II

r: II

TARKASANGRAHA

THE

OF

HIS

STYLED

C3-LOSS

O"^ATiT

THE

DIPIKA

AND

ENGLISH

AN

PRINTED

AND

TRANSLATION.

PUBLISHED

BY THE PROPRIETOR

OF

THE

'

NIRNAYASAGAEA

1876

'

PRESS.

PREFACE.

IN* publishing
this work, the chief
is to

supply a

Sanskrit
the

which

want

connected

has

long

Bombay

with

objectthe

been

felt

also

felt
peculiarly

in these

the

among

is most
are

and

Calcutta
in

is at

appears
for the

1849

they giveof

the text

part inaccurate

most

little

throw

They

to

or

arises the

Hence
free

are,

from

the

the fact,that

by

have been

Collegestudents

only edition

the

are

Tarka-

of the

bad
Allaha-

at
published

one

College.Both

Benares

text ; but

correct

and,
faulty,

lighton

no

on

the versions which

for the

carelessly,
executed,tliatthey are

so

and

based

students of

of the

use

obscure, whilst they attempt

required. They

is most

want

present procurable. This edition is printedat

editions,indeed,contain

these

this

nations,
subjectsprescribedfor higherUniversityExami-

clearlyshown

sangrahawhich

close,faithful,

duced
Kyaya Philosophyis intro-

the

days when

all dissatisfied with

and

one

original.That

of the

translation
faultless,

and

of
the

with

text

correct

of

edition

an

"

Bipika or glossusuallyaccompanyingit,but

students

the

by

University of

embodying not only a

TARKASANGRAHA,

Editor has in vie\r

at

what

such

blemishes

which

book

the

as

are

illustration is

where
illustration,
and

misleading.

even

portionsof

therefore,useless

for
necessity

is more,

guidesto

unsafe

better edition of the

not

follow.

Tarkasangraha
,

blot

editions of Calcutta

the

and

Allahabad.
Under
this

these circumstances,the Editor has ventured

work, with

of the

the view

Tarkasangraha.

of
The

translation which

in the present edition is for the most

as

seemed

edition

of the

is

out

an

now

of

necessary,

from

edition which

was

the

the translation

text

publishedsome

to

years

2005614

which

1851

and the

the

students

accompaniesthe

part copied,with

Tarkasangrahapublishedin
print. Both

service

some
rendering

publish

to

at

tions
altera-

appeared in

an

Allahabad, which

glossare

ago

such

text

in

copiedfrom

Bombay.

Thh

publicationLs
Index

of the

which

will

undertaking.
are

to

spared
be

to

found
Little

to

useful

as

approval from

the

students

very
terms

the

P.

L.

14.

10

For

15.

"

9
8

20.

9
"

22.

27.

1G
12

20
"

33.

3G.

2
29

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utilityof

text,

"

the present

possible.

It is, therefore,

in

this

"

Jrw/

except

making

Sanskrit

*"""?"

Sfq^pffa.

in the

as

ERRATA.
"

used

said

Literature

of the

carefullyprepared

be

Editor

hoped that the efforts of the

facilitatingthe study of Sanskrit

and

to

now

work

greatly to

remains

the

make

add

by

technical

important and

most

be

recommended

further

will meet

that

pains

attempt

with

Language.

no

at

favour

II

F: II

II

nrenr

'Having placed in my heart tlm J,ord of the world. [ liaving

this
God
meditated
on
],and having saluted my preceptor, I compose
of Logical results for the pleasant comprehension of the
Compendium
;'f

uninstructed.'

f"

i
i =r

^^P^T:

T%

II

II R

'There

1.

seven

Categories;Substance, Quality, Action,

"

Difference,Co-inherence

Genus,
'2.

are

'

Amongst

those

II

and

Non-existence.'

),
(categories

Substances

[the

abodes

of

Ail',Ether, Time, Place,

are
nine; Earth, Water, Light,
Qualities]
"

Soul

and

Mind.'

^ q

"JT

I =TTR

'ft:

"r"n

'tr-

-*
Ci-

I
i

Wft^!

||

u
i

i TO

3.

'There

twenty-four Qualities; Colour, Savour,

are

"

Odour,

Number, Dimension, Several ty, Conjunction,Disjunction,

Tangibility,
standing,
Priority, Posteriority,
Weight, Fluidify,Viscidity,Sound, UnderPleasure, Pain, Desire,Aversion, Effort,Merit, Demerit

and

Faculty.'
4.

