = +900
Mq = Cf.1.2 sin KU.I.cos = KP
Nh vy mmen quay t l vi cng sut P m ti tiu th .
th hin s vng quay ca a nhm, ngi ta gn vo trc c cu ch th m c kh.
Lng in nng tiu th A trong khong thi gian t:
A = P. t= C.N (N : s vng quay ca a nhm)
c. c im v ng dng
- iu kin mmen quay l phi c hai t trng
- Mmen quay ph thuc tn s dng in
- Ch lm vic trong mch in xoay chiu
ng dng: Ch to cng t o in nng
5.3. O DNG IN V O IN P
5.3.1. o dng in
o dng in bng cch mc ampe k ni tip vi ph ti c dng in cn o chy
qua. in tr trong ca ampe k cng nh cng tt
m rng thang o mt chiu, ngi ta dng in tr sn (shunt) Rs ni song song vi
c cu o
Ta c I = IS+IA
K = I/IA = RA /RS + 1
K: h s m rng thang o.
Thay i RS ta c cc h s m rng thang o khc nhau
RA /RS = 9;99; 999 K = 10;100;1000;...
Dng i qua c cu ch bng 1/10; 1/100;1/1000; .. vi dng cn o.
o dng xoay chiu dng cc ampemt in t hay in ng.
37
RS
I3
I2
I1
RS
RS
I4
RS
Hnh 5.3.1.b
5.3.2. o in p
o in p ngi ta dng vn k mc song song vi mch in c in p cn o.
kt qu o chnh xc th in tr vn k cng ln cng tt.
m rng thang o bng cch mc thm in tr ph ni tip vi vn k
Gi k= U/UV : h s m rng thang o.
k = U/UV = 1+Rp/Rv
Thay i Rp c th t c cc gi tr k khc nhau
Khi o in p U ln m rng thang o ngi ta dng my bin p in p.
5.5. O IN TR
a. o gin tip
o in tr ta dng Ampe k o dng in I v vnk o in p U.
in tr cn o: Rx = U/I
Ta c Rx +RA = U/I, in tr ampek gy sai s php o.
Ta c: I = U/Rx + U/Rv Rx = 1/ (I/U 1/Rv)
in tr vn k gy nn sai s php o, dng o in tr c gi tr nh
b. o bng m k (hnh 5.5.2)
Rcc
I
Rx
2
Rbt
Hnh 5.5.2
m k dng o cc in tr c gi tr nh
Cu to:
Ngun pin E
C cu ch th kiu t in Rcc
Rbt - in tr dng iu chnh v tr khng.
Rx - in tr cn o
39
1. Chuyn i in tr
- Bin tr
in tr ca bin tr : Rx= R.L/LX
LX l khong di chuyn ca con chy .
Bin tr dng o di chuyn thng hoc nu c loi bin tr xoay
- Chuyn i in tr lc cng
Cu to gm ming giy mng lm , trn dn si dy mnh bng hp kim platin.
Sau dn ln chi tit cn o bin dng.
S bin thin in tr chuyn i : R/R = K ./E
K : nhy ca chuyn i
: ng sut tc dng ln chuyn i cn o
E: mun n hi
2. Chuyn i in t
Chuyn i cc di chuyn thng hay gc thnh thay i in cm, h cm v xut hin
sc in ng
3. Chuyn i in dung (nh hnh 5.6.1.c)
in dung ca t in C: C = . S/d
: hng s in mi
S: din tch bn cc
d: khong cch gia hai bn cc
S di chuyn ca khong cch gia hai in cc, gc quay hay chiu dy in mi dn
n s bin thin ca t in
Hnh 5.6.1.c
4. Chuyn i nhit in (nh hnh 5.6.1.d)
t0
t0
t0
II
t1
t1
Hnh 5.6.1.d
em hn hai thanh kim loi khng ng cht I v II, nhit t1 v t0 khc nhau
dn n xut hin sc in ng trong mch gi l sc nhit in ng
41
Hnh 5.6.2.a
b. o s di chuyn ( nh hnh 5.6.2.b)
Rt
Hnh 5.6.2.b
S di chuyn ca vt th dn n s thay i khong cch 2 bn cc ca t C, dn n
thay i in dung C, bin thin in p v tn hiu c a ra c cu o. C cu o s
c khc vch khong di chuyn tng ng.
