Bi 11.

PHNG PHP CHUN IN TH

I. NGUYN TC
Phng php chun in th l phng php phn tch th tch nhng khc phng
php
h a hc c ch x c nh im tng ng:
- Dng mt my o in vi cp in cc thch hp nhng vo dung dch cn chun .
- Thc hin qu trnh chun v ghi nhn s thay i ca th E hoc pH ca dung dch
trong
qu trnh chun .
- T s liu E = f(V) hay pH = f(V) ghi nhn c c th xc nh th tch V ca dung
dch chun theo nhiu cch.
u im ca phng php chun in th so vi phng php ha hc:
- nhy cao, c th n 10-5 M.
- Chun c nhng dung dch mu c mu.
- Chun c cho nhng trng hp khng c cht ch th mu.
- Chun c cho nhng trng hp dung dch cha nhiu cu t.
II. CCH THC HIN
1. S mch ca h thng my o v dung dch phn tch
My o in thng c mc xung i vi:
(V) Volt k
(G) in k
(K) Ngt in
(R) in tr
Quy c : in cc ch th ni vi anod v in cc chun ni vi catod c a mch ngoi
v :
Eo = Ech th - Echun
2. in cc v cch chn in cc
My o in thng gm 2 in cc:
2.1 in cc chun hay in cc so snh
L in cc c th khng i trong qu trnh chun , thng dng nht l in cc
calomen.
Cu to: mt dy platin nhng trong hn hp (Hg+Hg2Cl2) v tip xc vi dung dch dn
in
bng mt dung dch in ly KCl hay HCl c nng xc nh:
- Nu KCl l dung dch bo ha in cc calomel bo ha (E = 0,247 V 250 C)
- Nu KCl c nng 1N in cc calomel nguyn chun (E = 0,284 V 250 C)
in cc calomel cha Hg nn c kh nng g y nhim mi trng v v vy cng ngy
chng
cng t c s dng (c thay th bng cc in cc chun Ag/AgCl).
2.2 in cc ch th
L in cc c th thay i theo nng ca mt ion no trong dung dch phn tch.
C

nhiu loi in cc ch th kh c nhau:

- in cc kim loi tr (Pt, Au, C,...): ch ng vai tr trao i in t vi dung dch
(dng
trong cc phn ng oxy ha-kh)
- in cc kim loi khng tr (Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe): in cc c kh nng trao i in
t vi dung dch cha cation c a kim loi tng ng, thng dng cho qu trnh chun
to
ta (hoc to phc).
- in cc mng thy tinh: l in cc c mng thy tinh c bit c kh nng trao i
[H+] vi
dung dch, cu to bi mt dy Pt nhng trong dung dch HCl cha trong mt bu thy
tinh c
bit v mng. Th ca in cc ph thuc vo nng [H+] trong dung dch c xc
nh bng
biu thc : E = k - 0,059.pH k l mt hng s
Khi tin hnh chun , phi chn in cc ch th ph hp vi cn bng chun :
III. CCH XC NH IM TNG NG
Lp bng bin thin ca pH hay E thay i theo th tch dung dch chun s dng
trong qu
trnh chun .
1. Phng php th
T bng bin thin ca Eo hoc pH theo VC c th xc nh c Vt bng 3 PP th:
Cc cch xc nh im tng ng theo PP th : tr li cu hi:
a) da vo dng tch phn (PP hnh bnh hnh).
b) da vo ng vi phn bc mt;
c) da vo ng vi phn bc hai.
2. Phng php ni suy
Ngy nay, vic chun theo PP in th thng c tin hnh trn cc my chun
t ng:
- My t ng ht DD chun vo cc buret (5,00; 10,00 hoc 20,00 ml); t buret, DD
chun s c ly dn vo cc cha mu.
- My t ghi nhn V theo th tch phn, vi phn bc mt hoc bc hai v s tr kt qu
xc nh cu t phn tch theo mt trong cc dng : Vt , nng mg/l, nng ng
lng, %
cht tan ty theo yu cu ca ngi s dng c chng trnh ha.
- Cc my chun t ng cho php xc nh nhanh v chnh xc nh V gn im
tng ng c th c khng ch rt b (c th n 0,01 ml ). chn lc ca PP
cng rt
cao nh vo vic s dng PP vi ph n xc nh im tng ng thay cho PP tch
phn.
IV. CCH TNH KT QU
Sau khi tm c V bng mt trong c c phng php ni trn, tnh kt qu ging nh
phng

php chun thng thng.