'

There

are

five

"

Contraction,Expansion
5.

'Genus

[a

wards,
Throwing upwards, Tin-owingdown-

Actions;

common

and

nature

Going.'

is of two

kinds;
"

Higher

and

Lower.'
G.

'

Differences,which

reside in eternal substances,are

endless.'

7.

'

8.

'

is

Co-inlierence

Non-existence

only.'

one

is

of

foin-

kinds;

non-existence,

Antecedent
"

Destruction,
9.

'

That

non-existence

is

in

Earth,

Eternal

kinds;

two

Absolute

and

which

there

Miitual

is

quality

the

Non-eternal.

and

In

non-existence.'

its

Odour.

atomic

It

is

of

it

is

character

"

Eternal
is

called

of

three

And

odour,
the

when

is

body
called

masses

This
the

through

kinds,

the

that

have

earth

in

differences
of

Smell,
what

arises

product

some

Non-eternal.

The

mass.

of

and

us

which

parts

out

the

The

resides

are

those

body,
organ

in

the

clods,

then

atoms,
of

character

of

men.

of

is

product

of

organ
the

]
and

sense,

apprehender

fore-part
stones,

that

d-c.'

of

the

nose.

is

10.
of two

'

That

is

kinds;

Eternal

"

Eternal;

and

is called

Non-eternal.

The
of

when

through

kinds,

body

exists

savour,

of the

which

which

Water,

in the

of

world

called

The

in

the
masses

the

body,

Varu/ui.

Taste,
are

the

by
form

form

those
of

of

atoms,
then

products ] is
sense,

is the

sense

which

it. And

atoms,

of

organ
The

and

touching

on

In

produced

of

differences

the

tongue.

is

[ water

This

cold

Non-eternal.

product

is

and

aj)])ears

resides

rivers, seas, "c.'

it is
it is
that

of three

and

m;iss.

percipient
in

the forepart

V9

fit:

i ^TR

in

11.

'

is of two
of

is Light,
the sensation

kinds;
"

Eternal

form

of

body, organ

product]
of

of

realm, is well-known.

The

warm.

That the

sense, the

body

This

in the form

This

kinds, through the

three

mass.

is

It is Eternal

productsit is Non-eternal.

is of

and

sense

of which

touch

by

Non-eternal.

and

atoms, and in the form

the
of

That

3 n

exists in

flightin

differences
the Solar

of colour,which
percipient

is

resides in the fore-part

of the pupilof the eye. Masses
Sight,
in earth,
four kinds, through these differences;Produced

called the
are

of

Produced

"

in the

sky,

Produced

in

the

stomach, and

Produced

in

in earth, it is tire,ite. Produced in the sky, it is

Produced in the stomach,
the fuel of which is water.
lightning,
"ke.,
mines.

Produced

it is the

cause

it is gold"c.'

of the

of thingseaten.
digestion

Produced

in mines,

PTSTT-

12.
is of
is

kinds;

two

.Eternal;and

in the

form

of
of

body, organ
is the

sense

the

trees,
13.
it

is

In

Non-eternal.

and

Eternal

has

colour, and

not

the

in

the

of

form

products ] is
and

sense

Touch,

the

products

The
of

apprehender
is that

mass

body

which

form

is in

the

the

[ air

This
difference*

ferial

world.

It
it

of atoms

Non-eternal.

kinds, through

of three

mass.

it is

tangibility.

of

The

tangibility,
existing throughout
is the

Of the

cause

shaking

of

"c.'
'

Ail'

circulating within

otie, yet, from

but

by Breath,
General

has

"

body. The

whole

which

is Air,

'That

Flatulence,

pulsation and

the
etc.

the

difference

body
of

is called
its

accidents,

[ Breath, Flatulence,

Digestion ].'

Pra^a.

Cerebral

Although
it is

called

pulsation,

I
i

T^rl

rr

I ?T"n ^
:

ICT^T^T^lt^TFTT T^-TT
i rT"

14.

'That

It is one,

is

Ether, in

which

there resides the

and eternal.'
all-pervading

^ in 8 u
qualityof sound.

r-

%frf

3TrfFTFf I

n
I srnftRl1
1 ^rfir g"F"rrt

15.

"tc.

'

[ Past,

16.
'

'

'

East

That

is

Avhich

and

Present,

the

IK

Future.]
which

Space,
West,

"fcc. [ East,

17.

and

is Time,

It is

is the

North

and

of the

caii.se

employment

all-pervading

one

of

cause

'Past'

eternal.'

and

of

employment

the

It is one,

South.

of

all-pervading

eternal.'

and

in

That

'

which

knowledge

the

is One

is Soul,

That

soul.

and

devoid

each

body.

is the

resides.

