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GutturalR
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Incommonparlance,"gutturalR"isthephenomenon
wherebyarhoticconsonant(an"Rlike"sound)isproduced
inthebackofthevocaltract(usuallywiththeuvula)rather
thaninthefrontportionthereofandthusasaguttural
consonant.SpeakersoflanguageswithgutturalRtypically
regardgutturalandcoronalrhoticstobealternative
pronunciationsofthesamephoneme,despitearticulatory
differences.Similarconsonantsarefoundinotherpartsof
theworld,buttheyoftenhavelittletonocultural
associationorinterchangeabilitywithcoronalrhotics(such
as[r],[],and[])andare(perhaps)notrhoticsatall.
Gutturalrealizationofalonerhoticconsonantistypicalin
mostofwhatisnowFrance,FrenchspeakingBelgium,
Germany,DenmarkandthesouthernmostpartsofSweden
andsouthwesternpartsofNorwayitisalsofrequentin
theNetherlands,DutchspeakingBelgium,andSwitzerland.
Italsooccursasthenormalpronunciationofoneoftwo
rhoticphonemes(usuallyreplacinganolderalveolartrill)
inmostofPortugal,variouspartsofBrazilandamong
minoritiesofotherPortuguesespeakingregions.
DistributionofgutturalR(e.g.[])in

Contents

ContinentalEuropeinthemid20thcentury. [1]

1 Romancelanguages
1.1 French
1.2 Portuguese
1.3 Spanish
1.4 Italian
2 Breton
3 ContinentalWestGermanic
3.1 DutchandAfrikaans
3.2 StandardGerman
3.3 Yiddish
4 InsularWestGermanic
4.1 English
5 NorthGermanic
5.1 DanishandSwedish
5.2 Norwegian
5.3 Icelandic
6 Slaviclanguages
7 Semiticlanguages
7.1 Hebrew
7.1.1 Yiddishinfluence
7.1.2 IsraeliHebrew
7.2 Arabic
8 Austronesian
8.1 Malaydialects
8.2 OtherAustronesianlanguages
9 Otherlanguagefamilies
9.1 Basque
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10
11
12
13

9.1 Basque
9.2 Khmer
9.3 Bantu
Rhoticagnosticgutturalconsonantswrittenas
rhotics
10.1 Inuitlanguages
Seealso
References
12.1 Notes
Externallinks

Romancelanguages
French
TheFrenchrhotichasawiderangeofrealizations:boththevoiced[]andvoicelessuvularfricatives[](the
firstofthetwoalsorealizedasanapproximant),theuvulartrill[],thealveolartrill[r],andthealveolartap[].
Theseareallrecognizedasthephoneme/r/,[2]butmostofthem(allexcept[]and[])areconsidereddialectal.
Forexample,[]wasoncetypicalofaworkingclassParisianaccent,while[r]issometimesfoundinsouthern
France,aswellas(increasinglyless)inNorthAmerica.
TodayinnorthernFrance,/r/iscommonlypronouncedasavoiced[]orvoicelessuvularfricative[]aftera
voicelessconsonantbyassimilation.[]isalsothemostcommonpronunciationintheFrenchmedia.Inmuch
ofsouthernFrance,thisgutturalRhasreplacedthetraditionalalveolartrill[r],whichcannowonlybeheard
amongtheoldestspeakers.
ItisnotknownwhenthegutturalrhoticenteredtheFrenchlanguage,butitmayhavebecomecommonplacein
themidorlate18thcentury.Molire'sLeBourgeoisgentilhomme,writteninthe17thcentury,hasaprofessor
describethesoundof/r/asanalveolartrill.
InQuebecFrench,speakersfromruralareasandoldergenerationstraditionallyuseanalveolartrill,aswasthe
pronunciationthatwaslikelyretainedaftertheFrenchcolonistsinCanadawereisolatedfromFrance.However,
mosturbanQuebeckersandtheFrenchlanguagebroadcastmediahaveadoptedthemoderngutturalrhotic
pronunciationofParis,perhapsastheresultofinfluencebymodernFrenchmediafromFrance.
Generallyspeaking,classicalchoralandoperaticFrenchpronunciationrequirestheuseofanalveolartrillwhen
singing,sinceanalveolartrilliseasiertoprojectthananygutturalsound,beitauvulartrillorauvular
fricative.

