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Geo5-Engineering Manuals Em1 PDF
Geo5-Engineering Manuals Em1 PDF
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Introduction
Engineering manuals are new teaching material for GEO5 software. They were developed as a reaction
to hotline and frequently asked questions of users. The objective of each chapter is to explain how to
solve the concrete engineering problems using GEO5 software.
Each chapter is divided to a few sections:
Introduction theoretical introduction to the problem
Assignment here the problem is described with all input data needed for solving the problem in
selected the program
Solution in this section, the problem is solved step by step
Conclusion has the conclusion of the problem and the final verification of the construction. It tells
if the structure is satisfactory or not and if there are any modifications needed.
In each chapter there are also notes, which explain the problem in general as well as links to other
materials.
The basic educational materials of GEO5 software suite (from FINE s r.o.) are:
Video tutorials show the basic work with the software and its effective use
Verification manuals verify the satisfaction of the results, by comparing the results from
programs with hand calculation or other programs
The first chapter explains how to set standards and chose an analysis method, which is the same for all
GEO5 programs. In further chapters one standard is selected, by which the construction is verified.
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Solution
Firstly, input the data about the construction and geological conditions in the frames:
Geometry, Assign and Soils. Skip the other frames because they are not important for this
example.
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Soil
Unit weight
(Soil classification)
kN m
MG Gravelly silt,
firm consistency
19,0
of Cohesion
internal friction of soil
Angle
Angle of friction
structure
ef
cef kPa
30,0
15,0
soil
In the frame Assign, the first soil will be assigned automatically to the layer or layers.
This can be changed when necessary.
When the basic input of construction is done, we can choose standards, and then finally run the
analysis of the gravity wall.
In the frame Settings click the button Select and choose number 8 Czech Republic old
standards CSN (73 1001, 73 1002, 73 0037).
Note: The look of this window depends on standards that are currently active in the Settings
administrator more information in the help of the program (press F1). If the setting you want to use
isn`t on the list in the dialog window Settings list, you can activate it in the Settings administrator.
Now, open up the frame Verification and after analyzing the example record the utilization of
construction (in the frame Verification) - 53,1% resp. 66,5%.
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Again, open the frame Verification and record the result (55,6% and 74,7%)
for EN 1997, DA1.
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Variant 5 (analysis using Safety factors) is not as simple. In the frame Settings click on
Edit. This will show you the current analysis settings. Change the verification methodology to Safety
factors (ASD) and then input safety factor for overturning and sliding resistance as 1.6.
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If you would like to use this setting more often, it is good to save this setting by clicking
on Add to administrator, rename is as shown below, and next time use it as a standard setting.
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Verification
Utilization in percentage using each standard is:
Overturning
Slip
1) CSN 73 0037
53,1
66,5
2) EN 1997 DA1
55,6
74,7
3) EN 1997 DA2
77,8
69,7
4) EN 1997 DA3
53,3
74,7
69,0
77,1
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Frame Geometry
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Then, define the parameters of soil by clicking Add in the frame Soils. Wall stem
is normally analyzed for pressure at rest. For pressure at rest analysis, select Cohesionless.
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Note: The magnitude of active pressure depends also on the friction between the structure and soil.
The friction angle depends on the material of construction and the angle of internal soil friction
ef
Angle of
Cohesion
Angle of
of soil
friction
Soil
Profile
Unit weight
internal
(Soil classification)
kN m 3
friction
ef
cef kPa
0,0 4,0
17,5
28,0
0,0
18,5
from 4,0
18,0
26,5
30,0
17,5
structure soil
Frame Terrain
The ground water table is at a depth of 2,0 meters. In the frame Water select the type of water
close to the structure and its parameters.
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Frame Water
In the next frame define Surcharge. Here, select permanent and strip surcharge on the terrain
acting as a dead load.
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Frame FF resistance
Note: In this case, we do not consider the resistance on the front face, so the results will be
conservative. The FF resistance depends on the quality of soil and allowable displacement of the
structure. We can consider pressure at rest for the original soil, or well compacted soil. It is possible to
consider the passive pressure if displacement of structure is allowed. (for more information, see HELP
F1)
Then, in the frame Stage settings choose the type of design situation. In this case,
it will be permanent. Also choose the pressure acting on the wall. In our case, we will choose active
pressure, as the wall can move.
Note: Wall stem is dimensioned always on earth pressure at rest, i.e., the wall cant be moved.
The possibility of evaluating the stem and the wall of the active pressure is considered only in
exceptional cases - such as the effects of the earthquake (seismic design situation with partial coefficient
equals 1.0).
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Now, open up the frame Verification, where you analyze the results of overturning and slip
of the cantilever wall.
Frame Verification
Note: The button In detail in the right section of the screen opens a dialog window with detailed
information about the analysis results.
Analysis results:
The verification of slip is not satisfactory, utilization of structure is
Overturning: 52,8 %
SATISFACTORY.
Slip: 124,6 %
NOT OK.
[kN/m]
Now we have several possibilities how to improve the design. For example, we can:
-
These changes would be economically and technologically complicated, so choose the easiest
alternative. The most efficient way is to change the shape of the wall and introduce a wall jump.