Supreme

only
to

which

The
of
It is

It

is of two

Supreme
joy

or

of

substratum

kinds;

soul is God,

sorrow.

The

all-pervadingand

knowledge

"

the

the
Animal

eternal.'

Animal

Omniscient.

soul

is

[that
soul
He
buted
distri-

cftlt

I ^T:

II

"

18.

'That

is

Mind,

pleasure,pain, "c.
|t is in the form

of

whose

It is
an

sense

is the

innumerable,

atom

and

cause

of

for it remains

is eternal,'

the

perceptionof

with

each

Hou).

gnr

gfq^rr HFTT^

i $T"HTn

n
TT-

%?T

ii

10.

\vhichis
(jUiility,

-That

is called Colour.
Si^'lit.

And

apprehended only by the sen.se

it is of seven
kinds, through the

of White, Blue, Yellow, Red, (Jreen,Brown

residing in earth,
kinds

resides

in

water

water,

liyht, lustrous white

and

light,

white

fn

colour

colour resides.'

earth, colour
not

and
of

of
ferences
dif-

Variegated,
all the

seven

lustrous resides,and

in

(1
.

II "F*rirfrr

i
23.

'

The

ii

cfr

^srrRgr

four of which

colour is the first

matur"tion

things, they

things not eternal,they are

'That

24.
lion

of

Eternal;

is called

is the

eternal

Non-eternal.

thing,it
But

is

produced

not

When

tlit-\

they reside

Eternal

Dualityetc.,is

; and
even-

is

as

far

Eternal

in

where

of

resides

This

Unity, it
Reckoning from
| 100,000,000,000,000,000].Unity is both
an

when

peculiarcause

Number.

substances.

In

and

then.transient;

in

said to be Transient.'

"which
(jiiality,

Unity Ac.,

are

[ Colour, Savour, Odour

[in earthy things ] by

Tangibility
] may be producedin Earth
of Heat],and they are
conjunction
[aspecial
In others
(in Water, Lightand Air ] Colour "c. are
maturation.
They are tlien Eternal or Transient.
)"y
and

reside in eternal

*8

as

and

non-eternal

the
in

concepthe

tiin""

l\n\irdlnt

Non-eternal.

thing,it

Non-eternal,'

is

^nfa^

1 ?rar
v*

'2~i.

'

The

Measure.

I'*;.

calU-d
"11.

called
'1$.

peculiar cause

It resides

Small.

(Jreat,
'The

Long

in the
and

peculiar

"

That

canst;

nine

of

conception

substances.

the

of

And

conception

in all the
of the

It resides

quality which

It resides

the

Bulk, is called

it is of four

kinds

things

is

Short.'

peculiar eatise

Conjunction.

fefaft

of

Severally. It resides
'The

'

11

n ^

*f f f

I 3*"JT

of

distinct

substances.'

conception of conjoinedthings is

in all the substances.'

annihilates

in all the substance*.'

Conjunction, i*

called Disjunction.

ft-

?T

II

29.

is

called

peculiar

Remoteness

of

[ earth,

earth,

of

These

Proximity.

Made

kinds;

two

conception

reside

and

Made

in

air

light,

water,

l"y Space

tilings

Far

and

the

four

and

Time.

hy

"Near.

suits

mind.

They

Remoteness

"

made

by

made

In

near.

in

30.

falling,

is

Space

Proximity

and

with

the

of

cause

and

beginning

tances

are

The

'

the

the

is

by

that

quality

called.

is

Space

who

Weight.

is

which

thing

who

person

person

The

in

is

in

that

elder,

younger,

which

is

It

which

thing

there

is

Remoteness

there

is

Proximity

the

resides

in

remains

distant

remains

earth

in

made

cause

and

in

water.'

by
of

by

made

non-intimate

in

place

and

place
Time;
Time.'

incipient

r:

I g

i
n

: t

^
:

31.