5.7. O LNG S
a. Nguyn l ca ch th s
42
i lng o x(t) sau khi qua b bin i thnh xung (BX). S xung c c a
vo b m ha (MH) c s 2 sau n b gii m (GM) v a ra b hin s nh hnh
5.7.1
x(t)
BX
MH
GM
Hnh 5.7.1
b. Thit b hin s
C nhiu loi thit b hin s quang hc khc nhau nhng dng ph bin nht l b
hin s bng LED ghp 7 thanh v loi tinh th lng. it pht quang l cht bn dn pht
sng khi t vo in p mt chiu, cn tinh th lng di tc dng ca in p s chuyn
pha t trng thi trong sut sang trng thi m v ta c th nhn thy mu sc nn ng
sau.
Tinh th lng tiu th cng sut rt nh (0,1 mt thanh) cn it pht quang l 10mA.
Cc thit b k thut s dng m c s 2. c thng tin o th hin ra bn ngoi ta
bin i m c s 2 thnh m c s 10
+5V
CC
2
22
21
20
a
b
c
R1
R2
R3
d
e
f
g
R4
R5
R6
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
a
f
e
g
d
b
c
R7
Hnh 5.7.2
Thit b lm nhim v ny l b gii m
Ngi ta s dng 7 vch t a n g b tr nh hnh 5.7.2 . Nu tt c cc vch u sng ta
nhn c s 8.
B gii m 7 vch c ch to di dng vi mch kiu SN 74247 c cc u ra h cc
gp. Dng iu khin b ch th LED c chung ant +5V . m bo dng ant
mong mun cn thm 7 in tr bn ngoi.
Cc b gii m nh thp phn 7 vch c ch to kt hp vi khi hin th di dng vi
mch . Trong vi mch b tr cc b nh m lu tr cc bin vo
B ch th s gm nhiu ch s . Hot ng ca b ch th l ni tip ch khng phi song
song vi vic s dng cch ni ma trn v ch dn knh c th rt gn ng k s dy
ni.
43
PHN II. MY IN
CHNG 6. KHI NIM CHUNG V MY IN
6.1. NH NGHA V PHN LOI
6.1.1. nh ngha
My in l thit b in t, nguyn l lm vic da vo hin tng cm ng in
t. My in dng bin i dng nng lng nh c nng thnh in nng (my pht
in) hoc ngc li bin i in nng thnh c nng (ng c in), hoc dng bin
i thng s in nng nh bin i in p, dng in (my bin p, my bin dng), tn
s (my bin tn).
6.2.1. nh lut cm ng in t
a. Trng hp t thng bin thin xuyn qua vng dy
Khi t thng bin thin xuyn qua vng dy dn, trong vng dy s xut hin sc in
ng cm ng ec tnh theo cng thc: ec = - d/dt
Chiu sc in ng cm ng c xc nh theo quy tc vn nt chai
Cun dy c W vng, sc in ng cm ng ca cun dy: e = - W.d /dt
b. Trng hp thanh dn chuyn ng trong t trng
44
I: cng dng in
L: chiu di thanh dn
F: lc in t
Chiu lc in t F xc nh bng quy tc bn tay tri
6.3. CC VT LIU CH TO MY IN
Vt liu ch to my in gm:
Vt liu dn in, vt liu dn t, vt liu cch in v vt liu kt cu.
6.3.1. Vt liu dn in
Dy qun my in thng bng ng hoc nhm, tit din trn hoc ch nht.
Khi c yu cu c bit, ngi ta dng cc hp kim ng, nhm hoc dng thp
6.3.2. Vt liu dn t
Vt liu dn t dng ch to cc b phn ca mch t, ngi ta dng cc vt liu
st t lm mch t: thp l k thut in, thp l thng, thp c, thp rn.
on mch t c t thng bin i vi tn s 50hz thng dng thp l k thut in
dy 0.35 0.5 mm, trong thnh phn thp c t 2 5 % Si .
on mch t c t trng khng i, thng dng thp c, thp rn.