V. PHNG PHP O V GHI KT QU
1. Qui trnh th nghim:
- my ch o pH. iu chnh nhit ph hp. Chn in cc thy tinh.
- Chun my vi cc dung dch m (pH = 9, pH=7, pH=4).
- Thay dung dch m bng dung dch HCl bit chnh xc nng .
- Thit t li cc thng s my trc khi chun HCl.
- Da vo th tch NaOH dng ti im tng ng tnh li CNaOH
- Thit t li cc thng s my trc khi tin hnh chun dd H3PO4.
2. Thit b: Th nghim chun c thc hin trn my Automatic Potentiometric
Titrator
AT 501, do gio vin hng dn th nghim trc tip hng dn.
3. Ch : Ra sch in cc trc khi o dung dch mi.
* Phng trnh phn ng nh lng:
H3PO4 + NaOH =NaH2PO4 +H2O
NaH2PO4 + NaOH = Na2HPO4 +H2O
Na2HPO4 +NaOH = Na3PO4 + H2O
Nh vy trong qu trnh nh lng, pH ca dung dch ln tc thay i v thay i t
ngt ti
cc im tng ng. Da vo m quan h gia th tch VNaOH chun v pH ta v c
th v
xc nh c nng dung dch NaOH.
Cu hi chun b
Cu 1: Trnh by nguyn tc ca phng php o pH bng o th.
Cu 2: in cc so snh l g, phn loi in cc so snh.
Cu 3: Trnh by cc phng php xc nh im tng ng da vo th?
Cu 4: So snh u nhc im phng php chun in th so vi phng php
chun th
tch thng thng?

Cu 1 : NGUYN TC
Phng php chun in th l phng php phn tch th tch nhng khc
phng php
h a hc c ch x c nh im tng ng:
- Dng mt my o in vi cp in cc thch hp nhng vo dung dch cn
chun .
- Thc hin qu trnh chun v ghi nhn s thay i ca th E hoc pH ca dung
dch trong

qu trnh chun .
- T s liu E = f(V) hay pH = f(V) ghi nhn c c th xc nh th tch V ca
dung
dch chun theo nhiu cch.
Cu 2: in cc chun hay in cc so snh
L in cc c th khng i trong qu trnh chun , thng dng nht l in cc
calomen.
Cu to: mt dy platin nhng trong hn hp (Hg+Hg2Cl2) v tip xc vi dung
dch dn in
bng mt dung dch in ly KCl hay HCl c nng xc nh:
- Nu KCl l dung dch bo ha in cc calomel bo ha (E = 0,247 V 250
C)
- Nu KCl c nng 1N in cc calomel nguyn chun (E = 0,284 V 250
C)
in cc calomel cha Hg nn c kh nng g y nhim mi trng v v vy
cng ngy chng
cng t c s dng (c thay th bng cc in cc chun Ag/AgCl).
Cu 3 phng php xc nh im tng ng da vo th:

Vi th a ta v hnh bnh hnh nh th v k t vung gc vi 2 ng cho

ct trc honh ti im V th gi tr ca V l gi tr ta im tng ng.
Vi th ( b) sau khi v ng vi phn bc 1 (

PH
V

theoVc ) . Ti

im cc i ca ng vi phn ta dng vung gc vs trc hong, ct trc honh

ti im V th gi tr ca V l gi tr ta im tng ng.
Vi th (C) sau khi v ng vi phn bc 2 (

E
PH

V
V

theo Vc) ta s c

im cc i v im cc tiu dng vung gc vi trc honh ti im A v B th

trung im ca AB l im V s l gi tr V tng ng cn xc nh.
Cu 4:
u im ca phng php chun in th so vi phng php ha hc

Phng php chun in th

- nhy cao, c th n 10-5 M

Phng php ha hc
4
nhy km 10
M

-Chun c nhng dung dch mu

c mu.
- Chun c cho nhng trng hp
khng c cht ch th mu.

Phi c cht ch th mu

- Chun c cho nhng trng hp

dung dch cha nhiu cu t.

-Gii hn s cu t gy bin i mau cht

ch th

Phi c in

Ko cn in