The

'

trickling,is

quality

titious

[ produced by

"

Adscititious
such

32.

heap,

is called

butter

aa

'

ike

ot

which

drum

ban;,krit

in

and

light.

is

only

why

ether.

other

It is

Adsci-

in water,

earthy

stances,
sub-

conjunction

the

become

or/.'an of

It is of two

sound

itc. ; Articulate
any

In

particles"c.,

apprehended by

In-articulate

01

light.

of

alone.'

in water

iu the

incipient

"c.'

cause

resides

],and

nature

and

earth

gold

is the

Articulate.

instrumentality

oha}'0 "i

which

It resides

Sound.

water

fluidity resides

]. Natural
in

of

cause

"tc.,fluidityis produced by the

produced )

quality

The

cause

Viscidity. It

and

the

is

quality

The

is called

33.

some

fluidityresides

light,( it
'

non-intimate

Fluidity. It affects earth,

Natural
[ established
by its own

kinds;

fire. In

is the

called

of two

and

which

is

sound

language.'

is

hearing,

kinds;

produced
that, which

"

by

articulat
Inthe
is in

ii fft

|?rfj

34.
bo

'

Knowledge,

in

put

words

is

thing

that

notion;
is

as,

called

thing
case

in

be

to

of

shell,

conception

every
It

knowledge

called

is

is

which

of

that

can

membrance
Re-

kinds;

two

is

called

whatever

is

of

the

the

and

the

of

silver,

notion

the

of

not,
ite

is

idea

bilver.

its

object.
a

Wrong
This

Righb

kinds;

two

"

when

is,
it

of

its

called

being

of

is

notion;
is

Right
Thia

silver.

The

idea

our

called

being

called

by

which

knowledge

anything

with
is

is

description,

same

commensurate

thing

It

description

that

case

Notion.

only

produced

is

Remembrance
;

[
as

The

that,

Pramd

of

cause

"

Of

Wrong.

the

Understanding.

Notion.

from

is

called

antecedence,

own

different

and

of

is

and
its

which

supposing
as,

in

the

Apratud'.

U-

3^

-"

IOC

35.

13

"

""

"

"'-v

vra-r"-""

vJT-7

.'

'

ceptions,
Eight notion is of four kinds, through the divisions of Perauthoritative
Conclusions
and
from
Inferences,
.similarity
Assertions
of those,also
The efficient [peculiar]
understood.
cause
is of

'

four

kinds, through

the^divisions

of

.Inference,
Perception,

and authoritative
Assertion/
Recognitionof similarity
36.
Whatever
is the cause, not common
tiling,
through its operating,
of some
to all effects,
given effect,that is the instrumental cause
thereof.
That which is invariablyantecedent
to some
product,and
is not otherwise
constituted
[is not l"y any tilingelse except the
result in question constituted a cause
(ofthat product).
j is the cause
'

"

"

That

which annuls it:;UMH

Hiitt'cnK-j;'non-existence is called

an

Kfu-et

"t-ct
3T^T*r"7/4

^J

A^t,

\"
:

^T[rf^

q^T

!
i

n
37.

Cause

'

Non-Intimate
relative

elation

und

kindw, through th"; distinctions of Intimate,

Instnimental.

to it takes its

cloth,and
"

is of three

rise,is

cruise

object with such effect

or

own

is

of the fhread,s is the

nuu-inliuuita

of the

of the colour

threads,that

distinct from

both

of thrr.e L

effect

an

eauae;

as,

in

Non-intimate;
cause

of the cloth.

the Instrumental

and

one

as, the

The

CRU,SH;

are

of

this intimate

cause
as.

the

same

conjunction

cloth,and

of the

intimately

threads

colour "fec. Where

fe associated

which
cause,

in which

Intimate

an

the cloth,itb'elfof its

exists,that

Thnt

the

colour

which

is

the weaver's

fif"

:
"v

"

-\

39.
of

cause

which

with
with

union

the

vision.

In

is present,

there

of

sense

cally

generic

the

with

of

organ
the

of

between
of

with

tho

united
of

which
to

be

is

with
the

so

jar distinguishes
vision.

tho

Knowledge
Its

organ

of

of

sense

which

the

it is the

is
of

that

the

because

when

the

non-existence

of

which

ground

these

by

produced
cause

gives

is in

us

i" Sense.

the

jar which
of

in

kinds
Thus

of

tion
percepunion
is intimately

the

organ

proximity

is

and

non-existence
with

is

that

( perceived

the

proximity

it is settled

culled

union

sound

quality

the

cavity

the

with

in

because

intimate
of

is

by the

the

In

ground

jar,

knowledge

sound

is Intimate

the

conjunction
six

tho

of

non-existence,

with

united

intimately

distinctive

united

union;

nature

what
the

quality.

