English Grammer

अपूर्ण कालीन वर्तमान काल - Use of Present Imperfect in English Grammar

We already have discussed about Present Indefinite Tense in our previous post. So, here I
want to share some opinions about Present Imperfect Tense which is known as Present
Continuous Tense also. This is the most important tense to make a sentence because it comes
in our day to day life. There are some simple rules to make Present Imperfect Tense that you
have to follow during the making sentence.

Rule of Present Imperfect to make a sentence:

S+is/are/am+V1+ing+O

It means;

S = Subject

Is/are/am = auxiliary verb

V1 = First form of Verb

Ing = Verb + ing

O = Object

मैं प्रयास कर रहा हूँ। I am trying.

मां खाना बना रही है । Mother is cooking.
चर्चा करते समय होने वाले कार्य इसी Tense में रखा जाता है । जैसे - What are you doing? I am reading a
novel.

यह भविष्य में होने वाले कार्यों को दर्शाता है परन्तु केवल तब जब कार्य होने या न होने का मात्रा बराबर हो। जैसे -
I am going to village.

वैसे सरे कार्य जो क्षणिक है , जल्दी समाप्त होने वाले है ; Present Imperfect Tense में रखे जाते है ।

जैसे - The labour is repairing the road.

I am reading the alphabet.

See, Feel, Wear, Smell, Notice, Know, Trick, Salter, Understand, Guess, Suppose, Wise,
Refresh, Believe, Live, Read, Prefer, Cave, Perfect, Seem, Appear, Belong, Possess,
Remember, Late आदि शब्द क्रिया का कार्य कार्य करे तो वे अपने साथ ing नही लेंगे। इसलिए इन्हें Present
Indefinite में रखना होगा परन्तु अर्थ Present Imperfect वाला निकलेगा।

जैसे -I am feeling. (Wrong)

I feel. (Right)

ये सभी क्रिया के रूप में Present Imperfect में आए तो ing नही लेंगे। Other Tense में ing ले सकते है या
Adjective or Adverb के रूप में ले सकते हैं। उन शब्दों में जिनमे एक Sensational part का प्रयोग होता है वे
ing नही लेंगे। जिनके एक से अधिक Sensational Part का प्रयोग होता है , ing लेंगे।

जैसे -

I am listening transition.

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 English Grammer
Now, This, Time, Present at the moment के साथ Present Imperfect Tense का प्रयोग होता है ।
Now, I am going to home.

अंग्रेजी ग्रामर में अनिश्चित कालीन वर्तमान काल - Uses of Present Indefinite Tense

कोई भी Tense के लिए verb मुख्य क्रिया में होनी चाहिए। इसके अंत में ता, ते, ती है होते है । जैसे -
हमलोग हिसाब जानते है । - We know mathematics.
तुम हल्ला करते हो। - You make a noise.

प्रश्नात्मक वाक्य में Do/Does लगते है जिसके चलते Verb में S या ES नही लगाया जाता है ।

Do/Does+S+Principal Verb+O+?

क्या मै अंग्रेजी सीखता हूँ? - Do I learn English?

क्या वह गीत गता है ? - Does he sing a song?

नकारात्मक वाक्य में Don't/Doesn't लगते हैं जिसके चलते Verb में S या es नही लगाया जाता है ।

S+Do/Does+not+V+O.

राम स्कूल नहीं जाता है । - Ram doesn't go to school.

तम
ु हल्ला नहीं करते हो। - You don't make a noise.

किसी के आदत को दर्शाने के लिए Present Indefinite का प्रयोग होगा।

रश्मो, रिवाजो तथा प्रथाओ को दर्शाने के लिए इसी Tense का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे - Hindu girls tie Rakhi to
their brother.

इतिहास के बातों को इसी में रखा जाता है । जैसे - Bharat goes to forest to bring Ram to Ayodhya.

(Universal Truth) शास्वत सत्य इसी Tense में रखे जाते है । जैसे - The sun rises in the east.

यदि एक वाक्य में एक से अधिक क्रिया हो और वे एक के बाद एक routine way वे में हो तो सारे के सारे क्रियायें
Present Indefinite में होंगे। जैसे - We put water in a bottle, we boil the water. Then we take tea
and sugar. Then we pow it in the cup. Then we make milk and take it.

Commentary को भी Present Indefinite में ही रखा जाता है । जैसे - Kapil throws the ball.

भविष्य में होने वाले वैसे कार्य जो निश्चित है , अटल है Present Indefinite में रखे जाते है । जैसे - Kamal
visits Bihar very soon.

किसी भी लेखक की बात को दोहराने के लिए इसी Tense का प्रयोग करते है । जैसे - Valmiki says in the
Ramayana.

एक वाक्य में दो बार Shall या Will नहीं लगेगा। एक बार Shall या Will लगेगा और एक बार Present
Indefinite। अब प्रश्न यह उत्पन्न होता है कि Present Indefinite कहाँ लगेगा और Future Indefinite कहाँ,
यानि Shall/Will कहाँ?

तो उत्तर यह है की वाक्य के जिस क्षेत्र में What, Whatever, When, Whenever, Where, Wherever, As

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Soon As, As Long As, Till, Untill, Of, Unless, After, Before आदि लगा हो, उस क्षेत्र में Present
Indefinite लगेगा। शेष में Shall या Will। जैसे - I shall help you whenever you call.

Always, Never, Seldom, Often, Sincerely, Every day आदि शब्दों के साथ Present Indefinite का
प्रयोग होता है । ये सभी शब्द आदत दर्शाते है और आदत में सदा Present Indefinite लगता है । जैसे - I always
come late.

पूर्ण कालीन और पूर्ण कालीन क्रमिक वर्तमान काल - Present Perfect and Present Perfect
Continuous Tense
We have discussed about Present Indefinite Tense and Present Imperfect Tense in our
previous posts. We have known the uses of these two Tense in English Grammar. Now, I am
going to share my knowledge about Present Perfect Tense and Present Perfect Continuous
Tense.

पूर्ण कालीन - Present Perfect Tense:

S+Has/Have+V3+O

माता ने बुलाया है । - Mother has called.

मैंने सिनेमा दे खा है । - I have watched the cinema.

ऐसे सारे कार्य जो चर्चा से पूर्व ही समाप्त हो गए है परन्तु उनका प्रभाव बाकि है , Present Perfect में रखे जाते
है । जैसे - I have learnt the article.

At, Ever, Already, Up to, Just, Just Now, Recently के साथ Present Perfect Tense का प्रयोग होगा।
जैसे - I have come just now.

Last, Past, Before, Yesterday, Then के साथ Present Perfect Tense का प्रयोग नही होगा जैसे -

I have come yesterday. (Wrong)

I came yesterday. (Right)

पूर्ण कालीन काल के साथ Since या For का भी प्रयोग किया जा सकता है , लेकिन केवल तब जब यह दे खना हो
की कोई कार्य बोले जाने के पूर्व कुछ दे र तक चला, समाप्त हो गया, लेकिन प्रभाव बोले जाने के समय तक बाकि
है । जैसे - I have lived in Kolkata for one week.

पूर्ण कालीन क्रमिक काल - Present Perfect Continuous Tense

जब कोई कार्य बोले जाने के पूर्व से चल कर बोले जाने के समय तक चला हो, और आगे भी चलने की सम्भावना
हो तो उसे Present Perfect Continuous Tense में रखते है और वाक्य की संरचना इस प्रकार से हो जाती है ।
जैसे - S+Has/Have+Been+V1+Ing+O+Since/For+Others

Since का प्रयोग - यह Proper Noun के जगह प्रयोग होगा। यह अडिग है । इसका Plural नही बनेगा। यह कब
से सवाल पछ
ू ता है । यह Point of Time होता है ।

For: यह Common Noun के जैसे प्रयोग होगा। इसको Singular से Plural बनाया जा सकता है । यह कितने से
सवाल पूछता है । यह Period of Time होता है ।

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 English Grammer

जैसे -I have been learning English for two months.

You have been reading since 9'O clock.

एक समय ऐसा भी आता है जब Present Perfect Continuous Tense में Principal Verb का आभाव पाया
जाता है । उसके बदले में Adjective या Noun का प्रयोग किया जाता है जो यह बतलाता है कि कोई वास्तु या
व्यक्ति चर्चा से पहले अमुख अवस्था में थी, अभी भी है ; आगे भी रहे गी। ऐसी अवस्था में जबकि क्रिया का प्रयोग
नही होता है , क्रिया में लगे Ing का प्रयोग भी नही होता है तथा वाक्य की संरचना इस प्रकार हो जाती है । जैसे -
S+Has/Have+Adjective/Noun+Since/For+Others

अमेरिका आरम्भ से बेईमान है । - America has been dishonest since beginning.

भारत १९४७ से शान्ति प्रिय है । - India has been peaceful since 1947.

जब कोई कार्य या अवस्था बोले जाने के पूर्व से चलकर बोले जाने के समय तक मौजूद हो और आगे भी रहने की
आशा हो तो Present Perfect Continuous Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है । जैसे - We have been dying
for a year.

इसके साथ-साथ समय का होना नितांत आवश्यक है । जैसे - We have been coming for two months.

इसके साथ समय को दर्शाने के लिए Since या For आएगा। जैसे - I have been reading since 9'O clock.