Portuguese
StandardversionsofPortuguesehavetworhoticphonemes,whichcontrastonlybetweenvowels.Inolder
Portuguese,thesewerethealveolarflap//(writtenr)andthealveolartrill/r/(writtenrr).Inotherpositions,
onlyriswritteninModernPortuguese,butitcanstandforeithersound,dependingontheexactposition.The
distributionofthesesoundsismostlythesameasinotherIberianlanguageslikeSpanish,i.e.:
rrepresentsatrillwhenwrittenrrbetweenvowelsatthebeginningofawordorfollowing/n/,/l/,
/z/,or//.Examples:carro,rua,honrar,Israel.
rrepresentsaflapelsewhere,i.e.followingavowelorfollowinganyconsonantotherthan/n/,/l/,/z/,or
//.Examples:caro,quatro,quarto,mar.
Inthe19thcentury,thevoiceduvularfricative[]penetratedtheupperclassesintheregionofLisbonin
Portugalastherealizationofthetrill.Bythelate20thcentury,ithadreplacedthealveolartrillinmostofthe
country'surbanareas.Theuvulartrill[]isalsoheardsometimes.
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Acommonrealizationofthewordinitial//intheLisbonaccentisavoiceduvulartrillfricative[
].[3]
TheSetbaldialectusesthevoiceduvularfricative[]forallinstancesof"r"wordstart,intervocalic,
postconsonantalandsyllableending.Thissamepronunciationisattestedinpeoplewithrhotacismandinnon
nativespeakersofFrenchorigin.
InAfrica,theclassicalalveolartrillismostlystilldominant,duetoseparatedevelopmentfromEuropean
Portuguese.
InBrazil,thenormalpronunciationofrrisvoiceless,eitherasavoicelessvelarfricative[x],voicelessuvular
fricative[]oravoicelessglottalfricative[h].[4]Inmanydialects,thisvoicelesssoundnotonlyreplacesall
occurrencesofthetraditionaltrill,butisalsousedforallrthatisnotfollowedbyavowel(i.e.whenatthe
endofasyllable,whichusesaflapinotherdialects).Theresultingdistributioncanbedescribedas:
Aflap[]onlyforsinglerandonlywhenitoccurseitherbetweenvowelsorbetweenapreceding
consonant(otherthan/n/,/l/,/z/,or//)andafollowingvowel.Examples:caro,quatro.
Avoicelessfricative[x][]or[h]everywhereelse:whenwrittenrratthebeginningofawordatthe
endofawordbeforeaconsonantafter/n/,/l/,/z/,or//.Examples:carro,rua,honrar,Israel,quarto,
mar.
Inthethreesouthernmoststates,however,thealveolartrill[r]remainsfrequent,andthedistributionoftrilland
flapisasinPortugal.Somespeakersuseagutturalfricativeinsteadofatrill,likethemajorityofBrazilians,but
continuetousetheflap[]beforeconsonants(e.g.inquarto).Amongothers,thisincludesmanyspeakersinthe
cityofSoPauloandsomeneighboringcities,thoughanalveolarapproximant[]isalsocommon,notonlyin
thecity,buttheapproximantisthedominantarticulationinSoPaulostate,themostpopulousstateinBrazil.
Thecaipiradialecthasthealveolarapproximant[]inthesameposition.
Inareaswhererattheendofawordwouldbeavoicelessfricative,thetendencyincolloquialspeechisto
pronouncethissoundverylightly,oromititentirely.Somespeakersmayomititentirelyinverbinfinitives
(amar"tolove",comer"toeat",dormir"tosleep")butpronounceitlightlyinsomeotherwordsendinginr
(mar"sea",mulher"woman",amor"love").ThistendencyalsooccursinsomeAfricancountriesbutspeakers
inRiooftenresistthetendency,pronouncingastrongfricative[x]or[]attheendofsuchwords.
Thevoicelessfricativemaybepartlyorfullyvoicedifitoccursdirectlybeforeavoicedsound,especiallyinits
weakestformof[h],whichisnormallyvoicedto[].Forexample,aspeakerwhoserrsoundslike[h]will
oftenpronouncesurdo"deaf"as[sudu]oreven[suudu],withaveryslightepentheticvowelthatmimicsthe
precedingvowel.