is

generi-

with

resides
there

the

because

Intimate

and

with

the

which

of

colour

colour

perception

of

ether

between

instrumental

is what

with

In

the

union

intimately

because

united;

that

conjunction

proximity

perception

the

In

because

intimate

ween
(bet-

proximity

conjunction

fact

united

which

the

sound,

distinguished

) possessed

of

sound

is

of ether,

quality

relation

the

on

of the

that

intimately

In

hearing.

dependent

of

nature

is

what

and

the

proximity

consists

in

is

is in

vision.

of

the

of

intimatly

is the

is

is
;

the

is

jar,

of

colour

and

Conjunction.

there

mate
Inti-

Connection

there

eye,

conjunction

which

the

of

which

jar,

that

sense

sound

is in

is intimately

qualities

the

by

what

union,

and

which

union

proximity

proximity

the

is

there

the

perception

being

the

quality

is

hearing

and

car,

the

which

hearing

of

organ

with

of

colour

conjunction

which

with

property

particular

that

the

united

intimately

the

of

colour

the

united

intimately

is

of

perceived

object)

the

with

union

Intimate
'

is

and

sense

is

is tho

Intimate
with

united,

that

which

Intimate

conjunction,

between

ajar

When

object,

union

intimately

is

relation

the

perception

the

which

that

thing qualified.

is in

its

Conjunction,

"

Intimate

conjunction,
which

and

sense

kinds;

six

of

that

from

arises

which

is

is in

united

of

proximity

perception,

that

with

relative

The

'

sensation.'

of

organ

of

is Perception.
that

an

#7"7~

.'"

-~v.

"I~ff\cil

if

^T:

40.

'

II

The instrument

ralized Fact. An

(in

the

Inference is the

of an inference is a gene
production)
knowledgethat arisee from deduction.

that the subjectpossesses that cii,

ascertaining
fcer which is invariablyattended
[by what we then predicateof it. j
For example, the knowledge that, this hill is characterised bv
is a deductive application
:;moke, which is alwaysattended by fire,'
Deduction

is the

'

of

generalprinciple;tho knowledge producedfrom which,

vis:.

fim

TO*T$f
I 5T =*T

II

TO^fafiWfa

rf^r^Ffrri TO?is

?r^r%^^^

"ITTthat
fact

By

the hill is

is an inference. Invariable attendedness is the

fiery',
of being constantlyaccompanied;as,
in the example 'Wherever
there is smtfke,
there is fire [by which it is invariably
attended ]'.
the subject's
is meant
acliaractvr etc.,'
that in a mountain
possessing
"fcc.there is prwciit that which is invariably
attended.'
'

"

'

JjfrT

41.

'A

useful

for

One's

self

of

One's

smoke
of

this

by

fire'.

elusion.

when

to

is

the

'

of

use

Another.

The

(2 )

which
of

the

is

mountain
inference

his

of

is

then

the

Whatever

And

Therefore

one

it, having
dance
atten-

that

attended

Thence

is

is the

self.

after

But,

fire from

of

exposition

of

inference

duced
proCon

smoke,
for

the

for

the

"

is

it smokes

inferred

arises

fiery,'which

form

process

in

invariably

One's

near

invariable

sign.

case

mountain

Because

mind,

own

is

the

gone

knowledge

for

five-membered

example

For
1

by smoke,

of

the

another,

the

Consideration

process

satisfaction

of

the

Then

in

is fire, having

is fire

recollects, the

man

mind.

own

having

there

for

employed

one's

there

be

it may

as

observed,

is smoke

whether

is

in

invariable,

is smoke.

that

the

makes

one

of

called

knowledge

instruction
sake

is

This

having,

is characterised

This

the

there

to

as

mountain,

fire where

mountain

doubtful

which

personally

is

far

so

conclusion

there

where

concomitancy

the

on

That

and

repeatedly

being

kinds, in

two

private

"c., that

the

and

mountain,

of

of

Another.

for

cause

having

that

assumed

'

the

hearths

culinary

seen

self, and

is

example,

For

is

general principle

fiery ;
;

smokes

is

fiery, as

culinary hearth
,

In
that

consequence
there

of

is fire.'

this

the

is

so

it is
token

fiery as

here

aforesaid.

rendered,

the

other

also

admits

five members

of this

syllogism; the Proposition,

Example,
the Reason,
Applicationand the Conclusion, The
is the Proposition; 'Because
it smokes,' is the
is fiery',
mountain
smokes
is
the
Whatever
"c.,'
Reason
Example ; And so this mountain
;
Therefore
it
is
is
the
the
is
Conclusion,
Application
fiery',
;
is,'
42.