इसके साथ आने वाला समय भूतकाल से सम्बंधित रहे गा। जैसे - I have been living in Patna since 1999.
अपूर्ण कालीन वर्तमान काल - Use of Present Imperfect in English Grammar
We already have discussed about Present Indefinite Tense in our previous post. So, here I
want to share some opinions about Present Imperfect Tense which is known as Present
Continuous Tense also. This is the most important tense to make a sentence because it comes
in our day to day life. There are some simple rules to make Present Imperfect Tense that you
have to follow during the making sentence.

Rule of Present Imperfect to make a sentence:

S+is/are/am+V1+ing+O

It means;

S = Subject

Is/are/am = auxiliary verb

V1 = First form of Verb

Ing = Verb + ing

O = Object

मैं प्रयास कर रहा हूँ। I am trying.

मां खाना बना रही है । Mother is cooking.

चर्चा करते समय होने वाले कार्य इसी Tense में रखा जाता है । जैसे - What are you doing? I am reading a
novel.
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 English Grammer

यह भविष्य में होने वाले कार्यों को दर्शाता है परन्तु केवल तब जब कार्य होने या न होने का मात्रा बराबर हो। जैसे -
I am going to village.

वैसे सरे कार्य जो क्षणिक है , जल्दी समाप्त होने वाले है ; Present Imperfect Tense में रखे जाते है ।

जैसे - The labour is repairing the road.

I am reading the alphabet.

See, Feel, Wear, Smell, Notice, Know, Trick, Salter, Understand, Guess, Suppose, Wise,
Refresh, Believe, Live, Read, Prefer, Cave, Perfect, Seem, Appear, Belong, Possess,
Remember, Late आदि शब्द क्रिया का कार्य कार्य करे तो वे अपने साथ ing नही लेंगे। इसलिए इन्हें Present
Indefinite में रखना होगा परन्तु अर्थ Present Imperfect वाला निकलेगा।

जैसे -I am feeling. (Wrong)

I feel. (Right)

ये सभी क्रिया के रूप में Present Imperfect में आए तो ing नही लेंगे। Other Tense में ing ले सकते है या
Adjective or Adverb के रूप में ले सकते हैं। उन शब्दों में जिनमे एक Sensational part का प्रयोग होता है वे
ing नही लेंगे। जिनके एक से अधिक Sensational Part का प्रयोग होता है , ing लेंगे।

जैसे -I am listening transition.

Now, This, Time, Present at the moment के साथ Present Imperfect Tense का प्रयोग होता है ।
Now, I am going to home.
अनिश्चित कालीन भूत काल का प्रयोग - Past Indefinite Tense in English Grammar

सकारात्मक:

S+V2+O

उसने दरवाजा खोला। He opened the door.

मैंने एक कलम ख़रीदा। I bought a pen.

नकारात्मक:

S+Did+Not+V+O

तुमने ग्लास नहीं तोड़ा। You didn't brake the glass.

प्रश्नात्मक:

Did+S+V+O

क्या राम स्कूल गया? Did Ram go to school?

Past Indefinite भी Present Indefinite की तरह आदत को दर्शाता है परन्तु यह उन आदतों को दर्शाता है जो
पहले तो था, अब नहीं है । जैसे - I failed in English.

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 English Grammer
रश्मों, रिवाजो तथा प्रथाओं का प्रयोग Past Indefinite में भी होता है परन्तु इसमे वे प्रथाएं राखी जाती है जो
पहले तो थी, अब नहीं है । जैसे - The Hindu women burnt themselves with the dead body of their
husband.

इतिहास के बातों को Past Indefinite Tense में भी रखा जाता है परन्तु इसमें वे इतिहास आते है जो पहले भी
थे, अब भी है । जैसे - Columbus discovered America.

यदि एक वाक्य में कई बातें कही गई हो और उनमें से एक भी भूत काल से सम्बंधित हो तो सारे क्रियाओं को Past
के ही किसी Tense में रखना होगा। जैसे - The teacher said that he was going.

लेकिन यदि वाक्य में Past के साथ कोई Universal Truth हो तो Past के साथ रहने के बावजूद उसे Present
Indefinite में रखना होगा। जैसे- My teacher said that the earth moves round the Sun.

एक वाक्य में दो बार Would का प्रयोग नहीं होगा। एक बार Would का प्रयोग होगा और एक बार Past
Indefinite का। जैसे -

I would go if you would say. (wrong)

I would go if you said. (right)

Always, Never, Seldom, Daily, Generally, Usually के साथ अनिश्चित कालीन भूत काल का भी प्रयोग
होता है परन्तु केवल तब जब ये शब्द ऐसी आदत को दर्शातें हो जो पहले तो थे, अब नहीं है । जैसे - I always
feared English.

Just, Just now, At, Ever, Already, Up to, Recently के साथ Past Indefinite का प्रयोग नही होगा। जैसे
-
I came just now. (wrong)

I have come just now. (right)

Last, Past, Ago, Before, Yesterday, Than के साथ अनिश्चित कालीन भूत काल का प्रयोग होगा। जैसे -

I have come yesterday. (wrong)

I came yesterday. (right)

यदि कोई कार्य बोले जाने के पूर्व समाप्त हो गया हो और उसका प्रभाव भी समाप्त हो गया हो तो उसे Past
Indefinite में रखते हैं। जैसे - It rained yesterday.

जब एक वाक्य में दो बातें कही गई हो, उनमें दो अलग-अलग वेर्ब हो, दोनों का सम्बन्ध Past Tense से हो तो
एक क्रिया पहले तथा एक क्रिया बाद में होती हो तो पहले होनी वाली क्रिया Past Perfect में राखी जाती है और
बाद में होने वाली Verb अनिश्चित कालीन भूत काल में । जैसे - The train had started before I reached
the station.

पर्ण
ू कालीन क्रमिक भत
ू काल - Uses of Past Perfect Continuous in English Grammar

पूर्ण कालीन क्रमिक भूत काल - Past Perfect Continuous:

जिस वाक्य के अंत में ता रहा था, ती रही थी, ते रहे थे, आ रहा था, आ रही थी, रहे थे इत्यादि लगा रहे और
उसमे समय का आभाव हो तो उसे पर्ण
ू कालीन क्रमिक भत
ू काल से तब तक नहीं बनायेंगे जब तक इसमें समय

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 English Grammer
का आभाव रहे गा। क्योंकि बिना समय के इस काल की कल्पना भी नहीं की जा सकती।

इस काल में समय का होना अनिवार्य है , समय का सम्बन्ध भूत काल से रहे गा। समय को दर्शाने के लिए since
या for का प्रयोग होगा। जैसे -

I had been reading for two days when I was in my school.

प्रश्न यह उत्पन्न होता है की Since या For को Past Perfect और Past Perfect Continuous में भी Present
Perfect और Present Perfect Continuous में भी रखा जायेगा तो फिर हम Past Perfect Continuous का
प्रयोग कब करें गे?

उत्तर यह है की जब वाक्य में Since या For तथा समय के अतिरिक्त एक भूत कालिक वाक्य या कम से कम
एक भत ू कालिक शब्द दिया हो तो Since या For के साथ Present Perfect तथा Present Perfect
Continuous का प्रयोग न करके Past Perfect का अथवा Past Perfect Continuous का प्रयोग करते है ।

अब प्रश्न यह उत्पन्न होता है कि Since या For तथा भत

ू कालिक शब्दों के साथ तो Past Perfect भी आ
सकता है और Past Perfect Continuous भी। तो हम कब Past Perfect का प्रयोग करें ? और कब Past
Perfect Continuous का?

तो उत्तर यह है कि जब भूत कालिक शब्दों या वाक्यों से पहले कोई कार्य कुछ दे र चलकर समाप्त हो गया हो तो
Past Perfect का प्रयोग करें गे। जैसे -

Murariji Desai had ruled India for three year when he died.

लेकिन जब Since या For के साथ समय हो और यह दर्शाना हो कि भूत कालिक शब्द या वाक्यों के समय कोई
कार्य जारी था तो Past Perfect Continuous का प्रयोग करें गे। जैसे -

Indira Gandhi had been ruling India for many years when she was killed.

अब प्रश्न यह उठता है कि Last और Past भी दो भूत कालिक शब्द है परन्तु इसके साथ Present Perfect और
Present Perfect Continuous का भी प्रयोग होता है । तब हम उन्हें कैसे अलग करें गे?

उत्तर यह है कि जब Since या For के तुरंत बाद Last अथवा Past लगा हो, उसके बाद समय आये तो हम
Present Perfect अथवा Present Perfect Continuous का प्रयोग करें गे। जैसे -

I have been reading English for last three hours.

लेकिन यदि Last या Past का प्रयोग Since या For के बाद नहीं बल्कि Since या For के बाद आने वाले समय के
बाद हो तो हम Past Perfect अथवा Past Perfect Continuous का प्रयोग करें गे। जैसे -

I had been living in my village for two months last year.

अनिश्चित कालीन भविष्य काल और पूर्ण कालीन भविष्य काल - Uses of Future Indefinite and Future
Perfect Tense

अनिश्चित कालीन भविष्य काल - Future Indefinite Tense

जिस शब्द में गा, गे, गी रहे और वह क्रिया के अंत में रहे और क्रिया मुख्य क्रिया हो तब वह अनिश्चित कालीन
भविष्य काल होगा। जैसे -

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 English Grammer

हम होंगे कामयाब। - We shall be succeed.

चिड़िया दाना लाएगी। - The bird will bring grain.