46
CHNG 7. MY BIN P
7.1. KHI NIM CHUNG CA MY BIN P
bin i in p (dng in) ca dng xoay chiu t gi tr cao n gi tr thp
hoc ngc li ta dng my bin p.
in p nh mc
in p s cp nh mc k hiu U1m l in p quy nh cho dy qun s cp.
in p th cp nh mc k hiu U2m l in p gia cc cc ca dy qun th cp, khi
dy qun th cp h mch v in p t vo dy qun s cp l nh mc .
Vi my bin p ba pha in p nh mc l in p dy
- Dng in nh mc
Dng in nh mc l dng in quy nh cho mi dy qun ca my bin p, ng
vi cng sut nh mc v in p nh mc.
i vi my bin p ba pha, dng in nh mc l dng in dy.
Dng in s cp nh mc k hiu I1m, dng in th cp nh mc k hiu I2m
Cng sut nh mc
Cng sut nh mc ca my bin p l cng sut biu kin th cp ch lm vic
nh mc.
Cng sut nh mc k hiu l Sm, n v l KVA.
47
Hnh 7.2.2
Khi my bin p c ti, di tc ng ca sc in ng e2, c dng in th cp I2 cung
cp in cho ti.
T thng bin thin hnh sin = max sint
Ta c:
e1 = - W1 d/dt = 4,44 f W1max
sin(t- /2)
e2 = - W2 d/dt = 4,44 f W2max
sin(t- /2)
48
t1
I2
I1
u1
t2
e1
e2
u2
Hnh 7.3.a
49
Zt
i1
R1
L1
u1
Hnh 7.3.b
R2
L2
i2
e2
u2
Zt
Hnh 7.3.c
Trong X2 = L2.
50
Trong :
T h phng trnh trn ta xy dng c s thay th cho my bin p
(hnh 7.4.a)
X1
R1
I1
Rth
X'2
= E2
I2
I0
U1
E1
R'2
U2
Zt
Xth
2
Hnh 7.4.a
52
7.7. CH C TI CA MY BIN P
Ch c ti l ch trong dy qun s cp ni vi ngun in p nh mc,
dy qun th cp ni vi ti.
H s ti : kt = I2/I2m= I1/I1m
kt=1 ti nh mc, kt<1 non ti, kt >1 qu ti.
a. bin thin in p th cp.
U2% = (U2m-U2)/ U2m .100%
Up1
Up2
Ud2
Ud1
Hnh 7.8.1
T s in p dy trong 4 trng hp c bn:
Ni Y/Y:
/:
/:
54
/:
I1
I2
55
U1
W1
Hnh 7.10.1
Ta thay i v tr tip im trt a, s thay i c in p U2.
My t bin p c tit din li thp b hn my bin p thng thng nhng vn m bo
cng sut
My t bin p trong cun thp p l mt phn cun cao p cho nn tit kim c
dy dn, v gim c tn hao.
My t bin p c nhc im l mc an ton in khng cao
U1
U2
V
Hnh 7.10.2.a
b. My bin dng in
Dng bin i dng in xoay chiu ln xung dng in nh o lng v mt s mc
ch khc.
V dng in th cp nh hn dng in s cp nn s vng dy th cp nhiu hn s
vng dy s cp. Tit din dy qun th cp nh hn tit din dy s cp
56
I1
a
I2
A
Hnh 7.10.2.b
CHNG 8. MY IN KHNG NG B
8.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
57
Hnh 8.2
Hnh 8.2.1.a
a. Li thp
Li thp stato hnh tr do cc l thp k thut in c dp rnh bn trong, ghp li vi
nhau to thnh cc rnh theo hng trc. Li thp c p vo trong v my
(hnh 8.2.1.b)
58
Hnh 8.2.1.b
b. Dy qun ba pha
Dy qun stato lm bng dy dn in c bc cch in (dy in t) c t trong
cc rnh ca li thp. Dng in xoay chiu ba pha chy trong ba dy qun ba pha stato
s to ra t trng quay. Dy qun ba pha c th ni sao hoc tam gic
c. V my
V my lm bng nhm hoc bng gang, dng gi cht li thp, c nh my trn b,
bo v my v trc rto (hnh 8.2.1.c )
59
Hnh 8.2.2.b
Rto dy qun gm li thp v dy qun.
