Bi 11.

PHNG PHP CHUN IN TH

I. NGUYN TC
Phng php chun in th l phng php phn tch th tch nhng khc phng php
h a hc c ch x c nh im tng ng:
- Dng mt my o in vi cp in cc thch hp nhng vo dung dch cn chun .
- Thc hin qu trnh chun v ghi nhn s thay i ca th E hoc pH ca dung dch trong
qu trnh chun .
- T s liu E = f(V) hay pH = f(V) ghi nhn c c th xc nh th tch V ca dung
dch chun theo nhiu cch.
u im ca phng php chun in th so vi phng php ha hc:
- nhy cao, c th n 10-5 M.
- Chun c nhng dung dch mu c mu.
- Chun c cho nhng trng hp khng c cht ch th mu.
- Chun c cho nhng trng hp dung dch cha nhiu cu t.
II. CCH THC HIN
1. S mch ca h thng my o v dung dch phn tch
My o in thng c mc xung i vi:
(V) Volt k
(G) in k
(K) Ngt in
(R) in tr

Quy c : in cc ch th ni vi anod v in cc chun ni vi catod c a mch ngoi v :

Eo = Ech th - Echun

2. in cc v cch chn in cc
My o in thng gm 2 in cc:
2.1 in cc chun hay in cc so snh
L in cc c th khng i trong qu trnh chun , thng dng nht l in cc calomen.
Cu to: mt dy platin nhng trong hn hp (Hg+Hg2Cl2) v tip xc vi dung dch dn in
bng mt dung dch in ly KCl hay HCl c nng xc nh:
- Nu KCl l dung dch bo ha in cc calomel bo ha (E = 0,247 V 250 C)
- Nu KCl c nng 1N in cc calomel nguyn chun (E = 0,284 V 250 C)
in cc calomel cha Hg nn c kh nng g y nhim mi trng v v vy cng ngy chng
cng t c s dng (c thay th bng cc in cc chun Ag/AgCl).
2.2 in cc ch th
L in cc c th thay i theo nng ca mt ion no trong dung dch phn tch. C
nhiu loi in cc ch th kh c nhau:
- in cc kim loi tr (Pt, Au, C,...): ch ng vai tr trao i in t vi dung dch (dng
trong cc phn ng oxy ha-kh)
- in cc kim loi khng tr (Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe): in cc c kh nng trao i in
t vi dung dch cha cation c a kim loi tng ng, thng dng cho qu trnh chun to
ta (hoc to phc).
- in cc mng thy tinh: l in cc c mng thy tinh c bit c kh nng trao i [H+] vi
dung dch, cu to bi mt dy Pt nhng trong dung dch HCl cha trong mt bu thy tinh c
bit v mng. Th ca in cc ph thuc vo nng [H+] trong dung dch c xc nh bng
biu thc :
E = k - 0,059.pH
k l mt hng s
Khi tin hnh chun , phi chn in cc ch th ph hp vi cn bng chun :

III. CCH XC NH IM TNG NG

Lp bng bin thin ca pH hay E thay i theo th tch dung dch chun s dng trong qu
trnh chun .

1. Phng php th
T bng bin thin ca Eo hoc pH theo VC c th xc nh c Vt bng 3 PP th:

Cc cch xc nh im tng ng theo PP th :

a) da vo dng tch phn (PP hnh bnh hnh).
b) da vo ng vi phn bc mt;
c) da vo ng vi phn bc hai.

2. Phng php ni suy

Ngy nay, vic chun theo PP in th thng c tin hnh trn cc my chun
t ng:
- My t ng ht DD chun vo cc buret (5,00; 10,00 hoc 20,00 ml); t buret, DD
chun s c ly dn vo cc cha mu.
- My t ghi nhn V theo th tch phn, vi phn bc mt hoc bc hai v s tr kt qu
xc nh cu t phn tch theo mt trong cc dng : Vt , nng mg/l, nng ng lng, %
cht tan ty theo yu cu ca ngi s dng c chng trnh ha.
- Cc my chun t ng cho php xc nh nhanh v chnh xc nh V gn im
tng ng c th c khng ch rt b (c th n 0,01 ml ). chn lc ca PP cng rt
cao nh vo vic s dng PP vi ph n xc nh im tng ng thay cho PP tch phn.
IV. CCH TNH KT QU
Sau khi tm c V bng mt trong c c phng php ni trn, tnh kt qu ging nh phng
php chun thng thng.
V. PHNG PHP O V GHI KT QU
1. Qui trnh th nghim:
- my ch o pH. iu chnh nhit ph hp. Chn in cc thy tinh.
- Chun my vi cc dung dch m (pH = 9, pH=7, pH=4).

- Thay dung dch m bng dung dch HCl bit chnh xc nng .
- Thit t li cc thng s my trc khi chun HCl.
- Da vo th tch NaOH dng ti im tng ng tnh li CNaOH
- Thit t li cc thng s my trc khi tin hnh chun dd H3PO4.
2. Thit b: Th nghim chun c thc hin trn my Automatic Potentiometric Titrator
AT 501, do gio vin hng dn th nghim trc tip hng dn.
3. Ch : Ra sch in cc trc khi o dung dch mi.
* Phng trnh phn ng nh lng:
H3PO4 + NaOH =NaH2PO4 +H2O
NaH2PO4 + NaOH = Na2HPO4 +H2O
Na2HPO4 +NaOH = Na3PO4 + H2O
Nh vy trong qu trnh nh lng, pH ca dung dch ln tc thay i v thay i t ngt ti
cc im tng ng. Da vo m quan h gia th tch VNaOH chun v pH ta v c th v
xc nh c nng dung dch NaOH.
Cu hi chun b
Cu 1: Trnh by nguyn tc ca phng php o pH bng o th.
Cu 2: in cc so snh l g, phn loi in cc so snh.
Cu 3: Trnh by cc phng php xc nh im tng ng da vo th?
Cu 4: So snh u nhc im phng php chun in th so vi phng php chun th
tch thng thng?