अनिश्चित कालीन भविष्य काल का प्रयोग भविष्य के कार्यों को दर्शाने के लिए होता है । जैसे - I shall come
tomorrow.

Now का प्रयोग अब के अर्थ में Future Indefinite में होता है , जबकि अभी के अर्थ में Present Perfect Tense
में होगा। जैसे - I shall go now.

एक वाक्य में दो बार कभी भी Shall या Will नहीं आएगा। जैसे - I shall come when you call me.

I, We के साथ Shall तथा बाकी सब के साथ Will लगता है ।

Promise, word का प्रयोग होगा तो I, We के साथ Will तथा बाकी सब के साथ Shall रहे गा।

पूर्ण कालीन भविष्य काल - Future Perfect Tense

जब भविष्य में निर्धारित समय तक किसी काम के समाप्त हो जाने का बोध करवाना हो तो Future Perfect
Tense का प्रयोग करते है ।

I और We के साथ Shall रहे गा बाकी सबके साथ Will रहे गा।

पूर्ण कालीन भविष्य काल के साथ समय का आना नितांत आवश्यक है ।

पूर्ण कालीन भविष्य काल के साथ आने वाला समय भविष्य से सम्बंधित रहे गा।

Future Perfect Tense के साथ आने वाला समय को दर्शाने के लिए By या Before आएगा।

Future Perfect Tense के साथ By का प्रयोग तब करें गे जब भविष्य में दिए गए समय में से कार्य करने में सारे
समय लग जाये, कुछ शेष न बचे। जैसे - I shall have joined a service by 2003.

Before का प्रयोग तब करते है जब कार्य करने में भविष्य के दिए गए समय से कुछ समय बच जाये। जैसे - I
shall have joined service before December, 2003.

Participle – Uses of Participle in English Grammar

जब कभी कोई क्रिया; क्रिया रहते हुए किसी Noun या Pronoun के साथ आकर उसके बारे में कुछ बोलने के कार्य
करते है , Participle कहलाते है । जैसे - A drunken man told me an interesting story.

उपयक्
ु त वाक्य में drunken तथा interesting क्रमशः drink तथा interest क्रिया से बना है , लेकिन क्रमशः man
तथा story के साथ आकर उसके बारे में कुछ बोल रहा है अर्थात Adjective का कार्य कर रहा है , अर्थात
Participle है ।

Verb से निर्मित होने के कारण इसके दो रूप होते है - Present Participle and Past Participle.

Present Participle - जब कभी क्रिया के अंत में ing लगाकर उससे Adjective का काम लेते है तो उसे Present
Participle कहते है । जैसे - Burning truth, Running water etc.
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 English Grammer

Past Participle - जब कभी क्रिया के अंत में D, Ed, N, NE तथा T लगाकर उससे Adjective का काम लिया
जाता है तो उसे Past Participle कहते है । जैसे - Parked car, Broken plate, Dead body, Fallen tree,
Burnt child etc.

Participle का प्रयोग जिसकी सेवा में होगा उसका स्पष्ट उल्लेख होना चाहिए अन्यथा अर्थ का अनर्थ हो जायेगा।
जैसे -
Being Sunday I did not go out. (Wrong)

Being it Sunday I did not go out. (Right)

Participle का प्रयोग उस शब्द के पहले होगा, जिसके लिए participle प्रयुक्त होगा। जैसे - The burning train,
A burnt child etc.

इसके पहले कोई-न-कोई Article अवश्य रहे गा। जैसे - The burning truth, A broken chair etc.

यदि आवश्यकता पड़ी तो Present Participle के पहले Very आएगा। जैसे - A very interesting match.

यदि आवश्यकता पड़ी तो Past Participle के साथ much आएगा। जैसे - Much tired man.
अंग्रेजी ग्रामर में अनिश्चित कालीन वर्तमान काल - Uses of Present Indefinite Tense
कोई भी Tense के लिए verb मुख्य क्रिया में होनी चाहिए। इसके अंत में ता, ते, ती है होते है । जैसे -
हमलोग हिसाब जानते है । - We know mathematics.
तुम हल्ला करते हो। - You make a noise.

प्रश्नात्मक वाक्य में Do/Does लगते है जिसके चलते Verb में S या ES नही लगाया जाता है ।

Do/Does+S+Principal Verb+O+?

क्या मै अंग्रेजी सीखता हूँ? - Do I learn English?

क्या वह गीत गता है ? - Does he sing a song?

नकारात्मक वाक्य में Don't/Doesn't लगते हैं जिसके चलते Verb में S या es नही लगाया जाता है ।

S+Do/Does+not+V+O.

राम स्कूल नहीं जाता है । - Ram doesn't go to school.

तुम हल्ला नहीं करते हो। - You don't make a noise.

किसी के आदत को दर्शाने के लिए Present Indefinite का प्रयोग होगा।

रश्मो, रिवाजो तथा प्रथाओ को दर्शाने के लिए इसी Tense का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे - Hindu girls tie Rakhi to
their brother.

इतिहास के बातों को इसी में रखा जाता है । जैसे - Bharat goes to forest to bring Ram to Ayodhya.

(Universal Truth) शास्वत सत्य इसी Tense में रखे जाते है । जैसे - The sun rises in the east.

यदि एक वाक्य में एक से अधिक क्रिया हो और वे एक के बाद एक routine way वे में हो तो सारे के सारे क्रियायें
Present Indefinite में होंगे। जैसे - We put water in a bottle, we boil the water. Then we take tea
and sugar. Then we pow it in the cup. Then we make milk and take it.
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 English Grammer

Commentary को भी Present Indefinite में ही रखा जाता है । जैसे - Kapil throws the ball.

भविष्य में होने वाले वैसे कार्य जो निश्चित है , अटल है Present Indefinite में रखे जाते है । जैसे - Kamal visits
Bihar very soon.

किसी भी लेखक की बात को दोहराने के लिए इसी Tense का प्रयोग करते है । जैसे - Valmiki says in the
Ramayana.

एक वाक्य में दो बार Shall या Will नहीं लगेगा। एक बार Shall या Will लगेगा और एक बार Present
Indefinite। अब प्रश्न यह उत्पन्न होता है कि Present Indefinite कहाँ लगेगा और Future Indefinite कहाँ,
यानि Shall/Will कहाँ?

तो उत्तर यह है की वाक्य के जिस क्षेत्र में What, Whatever, When, Whenever, Where, Wherever, As
Soon As, As Long As, Till, Untill, Of, Unless, After, Before आदि लगा हो, उस क्षेत्र में Present
Indefinite लगेगा। शेष में Shall या Will। जैसे - I shall help you whenever you call.

Always, Never, Seldom, Often, Sincerely, Every day आदि शब्दों के साथ Present Indefinite का प्रयोग
होता है । ये सभी शब्द आदत दर्शाते है और आदत में सदा Present Indefinite लगता है । जैसे - I always come
late.
विशेसन का स्थान - Order of Adjective in English Grammar
१ Proper Noun से निर्मित Adjective, उस शब्द के पहले होगा जिसके लिए प्रयुक्त होगा। जैसे - The Indian
former.

२ Pronoun से निर्मित Adjective उस शब्द के पहले होगा जिसके लिए प्रयक्

ु त होगा। जैसे - My pen, Your
book.

३ Common Noun से निर्मित Adjective उस शब्द के पहले रहते है जिसके लिए प्रयक्
ु त होते है । जैसे - Street
lamp, flower garden.

४ Material Noun से निर्मित Adjective उस शब्द के पहले होगा जिसके लिए प्रयुक्त होगा। जैसे - Golden
temple.

५ Adjective of Number उस शब्द के पहले प्रयुक्त होता है , जिसके लिए प्रयुक्त होता है । जैसे - Two Friends,
The Third Umpire.

६ Verb से निर्मित Adjective भी उस शब्द के पहले रहे गा, जिसके लिए प्रयुक्त होगा। जैसे- The burning
mountain, A broken plate.

७ यदि एक साथ एक से अधिक Adjective आ रहे हो तो उनका क्रम इस प्रकार होगा -

All/Both+The/Pronominal Adjective+Adjective of Quality (Space+Size+Colour)/Proper
Adjective+Subject.

८ जब एक ही प्रकार का कई Adjective एक साथ आ जाए तो सबसे छोटा सबसे पहले रहे गा और सबसे बड़ा सबसे
बाद। जैसे - A toll and handsome boy.

९ Alive, Alike, Alone, Aloof, Certain, Memorial उस शब्द के बाद आते है जिसके लिए प्रयुक्त होते है । जैसे
- The match was worth seeing.

१० Numerical Adjective, Possessive Adjective (N.P) के पहले रहे गा। जैसे - All my books are missing.

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 English Grammer

११ Numerical Adjective, Demonstrative Adjective के पहले रहे गा जैसे - All these pens are mine.

१२ क्रिया से निर्मित Adjective material noun के निर्मित Adjective के पहले रहें गे। जैसे - A broken
wooden chair.
अंग्रेजी में वर्ब - Use of Verb in English Grammar

1 जो क्रिया वाक्य में किसी कार्य के होने का बोध करवाए Auxiliary Verb कहलाता है ।

२ जो क्रिया मुख्य क्रिया की सहयता प्रदान करें उसे (Be) Verb भी कहते है ।

उदाहरण - is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, can, could, shall, should, will, would, may,
might, must, need, dare, ought to, use to.
Syntax

१ उचित Subject के अनुसार, उचित स्थान पर उचित सहायक क्रिया का प्रयोग ही Syntax है ।

२ Singular Subject के साथ Singular Verb का ही प्रयोग होता है । जैसे - The boy is coming.

३ Plural Subject के साथ Plural Verb का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे - Boys are coming.

४ यदि And के द्वारा दो Singular Subject जुड़े है तो उन्हें Plural समझा जाता है और उनके साथ Plural Verb
का प्रयोग किया जाता है । जैसे - The boy and the girl are coming.