Li thp do cc l thp k thut in ghp li vi nhau to thnh cc rnh hng trc
Trong rnh li thp rto, t dy qun ba pha. Dy qun rto thng ni sao, ba u ra
ni vi ba vng tip xc bng ng (vnh trt), c ni vi ba bin tr bn ngoi
iu chnh tc v m my
ng c khng ng b c hai loi: ng c rto lng sc v ng c rto dy qun
X
N
2
1
1
4
S
X
A
A
Hnh 8.3.1.a
Cn c vo chiu dng in ta v c chiu t trng theo quy tc vn nt chai, dy
qun to ra t trng p mch c hai cc ( p=1; p l s i cc), t trng ny c
phng khng i, nhng c chiu v ln bin thin hnh sin theo thi gian.
Tng t ta t dy qun AX trn 4 rnh to ra t trng 4 cc p mch ( p=2).
iC = Imax sin(t-2400)
iA chy vo cun dy AX, iB chy vo cun BY, iC chy vo cun CZ
Nu iA >0 th dng i vo A ra X, nu iA<0 th dng i vo X ra A
Xt t trng tng do dng ba pha gy ra ti 3 thi im:
61
N
n
Ft
n
Ft
S
Hnh 8.4
Tc quay ca rto n lun lun nh hn tc t trng quay n1 v tc bng nhau
th trong dy qun rto khng cn sc in ng v dng in cm ng, cho nn lc in
t bng khng.
H s trt ca tc : s = (n1-n)/n1
Tc ca ng c : n= 60f/p. (1-s) (vng/pht)
R1
X1
R2/s
I1
X2
I2
I0
Rth
U1
Xth
Hnh 8.6
Mc
n1
Mmax
Mq
a)
Mmm
b)
Hnh 8.7
ng c s lm vic im Mq =Mc ( hnh 8.7.b )
c im ca mmen quay:
a. Mmen t l vi bnh phng in p MU12, nu U1 thay i, mmen ng c thay
i rt nhiu.
b. Mmen c tr s cc i Mmax ng vi gi tr ti hn sth
c. Mmen m my Mmm
64
8.8.2. M my ng c lng sc
a. M my trc tip
Phng php ng trc tip ng c in vo li in.
Khuyt im ca phng php ny l dng in m my ln, lm tt in p mng in
rt nhiu. Phng php ny dng c khi cng sut mng in (hoc ngun in) ln
hn cng sut ng c rt nhiu.
b. Gim in p cung cp cho stato
Khi m my ta gim in p vo ng c, cng lm gim c dng in m my.
Khuyt im ca phng php ny mmen m my gim rt nhiu, v th ch s dng
c i vi trng hp khng yu cu mmen m my ln.
Cc bin php gim in p nh sau:
- Dng in khng ni tip vo mch stato
Lc m my, cu dao K2 m, cu dao K1 ng. Khi ng c quay n nh th ng K2
v ngt K1.
Nh c in p ri trn in khng, in p trc tip t vo ng c gim i k ln, dng
in s gim i k ln, song mmen gim i k2 ln (v MU2)
-
Dng my t bin p
Trong P1 l cng sut tc dng (in) ng c tiu th bin i sang cng sut c
P2. Q1 l cng sut phn khng m ng c tiu th to ra t trng cho my.
Khi ti tng, cng sut P1 tng v cos c tng ln t n gi tr nh mc cos= 0,8
- 0,9.
Khi qu ti dng in vt nh mc, t thng tn tng, Q1 tng; do cos li gim
xung.
Cc ng c tuyn c th hin trn hnh v 8.10
67
n, M, I
n
cos
I1
cos0
I0
P2
Hnh 8.10
68
Dy qun ph t trong cc rnh stato, sao cho sinh ra mt t thng lch vi t thng
chnh mt gc 900 trong khng gian. Dng in dy qun ph v dy qun chnh sinh ra
t trng quay to ra mmen m my.
dng in trong dy qun ph lch pha vi dng in trong dy qun chnh mt gc
900, phi ni tip vi dy qun ph mt t in C.
