Chng 4

MCH LC

MCH LC
4.1. Khi nim v mch lc tn s
4.2. Mch lc th ng
4.3. Mch lc tch cc
4.4. Thit k mch lc tch cc bc cao

4.1. Khi nim v mch lc tn s

L mch chn lc ly tn hiu trong mt hay mt s khong tn s no (di thng), cn cc tn hiu tn s khc th b loi tr
Phn loi:

Phn loi theo tc dng

Mch lc thng thp

Mch lc thng cao
Mch lc thng di
Mch lc chn di
Mch lc pha

Phn loi theo linh kin:

Mch lc th ng
Mch lc tch cc

4.1. Khi nim v mch lc tn s

Mch lc l tng l mt mng bn cc c h s truyn

t K=1 trong di thng v K=0 ngoi di thng.

Mch lc l tng khng gy suy gim tn hiu trong di

thng v trit tiu hon ton tn hiu ngoi di thng, vng

f
0
fc

fc
Mch lc thng thp

chuyn tip thng ng v khng gy di pha tn hiu

Mch lc thng cao

c tuyn truyn t

c tuyn truyn t ca mch lc l tng

1

0
fc1
Mch lc thng di

fc2

0
fc
Mch lc chn di

fc2

4.2. Mch lc th ng

L mch cha cc phn t th ng (R,L,C).

Phn loi

C h s truyn t K() < 1

Thng lm vic tn s cao (>1MHz), do min tn s thp cc mch ny c kt cu nng n v h
s phm cht thp.

Mch lc thng thp

Mch lc thng cao
Mch lc thng di
Mch lc chn di

4.2. Mch lc th ng
Mch lc thng thp

K=

K =

H s truyn t:

vo
ZC
1 / j C
1
=
=
=
vi R + Z C R + 1 / jC 1 + jRC

1
1
=
=
2
1 + jRC
1 + ( RC )

Tn s ct

c =

1
RC

1

1 +
c

K dB = 20 lg

1
= 20 lg
1 + jRC

1 +
c

=0
: << 1 tn hiu khngKsuy dB
Nu
nn
hao
c
1
1
K
=
20
lg
=
20
lg
= 3dB

c
dB
Nu
2
th:
2

1 +
2
c

>> 10c
>> 1
Nu
th:
nn:
c
K dB
1
K dB = 20 lg
= 20 lg( c )
c
<<
th: 10

tn hiu suy hao mnh

lg
-2

-1

p ng bin -tn s ca mch lc thng thp

Mch lc thng cao

H s truyn t:

K=

vo
R
R
1
=
=
=
vi R + Z C R + 1 / jC 1 + 1 jRC

Vy:

K =

Trong :

1
1
=
=
2
1 + 1 jRC
1 + (1 RC )

1
c
1+

1
cc
= gi l tn s ct
RC

K dB = 20 lg

1
= 20 lg
1 + 1 jRC

1
c
1+

Nu

Nu

c
<<
th:
10
th:

= c

Nu:

th:

>> 10c

c
>> 1
nn:

K dB = 20 lg
2

1
K dB =c20
lg
= 20 lg( c )
tuyn l ng thng
c
1

1+ c

c
<< 1

nn:

= 20 lg

1
= 3dB
2
1

K dB = 20 lg

1+ c

20 lg 1 = 0

K dB

lg
-3

-2

-1

p ng bin -tn s ca mch lc thng cao

Mch lc thng di
R1

C 2

C1

R2

Mch lc thng di gm mt mch lc thng thp mc ni tip vi mt mch lc thng cao

Tn s ct

c 2

H s truyn t ca mch:
c tuyn truyn t ca b lc thng di

K=

R2
R2
=
R1 + Z C1 // ( R2 + Z C 2 ) R + Z C1 ( R2 + Z C 2 )
1
Z C1 + Z C 2 + R2

c1 =

1
R1C1

c 2 =

1
R2C2

c1

Mch lc chn di
R 1
C 1

C 2
R 2

Mch lc chn di gm mt mch lc thng thp v mt mch lc thng cao mc song song vi nhau

Tn s ct

c1 =

1
R1C1

c 2 =

1
R2C2

4.3. Mch lc tch cc

Mch lc RC kt hp vi cc linh kin tch cc (BJT, Op_Amp)

c s dng di tn s thp

Cc tham s c trng ca mch lc tch cc:

Tn s ct

Bc ca b lc: xc nh dc ca c tuyn bin-tn ngoi

S khi ca mch lc tch cc

Hm truyn t ca b lc tng qut

di thng

Kiu b lc: xc nh dng c tuyn bin-tn quanh tn s ct

v trong di thng. Mch in ca cc b lc ny ging nhau,
ch khc nhau gi tr ca RC, c 3 loi b lc: Bessel,
Butterworth v Chebyshev

b0 + b1 p + b2 p 2 + ... + bn p n
K ( p) =
a 0 + a1 p + a 2 p 2 + ... + a n p n

n: bc ca b lc
p = j/C l bin phc chun ho.
a, b l cc s thc dng

4.3. Mch lc tch cc

c tuyn bin - tn ca mch lc Butterworth phng

vi dc ngoi bng thng l -20dB/dec, y l mch
lc hay c s dng nht

c tuyn bin-tn ca mch lc Chebyshev, c tuyn

c gn sng trong di thng, dc ln hn
20dB/dec.