'There

are

"

the

the

'

'

'

'

43.

'

The

other, is simply

[the

cause

of

of

cause

an

the

an

inference, whether

Consideration

inference

of

] is justthis

for

one's self

sign; therefore
Consideration

or

for

the anumdna
of

sign.'

an*

3TT%^KI

j =r

sqpn^T^Roi1

TO^T^SKT

n8 " u
44.

presence
and

That

'

sign is

of

or

by

its absence

which

betokens

three

sorts

; That

;
"

That

which

only by

which

betokens

its absence.

may

betoken

only by
The

by its

its presence

first is that

tpken

^liich is possessedof pervading inherence both in respect of its asso-

i
II 2^

II

%fT
n

ftfm

\\

"^r|^Rr^T:I
i

f R:
45.

That

'

is called
is

smoking
which

That

instance

the

the

assigned

the

as

the

side

same

That

which

an

instance

same

Subject;

is

example.'

on

the

as

as

be

the
the

property

in

the

opposite side

; as

in the

property
the

fact

presence

question

culinary hearth,
of -the

is doubtful

established
when

mountain,

certainly devoid
the

is to

(for inferring the

reason

certainly possesses

on

called

possession of what

whose

in

of

of

fire).

is called
same

its

an

ple.
exam-

question is

great deep lake, in

TST^Tfw

^TTKrT I
"\

i snn

?i5?r

RSI:

I 3PTT

XX
"

II
46.
That

The
which

That
the

five,that merely present the

where

there

which

What

has not

would
; and

that which
say,

The

[ the

reason

'

being

allegedas

proved

mountain

is absent

is fiery,
because

assignedwould
object that

lake,which

is
dissimilar,

the

by

belongs neither
devoid of

one

the

proof
for

as

;
"

it is

instance
when

As,

nothing else, whether

eternal.
neither
should

The

in support
say,

would

nothing

in

nor

which

opposition,is

Non-exclusive.

Everything is non-eternal
no
example to cite,because

over

be

is the

because
every

of

any
'

says

nature

one

Sound

of sound

eternal

or

un-

example

For

example,
it is cognizable,'
thing'(leaving

'

subjectof the conclusion.

to

bring an

can

'

one

there

pretended argument,

the

Now

the

(pretended

nor

one

belongsto

to

should

one

That

of fire.

of sound.1

alone,and

the first

be present whilst

may

is eternal,for it has the nature

sound

the individual

objection
] because
also
is predicable

similar

community.

"

objectof rightknowledge,'

an

absence

to any

kinds;

under

instance,if

rightlyknown

be

may

fallacyfalls

side ;

astray,

goes

besides

none

The

be liable to this

is characterised

which

is

other

which

belongs to

the Non-exclusive.

is to be

an

token

; What

contradictory;

It is of three

conclusion.

are:"

reason,

the

on

alleged reason

one

much

that which

when

head,

just the

two

prove

The

the

prove

equallystrong argument

an

the Futile.

Unreal; and

is that

is

would

which

goes astray; That

of

appearance

proving

reason

the

is that which

invariablyattends the absence of what is to be

proved. For example suppose one should say, sound is eternal beit is created.' ( We
should rejecthis argument at once, because
cauae
the fact of having been created
implies non-eternity the negation of
reverse,

'

"

"

counter-balanced

beingeternal). A
there

exists

non-existence
'

Sound

( by
force

of what

which

reason,

is to

partiesadmitted

be

the other

bide, that

be

to

'

along

( equallywell )
proved. As if one

is eternal, because, it is andible, as

both
on

another

is that

reason

the

),'(it might

bound

is

be

with

which

establishes

nature

should
of

the

argue,
sound

argued, with

non-eternal,because

is

equal
it is

a,

product,as
not

jar is.

established

unreal

the existence

allegedto

is

property

An

reside ;

of

the nature

there is

Where

"

localityas that where the

Where
the nature
allegeddoes not
of
Where
the allegedinvariableness
existent
an
example of),the fallacyof nongrant,
one
sky-lotusis fraargues ), The

of any

reallyreside in the subject;and

concomitancy is not real. (As
locality,
(suppose that
because

is threefold

reason

such

'

lotus resides in

it,as

in the lotuses of

sky-lotusis (allegedas ) the locality^ of the

of a
nature
lotus,) and in fact it [the sky-lotus ] does not
where the nature
As (an example of) an argument
does not
exist.
to argue ), Sound
is a
reallyexist in the subject( suppose one were
because it is visible' here (every one
would perceiveat once,
quality,
does not reside in sound, for sound is recognised
that)visibility
by
the hearing( not by vision).A reason, when
there is an iridispensable condition,is faulty as
regardscomprehensiveness.Such an
condition is what always attends
blished,
indispensable
property to be estabut does not always attend what
is brought forward in
the

lake'

here

"

the

'

