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1.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(k + 1) = sin (k + 1) sin (k + 2) .
k
sin
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
sin 2 (n + 1)x sin 2 nx
for all positive integer n.
Prove that sin x + sin 2x + + sin nx =
sin 12 x
(k + 1)
k
LHS = sin(k + 1) sin + sin
sin
2
2
2
1
1
3
1 1
= cos k + cos k + cos k + cos
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
3
1
= cos k + cos
2
2
2
(k + 1) sin (k + 2) =RHS
= sin
2
2
sin 12 (1 + 1)x sin 12 x
n = 1, LHS = sin x, RHS =
= sin x
sin 12 x
LHS = RHS, it is true for n = 1.
sin 12 (k + 1)x sin 12 kx
Suppose sin x + sin 2x + + sin kx =
sin 12 x
Add sin (k+1)x to both sides,
LHS = sin x + sin 2x + + sin kx + sin (k+1)x
sin 12 (k + 1)x sin 12 kx
= sin (k+1)x +
sin 12 x
sin (k + 1)x sin 12 x + sin 12 (k + 1)x sin 12 kx
=
sin 12 x
sin 12 (k + 1)x sin 12 (k + 2)x
(by (a))
=
sin 12 x
= RHS
If it is true for n = k then it is also true for n = k + 1.
By the principle of mathematical induction, it is true for all positive integer n.
Prove the identity: sin(k + 1) sin
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+ sin
Page 1
Trigonometry
2.
sin (n + 12 )x
1
+ cos x + cos 2x + + cos nx =
for all positive integer n.
2
2 sin 12 x
1
n = 1, LHS = + cos x
2
sin (1 + 12 )x sin ( 32 )x
RHS =
=
2 sin 12 x
2 sin 12 x
Prove that
3 sin 12 x 4 sin 3 12 x
2 sin 12 x
3 4 sin 2 12 x
2
3 2(1 cos x )
=
2
1 + 2 cos x
= LHS
=
2
It is true for n = 1.
sin (k + 12 )x
1
Suppose + cos x + cos 2x + + cos kx =
for some positive integer k.
2
2 sin 12 x
When n = k + 1,
1
LHS = + cos x + cos 2x + + cos kx + cos (k+1)x
2
sin (k + 12 )x
= cos (k+1)x +
2 sin 12 x
2 cos(k + 1)x sin 12 x + sin (k + 12 )x
=
2 sin 12 x
sin (k + 32 )x sin (k 12 )x + sin (k + 12 )x
=
2 sin 12 x
sin (k + 1 + 12 )x
=
= RHS
2 sin 12 x
If it is true for n = k then it is also true for n = k + 1.
By the principle of mathematical induction, it is true for all positive integer n.
1999 Paper 2 Q12
(a) Prove, by mathematical induction, that
sin 2n
cos + cos 3 + cos 5 + + cos(2n 1) =
.
2 sin
where sin 0, for all positive integers n.
3.
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Page 2
Trigonometry
4.
5.
x 1
x
x
x
1
1
1
tan + 2 tan 2 + L + n tan n = n cot n cot x where xm for n = 1,2,
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 x
1 tan 2 1
2 tan
x 1
x
Note that tan 2 =
cot
x
=
= cot tan ...............(*)
2
x
2
2 2
2
1 tan
2 tan 2
Prove that
1
x
n = 1, LHS = tan
2
2
x
1
RHS = cot cot x
2
2
= LHS by (*)
It is true for n = 1.
1
1
1
x 1
x
x
x
Suppose tan + 2 tan 2 + L + k tan k = k cot k cot x
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
x 1
x
1
x
1
x
When n = k + 1, LHS = tan + 2 tan 2 + L + k tan k + k +1 tan k +1
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
x
x
1
1
= k +1 tan k +1 + k cot k cot x
2
2
2
2
1 1
x 1
x
= k tan k +1 + k cot k cot x
2 2
2
2
2
1 1
x
x 1
x
= k cot k +1 cot k + k cot k cot x , by (*)
2 2
2
2 2
2
1
x
= k +1 cot k +1 cot x = RHS
2
2
It is also true for n = k + 1
By the principle of mathematical induction, the formula is true for all positive integer n.
n
n
1
1
Prove that cot 1 (2r 2 ) = tan 1 (2n + 1) = tan 1 2 for all positive integer n.