CHNG 9. MY IN NG B
69
Hnh 9.1.2
cc li in cng sut nh, my pht in ng b c ko bi cc ng c izen
hoc xng, c th lm vic n l hoc hai ba my lm vic song song
b. Ch ng c
ng c ng b cng sut ln c s dng trong cng nghip luyn kim, khai thc m,
thit b lnh, truyn ng cc my bm, nn kh, qut gi .v.v.
ng c ng b cng sut nh c s dng trong cc thit b nh ng h in, dng
c t ghi, thit b lp chng trnh, my b ng b
9.2. CU TO MY IN NG B
Cu to my in ng b gm hai b phn chnh l stato v rto .
Stato l phn tnh (cn gi l phn ng ), rto l phn quay
(cn gi l phn cm ).
Hnh 9.2.2.a
70
Hai u ca dy qun kch t ni vi hai vng trt t u trc, thng qua hai chi
than ni vi ngun 1 chiu.
C hai loi: rto cc t n v rto cc li
a. Rto cc li
Dng my c tc thp, c nhiu i cc. Rto cc li dy qun kch t qun xung
quanh thn cc t
b. Rto cc n
Thng dng my c tc cao 3000v/ph c mt i cc. Rto cc n dy qun kch
t c t n trong cc rnh.
E0
71
Hnh 9.4.a
Ti thun cm
T thng phn ng ngc chiu 0 gi l phn ng phn ng dc trc kh t, c tc
dng lm gim t trng tng (hnh 9.4.b)
E0
I
o
Hnh 9.4.b
Ti thun dung
T thng phn ng cng chiu 0, gi l phn ng phn ng dc trc tr t c tc dng
lm tng t trng tng.
E0
I
o
N
Hnh 9.4.c
Ti bt k
Phn tch t trng phn ng thnh hai thnh phn:
Thnh phn ngang trc lm lch hng t trng tng
Thnh phn dc trc kh t hoc tr t ty theo tnh cht ca ti (hnh 9.4.d)
E0
72
Hnh 9.4.d
Phn ng phn ng ca my pht in ng b va ph thuc vo dng in ti I ( ln
b) va ph thuc vo tnh cht ca ti ( thun tr, thun cm v thun dung).
9.6. NG C IN NG B
9.6.1. Nguyn l lm vic
Khi cho dng in ba pha Ia, Ib, Ic vo ba dy qun stato, dng in ba pha stato
s sinh ra t trng quay vi tc n1 = 60f/p
Khi cho dng in mt chiu vo dy qun rto, rto bin thnh mt nam chm in
73
9.6.2. M my ng c in ng b
Mun ng c lm vic, phi to mmen m my quay rto ng b vi t
trng quay stato.
Trn cc mt cc t rto, ngi ta t cc thanh dn, c ni ngn mch nh lng sc
ng c khng ng b ( hnh 9.6.2)
Hnh 9.6.2
Khi m my, nh c dy qun m my rto ng c s lm vic nh ng c khng
ng b .
Trong qu trnh m my dy qun kch t s cm ng in p rt ln, c th ph hng
dy qun kch t, v th dy qun kch t s c khp mch qua mch in c in tr
ln bo v dy qun kch t
Khi rto quay n tc bng tc ng b n1, ng ngun in mt chiu vo dy
qun kch t, ng c s lm vic ng b.
9.6.3. My b ng b
ng c in ng b lm vic ch khng ti v dng in kch t iu chnh
qu kch thch ng c pht ra cng sut phn khng vi mc ch nng cao h s
cng sut li in.
Cng sut phn khng: Q= mU (E0cos-U)/Xb m E0 ph thuc Ikt
Tng Ikt tng E0 Q >0 ng c pht ra cng sut phn khng vo li in, ng c
lm vic qu kch thch.
H s cng sut li in cosL
74
Hnh 10.1.2.a
a. Li thp v dy qun
Li thp hnh tr, lm bng cc l thp k thut in ghp li vi nhau.
Cc l thp k thut in c l thng gi v rnh t dy qun phn ng.
Mi phn t ca dy qun phn ng c nhiu vng dy, hai u ni vi hai phin gp.