Spanish
InmostSpanishspeakingterritoriesandregions,gutturaloruvularrealizationsof/r/areconsideredaspeech
defect.Generallythesingleflap[],spelledrasincara,undergoesnodefectivepronunciations,butthe
alveolartrillinrataorperroisoneofthelastsoundslearnedbychildrenanduvularizationislikelyamong
individualswhofailtoachievethealveolararticulation.Thissaid,backvariantsfor/r/([],[x]or[])are
widespreadinruralPuertoRicanSpanishandinthevarietyofPonce,[5]whereastheyareheavilystigmatizedin
thevarietyofthecapital.[6]Toalesserextent,velarvariantsof/r/arefoundinsomeruralCuban(Yatera,
GuantnamoProvince)[7]andDominicanvernaculars(ElCibao,easternruralregionsofthecountry)[8]Inthe
BasquespeakingareasofSpain,theuvulararticulationhasahigherprevalenceamongbilingualsthanamong
Spanishmonolinguals.[9]

Italian

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Gutturalrealizationof/r/ismostlyconsideredaspeechdefectinItalian(cf.rotacismo),butthesocalledr
mosciawhichissometimesuvularisfoundinabout10%ofspeakersinsomenorthernareas,suchasPiemonte
(Alessandria,Torino)andEmiliaRomagna(Parma).[10]

Breton
TheBretonlanguage,spokeninBrittany(France),isaCelticlanguageratherthanaRomancelanguage,butis
heavilyinfluencedbyFrench.Itretainsanalveolartrillinsomedialects.

ContinentalWestGermanic
ManyLowFranconianandLowSaxonvarietieshaveadoptedauvularrhotic.ManyCentralGermanvarieties
havealsoadoptedauvularrhotic,whereasmanyoftheUpperGermanvarietieshavemaintainedanalveolar
trill([r]).Thedevelopmentofuvularrhoticsintheseregionsisnotentirelyunderstood,butacommontheoryis
thattheselanguageshavedonesobecauseofFrenchinfluence,thoughthereasonforuvularrhoticsinmodern
EuropeanFrenchitselfisnotwellunderstood(seeabove).
TheFrisianlanguagesusuallyretainanalveolarrhotic.

DutchandAfrikaans
InmodernDutch,quiteafewdifferentrhoticsoundsareused.InFlanders,theusualrhoticisanalveolartrill,
buttheuvularrhoticdoesoccur,mostlyintheprovinceofLimburg,inGhentandinBrussels.Inthe
Netherlands,theuvularrhoticisthedominantrhoticinthesouthernprovincesofNoordBrabantandLimburg,
havingbecomesointheearlytwentiethcentury.Intherestofthecountry,thesituationismorecomplicated.
Theuvularrhoticiscommon,butnotdominant,inthewesternagglomerationRandstad,includingcitieslike
Rotterdam,TheHagueandUtrecht(thedialectofAmsterdamusuallyhasanalveolarrhoticthough,butthe
uvularisbecomingincreasinglymorecommon).Theuvularrhoticisalsousedinsomemajorcitiesoutsideof
theRandstadarea,suchasZwolle,AlmeloandLeeuwarden.Outsideoftheseuvularrhoticcoreareas,the
alveolartrilliscommon.PeoplelearningDutchasaforeignlanguagealsotendtousethealveolartrillbecause
itcontrastsbetterwiththevoicelessvelarfricative/x/inDutch.TheAfrikaanslanguageofSouthAfricaalso
usesanalveolartrillforitsrhotic,exceptinthenonurbanruralregionsaroundCapeTownwhereitisuvular
(calledabry).

StandardGerman
MostvarietiesofStandardGermanarespokenwithauvularrhotic,eventhoughthefirststandardized
pronunciationdictionarybyTheodorSiebsprescribedanalveolarpronunciation.Thealveolarpronunciation[r
~]isusedinsomestandardGermanvarietiesofGermany,AustriaandSwitzerland.Nonstandardvarieties
employthealveolartrillmoreoften.

Yiddish
Theupper/lowerdistinctionalsohistoricallyinfluencedthedevelopmentofupperandlowerdialectsof
Yiddish,thehistoricvernacularlanguageofAshkenaziJews.AstheseJewsmigratedtoEasternEurope(and
laterAmericaetc.),theybroughttheirparticularpronunciationswiththem.