4
2r
r =1
r =1
1
1
cot =
cot1 x = tan1
tan
x
n
n
1
cot 1 (2r 2 ) = tan 1 2
2r
r =1
r =1
1
2n + 1 1
n
tan 1 (2n + 1) = tan 1 (2n + 1) tan 1 1 = tan 1
= tan 1
1 + 2n + 1
n +1
4
n
n
1
. for all positive integers n.
Let P(n) tan 1 2 = tan 1
n +1
2r
r =1
1
1
1
n = 1, tan 1 2 = tan1 = RHS
2r
2
r =1
k
k
1
Suppose tan 1 2 = tan 1
k +1
2r
r =1
k +1
k
1
k
1
1
1
n = k + 1, tan 1 2 = tan 1 2 + tan1
= tan 1
+ tan1
2
2
k +1
2(k + 1)
2(k + 1)
2r r =1
2r
r =1
2
kk+1 + 2(k1+1)2
= tan 1 (k + 1) 2k + 2k + 1 = tan 1 k + 1
= tan 1
1 (kk+1) 1 2
2 k 3 + 6 k 2 + 5k + 2
k+2
2 ( k +1)
It is also true for n = k + 1. By MI, the formula is true for all positive integer n.
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Page 3
Trigonometry
6.
6.
d n sin x
n
= sin x +
for all positive integer n.
n
dx
2
dy
n = 1,
= cos x = sin x + , it is true for n = 1
dx
2
Prove that
dky
k
k +1
d y
k
(k + 1)
= cos x + = sin x +
, it is also true for n = k + 1
k +1
2
2
dx
dny
n
Suppose
7.
sin 2 n+1 x
, where sin 2x 0 for all positive integer n.
2 n sin 2 x
sin 4 x
2 sin 2 x
2 sin 2 x cos 2 x
2 sin 2 x
= cos 2x = LHS
It is true for n = 1
Suppose it is true for n = k, where k is a positive integer.
sin 2 k +1 x
...........(*)
2 k sin 2 x
When n = k + 1, LHS = cos 2x cos 22 x cos 2k x cos 2k+1 x
i.e. cos 2x cos 22 x cos 2k x =
sin 2 k +1 x
cos 2k+1 x by (*)
2 k sin 2 x
2 sin 2 k +1 x cos 2 k +1 x
2 k +1 sin 2 x
sin 2 k + 2 x
= RHS
2 k +1 sin 2 x
It is also true for n = k + 1
=
By the principle of mathematical induction, the formula is true for all positive integer n.
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Page 4
Trigonometry
8.
(a)
k 1
k
2k + 1
) sin
+ sin sin( + k) = [cos( ) cos( +
)]
2
2
2
2
2
2
k +1
k 1
k
) sin
+ sin sin( + k) = sin( +
)sin
2
2
2
2
2
(a)
(b)
k 1
k
) sin
+ sin sin( + k)
2
2
2
1
2k 1
1
2k + 1
2k 1
= [cos( +
) cos( )] [cos( +
) cos( +
)]
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2k + 1
= [cos( ) cos( +
)]
2
2
2
k 1
k
) sin
+ sin sin( + k)
sin( +
2
2
2
1
2k + 1
= [cos( +
) cos( )]
2
2
2
1
k
k +1
= (2)[sin( +
) sin( +
)]
2
2
2
k +1
k
= sin( +
)sin
2
2
sin sin 2
= sin
n = 1, LHS = sin , RHS =
sin 2
It is true for n = 1.
Suppose it is true for n = k.
sin [ + ( k21 ) ]sin k2
i.e. sin + sin( + ) + + sin[+(k 1)] =
...........(*)
sin 2
When n = k + 1,
LHS = sin + sin( + ) + + sin[+(k 1)] + sin (+ k )
sin [ + ( k21 ) ]sin k2
=
+ sin (+ k ) by (*)
sin 2
sin( +
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Page 5
Trigonometry
9.