Cc phin gp t trn c gp
b. C gp v chi than
75
Hnh 10.2.2
Khi phn ng quay c na vng, v tr hai thanh dn v hai phin gp 1 v 2 i ch
cho nhau, i chiu dng in trong cc thanh dn v chiu lc tc dng khng i cho
nn ng c c chiu quay khng i
Khi ng c quay, cc thanh dn ct t trng v sinh ra sc in ng cm ng Etrong
dy qun rto
Phng trnh in p ng c in mt chiu:
76
U = E + R I
77
10.7. NG C IN MT CHIU
79
Rm
Rc
Hnh 10.7.1
b. iu chnh tc
80
E = U - RI = kE n. n = (U - RI)/ kE
iu chnh tc bng cc phng php:
- Mc in tr iu chnh vo mch phn ng
Khi thm in tr vo mch phn ng, tc gim.
Dng in phn ng ln, nn tn hao cng sut ln. Phng php ny ch s dng ng
c cng sut nh.
- Thay i in p U
Dng ngun in mt chiu iu chnh c in p cung cp in cho ng c.
Phng php ny c s dng nhiu.
- Thay i t thng
Thay i t thng bng cch thay i dng in kch t.
Khi iu chnh tc , ta kt hp phng php thay i t thng vi thay i in p th
phm vi iu chnh tc rt rng.
81
82
Tn thit b
K hiu
220V~
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ampe k in t
Vn mt in t
n t tim
n t tim
Cun cm
T in
Cng tc
Cng t 1 pha
BAT
Quy cch
S
lng
In 220V/ Out
250V/6,6A
0 1 A
0 250VAC
75W 110VAC
75W 110VAC
4
4
2
4
1
3
2
1
Bng 2
Tnh cht
mch
tnh cm
tnh dung
Kt qu o
Ungun
It
UR
Ghi ch
UL
UC
Da vo kt qu o c v gin vct khi mch mang tnh cm, mch mang tnh
dung.
Sinh vin phi v gin vct khi mch mang tnh cm
Sinh vin phi v gin vct khi mch mang tnh dung
b. Mch R L C mc song song
Trnh t thao tc
Mc mch in mch R L C mc song song
Vn nm iu chnh ca BAT v v tr 0 ( Ngc chiu kim ng h ).
Sau khi gio vin kim tra mch in, chnh nm vn ca BAT theo chiu
kim ng h c in p ra l 60V (V4 = 60V).
ng cu dao CD cung cp in cho BAT
Thay i t C v cun L sao cho mch mang tnh cm ( IL > IC ).
Ly s liu ghi vo bng 3
Thay i t C v cun cm L sao cho mch mang tnh dung ( IC > IL).
Ly s liu ghi vo bng 3
Bng 3
Kt qu o
Tnh cht
It
IR
IL
IC
mch
Tnh cm
Tnh dung
Da vo s liu o c v gin vct khi mch mang tnh cm, mch mang tnh
dung. Sinh vin phi v gin vc t khi mch mang tnh cm v gin vc t khi
mch mang tnh dung
84
ICA
IA
IA
IB
IC
85
Sau khi gio vin kim tra mch in ng cu dao CD cung cp in cho BAT.
Chnh nm vn BAT theo chiu kim ng h c in p ra l 110V
(V10 = 110V ).
Theo di a ca cng t quay 1 vng ht bao nhiu giy.
T hng s ca cng t bng 400 vng/1000wh ta tnh c cng sut tiu
th ca MBA khi khng ti.
1000 . 3600 /(
Po =
600 . s giy ng vi 1 vng )
Da vo kt qu o c tnh cc thng s MBA
Kt qu o v tnh ghi vo bng 8.
Bng 8
U10
U20
I10
P0
R0
cos0
X0
U2ng
I1ng
Kt qu tnh
I2ng
Png
U1ng%
c. Th nghim c ti
- Mc s mch in my bin p ch ngn mch
- Xoay nm vn BAT v v tr 0.
87
Zng
Rng
Xng
cosng
Sau khi gio vin kim tra xong, ng cu dao CD cung cp in cho BAT
Vn nm vn ca BAT theo chiu kim ng h khi V2 = 220V
Gi nguyn nm vn ca BAT
Thay i RPT bng cch thay i s lng bng n (ng cng tc K)
Cc s liu o c ghi vo bng 10.
Da vo kt qu o c tnh cc thng s cn li ri ghi vo bng 10.