५ लेकिन यदि And के द्वारा दो ऐसे शब्द जुड़े हो जो सदा जोड़ा बनाकर आते है और And से जोड़े रहने के बावजूद
Singular समझे जाते है तो Singular Verb लेते है । जैसे - Horse and cart is standing at the door.

६ यदि And द्वारा दो ऐसे वस्तू जड़

ु े हो जो मिलकर आत्मसात जो जाते है तो And से जड़ु े रहने के बावजद
ू
Singular समझे जाते है और Singular Verb लेते है । जैसे - Bread and butter is a good breakfast.

७ यदि And के द्वारा एक से अधिक Adjective जड़

ु े हो लेकिन केवल प्रथम को Article प्राप्त हो तो उन्हें
Singular समझा जाता है और उनके साथ Singular Verb का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे - The black and white dog
is barking.

८ लेकिन यदि And के द्वारा एक से अधिक गुण या दोष आपस में जुड़े हो और सबको Article प्राप्त हो तो उन्हें
Plural समझा जाता है और उनके साथ Plural Verb का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे - The black and the white dogs
are barking.

९ यदि And के द्वारा एक से अधिक पद आपस में जुड़े हो और केवल प्रथम को Article प्राप्त हो तो उन्हें Singular
समझेंगे और उनके साथ Singular Verb का प्रयोग करें गे। जैसे - The Prime minister and chairman of
planning commission is coming to Patna.

१० यदि And के द्वारा एक से अधिक पद आपस में जुड़े हो और प्रत्येक को Article प्राप्त हो तो उन्हें Plural
समझकर Plural Verb का प्रयोग करते है । जैसे - The Prime minister and the Petroleum minister are
corrupt.

११ Each, Either जब अकेले आता है तो Singular समझा जाता है और Singular Verb लेता है । जैसे - Each is

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 English Grammer
happy.

१२ यदि इनके तुंरत बाद को Noun आते है तो Noun Singular रहे गा ही Verb भी Singular रहे गा। जैसे - Each
boy is laborious.

१३ यदि इनके तंरु त बाद Preposition आए तो Preposition के बाद आने वाला Noun या Pronoun तो Plural
रहे गा परन्तु Verb पूर्व के ही भांति Singular बना रहे गा। जैसे - Each of you is laborious.

१४ यदि ये And के द्वारा जुड़े रहे तब भी Singular रहें गे और Singular Verb लेंगे। जैसे - Each boy and girl is
laborious.

१५ लेकिन यदि इनके ठीक पहले कोई Noun या Pronoun आ जाए तो वह Noun या Pronoun तो Plural रहे गा ही
Verb भी Plural आएगा। जैसे - We each are preparing for exam.

१६ यदि Or या Nor के द्वारा दो Singular Subject जुडा रहे तो वह Singular Verb लेगा। जैसे - The boy or
the girl is making a noise.

१७ यदि Or या Nor के द्वारा दो Plural Subject जुडा हो तो आने वाला Verb Plural होगा। जैसे - Boys or girls
are responsible.

१८ यदि Or या Nor के द्वारा एक Singular तथा एक Plural Subject जड ु ा हो तो पहले Singular रहे गा उसके बाद
Plural कयोंकि Or या Nor के द्वारा जुड़े दो शब्दों में अन्तिम वाला प्रमुख होता है । इसीलिए Verb भी Plural
होगा। जैसे- The teacher or students are responsible.

१९ दे श के नाम प्रायः Singular होता है और उसके साथ Sinular Verb लगता है । जैसे - India is a rich country.

२० लेकिन यदि दे श के नाम से उस दे श का नही, उस दे श के किसी भी प्रकार के दल का बोध हो तो उसे Plural

समझेंगे और उसके साथ Plural Verb आएगा। जैसे - The teams of India are in need of two fifty runs.
Omission of Article in English Grammar
1. Normally, Proper Noun doesn’t take any “Article” before it – Ram, Patna etc.

2. If common noun is in the form of plural noun, it will not take any “Article” – Boys are
playing.

3. Never use “Article” before the Material Noun – Water is gold.

4. Abstract Noun also doesn’t take any “Article” – Love is blind.

5. “Article” is not used before the sports name – Cricket, Football etc.

6. Before the name of weather, “Article” is not used – summer, winter etc.

7. Before the “Night” and “Day”, “Article” is not used – Night was dark.

8. “Morning” and “Evening” don’t take any “Article” before it – Morning is very pleasant.

9. Before “Society” we don’t use “The” – We live in society.

10. Before the diseases name, “Article” is not used – Fever, Plague etc.

11. The noun which comes after the possessive adjective, doesn’t take “Article” before it – My
pen, Your Book etc.

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 English Grammer
12. The word which starts from “By”, doesn’t take any article – By train, By sheep etc.

13. The noun which comes after the Demonstrative Adjective, doesn’t take any “Article” before
it – This boy etc.

14. The word which comes after the distributive adjective, doesn’t take any “Article” – Each
boy is late today.

15. Before “Man, Mankind, Woman, God, Father, Mother, Unique, Universal, Humanity”, “The”
is not used – God is great.

16. Normally, we don’t use any “Article” before “Heaven, Paradise and Hell” – We believe in
paradise.

17. Before the name of any languages, we don’t use “Article” – We are learning English.

18. Before the “Sunset” and “Sunrise”, “Article” is not used – It is the time of Sunset.

19. Normally, before the Muhalla, Villages, City, State, and Country; “Article” is not used – I
live at Kankarbagh.

20. Before the “Diner, Breakfast, Supper, Lunch etc. we don’t use “Article” – Dinner is ready.

21. Before the Battle, “Article” is not used – Battle is dangerous.

22. After the “No”, “Article” is not used – I have no pen.

23. After the “not and any”, “Article” is not used – I have not any friend.

These are some omission of article which is used promptly in English Grammar. Omission tells
what is not used. Omission of Article tells where “Article” is not used.
Use of Article in English Grammar
There are two types of Article – Indefinite Article (A, An) and Definite Article (The).

Use of Indefinite Article:

1. It is used for unknown – A boy is standing of the door.

2. To show the measurement we use “a” or “an” – 60 km an hour, 5 hundred rupees in a month
etc.

3. Whenever we use “Such” to show the surprise then we use “a” or “an” – Such a beautiful
girl!

4. Whenever we use “What” to show the surprise then we use “a” or “an” – What a joke!

5. With the “How” we will use “a” or “an” to show the surprise – How an ugly girl!

6. With the “Many” we will use “a” or “an” to show countless – Many a boy is absent today.

7. With - Rest, Dip, Exercise, Hurry, Noise, Bath, Lie, Word, Walk, Nap, Headache and Mood we
will use “a” or “an” - Don’t make a noise.

8. If “So” use to show the surprise and after it there is an adjective then we will use “a” or
“an” after the adjective – So beautiful a girl!

9. If “As” use to show the surprise and after it there is an adjective then we will use “a” or
“an” after the adjective – As beautiful a girl!

10. If “Too” use to show the surprise and after it there is an adjective then we will use “a” or
“an” after the adjective – Too dark a night!
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11. Normally, “an” is used with (A, E, I, O, U) which is vowel but the rules says that if the
pronunciation comes with vowel in Hindi then we use “an” otherwise we will use “a” for the
Hindi consonant. For example – An M.L.A, A unique, An honest man etc.

Use of Definite Article:

1. It is used for known – The boy in the corner is my brother.

2. To make certain thing we use “The” – Remember the word, I told you first time.

3. Before the “Truth” we use “The” – I speak the truth.

4. Before the common noun singular number we use “The” – The chair is new.

5. Before the parts of body name we use “The” – The nose, The ears etc.

6. Before all the invention we use “The” – The watch, The pen, The computer etc.

7. Before all the historical accident we will use “The” – The green revolution, The Gulf war etc.

8. For the entire parts of universe name we use “The” – The sun, The earth, The moon etc.

9. For the name of zone we use “The” – The east, The west etc.

Note – If the meaning is not related to zone then we will not include “Article” – East or west
India is the best.

10. Each noun which comes before preposition takes definite article – The Gold of South Africa.

11. Before all the religious books we use definite article – The Ramayana, The Bible etc.

12. Before all the novels, serials, and film’s name we use definite article – The Godan, The
Santi, The Devdas etc.

13. Before the superlative degree definite article take place – The best, The worst etc.

14. Before the Former and Latter we use “The” – The former chapter is more interesting than
the latter chapter.

15. For the parallel comparison we use definite article – The more Pepsi, the more crickets.

16. For the musical instrument use of definite article is necessary – The Tabla, The Harmonium
etc.

17. For the news papers definite article is necessary – The Aryavart, The Hindustan etc.

After the case chapter article is most important chapter in the English Language. If you
complete the chapter your writing skills will develop soon.

