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Lect2UP010 (100324) PDF
Lect2UP010 (100324) PDF
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INTRODUCTION
Course Objective
This course teaches analog integrated circuit design using CMOS technology.
VDD
VPB1
I4
SPECIFICATIONS
I5
M4
I1
I2
VPB2
I6
I7
M6
M1 M2
+
vIN
VNB1 M3 I
3
M5
M7
vOUT
VNB2
M8
M9
M10
M11
CL
070209-01
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Course Prerequisites
Basic understanding of electronics
- Active and passive components
- Large and small signal models
- Frequency response
Circuit analysis techniques
- Mesh and loop equations
- Superposition, Thevenin and Nortons equivalent circuits
Integrated circuit technology
- Basics process steps
- PN junctions
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Chapter 10
D/A and A/D
Converters
Systems
Chapter 6
Simple CMOS &
BiCMOS OTA's
Chapter 7
High Performance
OTA's
Chapter 8
CMOS/BiCMOS
Comparators
Complex
Simple
Chapter 4
CMOS
Subcircuits
Chapter 5
CMOS
Amplifiers
Chapter
Chapter10
2
CMOS/BiCMOS
D/A and A/D
Technology
Converters
Chapter
Chapter11
3
CMOS/BiCMOS
Analog
Modeling
Systems
Circuits
Devices
Introduction
CMOS Analog Circuit Design
070209-02
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References
1.) P.E. Allen and D.R. Holberg, CMOS Analog Circuit Design 2nd Ed., Oxford
University Press, 2002.
2.) P.R. Gray, P.J. Hurst, S.H. Lewis and R.G. Meyer, Analysis and Design of Analog
Integrated Circuits 4th Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2001.
3.) B. Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2001.
4.) R.J. Baker, H.W. Li and D.E. Boyce, CMOS Circuit Design, Layout, and
Simulation, IEEE Press, 1998.
5.) D. Johns and K. Martin, Analog Integrated Circuit Design, John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., 1997.
6.) K.R. Laker and W.M.C. Sansen, Design of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems,
McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994.
7.) R.L. Geiger, P.E. Allen and N.R. Strader, VLSI Techniques for Analog and Digital
Circuits, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1990.
8.) A. Hastings, The Art of Analog Layout 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2005.
9.) J. Williams, Ed., Analog Circuit Design - Art, Science, and Personalities,
Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991.
10.) R.A. Pease, Troubleshooting Analog Circuits, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991.
CMOS Analog Circuit Design
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Course Philosophy
This course emphasizes understanding of analog integrated circuit design.
Although simulators are very powerful, the designer must understand the circuit before
using the computer to simulate a circuit.
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ANALYSIS
Properties
System 3
DESIGN
Properties
System 4
031028-01
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Electrical
Design
Implementation
Comparison
with design
specifications
Simulation
Physical Definition
Physical
Design
Physical Verification
Parasitic Extraction
Fabrication
Fabrication
Testing and
Product
Development
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;;
L
W/L ratios
Circuit or
systems
specifications
Analog
Integrated
Circuit Design
M3
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+
VDD
M6
M4
M1
Cc
vout
CL
M2
+
VBias
-
M7
M5
VSS
Topology
DC Currents
Fig. 1.1-3
The electrical design requires active and passive device electrical models for
- Creating the design
- Verifying the design
- Determining the robustness of the design
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3.2
45
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M10
M3
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M6
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-A
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-A
M1
PB1
M2
M4
M6
M3
M8
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M10
M5
M7
M9
M11
M5
M4
VNB1
NB1
M2
M1
+
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M9
M8
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M2
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(2.5V)
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FABRICATION
LAYOUT
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Packaging
Packaging of the integrated circuit is an important part of the physical design process.
The function of packaging is:
1.) Protect the integrated circuit
2.) Power the integrated circuit
3.) Cool the integrated circuit
4.) Provide the electrical and mechanical connection between the integrated circuit and
the outside world.
Packaging steps:
Dicing
the wafer
Attachment
of the chip to
a lead frame
Connecting
the chip to
a lead frame
Encapsulating the
chip and lead
frame in a package
031115-01
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Understanding Technology
Understanding technology helps the analog IC designer to know the limits of the
technology and the influence of the technology on the design.