InsularWestGermanic
English

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Historically,Englishalsohadanalveolartrill[r]fortheletterR.Butthissoundwasreplacedbyanalveolar
approximant[]ratherthanbyagutturalpronunciation.
SpeakersofthetraditionalEnglishdialectofNorthumberlandandnorthernCountyDurhamusedauvular
rhoticknownasthe"NorthumbrianBurr".[11][12][13]However,thisisnolongerusedbymostcontemporary
speakers,whogenerallyrealize/r/asanalveolarapproximant,[],incommonwithothervarietiesspokenin
theAnglosphere.[14][15]
TheHibernoEnglishofnortheasternLeinsterinIrelandalsousesauvular[].

NorthGermanic
AlveolarrhoticspredominatenorthernScandinavia.Wheretheyoccur,theyaffectthesucceedingalveolars,
turningtheclusters/rs/and/rt/,/rd/,/rn/,/rl/retroflex:[].ThustheNorwegianword"norsk"is
pronounced[nk]byspeakerswithanalveolarflap.ThiseffectisrareinthespeechofthoseusingauvularR
([nsk]).

DanishandSwedish
TherhoticusedinDenmarkisavoiceduvularapproximant,andthenearbySwedishregionsofSkne,
Blekinge,southernHallandandsouthernSmlanduseauvulartrillorauvularfricative.
TosomeextentinstergtlandandstillquitecommonlyinVstergtland,amixtureofgutturalandrolling
rhoticconsonantsisused,withthepronunciationdependingonthepositionintheword,thestressofthe
syllableandinsomevarietiesdependingonwhethertheconsonantisgeminated.Thepronunciationremainsif
awordthatispronouncedwithaparticularrhoticconsonantisputintoacompoundwordinapositionwhere
thatrealizationwouldnototherwiseoccurifitwerepartofthesamestemastheprecedingsound.However,in
stergtlandthepronunciationtendstogravitatemoretowards[w]andinVstergtlandtherealizationis
commonlyvoiced.

Norwegian
MostofNorwayusesanalveolarflap,butaboutonethirdoftheinhabitantsofNorwayarenowusingthe
uvularrhotic.InthewesternandsouthernpartofSouthNorwayhowever,theuvularrhoticisstillspreading.
TheoriginwasthecityofBergen.[16]Becauseretroflexconsonantsaremutationsof[]andotheralveolaror
dentalconsonants,theuseofauvularrhoticmeansanabsenceofmostretroflexconsonants.

Icelandic
WhiletheuseofanalveolartrillorflapisgeneralizedamongspeakersofIcelandic,auvularrhoticisafairly
commonpronunciationvariantinthelanguage,althoughitisusuallyfrowneduponasdefectivepronunciation
andcomparedtostammeringandothersimilarspeechdisorders.[17]

Slaviclanguages
InSlaviclanguages,thealveolartrillpredominates,withtheuseofgutturalrhoticsgenerallyseenasdefective
pronunciation.AnexceptionarethelanguagesoftheSorbianminorityinSaxony,easternGermany,whichare
typicallyspokenwithauvulartrillduetoGermaninfluence.Theuvularrhoticmayalsobefoundinasmall
minorityinSilesiaandotherGermaninfluencedregionsofPolandandalsoSlovenia,butisoverallquiterare
evenintheseregions.ItcanalsobeperceivedasanethnicmarkerofJewishness,particularlyinRussianwhere
EasternEuropeanJewsoftencarriedtheuvularrhoticfromtheirnativeYiddishintotheirpronunciationof
Russian.
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Semiticlanguages
Hebrew
InHebrew,theclassicalpronunciationassociatedwiththeconsonantrwastapped[],andwas
grammaticallytreatedasanungeminablephonemeofthelanguage.InmostdialectsofHebrewamongthe
Jewishdiaspora,itremainedatap[]oratrill[r].However,insomeAshkenazidialectsaspreservedamong
JewsinnorthernEuropeitwasauvularrhotic,eitheratrill[]orafricative[].Thiswasbecausemany(but
notall)nativedialectsofYiddishwerespokenthatway,andtheirliturgicalHebrewcarriedthesame
pronunciation.SomeIraqiJewsalsopronouncerasaguttural[],reflectingtheirdialectofArabic.
AnapparentlyunrelateduvularrhoticisbelievedtohaveappearedintheTiberianvocalizationofHebrew,
whereitisbelievedtohavecoexistedwithadditionalnonguttural,emphaticarticulationsof/r/dependingon
circumstances.[18]
Yiddishinfluence
ThoughanAshkenaziJewinCzaristRussia,theZionistEliezerbenYehudabasedhisStandardHebrewonthe
SephardicdialectoriginallyspokeninSpain,andthereforerecommendedanalveolar[~r].Butasthefirst
wavesofJewstoresettleintheHolyLandwerenorthernAshkenazi,theycametospeakStandardHebrewwith
theirpreferreduvulararticulation[~]asfoundinYiddishormodernstandardGerman,anditgradually
becamethemostprestigiouspronunciationforthelanguage.ThemodernStateofIsraelhasJewswhose
ancestorscamefromallovertheworld,butnearlyallofthemtodayspeakHebrewwithauvular[~]because
ofitsmodernprestigeandhistoricalelitestatus.
IsraeliHebrew
ManyJewishimmigrantstoIsraelspokeavarietyofArabicintheircountriesoforiginandpronouncedthe
Hebrewrhoticasanalveolartap[],similartoArabicr.Gradually,manyofthembeganpronouncingtheir
Hebrewrhoticasavoiceduvularfricative[],somewhatsimilartosomeArabicdialectsforpronouncing
ayn.However,inmodernSephardicandMizrahipoetryandfolkmusicanalveolarrhoticcontinuestobe
used.