Case Studies in terms of Noun and Pronoun

To tell the position of noun and pronoun in a sentence we use case. There is three parts of
case: Subjective Case, Possessive Case and Objective Case.

Subjective case: when noun or pronoun used as subject then it is known as subjective case.

For example – Ram loves Sita.

Possessive Case – in any sentence if we find any relations and rights between person and
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objects to show their relations then we use possessive case.

For example – Ram’s brother.

Objective case – whenever noun or pronoun works as object, known as objective case. Eg. –
Ram loved Sita.

There are three situation of pronoun: I – My – Me.

Noun can be used as subject or object in both:

Ram(s) help Hanuman (o)

Or
Hanuman (s) helped Ram (o)

There are two rules to make possessive case of noun:

If noun is living thing then we use apostrophe “s” after the name – Lalu’s wife etc.

If the noun is non-living thing then 1st we use the then after that name with “of” to show
their relationship – The pocket of the blade.

Note-1: if non-living things are very large then we use apostrophe “s” to show their
relationship – Sun Ray’s, Ocean’s roar etc.

Note-2: in some proverb we use apostrophe “s” in spite of they are non-living things:

Wit’s end
Pen’s Evil
At One’s wit’s end
At arm’s length
Stone’s throw distance

Note-3: If non-living things show as artificially – Jungal’s low, Court’s degree etc.

Note-4: If non-living things show as measurement of a thing: A month’s fee etc.

Sometimes even in living things we use “of” rather than apostrophe “s” if the situation shows
relationship rather than rights: The Picture of Amitabh etc.

Whenever the situation comes to use apostrophe “s” two times then we use “of” once: The
government of Lalu’s wife.

In relative pronoun to show the nearest relation we use “of”: I like the book of Prem Chand
who was a great writer.

There are some pronouns in which we add apostrophe “s” to make their possessive case: some
body, any body, every body, someone, anyone, everyone, no one, something, anything etc.

For example – Every body’s duty is nobody’s duty.

But if “else” come with above mentioned words then apostrophe “s” will come with “else”
rather than those words: You depend on somebody else’s.

In condition of two person’s rights we use apostrophe “s” in last words: Lalu and Rabri’s
policy.

But if we have to show their separate rights then we will use apostrophe “s” in both: Ram’s
and Laksaman’s wives.

In the condition of plural noun and name where “s” already present then we use apostrophe
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“s” in that “s” which already there:

Keats – Keat’s poem.

Girls – Girl’s hostel.

These are the study of case in the process of English Language Learning. If you have also some
great tips or suggestion about case then share that.
Noun and Hot Tips of Noun

As I already mentioned in my previous post about noun that it is the name of person or places.

Now, here I am going to write about hot tips of noun. At first noun has been divided in to five
parts in old grammar.Those are:

1. Proper noun
2. Common noun
3. Collative noun
4. Martial noun
5. Abstract noun

But in modern grammar it has been divided into three parts only:

1. Proper noun
2. Countable noun
3. Uncountable noun
4. Noun tips for Translations:

Noun is always known as singular in its natural form. For example: a pen, a book, a watch etc.

Normally we make a plural noun by adding “s” or “es”.

Book-Books

Noun Tips - 1

If in the end of a noun there is “s”, “sh”, “ss”, “z” or “ch” than to make it plural we add “es”
in the end of the noun. For example:

Ass-Asses

Box-Boxes

Note - If a noun has ending point of “ch” however the sound comes for “ka” not “ch” than to
make it plural we add only “s”. For example:

Stomach, Stomachs Monarch, Monarch

Noun Tips - 2

If a singular noun contain “f” or “fe” in the last of the word then after removing “f” or “fe”
we add “ves”. For example:

Wife – wives,Knife – knives

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Note - If any words contain “f” or “fe” in the last of the word and they are not noun then to
make that plural simply we add “s”. For example:

Chef – Chefs,Belief – Beliefs

Noun Tips - 3

If a noun end with “Y” and before “Y” that contain consonant then to make that plural we
can remove “Y” with the “ies”. For example:

Army – Armies,Lady – Ladies

Note - If a noun contain “Y” in the end of the word and before “y” if we find vowel then to
make that plural we should simply add “s”. For example:

Boy – Boys,Day – Days

Noun Tips - 4

If a noun contain “o” in the end of the word and before it there is consonant then to make
that plural we should add “es”. For example:

Hero – Heroes,Mango – Mangoes

Note - If the noun contain “o” in the end of the word and before it there is vowel then to
make plural we add only “s”. For example:

Zoo – Zoos,Portfolios – Portfolios

Noun Tips - 5

Some nouns don’t follow any rules of English grammar. For example:

Child – Children ,Man – Men

Woman – Women

Tooth – Teeth

Noun Tips – 6

The noun which is in compound word but they have not hyphen between the words then
simply we add “s” in the end of the noun. For example:

Cupful – Cupfuls ,Handful – Handfuls

Noun Tips – 7

Noun which is divided by hyphen, to make that plural we add “s” in the important parts of
the word. For example:

Arm- chair - Arm chairs,Tooth- brush – Tooth – brushes

Noun Tips - 8

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If the noun which is formed by compound and that has one portion is preposition then to
make that plural we add “s” which comes before the preposition. For example:

Father-in-low – Fathers – in – low

Passer- by - Passers – by

Noun Tips – 9

If the compound noun has man or woman then to make that plural we need to add “s” in the
whole. For example:

Man- servant - Men – servants

Note - But if the noun has man or woman in spite of the meaning of that word not comes from
man or woman then to make plural that we add only “s” in the word of end. For example:

Man- eater - Man eaters

Noun Tips -10

The word which comes from two nouns then to make that plural we have to add “s” or “es” in
both words. For example:

Lord Justice – Lords Justices

Noun Tips -11

The noun which comes from Latin word and in the end of the word contain “us” then to make
plural that we remove “us” and only add “i”. For example:

Note - But the noun comes from Latin word and contain “on” in the end of the word then to
make that plural we remove “on” and add “a”. For example:

Criterion – Criteria

Phenomenon – Phenomena

But which noun contain “is” in the end of the word than to make that plural we should
remove “is” and add “es”. For example:

Basis Bases,Crisis -Crises

Noun Tips -12

All the things of the world which makes from two parts and both parts has own importance,
known as plural. For example:

Scissors, Trousers, Sues etc.

Note - But in the above noun if we add a pair of then it will be treat as singular noun. For
example:

A pair of sues is missing.

Noun Tips -13

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Part of the body which is single, known as singular noun. For example:

Nose, Tongue, etc.

Note - If we talk about whole hair then it is known as singular noun. For example:

Her hair is sighing.

Note - But if hair is countable then it can be plural or singular. For example:

Your one hair is white but my five hairs are white.

Noun Tips – 14

Alms, Riches, Eaves, Precisely they are counted as singular noun but now they are counted as
plural noun.

Tips of noun – 15

All the things which are relative to study known as singular noun. For example:

Mathematics, economies etc.

Note - But the study marital known as private property then it is considered as plural noun.
For example:

The Mathematics of S.C. Sinha are good.

Noun Tips – 16

Brick and stone known as singular noun take singular verb. For example:

The brick of my house is strong.

Note - But brick and stone use as private to make house then it is use as plural noun. For
example:

There were bricks biting on the road of secretariat.

Noun Tips – 17

If we use police then it is plural noun but if we use man in police then it will be known as
singular noun. For example:

Police are corrupt.

But the

Police man is honest.

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Note - But if there are more than one police men then it is known as plural noun according to
the situation. For example:

Police men are watching.

Noun Tips – 18

Poetry always knows as singular noun but if we need to plural it then we go with poem
because it is not possible to make plural of poetry. For example:The poetry in nice.

The poem is nice.

Poems are nice.

Note - Some nouns always known as singular noun even we add “s” in them. For example:

Iron - Irons

Copper - coppers

Sand - sands

Noun Tips – 19

Normally, the word which end from “ry”, known as singular noun. For Excample:

Scenery, crockery etc.

Note - But some word which end from “ry”, known as plural. For example:

Poultry, Gentry, Peasantry, Cab alary etc.

Gentry are combining.

These are the some Noun tips which we normally use to make sentences.

Case Studies in terms of Noun and Pronoun

To tell the position of noun and pronoun in a sentence we use case. There is three parts of
case: Subjective Case, Possessive Case and Objective Case.

Subjective case: when noun or pronoun used as subject then it is known as subjective case.

For example – Ram loves Sita.

Possessive Case – in any sentence if we find any relations and rights between person and
objects to show their relations then we use possessive case.

For example – Ram’s brother.

Objective case – whenever noun or pronoun works as object, known as objective case. Eg. –
Ram loved Sita.

There are three situation of pronoun: I – My – Me.

Noun can be used as subject or object in both:

Ram(s) help Hanuman (o)

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Or
Hanuman (s) helped Ram (o)

There are two rules to make possessive case of noun:

If noun is living thing then we use apostrophe “s” after the name – Lalu’s wife etc.

If the noun is non-living thing then 1st we use the then after that name with “of” to show
their relationship – The pocket of the blade.

Note-1: if non-living things are very large then we use apostrophe “s” to show their
relationship – Sun Ray’s, Ocean’s roar etc.

Note-2: in some proverb we use apostrophe “s” in spite of they are non-living things:

Wit’s end
Pen’s Evil
Cat’s paw
Note-3: If non-living things show as artificially – Jungal’s low, Court’s degree etc.