Device Parasitics:
Drain
Collector
RD
CGD
Gate
RG
RC
C
CBD
RB Bulk
CGB
Base
CJS
RB
RSub
CGS
Connection Parasitics:
+5V
vin
M2
vout
CBS
Substrate
RS
RE
Source
Emitter
050319-05
M2
vout
vin
+5V
M1
M1
050304-01
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Understanding Modeling
Modeling:
Modeling is the process by which the electrical properties of an electronic circuit or
system are represented by means of mathematical equations, circuit representations,
graphs or tables.
Models permit the predicting or verification of the performance of an electronic
circuit or system.
Electronic
Circuits
and
Systems
Equations,
Circuit
representations,
graphs, tables
Prediction or
verification of
circuit or system
performance
Examples:
Ohms law, the large signal model of a MOSFET, the I-V curves of a diode, etc.
Goal:
Models that are simple and allow the designer to understand the circuit performance.
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Analog
Design
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Components (transistor)
031030-03
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Assumptions
Assumptions:
An assumption is taking something to be true without formal proof. Assumptions in
analog circuit design are used for simplifying the analysis or design. The goal of an
assumption is to separate the essential information from the nonessential information
of a problem.
The elements of an assumption are:
1.) Formulating the assumption to simplify the problem without eliminating the
essential information.
2.) Application of the assumption to get a solution or result.
3.) Verification that the assumption was in fact appropriate.
Examples:
Neglecting a large resistance in parallel with a small resistance
Miller effect to find a dominant pole
Finding the roots of a second-order polynomial assuming the roots are real and
separated
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As analog is combined with more digital, substrate interference will become worse
CMOS Analog Circuit Design
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Averaging
- Increase of accuracy Smaller devices, more speed
Calibration
- Accuracy increases Increased resolution with same area
Dynamic Element Matching
- Enhancement of component precision
Doubly correlated sampling
- Reduction of dc influences (noise, offset) Smaller devices, more speed
Etc.
CMOS Analog Circuit Design
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Drain Current
Signal Definition
Quantity
Subscript Example
Total instantaneous value of the signal Lowercase Uppercase
qA
DC value of the signal
Uppercase Uppercase
QA
AC value of the signal
Lowercase Lowercase
qa
Complex variable, phasor, or rms value Uppercase Lowercase
Qa
of the signal
Example:
Idm
id
ID
iD
t
Fig. 1.4-1
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S
Enhancement
NMOS with
VBS = 0V.
Enhancement
PMOS with
VBS = 0V.
S
Enhancement
B NMOS with
VBS 0V.
Enhancement
B PMOS with
VBS 0V.
S
Simple
NMOS
symbol
Simple
PMOS
symbol
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V
-
Differential amplifier,
op amp, or comparator
+
AvV1
V1
+
-
I1
Independent
voltage sources
+
V2
V1
Voltage-controlled,
voltage source
Independent
current source
I2
GmV1
I1
Voltage-controlled,
current source
I2
+
RmI1 +-
V2
AiI1
Current-controlled,
voltage source
CMOS Analog Circuit Design
Current-controlled,
current source
P.E. Allen - 2010
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Three-Terminal Notation
QABC
A = Terminal with the larger magnitude of potential
B = Terminal with the smaller magnitude of potential
C = Condition of the remaining terminal with respect to terminal B
C = 0 There is an infinite resistance between terminal B and the 3rd terminal
C = S There is a zero resistance between terminal B and the 3rd terminal
C = R There is a finite resistance between terminal B and the 3rd terminal
C = X There is a voltage source in series with a resistor between terminal B
and the 3rd terminal in such a manner as to reverse bias a PN
junction.
Examples
IDSS
S
VGS
CDGS
+
G
(a.)
IDS
S
(b.)
BVDGO
G
(c.)
(a.) Capacitance from drain to gate with the source shorted to the gate.
(b.) Drain-source current when gate is shorted to source (depletion device)
(c.) Breakdown voltage from drain to gate with the source is open- circuited to the gate.
CMOS Analog Circuit Design
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SUMMARY
Successful analog IC design proceeds with understanding the circuit before simulation.
Analog IC design consists of three major steps:
1.) Electrical design Topology, W/L values, and dc currents
2.) Physical design (Layout)
3.) Test design (Testing)
Analog designers must be flexible and have a skill set that allows one to simplify and
understand a complex problem
Analog IC design has reached maturity and is here to stay.
The appropriate philosophy is If it can be done economically by digital, dont use
analog.
As a result of the above, analog finds applications where speed, area, or power result in
advantages over a digital approach.
Deep-submicron technologies will offer exciting challenges to the creativity of the
analog designer.