Arabic
WhilemostdialectsofArabicretaintheclassicalpronunciationofrasanalveolartrill[r]ortap[],afew
dialectsuseauvulartrill[].Theseinclude:
ThedialectofMosulinIraq
TheJewishandChristiandialectsinBaghdad
TheJewishdialectinAlgiers
ThedialectofFesinMorocco
AlthoughthisgutturalrhoticisrareinArabic,uvularandvelarsoundsarecommoninthislanguage.The
uvular/velarfricative[]~[]isacommonstandardpronunciationoftheletterayn,andtheuvularplosive
[q]isastandardpronunciationoftheletterqf.

Austronesian
Malaydialects

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GutturalRexistamongseveralMalaydialects.WhilestandardMalaycommonlyusescoronalr(,r,),the
gutturalfricative(~)aremoreprominentlyusedinmanydialectsinPeninsularMalaysiaandEastMalaysia
aswellassomepartsinSumatraandEastKalimantan.Thesedialectsinclude:
PahangMalay
KedahMalay
KelantanPattaniMalay
NegeriSembilanMalay
SarawakMalay
TerengganuMalay
PerakMalay
TamiangMalay
PontianakMalay
PalembangMalay
~PerakMalayandKedahMalayarethemostnotable.
Thesedialectsmainlyusesgutturalfricative(~)onboth/r/and/gh/.StandardMalayincludesbothcoronalr
(,r,)andvoicedgutturalfricative/gh/(~)astwodifferentphonemes.Todenotesthegutturalrinthe
dialects,letter"r"oftenreplacedby"gh"or"q"ininformalwritings.StandardMalaywordswithvoicedvelar
fricative(),suchasloghat(Dialect)andghaib(invisible,mystical)aremostlyArabicloanwordsspelledwith
letter.

OtherAustronesianlanguages
OtherAustronesianlanguageswithsimilarfeaturesare:
Acehnese
Cham
Minangkabau(closelyrelatedtoMalaythatitmightbedialectsofthesamelanguage)
Lampungese
SouthernPaiwan

Otherlanguagefamilies
Basque
StandardBasqueusesatrillfor/r/(writtenasr,rr,r),butmostspeakersoftheLapurdianandLow
NavarresedialectsuseavoiceduvularfricativeasinFrench.IntheSouthernBasqueCountry,theuvular
articulationisseenasaspeechdefect,buttheprevalenceishigheramongbilingualsthanamongSpanish
monolinguals.Recently,youngspeakersofLapurdianandLowNavarreseareuvularizingthetap(r)aswell,
thusneutralizingbothrhotics.[9]

Khmer
WhereasstandardKhmerusesanalveolartrillfor/r/,thecolloquialPhnomPenhdialectusesauvular
pronunciationforthephoneme,whichmaybeelidedandleavebehindaresidualtonalorregistercontrast.[19]

Bantu
Sesothooriginallyusedanalveolartrill/r/,whichhasshiftedtouvular//inmoderntimes.

Rhoticagnosticgutturalconsonantswrittenasrhotics
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Therearelanguageswherecertainindigenousgutturalconsonantscametobewrittenwithmeansusedinother
languagestorepresentrhotics,therebygivingthesuperficialappearanceofagutturalRthatmayhavenever
actuallyfunctionedasatruerhoticconsonant.