(a)
(k + 1)
2n 1
sin
k
(2k + 3) sin ]
2(k + 1)
1
+ cos
= [sin
sin
2n 1
2n 1
2n 1 2
2n 1
2n 1
(k + 1)
2n 1
sin
k
(k + 2) sin (k + 1)
2(k + 1)
+cos
= cos
sin
2n 1
2n 1
2n 1
2n 1
2n 1
(c)
(a)
(k + 1)
2n 1
sin
cos
(m + 1) sin
2n 1
sin
2n 1
m
2n 1 .
2
4
2(n 1)
+ cos
+ + cos
.
2n 1
2n 1
2n 1
k
2(k + 1)
+ cos
sin
2n 1
2n 1
2n 1
(2k + 3) sin ]
1
= [sin
2
2n 1
2n 1
cos
(k + 1)
2n 1
sin
k
2(k + 1)
+ cos
sin
2n 1
2n 1
2n 1
2
m = 1, LHS = cos
, RHS =
2n 1
cos
sin
2n 1 2n 1 = cos 2
2n 1
sin
2n 1
It is true for m = 1.
Suppose it is true for m = k, where k is a positive integer.
2
4
2k
i.e. cos
+ cos
+ + cos
=
2n 1
2n 1
2n 1
cos
(k + 1) sin
2n 1
sin
2n 1
k
2n 1 .
When m = k + 1,
LHS = cos
cos
=
2
4
2k
2(k + 1)
+ cos
+ + cos
+ cos
2n 1
2n 1
2n 1
2n 1
(k + 1) sin
k
2n 1
2n 1 + cos 2(k + 1) by induction assumption
2n 1
sin
2n 1
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Page 6
Trigonometry
cos
(k + 1) sin
cos
(k + 2) sin (k + 1)
2n 1
(c)
2(k + 1)
k
+ cos
sin
2n 1
2n 1
2n 1
sin
2n 1
2n 1
sin
2n 1
2n 1
by (a)
= RHS
Hence it is also true for m = k + 1
By the principle of mathematical induction, it is true for all positive integer m.
Put m = n 1,
cos
cos
=
sin
=
2
4
2(n 1)
+ cos
+ + cos
2n 1
2n 1
2n 1
(n 1)
n
sin
2n 1
2n 1
sin
2n 1
(2n 1) sin
2n 1
2 sin
2n 1
2n 1
2n 1
2 sin
2n 1
sin sin
=
2n 1
=
2 sin
2n 1
0 sin
1
2
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Page 7
Trigonometry
10.
(a)
(b)
11.
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
1
[sin (2n + 1) sin ] ;
2
cos (n + 1) sin n
.
sin
n sin n cos(n + 1)
2
2 sin
1 cos 2 A
)
2
(a)
sin cos 2k =
(b)
(i)
1
[sin(2k + 1) sin(2k 1)]
2
=
(ii)
1
[sin(2n + 1) sin ]
2
sin(2n + 1) sin
2 sin
cos(n + 1) sin n
sin
2
2
sin + sin 2 + sin 2 3 + L + sin 2 2n
1 cos 2
1 cos 4
1 cos 6
1 cos 2n
+
+
++
=
2
2
2
2
n cos 2 + cos 4 + cos 6 + L + cos 2n
=
2
2
n cos(n + 1) sin n
=
2
2 sin
=
(c)
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Page 8
Trigonometry
25.
3 4 sin 2 12 x 1
2
2 2(1 cos x )
=
2
2 cos x
=
= LHS
2
It is true for n = 1.
=
sin (k + 12 )x sin 12 x
for some positive integer k.
2 sin 12 x
When n = k + 1,
LHS = cos x + cos 2x + + cos kx + cos (k+1)x
sin (k + 12 )x sin 12 x
+ cos (k+1)x
=
2 sin 12 x
sin (k + 12 )x sin 12 x + 2 cos(k + 1)x sin 12 x
=
2 sin 12 x
=
=
sin (k + 1 + 12 )x sin 12 x
= RHS
2 sin 12 x
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Page 9
Trigonometry
26.
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Page 10
Trigonometry
27.
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Page 11