Mch lc Bessel c c tuyn bin-tn gim u t

min thng sang min chn

4.3. Mch lc tch cc

Mch lc thng thp bc 1

Hm truyn t tng qut ca mch lc thng thp

Lc bc 1 ch
K (dnh
p ) =cho thng thp hoc thng cao

Tn s ct

c tuyn bin tn s

b0
a 0 + a1 p + a 2 p 2 + ... + a n p n

Hm truyn t

Dng mch cn bn mch lc thng thp bc 1

R 1
+

K =

R
1

R1 1 + j

out
-

c =

1
RC

Nhn xt:

Khi tn s ln cao th |Ku| gim dn mch lc thng thp

Nu chn R1 =R th |K0| =1

khi cn thp th |Ku| R / R1

Tn s ct l tn s ti |Ku| gim 2 ln. Tn s ct

fc =

1
2R C

4.3. Mch lc tch cc

Mch lc thng thp bc 1

Hm truyn t

Ku =

1
jC
=
1 + jRC
R+ 1
j C

Tn s ct ti

1
Xc nh hm truyn t v
camch
lc
tn
RCs=ct
1
=
c
hnh di
RC

4.3. Mch lc tch cc

Mch lc thng cao bc 1

Dng mch v hm truyn t

Nhn xt:

H s khuch i p ca mch s tng khi tn s tng

Tn s ct C l tn s ti Ku gim 2 ln

4.3. Mch lc tch cc

Mch lc thng cao bc 1

C th dng mch sau

4.3. Mch lc tch cc

Mch lc thng thp bc 2

Trong thc t mun tng dc ca c tuyn bin - tn s t

gn ti c tuyn ca b lc l tng s dng cc b lc bc cao.
Trong thc t thng s dng b lc bc 2 v:

Cu trc n gin
H s phm cht cao

D iu chnh
n nh

Dng mch cn bn

c tuyn bin tn s

Hm truyn t

c =

1
2 RC1

Tn s ct

4.3. Mch lc tch cc

Mch lc thng cao bc 2

Dng mch

Hm truyn t

Tn s ct

c =

2
RC

c tuyn bin tn s

4.3. Mch lc tch cc

Mch lc chn lc v mch lc thng di

Mch lc thng di l mch m tn hiu u ra ch c

mt di tn gii hn no trong ton b di tn ca
tn hiu u vo.

Bng thng c nh ngha: B = H - L

Khi B < 0.1r mch c gi l mch lc di thng

bng tn hp hay mch lc chn lc (mch lc cng
hng)

c tuyn tn s

Khi B > 0.1r mch lc thng di bng tn rng

H s phm cht ca mch (quality factor)

Q=

r
B

r : Tn s cng hng ti in th u ra max

L : tn s ct thp ti in p u ra gim 2 ln
H : tn s ct cao ti in p u ra gim 2 ln

4.3. Mch lc tch cc

Mch lc chn lc

n gin trong ng dng thng chn:

C1 = C2 = C;
R2 = 2R1

Trong thit k thng chn:

C1 = C2 = C
Chn bng tn B v tn s cng hng r. T
suy ra Q= r/B

Cc in tr R1, R2 , R3 c tnh t cc phng

trnh:

Dng mch

4.3. Mch lc tch cc

Mch lc thng di bng tn rng

to mt mch thng di bng thng rng thng dng hai mch

lc thng cao v thng thp mc ni tip vi nhau nhng phi tho
mn iu kin tn s ct 2 ca mch lc thng thp phi ln hn
tn s ct 1 ca mch lc thng cao.

C th dng mch sau

Tn s cng hng, Q<10.

4.3. Mch lc tch cc

Mch nn chn lc

nn mt tn s no , ngi ta dng mt b lc c h s
truyn t tn s cng hng bng khng.

Cch thng dng nht l dng 2 mch thng cao v

thng thp song song vi nhau

C th dng mch sau

Phn gii mch ny tng i phc tp. Ta chp nhn kt qu thit

k nh sau:

B1: Chn C1 = C2 = C tr thch hp trong khong 100pF n 0.1F

B2 : Tnh R2 theo cng thc R2 = 2/B.C

2
B3: Tnh R1 = R2 /4Q

B4 : Chn Ra thch hp ( thng chn Ra = 1k)

2
B5 : Tnh Rb t cng thc Rb = 2Q .Ra

4.4. Thit k mch lc tch cc bc cao

u im ca mch l c tuyn bin tn s vung

gc gn vi mch lc l tng.

thc hin mch lc tch cc bc cao ta ghp ni tip

cc b lc bc 1 v bc 2. Hm truyn t lc ny s l:
Kd = Kd1.Kd2

V d : Mch lc thng thp bc 3 s l ghp ni tip

ca mch lc thng thp bc 1 v thng thp bc 2.

S mch lc thng cao bc 3