Inuitlanguages
TheInuitlanguagesGreenlandicandInuktituteitherorthographizeortransliteratetheirvoiceduvularobstruent
asr.InGreenlandic,thisphonemeis[],whileinInuktitutitis[].Thisspellingwasconvenientbecause
theselanguagesdonothavenonlateralliquidconsonants,andgutturalrealizationsofrhavebecomecommon
invariouslanguagesofEuropeanorigin.ButtheAlaskanInupiatlanguagewritesits[]phonemeinsteadas
,reservingrforitsretroflex[]phoneme,whichGreenlandicandInuktitutdonothave.

Seealso
Glottalconsonant
Uvularconsonant
Rhoticconsonant

References
Grnnum,Nina(2005),Fonetikogfonologi,AlmenogDansk(3rded.),Copenhagen:AkademiskForlag,
ISBN8750038656
Trudgill,Peter(1974),"Linguisticchangeanddiffusion:Descriptionandexplanationinsociolinguistic
dialect",LanguageinSociety,3(2):215246,doi:10.1017/S0047404500004358

Notes
1.MapbasedonTrudgill(1974:220)
2.Fougeron&Smith(1993:75)
3.Grnnum(2005:157)
4.Mateus,MariaHelena&d'Andrade,Ernesto(2000)ThePhonologyofPortugueseISBN019823581X(Excerpt
fromGoogleBooks)(http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/019823581X.pdf)
5.NavarroToms,T.(1948).ElespaolenPuertoRico.Contribucinalageografalingsticalatinoamericana.Ro
Piedras:EditorialdelaUniversidaddePuertoRico,p.9193.
6.LpezMorales,H.(1983).EstratificacinsocialdelespaoldeSanJuandePuertoRico.Mxico:UNAM.
7.LpezMorales,H.1992.ElespaoldelCaribe.Madrid:MAPFRE,p.61.
8.JimnezSabater,M.1984.MsdatossobreelespaoldelaRepblicaDominicana.SantoDomingo:Universidad
AutnomadeSantoDomingo,p.87.
9.GrammarofBasque,page30(http://books.google.com/books?id=Kss999lxKm0C&ots=J2P3eH25V&pg=PA30),
JosIgnacioHualde,JonOrtizDeUrbina,WalterdeGruyter,2003
10.RomanoA.(2013).Apreliminarycontributiontothestudyofphoneticvariationof/r/inItalianandItaloromance.
In:L.Spreafico&A.Vietti(eds.),Rhotics.NewdataandperspectivesBolzano/Bozen:BUPress,209225[1](htt
p://www.unibz.it/it/library/Documents/bupress/publications/fulltext/9788860460554.pdf)
11.Wells,J.C.1982.AccentsofEnglish2:TheBritishIsles.CambridgeUniversityPress.Page368
12.SurveyofEnglishDialects,HeddonontheWall,Northumberland(http://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=021MC0908
X0041XX0800V1.xml)
13.SurveyofEnglishDialects,Ebchester,CountyDurham(http://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=021MC0908X0002XX
0500V1.xml)
14.MillenniumMemoryBank,Alnwick,Northumberland(http://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=021MC0900X11059X0
600V1.xml)
15.MillenniumMemoryBank,Butterknowle,CountyDurham(http://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=021MC0900X0156
7X1000V1.xml)
16.Chambers,J.K.andTrudgill,P.(1998):Dialectology.CambridgeUniversityPress,p.173f.
17."Rttumtalgalla"[Ondefectivepronunciation].Morgunblai(inIcelandic).Reykjavik.6September1978.p.4.
Retrieved4October2013.
18.Khan,Geoffrey(1995),ThePronunciationofreintheTiberianTraditionofBiblicalHebrew,in:HebrewUnion
CollegeAnnual,Vol.66,p.6788.
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19.WilliamAllenA.Smalley(1994).LinguisticDiversityandNationalUnity:LanguageEcologyinThailand.
UniversityofChicago.ISBN0226762882.

Externallinks
UnicodereferenceforIPA(http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipaunicode.htm#alfa)
ArticleonthepronunciationofRinFrench(http://pronouncefrench.net/consonants/pronounciationoffre
nchr/)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guttural_R&oldid=742019381"
Categories: Consonants Phonetics Phonology
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