Note-4: If non-living things show as measurement of a thing: A month’s fee etc.

Sometimes even in living things we use “of” rather than apostrophe “s” if the situation shows
relationship rather than rights: The Picture of Amitabh etc.

Whenever the situation comes to use apostrophe “s” two times then we use “of” once: The
government of Lalu’s wife.

In relative pronoun to show the nearest relation we use “of”: I like the book of Prem Chand
who was a great writer.

There are some pronouns in which we add apostrophe “s” to make their possessive case: some
body, any body, every body, someone, anyone, everyone, no one, something, anything etc.

For example – Every body’s duty is nobody’s duty.

But if “else” come with above mentioned words then apostrophe “s” will come with “else”
rather than those words: You depend on somebody else’s.

In condition of two person’s rights we use apostrophe “s” in last words: Lalu and Rabri’s
policy.

But if we have to show their separate rights then we will use apostrophe “s” in both: Ram’s
and Laksaman’s wives.

In the condition of plural noun and name where “s” already present then we use apostrophe
“s” in that “s” which already there:

Keats – Keat’s poem.

Girls – Girl’s hostel.

These are the study of case in the process of English Language Learning. If you have also some
great tips or suggestion about case then share that.
Parts of Pronoun and Its Definitions
We already have discussed in our previous chapter about personal pronoun specially. But here
we are able to discuss all the parts of pronoun. I think pronoun is better placement of noun to
know good English and to speak well versed English.

Demonstrative Pronoun

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It comes in the replacement of noun and shows their presence, called demonstrative pronoun.
For example – This, That, These, Those etc.

Some tips of demonstrative pronoun

Use of “This” should be used for those things which are near you and near a subject and that
should be in singular noun. For example – I have a pen in my hand. This is new.

Use of “That” should be used far way things when it is in singular noun. For example – Look at
the star. That is very bright.

Use of “These” should be used for nearest things when it is plural noun. For example – I have
many pens. These have very good look.

Use of “Those” should be used for those which are not nearest and which are in plural noun.
For example – Look at the cars, those are very costly.

Distributive Pronoun

The pronoun which comes with the replacement of noun and shows their presence as
distributive elements among things and human beings, called distributive pronoun. For
example – each, either etc.

“Each” is used as singular noun and it takes singular verb. For example – Each is satisfied.

Indefinite Pronoun

That pronoun which are not certain, called indefinite pronoun. For example – All, Some,
More, Most, Any, Enough etc.

If they come as uncountable noun, known as singular noun and take singular verb. For
example – All that glitters is not gold.

But if they will be used as countable noun, known as plural and will take plural verb. For
example – All are corrupt.

Reflexive Pronoun

That pronoun which appear as noun and do everything by itself, called reflexive pronoun. For
example – My self, him self etc.

One of the best examples for reflexive pronoun is – One should respect oneself.

Interrogative Pronoun

The pronoun which comes with the replacement of noun and ask question, called
interrogative pronoun. For example – What, which, who, whom etc.

Interrogative pronoun comes in the beginning for sentence and takes a question mark in the
end of sentence. For example – What is your name?

Relative Pronoun

The pronoun which comes in the replacement of noun and shows the relationship, called
relative pronoun. For example – Which, what, who, whose, whom etc.

These are used in the mid of sentences and sentence take a full stop in the end. For example
– The boy who is playing.

Another is - I have a pen which is new.

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I think after that discussion all the questions about pronoun and parts of pronoun are clear.
So, we will proceed with a new chapter in next post. If you collect the information in your
mind your English learning way will be very simple.

Pronoun and Personal Pronoun Hot Tips

We have completed parts of speech and noun chapter in our previous chapter. Here we will
discuss about pronoun especially personal pronoun and it hot tips.

The pronoun which come in the alternative of noun but they treat as special noun, called
personal pronoun.

1st person pronoun in subjective case:

I and We

1st person pronoun in possessive case:

My/mine and our/ours

1st person pronoun in objective case:

Me and us

2nd person pronoun in subjective case:

You

2nd person pronoun in possessive case:

Your/Yours

2nd person pronoun in objective case:

You

3rd person pronoun in subjective case:

He, She, It, One, and They

3rd person pronoun in possessive case:

His, Her/Hers, Its, Ones, Their/Theirs

3rd person pronoun in objective case:

Him, Her, It, One and Them

Personal Pronoun is Sentence making:

Singular Noun - Plural Noun

1st Person I - We
2nd Person You - You
3rd Person He, She, It and any name - They

In the sentence making process we always use a formula of Subject and Verb. If in a subject
there is plural subject then verb will take place plural. If in a sentence subject is singular then
verb also will take place with singular.
Singular subject = Singular Verb
Plural Subject = Plural Verb

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Verb in its original form always remain as plural. To make it singular we add “s” or “es”
normally.Noun normally remains as singular but to make it plural we add normally “s” or “es”.

Hot Tips of Pronoun

1. If living and non-living things come as plural noun whether they are male or female, we will
use only “They” as third person.

2. “He” always use as singular noun when it is singular.

For example – I have a brother. He is very naughty.

3. “She” always use as singular noun when it is singular.

For example – I have a sister. She is very gentile.

4. “It” always use for non-living things when it is singular.

For example – I have a pen. It is very costly.

5. For small children we use “it”.

For example – I have a nephew. It is very active.

6. For the natural activities and incident we use “it”.

For example – It is Sunday. It is raining.

7. If personal pronoun comes together then we use the formula of “231”.

For example – You, He and I are students.

8. If in the sentence personal pronoun come together with 1st person then we use our/ours/us.

For example – You, he and I are doing our work.

9. If in the sentence personal pronoun come together with 2nd person then we use
your/yours/you.

For example – You and he are doing your work.

10. If in the sentence all the personal pronoun comes together but the sentence indicate with
wrong activities then we will use the formula of “123”.

For example – I, you and he are going to pluck the mango from his garden.

विशेसन का स्थान - Order of Adjective in English Grammar

१ Proper Noun से निर्मित Adjective, उस शब्द के पहले होगा जिसके लिए प्रयुक्त होगा। जैसे - The Indian
former.

२ Pronoun से निर्मित Adjective उस शब्द के पहले होगा जिसके लिए प्रयक्

ु त होगा। जैसे - My pen, Your
book.

३ Common Noun से निर्मित Adjective उस शब्द के पहले रहते है जिसके लिए प्रयुक्त होते है । जैसे - Street
lamp, flower garden.

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४ Material Noun से निर्मित Adjective उस शब्द के पहले होगा जिसके लिए प्रयुक्त होगा। जैसे - Golden
temple.

५ Adjective of Number उस शब्द के पहले प्रयुक्त होता है , जिसके लिए प्रयुक्त होता है । जैसे - Two
Friends, The Third Umpire.

६ Verb से निर्मित Adjective भी उस शब्द के पहले रहे गा, जिसके लिए प्रयुक्त होगा। जैसे- The burning
mountain, A broken plate.

७ यदि एक साथ एक से अधिक Adjective आ रहे हो तो उनका क्रम इस प्रकार होगा -

All/Both+The/Pronominal Adjective+Adjective of Quality (Space+Size+Colour)/Proper
Adjective+Subject.

८ जब एक ही प्रकार का कई Adjective एक साथ आ जाए तो सबसे छोटा सबसे पहले रहे गा और सबसे बड़ा
सबसे बाद। जैसे - A toll and handsome boy.

९ Alive, Alike, Alone, Aloof, Certain, Memorial उस शब्द के बाद आते है जिसके लिए प्रयक्
ु त होते है ।
जैसे - The match was worth seeing.

१० Numerical Adjective, Possessive Adjective (N.P) के पहले रहे गा। जैसे - All my books are
missing.

११ Numerical Adjective, Demonstrative Adjective के पहले रहे गा जैसे - All these pens are mine.

१२ क्रिया से निर्मित Adjective material noun के निर्मित Adjective के पहले रहें गे। जैसे - A broken
wooden chair.
On the use of Adjective
1. Farther – To show the distance between two places or products – Harding Park is farther to
Patna Junction from my coaching.

2. Further – To add something in the existing data – I gave no further statement.

3. Former – It is used to show 1st thing among two persons, two products or tow objects –
Both V.P. Singh and Chandrashekhar were prime minister of India. The former is called
Rajamanda.

4. Latter – It is used to show 2nd thing among two persons, two products or two objects – Both
V.P. Singh and Chandrasekhar were prime minister of India. The latter is called Baliya Naresh.

5. Later – To show the late in any two work – Magadh Express is coming later Rajdhani
Express.

6. Latest – To show new and upcoming things – This is the latest news.

7. Last – To show the end – This is the last chapter.

8. Mutual – To show the good understanding between two – Ram and Mohan are mutual
friends.

9. Common – To show the good understanding among all – Dropdi was common wife.

10. Elder – To show the age gap among brother or sisters who have single parents – Ram was
elder brother.

11. Older – To show the age gap among people – Ravan was older than Ram.
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12. Nearest – To show the close distance – Which is the nearest police station?