Cng thc tnh cc thng s c ti :
P2 = U2 I2 cos
P1 = U1 I1 cos
= P2/P1.100%
Bng 10
Kt qu o
Kt qu tnh
RPT
U1 U2 I1 I2 P1 P2 %
0
3 bng
5 bng
8 bng
11 bng
15 bng
Theo kt qu bng 10, sinh vin phi dng c tnh ngoi ca MBA, t a ra nhn
xt v cht lng ca MBA.
Nhn xt ca sinh vin:
Sinh vin phi v ng c tnh ngoi
Bng 11
Stt
1
2
3
4
Tn thit b
K hiu
Quy cch
220V~
C3
V1
V
220V/380V/ 0,18KW
0450 V
015 V
88
S
lng
1
1
1
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
M
VOM
K2
A1
KW
BAT
Megaohm
ng h vn nng
Cu dao o
Ampe mt
Watt mt
Bin p t ngu
30 A
220V/250V/6.6A
1
1
1
1
1
1
A
Z
B
X
C
M
Hnh 11.4.2.a
d . o in tr ba cun dy stato
Dng ng h DVM ( ng h s) giai o in tr o in tr ba cun dy AX,
BY, CZ.
RBY =
RCZ =
Ghi cc gi tr in tr ca ba cun dy stato: RAX =
Nu RAX = RBY = RCZ th tt
Nu RAX RBY RCZ th dy qun stato b chm, c s c, phi sa cha.
Ch :
Hai u dy ca mt cun c mt gi tr in tr no ( khong vi m ti vi chc
m). cn hai u dy khc cun c in tr bng .
V d AY, BX, CX c in tr bng
e. Xc nh cc u u A, B, C v cc u cui X, Y, Z ca ba cun dy stato
Khi t vo 2 cun dy stato ca ng c mt in p Um m r to ng yn th tng
ng vi hin tng ngn mch ng c, dng in trong dy qun rt ln s lm chy
ng c, do phi hn ch in p t vo ng c sao cho dng in I qua ng c l
Im ( trong th nghim ny th Im = 0,4A).
Sau khi gio vin kim tra mch in, xoay nm vn ca BAT v 0
89
A1
Im
220V~
B
0
CD
BAT
Hnh 11.4.2.c
Khi xc nh AX, BY i v tr cun BY v cun CZ xc nh C,Z nh hnh
11.4.2.d
2
A1
Im
220V~
Z
0
CD
BAT
Hnh 11.4.2.d
f. Cho ng c chy th
Mc mch in theo s hnh 11.4.2.e ( ng c u sao)
Ghi cc gi tr : IA = IB = IC =
Nu IA = IB = IC v ng c quay khng c ting l tt.
Ch cho php IA , IB , IC lch nhau 15%
Dng in khng ti I0 tnh theo phn trm Im ca ng c 3 pha tra theo bng 12
Bng 12
I0
Pm (KW)
nb(vng/ph)
0,1 - 0,5
3000
55(%)
1500
70(%)
90
1000
80 (%)
750
90(%)
0,51 1
1,1 5
40
35
55
50
60
55
65
60
5,1 10
10,1 25
25,1 - 50
25
20
18
45
40
35
50
45
40
55
40
45
91
I0
Pk
P0
Bng 11
Stt Tn thit b
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
220V~
C 1~
V1
V
M
VOM
220V/110V/ 0,75KW
0 450 V
0 15 V
S
lng
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B1
M
A2
B2
92
Hnh 11.5.2.b
Bt cng tc ca DVM ( ng h s) ti v tr
o in tr hai cun dy A1A2 v B1B2, hnh 11.5.2.b ang o in tr ca B1B2
Ghi gi tr ca chng vo bng 1 v kt lun cun no l cun chy, cun no l cun
Bng 1
Gi tr in tr Kt lun
Cun A1A2
Cun B1B2
Ch : in tr cun ln hn in tr cun chy.
o in p ngun, in p ca t in, in p ca cun chy v cun . Ghi cc gi tr
o vo bng 2
Bng 2
in p
Gi tr
Ghi ch
T in C
Cun
Cun chy
in p ngun
e. o chiu ng c 1 pha.
Mun o chiu ng c 1 pha ta o u cun chy hoc o u cun
Quan st chiu quay ca ng c
ng c c o chiu quay khng?
C
Khng
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111