150

:(1~4 )(5~6 )
:3
1 (25 )

(a) ( x , y , z ) = 0 (z) ( x)
( x , y , z ) B ( x , y , z ) ? (1 )
E
: ( x)

( x ) dx =1

( x )=0 if x 0
(b) (a) v =v 0 ^x
Eobs ( x , y , z ) Bobs ( x , y , z ) ? (1 )
( x , y , z )=E 0 ^y B ( x , y , z )=B0 ^z
(c ) E
v =v 0 ^x Eobs ( x , y , z )
Bobs ( x , y , z ) ? (2 )
k e qe

r
(d ) q e E=
3
|r|
v ? (2 )
(e) q m
k m q m r F=q

B=
m B k m
3
|r|
k m ? SI
:
9
7
19
34
k e =8.987 10 ; 0=4 10 ; e=1.602 10 ; h=6.626 10
7
k m k m 10
(3 )
(f ) q e
q m z= z=
?
(5 )

( g) (f ) e
g g g
? (2 )
(h) m g v
d
Ze
:
d
d
d
d
=L (
) (
) L ? (4 )
d
d 0
d 0

d
=2 sin
d

(i)

f n
v ? (6 )
2 (26 )
:(5 )
R
d R r 0
l d
m
(a)
x
v ( x ) a(x ) ? (5 )
:(13 )
m k l
M
(a) m ? (1 )
(b) m M ? (1.5 )
(c ) x=0 x=l y (x ,t)
t x
v (2.5 )
(d )

y ( x , t ) = A n sin n x cos ( n t+ n )
v
n=1
A n n n n n n

(1.5 ) :
(e) n (1.5 )
(f ) m M 1 (b)
(3 )
( g) m M
n (2 )
:(8 )

(a) ():
GM
I
R 2
2
U (r , )=
[1
(3 cos 1)]
2
r
2MR r
I M R
r r (6 )
(b) ? (2 )
3 (26 )

( )

( )

:(10 )
:
3
C s ( T )=V T
3
C n ( T )=V ( T + T )
V , ,
(Gibbs free energy)
G E+ PV TS

(a) S s ( T ) , S n (T ) (1.5 )
(b) T c
(1.5 )
(c )
V
En ( T =0 )=E 0 Es ( T =0 ) =E0V
(2.5 )
(d ) B BdM M
VB
<0
M s=
4

B c (T ) B c (T ) ? (4.5 )
:
:(16 )
k c3
S= B A A
4 G

(a) M R

? (1 )
:
(b) M ?
M 2 1030 (kg ) (1.5 )
(c ) Claude E . ShannonInformation Theory

dS(N )
=? 25 GigaByte

dN
? (4 )
(d ) : E=mc 2
? 2.7 K
(2 )
dE
4
=e AT e
-
dt
dE
e=1
A
dt
8
5.67 10
(e) M (t )
? (4.5 )

(f )

(3 )
4 (23 )
(a) m z
b L
? (5 )
(b) ? (3 )
(c ) m R b
z v
?
(5 )
r m Q
? (6 )
(d )
( x , y , z )
(e) v E
B ( x , y , z ) (4 )
(25 )
(a) d a<<d b<<a()
n
) (5 )
(b)
n X=0
X<0 =n1 X>0 n2
P Q
R
? (5 )
(c ) ( 2012 )

X
cos(t )
E0
X
E
E 0 (i cos(t ) j sin(t ))
2

()?(2 )

X X cos x+ sin x
X X (
x )
?(4 )?(4 )
?(5 )
(20 )
(a) D L
m 45 D L ln 2
(10 )
:
dx
1
1 x 2 sinh ( x)

e x e x
2
x
e e x
cosh( x)
2
(b) g
? (5 )
(c ) ? (5
)
sinh( x)