"

proof.Invariable attendance on the property to be established consists

of the absolute non-existence,
which
in the not beingthe counterentity
location as that which is to be proved. Non-invariable
has the same
what is brought forward
in proof consists in the being
attendance
on
which
has what
of the non-existence
is brought
the counterentity
in proof. ( Suppose it to be argued that ), The mountain
forward
the contact
of wet
must
smoke, because it is fiery' in this case
'

"

fuel

is

condition.
indispensable

an

conjunctionof

there is the

wet

For

fuel'
"

so

'

wherever

that

we

there

have

is smoke,

here invariable

ever
proved. But it is not true that wherof wet fuel' for there is
there there is conjunction
there is fire,
of an (ignited
of wet fuel in the case
no
) iron ball so we
conjunction
the proof.As there is thus its
have here non-invariable attendance
on
of wet
what
is to be proved, the contact
invariable attendance
on
of the reason
condition for the sufficiency
fuel is an
indispensable

attendance

what

on

is to be

'

"

"

alleged..As
prove

us)
when

by

it would

that smoke
is

must

requirethis additional condition (in order to

be present),
fieriness (in the argument before

An
faultyas regardscomprehensiveness.

the

another

reverse

of what

it seeks

to

proof.For example (it may

prove
be

argument is futile

is established

for certain

arguedthat),

Fire is cold.

'

1*
m
I

fl% II

1*T[%II

r\

it is

because

r\

substance.'

"

There

coldness is to be

warmth, is apprehendedby the very

argument

is futile.'

sense

"rs

proved

; and

its opposite,

of touch. Hence

the

ut

1 5T 3
47.

'

inference

from

of likeness,
is the
recognition
similarity.Such an inference consists in

of the relation
instrument

purport of

is the
a

between

word
that

example
gavaya,'having

purport of what
Then

"

is like

of

person

heard

cow,

he has been

this inference

and

name

the

likeness.

of resemblance

statement

gavaya

knowledge

For

'

the

Comparison or

not

from

The

is the

sees

what

forest.
a

body

an

ledge
know-

named.

recollection

inhabitant

some

the

operationof

knowing

goes to the

told,he

thing so

of

cause

Its
of the

that

is meant

trument.
ins-

by

of the

the

forest

Remembering
like that of

from

the
cow.

arises (in his mind), that

this
similarity
is what is meant
by the word gavaya.'
48.
A word
[rightassertion ] is the speech of one worthy ( of
One worthy, is a speakerof the truth.
A speech[senconfidence).
tence
is
sounds ; as, for example, Bring
] a collection of significant
sound is that which
the cow.'
A significant
is possessedof power
( to convey a meaning). The power (of a word ) is the appointment,
in the shape of God's will,that such and
such an import should
be
"

'

'

recognizablefrom such and such

sound.'
significant

"T"TT

II ^

fft %?r I

"rvr\

II

if

51.

'

Speech

being

uttered

uttered

by

is not

so.'

one

is of two

by God,
who

kinds

;
"

Sacred

is all-authoritative:

deserves

and

Profane.
but

the

The

former

latter, only

confidence, is authoritative

; any

if

other

".

i *r*rr

52.

'-The

knowledge

of

knowledge
53.
of

'

Doubt,

The

recognition,

nature,

is

Doubt.

For

is

Mistake.

ad

supposed

to

supposed
[which

of

to

is

be

denied,]

post,

in

or

the

the

and

in

through

the

there

For

would

of

as

the

establishing
allegation

be

nosuaokc

characterising

the

shell,

of

'

If

ad

possessing

Apprehending

example,

Keductio

) thing

same

man.'

to

open

divisions

the

through

natures

case

consists

granted].
then

one

is

municated
com-

language.'

is

as

verbally

is

speech

sorts,

heterogeneous

example,

denied]

be

three

opinion
in

'

absurdum

of

cause

of

such

several

example
For

Reductio

is

knowledge
and

certain

meaning

instrumental

Mistake,

absurdum.

its

Incorrect

the

the

there

[which

it,

falsely

idea

of

silver.

pervader

here

pervaded

here

not

were

is

fire

admitted.]'