13. Next to – To show the near about – My house is next to the temple.

14. Cool – To show the happiest cold – Air is cool today.

15. Cold – To show the unpleasant cold – Air is cold in December and January.

16. Warm – Pleasant hot – I was given warm welcome.

17. Hot – Unpleasant hot – The day is very hot today.

18. Whole – To show everything in once – I have read the whole Ramayana.

19. All – To show everything in all – He has sold all the books.

20. Oral – Related to mouth – This is an oral disease.

21. Verbal – Related to words – There are some verbal mistakes in your sentence.

Uses of Adverb in English Grammar - क्रिया विशेषण का प्रयोग

We already have discussed about adverb and definition of adverb in our previous chapter.
Now, I have to discuss about uses of adverb with some examples.

Uses of Adverb - क्रिया विशेषण का प्रयोग:

Ago: जब कभी वर्तमान में भूतकाल की किसी बात की चर्चा की जाती है तो भूत काल के समय से लेकर चर्चा के
समय तक अंतराल को दर्शाने के लिए Ago का प्रयोग करते है । जैसे - I came to Patna 3 years ago.

Before: इसका प्रयोग दो भूतकालिक क्रियाओ के बीच में अंतराल को दर्शाने के लिए होता है । जैसे - The train
had started before I reached the station.

Already: इसका प्रयोग केवल Present Perfect Tense में होता है । जैसे - I have already seen this
picture.

Some Time: थोड़ी दे र। जैसे - I shall stay here for some time.

Sometimes: यदा-कदा, कभी-कभार। जैसे - Sometimes I think of you.

Only: केवल - इसका प्रयोग इस शब्द के समीपतम होगा जिसके लिए प्रयुक्त होगा। जैसे -

I only read English. - मै अंग्रेजी केवल पढ़ता हूँ, लिखता या प्रयोग नहीं करता।

I read only English. - मै अंग्रेजी केवल पढ़ता हूँ। यानि, समझता हूँ, लिखता हूँ, बोलता भी हूँ।

Only I read English. - केवल मै अंग्रेजी पढ़ता हूँ। दस

ू रा कोई नहीं पढ़ता है ।

Late: जब यह Adverb का कार्य करता है तो इसका अर्थ होता है निर्धारित समय से बिलम्ब करना। जैसे - I
came late.

Lately: अभी हाल ही में । I have learnt the tense lately.

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Hard: परू े शक्ति से। He hits the ball hard.

Hardly: बड़ी मुश्किल से। I reached there hardly.

Soon: शीघ्र ही - इसका प्रयोग किसी भी Tense में किया जा सकता है । जैसे - He came soon. He comes
soon. He will come soon.

Shortly, Directly, Presently: शीघ्र ही। इन तीनो का प्रयोग भविष्य के बातों को दर्शाने के लिए होता है । जैसे -
Releasing shortly, Coming presently, Showing directly etc.

Still: अब तक - इसका प्रयोग सकारात्मक तथा प्रश्नात्मक वाक्यों में होता है । जैसे - Is he still sleeping?
Yes, he is still sleeping.

Yet: अब तक - इसका प्रयोग नकारात्मक वाक्यों में होता है । जैसे - No he has not yet come.

Very:

Very is used with present participle. For example - Very interesting.

Very is used with positive degree. For example - Very good.

Very is used before much. E.g. - I am very much tired.

Very is used before very. E.g. - Very-very important.

Much:

Much is used with past participle. E.g. - Much tired.

Much is used with comparative degree. E.g. - Much better than you.

Much is not used before much.

Much can't be used before very.

Also: जब कोई दो समान महत्व वाले को वापस में जोड़ना हो तो Also का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे - Ravana was
also strong like Ram.

Even: भी - जब कोई कार्य आशा के विपरीत होती है तो उसके लिए Even का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे - Even Ram
made mistake.

Too: भी - जब कोई अपने महानता के कारण अपने आप को समान समझता है तो इसका प्रयोग करते है । जैसे -
I too am young. I too have dream.

Too (इतना अधिक जितना कि नहीं होना चाहिए): इसका प्रयोग केवल आलोचना के लिए होता है । प्रशंसा के
लिए नहीं। जैसे - You are too lazy.

Adverb and Definition of Adverb – क्रिया विशेषण

क्रिया विशेषण:

क्रिया का विशेषता बतलाने वाला। क्रिया के बारे में कुछ भी बोलने वाला। कभी-कभी यह Adjective के बारे में

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बोलता है । जैसे -

A very good boy.

कभी-कभी यह दस
ु रे Adverb के बारे में भी बोलता है । जैसे -

A very-very good boy.

कभी-कभी यह सम्पर्ण
ू वाक्य के बारे में बोलता है । जैसे -

Unfortunately I failed.

It says sometimes something about the verb, sometimes something about adjective,
sometimes something about another adverb and sometimes something about the whole
sentence.

Adverb of Manner:

It says the mod of the verb.

It generally answers the question 'how'.

For example - quickly, neatly, calmly etc.

Generally adverbs of manner are formed by the adding 'ly' after adjective of quality. For
example -

Neat - Neatly

Quick - Quickly etc.

But sometimes they work without 'ly' in both - adverb and adjective. These are - Best, Much,
Late, Last, First, Fast, Hard, Next, Back Little, Better, Good, Less etc.

Sometimes they work with 'ly' in both - adverb and adjective. These are - Yearly, Early, Daily,
Weakly, Monthly etc.

Adverb of Place:

It says the place of the work. It generally answers the question 'where'. For example - Here,
There, In the corner etc.

Adverb of Time:

It says the time of verb.

It generally answer the question 'when'. For example - Now, This time, Present time,
Yesterday, Ago, Last day etc.

Adverb of Degree:

It says the quantity of the work. It generally answers the question 'how much'. For example -
Little, A little, the little, Much, Less, Some, Enough etc.

Adverb of Reason:

It says the reason of the work. It generally answers the question 'why'. For example - Since,
So, Why, That is why etc.

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Adverb of Number:

It says the number of the work. It generally answers the question 'how often'. For example -
Once, Twice, Thrice, Four time, Eleven time etc.

Interrogative Adverb:

It asks the question about the verb. For example - What, Where, When Why, How often, How,
How long etc.

अंग्रेजी ग्रामर में अनिश्चित कालीन वर्तमान काल - Uses of Present Indefinite Tense

कोई भी Tense के लिए verb मुख्य क्रिया में होनी चाहिए। इसके अंत में ता, ते, ती है होते है । जैसे -
हमलोग हिसाब जानते है । - We know mathematics.
तुम हल्ला करते हो। - You make a noise.

प्रश्नात्मक वाक्य में Do/Does लगते है जिसके चलते Verb में S या ES नही लगाया जाता है ।

Do/Does+S+Principal Verb+O+?

क्या मै अंग्रेजी सीखता हूँ? - Do I learn English?

क्या वह गीत गता है ? - Does he sing a song?

नकारात्मक वाक्य में Don't/Doesn't लगते हैं जिसके चलते Verb में S या es नही लगाया जाता है ।

S+Do/Does+not+V+O.

राम स्कूल नहीं जाता है । - Ram doesn't go to school.

तुम हल्ला नहीं करते हो। - You don't make a noise.

किसी के आदत को दर्शाने के लिए Present Indefinite का प्रयोग होगा।

रश्मो, रिवाजो तथा प्रथाओ को दर्शाने के लिए इसी Tense का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे - Hindu girls tie Rakhi to
their brother.

इतिहास के बातों को इसी में रखा जाता है । जैसे - Bharat goes to forest to bring Ram to Ayodhya.

(Universal Truth) शास्वत सत्य इसी Tense में रखे जाते है । जैसे - The sun rises in the east.

यदि एक वाक्य में एक से अधिक क्रिया हो और वे एक के बाद एक routine way वे में हो तो सारे के सारे क्रियायें
Present Indefinite में होंगे। जैसे - We put water in a bottle, we boil the water. Then we take tea
and sugar. Then we pow it in the cup. Then we make milk and take it.

Commentary को भी Present Indefinite में ही रखा जाता है । जैसे - Kapil throws the ball.

भविष्य में होने वाले वैसे कार्य जो निश्चित है , अटल है Present Indefinite में रखे जाते है । जैसे - Kamal
visits Bihar very soon.

किसी भी लेखक की बात को दोहराने के लिए इसी Tense का प्रयोग करते है । जैसे - Valmiki says in the
Ramayana.

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 English Grammer
एक वाक्य में दो बार Shall या Will नहीं लगेगा। एक बार Shall या Will लगेगा और एक बार Present
Indefinite। अब प्रश्न यह उत्पन्न होता है कि Present Indefinite कहाँ लगेगा और Future Indefinite कहाँ,
यानि Shall/Will कहाँ?

तो उत्तर यह है की वाक्य के जिस क्षेत्र में What, Whatever, When, Whenever, Where, Wherever, As
Soon As, As Long As, Till, Untill, Of, Unless, After, Before आदि लगा हो, उस क्षेत्र में Present
Indefinite लगेगा। शेष में Shall या Will। जैसे - I shall help you whenever you call.

Always, Never, Seldom, Often, Sincerely, Every day आदि शब्दों के साथ Present Indefinite का
प्रयोग होता है । ये सभी शब्द आदत दर्शाते है और आदत में सदा Present Indefinite लगता है । जैसे - I always
come late.

अंग्रेजी में वर्ब - Use of Verb in English Grammar

1 जो क्रिया वाक्य में किसी कार्य के होने का बोध करवाए Auxiliary Verb कहलाता है ।

२ जो क्रिया मुख्य क्रिया की सहयता प्रदान करें उसे (Be) Verb भी कहते है ।

उदाहरण - is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, can, could, shall, should, will, would, may,
might, must, need, dare, ought to, use to.

