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FlorenceNigh<ngale
Pioneradelaenfermeramoderna

Naci en Florencia el ao 1820, en el seno de una

familia britnica de clase alta. En 1844 en contra de
las convenciones sociales y con la reprobacin de su
familiadecidiinstruirsecomoenfermera.

!!

Viajporvariospases,dondecontinu su aprendizajeyrelatsusexperiencias.
SuaportacinmsclebretuvolugardurantelaGuerradeCrimea:en1854,ellayun
equipode 38enfermeras voluntarias, entrenadaspor Florence, se trasladarona la
baseprincipalbritnicadeoperaciones.Sugestinredujoelndicedemortandad,en
elhospitalmilitar,del42%al2%,yafuera realizandomejorasen lahigiene orecla
mandoala ComisinSanitaria.Durante dichaguerra se ganelapododeLa dama
delalmparaporsusfrecuentesvisitasnocturnasalosenfermos.
Nightingale estableci las bases de la profesionalizacin de la enfermera
fundandoen1860suescuela enelHospitalSaintThomasdeLondres.ElJuramento
Nightingaleefectuadoporlasenfermerasalgraduarsefuecreadoen1893yelDa
Internacional dela Enfermerase celebra el aniversario de su nacimiento. Fue pre
cursora en la representacin visual de la informacin diagramas e histogramas
circulares.Degranculturamatemtica,aplicsusconocimientosde estadsticaa la
epidemiologa yala estadstica sanitaria.Fuela primera mujeradmitidaenlaRoyal
Statistical Society britnica y miembro honorario de la American Statistical
Association.MurienLondresen1910.

13

MarieCurie
PasinporlainvesKgacin
Nacien Varsovia (Polonia) el ao 1867 con el nombre
de Marja Sklodowska. Se licenci en Fsica y en Matem
ticasenlaUniversidaddelaSorbona (Pars).Enesa misma
universidadobtuvoen1903eldoctoradoenCienciasconla
tesistituladaInvestigacionessobrelassustanciasradiactivas
inspirada en los trabajosdel ,sico Henri Becquerel. Fue la!!
primerapersonaenutilizarelnombrederadioactividadparadescribirlaimpresin
dejadaporuncompuestodeuraniocolocadosobreuna placafotogr,icacubierta de
papelnegro.
En 1895 se cascon Pierre Curie, con quien comparta su entrega exclusiva a la
investigacin cient,ica y con quien realiz sus investigaciones sobre la radio
actividadnatural.En1898descubrieron dosnuevoselementosqumicos:elpolonio
yelradio,amboscontenidosenelmineralpechblenda.El descubrimientodelradio
pudosuponeralafamiliaCurieelabandonodesuspenuriaseconmicassihubieran
patentadola tcnica para aislarlodelmineral perodecidieron publicarsin restric
cioneselresultadocompletodesusinvestigaciones,segnelmspuroespritucien
t,ico.
Marie obtuvo dos premios Nobel, de ,sica en 1903 compartido con Pierre y
Becquerel y de qumica en 1911, siendo hasta el momento la nica persona en
recibirlosendistintoscamposcient,icos,ascomounadelasdosmujeresque,hasta
la fecha, han obtenido el premio Nobel de ,sica. Tambin fue la primera mujer a
quienseotorgunactedraenlauniversidaddelaSorbona,apartirdelamuertede
su marido, atropelladoen 1906. Todosestoslogrosse debieron a su fuerte perso
nalidadcaracterizada porsucon,ianzaysuperseverancia obstinadas.Muriel ao
1934deunaleucemiacausadaporlaacumulacinderadiacionesensumdulasea.
14

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