^TRfrTII

:^
:

^^

II
II

n
54.

Memory

'

is that

memory

is that

memory
""""'.

"

also is of two
which

which

What

all

What

appears

""('".

'

57.

'

Desire

"""*.

'

Aversion

.')'.'. ' Effort

Merit

GO.

'

01.

'But

arises from
be

from

Correct

and

Incorrect.

rect
Cor-

knowledge,incorrect

correct

incorrect

knowledge.'

agreeable,is

disagreeable,is
wishing.'

means

Pleasure.'

Pain.'

disliking.'

jneans

means

"

arises

perceive to

arises

kinds;

action.'

performance of what is enjoined.'

from
the performance of
what
(arises)

from

Demerit

the

is

forbidden.
G2.

'

The

eight qualities"Understanding
Pleasure, Pain.

Demerit

are

distinctive

of Soul

Desire,

alone.'

and

the

rest

derstandi
[ Un-

Aversion, Effort, Merit, and

sr ii \\

i afir

wlfn

i
63.
and

'

Desire
Understanding,

Transient.
64.

'

Eternal

Faculty

in

[ Earth, Water,

Light

of memory,

arisingfrom

and

is that
altered.

element.'

which

It resides

restores

in

are

in

"

Air

in

and

the

four

in Mind.

notion, resides
to

its

things like

former
mats

"

mortals.'

Imagination

beginning

with

Imagination,
only

in the

position

what

formed

of

"c.

Eternal

kinds;

of two

Momentum,

kinds;

resides
and

Effort

God, and Transient

is of three

Elasticity.Momentum

and

the

Soul.
had
the

and

Earth,
cause

city
Elastibeen

earthy

H"K"I-

,,",w"w.

i ar
!

%.va n

G."".

in motion.

consists

Action

'

Throwing upwards

conjunctionwith

higher place. Throwing

conjunction with

lower

with

Light

with

what

is

only

in the

and

66.

'

Air]
Genus

in
and

is

resides

Action

what

67.

four

is the

cause

of

Going

is

Earth

tion
conjuncof

cause

other

every

with

of

cause

is the

Expansion

begining

is the

junction
con-

variety.

[ Earth,

Water

belonging

Quality and

than

more

It is of two

(iliesummum genus)

Genus

one

Action.

to

Substantiality [ the

as

one,

kinds;
"

and

Higher

is existence.
nature

common

siding
re-

The

of

Substances].'

Differences
from

distant.

of

in Mind.'

higher

(of each

body.

eternal, one,

is such

called
'

and
is

The

Genus
are

near

Substance,

Lower.

lower

the

what

cause

downwards

Contraction

place.

is the

genus

residing
of nature

in

with

eternal

the

substances,

others).'

are

excluders

fi8.

Intimate

'

exist

cannot

those

are

other.

G9.

'

of

has

of the

( Such
there

that

that

of which

relation
when

of

three

is the
is

not

the

and

times

jar

on

things which

exist

separately

lodged

as

of the

in

the

parts, qualities

speciesand

agent,

effect

an

has

the

end.

( Such

production.

counter-entityis

in the

) a jar is

previouslyto

its

[ past, present
the

beginning, and

no

ground.

"

not

(Such
a

and

instance

counter-entityis considered

that

up

is without

identity. For example;

it is remarked

is made

in

dual,
indivi-

substances.'

non-existence
a

only

subsequently to

of which

is that

exists

beginning,and

effect

an

cannot

what

of

is the non-existence

one

non-existence

Antecedent

non-existence

"

eternal

and

difference

Destruction
existence

two,

action
thing qualified,

the

Such

end.

which

the

It exists

which

things

pairs are, parts and

Such

and

is Co-inherence.

separately. Two

of

and

^%

relation

tftsft

web

its

Mutual

pendently
indeple;
exam-

it is remarked

non-existence
reference

difference

of cloth."

non-

Absolute

considered

where

no

tion.
produc-

is the

future]. For

with

has

to

is referred

is
the
to

:
:

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I *r

TPTT

ffNl^Igl^f ^RHTT^

P-TT

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1^

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If r

ITR

'

leai'ned

Tins

Compendium

Armani

with

the

Bliatta,

opinions

of
in

Logical

order

of Kmrfilu

to

results

perfect
;md

the

of the

was

composed
acquaintance

by

the

of students

INDEX.

The figuresi-efer to the sections of the text.

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