Syntax

१ उचित Subject के अनस

ु ार, उचित स्थान पर उचित सहायक क्रिया का प्रयोग ही Syntax है ।

२ Singular Subject के साथ Singular Verb का ही प्रयोग होता है । जैसे - The boy is coming.

३ Plural Subject के साथ Plural Verb का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे - Boys are coming.

४ यदि And के द्वारा दो Singular Subject जड़ु े है तो उन्हें Plural समझा जाता है और उनके साथ Plural
Verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है । जैसे - The boy and the girl are coming.

५ लेकिन यदि And के द्वारा दो ऐसे शब्द जुड़े हो जो सदा जोड़ा बनाकर आते है और And से जोड़े रहने के बावजूद
Singular समझे जाते है तो Singular Verb लेते है । जैसे - Horse and cart is standing at the door.

६ यदि And द्वारा दो ऐसे वस्तू जुड़े हो जो मिलकर आत्मसात जो जाते है तो And से जुड़े रहने के बावजूद
Singular समझे जाते है और Singular Verb लेते है । जैसे - Bread and butter is a good breakfast.

७ यदि And के द्वारा एक से अधिक Adjective जुड़े हो लेकिन केवल प्रथम को Article प्राप्त हो तो उन्हें
Singular समझा जाता है और उनके साथ Singular Verb का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे - The black and white
dog is barking.

८ लेकिन यदि And के द्वारा एक से अधिक गुण या दोष आपस में जुड़े हो और सबको Article प्राप्त हो तो उन्हें
Plural समझा जाता है और उनके साथ Plural Verb का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे - The black and the white
dogs are barking.
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 English Grammer

९ यदि And के द्वारा एक से अधिक पद आपस में जुड़े हो और केवल प्रथम को Article प्राप्त हो तो उन्हें
Singular समझेंगे और उनके साथ Singular Verb का प्रयोग करें गे। जैसे - The Prime minister and
chairman of planning commission is coming to Patna.

१० यदि And के द्वारा एक से अधिक पद आपस में जुड़े हो और प्रत्येक को Article प्राप्त हो तो उन्हें Plural
समझकर Plural Verb का प्रयोग करते है । जैसे - The Prime minister and the Petroleum minister are
corrupt.

११ Each, Either जब अकेले आता है तो Singular समझा जाता है और Singular Verb लेता है । जैसे - Each is
happy.

१२ यदि इनके तुंरत बाद को Noun आते है तो Noun Singular रहे गा ही Verb भी Singular रहे गा। जैसे - Each
boy is laborious.

१३ यदि इनके तुंरत बाद Preposition आए तो Preposition के बाद आने वाला Noun या Pronoun तो Plural
रहे गा परन्तु Verb पूर्व के ही भांति Singular बना रहे गा। जैसे - Each of you is laborious.

१४ यदि ये And के द्वारा जुड़े रहे तब भी Singular रहें गे और Singular Verb लेंगे। जैसे - Each boy and girl
is laborious.

१५ लेकिन यदि इनके ठीक पहले कोई Noun या Pronoun आ जाए तो वह Noun या Pronoun तो Plural रहे गा
ही Verb भी Plural आएगा। जैसे - We each are preparing for exam.

१६ यदि Or या Nor के द्वारा दो Singular Subject जुडा रहे तो वह Singular Verb लेगा। जैसे - The boy or
the girl is making a noise.

१७ यदि Or या Nor के द्वारा दो Plural Subject जुडा हो तो आने वाला Verb Plural होगा। जैसे - Boys or
girls are responsible.

१८ यदि Or या Nor के द्वारा एक Singular तथा एक Plural Subject जुडा हो तो पहले Singular रहे गा उसके
बाद Plural कयोंकि Or या Nor के द्वारा जुड़े दो शब्दों में अन्तिम वाला प्रमुख होता है । इसीलिए Verb भी
Plural होगा। जैसे- The teacher or students are responsible.

१९ दे श के नाम प्रायः Singular होता है और उसके साथ Sinular Verb लगता है । जैसे - India is a rich
country.

२० लेकिन यदि दे श के नाम से उस दे श का नही, उस दे श के किसी भी प्रकार के दल का बोध हो तो उसे Plural

समझेंगे और उसके साथ Plural Verb आएगा। जैसे - The teams of India are in need of two fifty runs.

Omission of Article in English Grammar

1. Normally, Proper Noun doesn’t take any “Article” before it – Ram, Patna etc.

2. If common noun is in the form of plural noun, it will not take any “Article” – Boys are
playing.

3. Never use “Article” before the Material Noun – Water is gold.

4. Abstract Noun also doesn’t take any “Article” – Love is blind.

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 English Grammer
5. “Article” is not used before the sports name – Cricket, Football etc.

6. Before the name of weather, “Article” is not used – summer, winter etc.

7. Before the “Night” and “Day”, “Article” is not used – Night was dark.

8. “Morning” and “Evening” don’t take any “Article” before it – Morning is very pleasant.

9. Before “Society” we don’t use “The” – We live in society.

10. Before the diseases name, “Article” is not used – Fever, Plague etc.

11. The noun which comes after the possessive adjective, doesn’t take “Article” before it –
My pen, Your Book etc.

12. The word which starts from “By”, doesn’t take any article – By train, By sheep etc.

13. The noun which comes after the Demonstrative Adjective, doesn’t take any “Article”
before it – This boy etc.

14. The word which comes after the distributive adjective, doesn’t take any “Article” – Each
boy is late today.

15. Before “Man, Mankind, Woman, God, Father, Mother, Unique, Universal, Humanity”,
“The” is not used – God is great.

16. Normally, we don’t use any “Article” before “Heaven, Paradise and Hell” – We believe in
paradise.

17. Before the name of any languages, we don’t use “Article” – We are learning English.

18. Before the “Sunset” and “Sunrise”, “Article” is not used – It is the time of Sunset.

19. Normally, before the Muhalla, Villages, City, State, and Country; “Article” is not used – I
live at Kankarbagh.

20. Before the “Diner, Breakfast, Supper, Lunch etc. we don’t use “Article” – Dinner is ready.

21. Before the Battle, “Article” is not used – Battle is dangerous.

22. After the “No”, “Article” is not used – I have no pen.

23. After the “not and any”, “Article” is not used – I have not any friend.

These are some omission of article which is used promptly in English Grammar. Omission tells
what is not used. Omission of Article tells where “Article” is not used.
Use of Article in English Grammar

There are two types of Article – Indefinite Article (A, An) and Definite Article (The).

Use of Indefinite Article:

1. It is used for unknown – A boy is standing of the door.

2. To show the measurement we use “a” or “an” – 60 km an hour, 5 hundred rupees in a

month etc.

3. Whenever we use “Such” to show the surprise then we use “a” or “an” – Such a beautiful
girl!

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 English Grammer
4. Whenever we use “What” to show the surprise then we use “a” or “an” – What a joke!

5. With the “How” we will use “a” or “an” to show the surprise – How an ugly girl!

6. With the “Many” we will use “a” or “an” to show countless – Many a boy is absent today.

7. With - Rest, Dip, Exercise, Hurry, Noise, Bath, Lie, Word, Walk, Nap, Headache and Mood
we will use “a” or “an” - Don’t make a noise.

8. If “So” use to show the surprise and after it there is an adjective then we will use “a” or
“an” after the adjective – So beautiful a girl!

9. If “As” use to show the surprise and after it there is an adjective then we will use “a” or
“an” after the adjective – As beautiful a girl!

10. If “Too” use to show the surprise and after it there is an adjective then we will use “a” or
“an” after the adjective – Too dark a night!

11. Normally, “an” is used with (A, E, I, O, U) which is vowel but the rules says that if the
pronunciation comes with vowel in Hindi then we use “an” otherwise we will use “a” for the
Hindi consonant. For example – An M.L.A, A unique, An honest man etc.

Use of Definite Article:

1. It is used for known – The boy in the corner is my brother.

2. To make certain thing we use “The” – Remember the word, I told you first time.

3. Before the “Truth” we use “The” – I speak the truth.

4. Before the common noun singular number we use “The” – The chair is new.

5. Before the parts of body name we use “The” – The nose, The ears etc.

6. Before all the invention we use “The” – The watch, The pen, The computer etc.

7. Before all the historical accident we will use “The” – The green revolution, The Gulf war
etc.

8. For the entire parts of universe name we use “The” – The sun, The earth, The moon etc.

9. For the name of zone we use “The” – The east, The west etc.

Note – If the meaning is not related to zone then we will not include “Article” – East or west
India is the best.

10. Each noun which comes before preposition takes definite article – The Gold of South
Africa.

11. Before all the religious books we use definite article – The Ramayana, The Bible etc.

12. Before all the novels, serials, and film’s name we use definite article – The Godan, The
Santi, The Devdas etc.

13. Before the superlative degree definite article take place – The best, The worst etc.

14. Before the Former and Latter we use “The” – The former chapter is more interesting than
the latter chapter.

15. For the parallel comparison we use definite article – The more Pepsi, the more crickets.

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16. For the musical instrument use of definite article is necessary – The Tabla, The
Harmonium etc.

17. For the news papers definite article is necessary – The Aryavart, The Hindustan etc.

After the case chapter article is most important chapter in the English Language. If you
complete the chapter your writing skills will develop soon.

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