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Note: A base jump is usually analyzed as an inclined footing bottom. If the influence of the base jump
is considered as front face resistance, then the program analyses it with a straight footing bottom, but
FF resistance of the construction is analyzed to the depth of the down part of the base jump
(More info in HELP F1)
Then analyze the newly designed construction for overturning and slip.
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Frame Verification
Now, the overturning and slip of the wall are both satisfactory.
Then, in the frame Bearing capacity, perform an analysis for design bearing capacity
of the foundation soil 175 kPa.
Note: In this case, we analyze the bearing capacity of the foundation soil on an input value, which we
can get from geological survey, resp. from some standards. These values are normally highly
conservative, so it is generally better to analyze the bearing capacity of the foundation soil in the
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program Spread footing that takes into account other influences like inclination of load, depth of
foundation etc.
Next, in the frame Dimensioning chose wall stem check. Design the main reinforcement
into the stem 10 pcs. 12 mm, which satisfies in point of bearing capacity and all design principles.
Frame Dimensioning
Then, open up the frame Stability and analyze the overall stability of the wall. In our case,
we will use the method Bishop, which result in conservative results. Perform the analysis
with optimization of circular slip surface and then leave the program by clicking OK.
Results or pictures will be shown in the report of analysis in the program Cantilever wall.
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Overturning: 49,5 %
Slip: 64,9 %
Rd 151,06 175,00
SATISFACTORY
SATISFACTORY
[kN/m]
[kPa]
SATISFACTORY
SATISFACTORY
SATISFACTORY
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1st construction stage analyzing the existing wall for road traffic.
2nd construction stage analyzing impact of vehicle to the barrier on the top of the wall.
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In the frame Settings click on Select and choose Nr. 4 Standard EN 1997 DA2.
Frame Geometry
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In the next step, input the material of the wall and geological profile. Unit weight of wall is
24 kN m 3 . Wall is made from concrete C 12/15 and steel B500. Then define parameters of soil
and assign them to the profile.
Table with the soil parameters
Soil
Unit weight
(Soil classification)
kN m 3
MS Sandy silt,
firm consistency
Angle of
internal friction
Cohesion
of soil
Angle of friction
structure soil
ef
cef kPa
26,5
12,0
18,0
18,0
angle 1 2
ef
and soil with value of 2 ef ( d =18 ), when analyzing earth pressure. (More info in HELP F1).
In the frame Terrain select the shape of terrain behind the wall. Define its parameters, in terms
of embankment length and slope angle as shown below.
Frame Terrain
In the next frame, define Surcharge. Input the surcharge from road traffic as Strip, with
its location on terrain, and as a type of action select Variable.
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In the frame Stage settings select the type of design situation. In the first construction stage,
consider the permanent design situation.
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When analyzing bearing capacity, we are looking for values of overturning and slip of the wall
on the footing bottom. Then we need to know its overall stability. In our case, the utilization of the wall
is:
Overturning: 70,0 %
SATISFACTORY.
Slip: 90,6 %
SATISFACTORY.
Overall stability: 72,3 % Method Bishop (optimization)
SATISFACTORY.
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Then open the frame Stage settings change the design situation on accidental.
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Overturning: 116,3 %
NOT OK.
Slip: 102,9 %
NOT OK.
Conclusion
The existing gravity wall in case of bearing capacity satisfies only for the first construction
stage, where road traffic acts. For the second construction stage, which is represented as impact to the
barrier on the top of the wall by a vehicle of 5 tons, the wall is not satisfactory.
As a solution to increase bearing capacity for overturning and slip it is possible to introduce soil
anchors. alternatively it is possible to place a barrier on the edge of the road, so the wall is not loaded by
a force from the crashing car.
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Cohesion
of soil
ef
cef kPa
17,5
29,5
0,0
14,0
1,5 2,5
18,5
27,0
8,0
14,0
from 2,5
21,0
19,0
12,0
14,0
Soil
Profile
Unit weight
(Soil classification)
kN m 3
0,0 1,5
SC Clayey sand,
medium dense soil
CL, CI Clay with
low or medium
plasticity,
firm consistency
Angle of friction
structure soil
In the frame Geometry, select the shape of bottom of the excavation and input its depth.
Frame Geometry
Note: coefficient of reduction of earth pressure below the ditch is considered while analyzing braced
sheeting (retaining wall with soldier beams) only; for a standard sheeting pile wall it equals 1,0 For
more information, see HELP (F1).
In this case, we do not use the frames Anchors, Props, Supports, Pressure
determination, Surcharge and Applied forces. The frame Earthquake also has no influence
for this analysis, because the construction is not located in seismic-active area. In the frame Terrain, it
remains horizontal.
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Frame Analysis
Note: For cohesive soils is recommended by many standards to use minimal dimensioning pressure
acting on the retaining wall. The standard value for the coefficient of minimal dimensioning pressure is
Ka = 0,2. It means that minimum pressure on the structure is 0,2 of geostatic stress never less.
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Within the design of pile sheeting retaining wall, we are interested in the depth of construction
in the soil and internal forces on the structure. For the 1st construction stage, the results of analysis are:
Length of structure:
4,83 m
2,33 m
Q1,max 56,98 kN m
In the next stage, we are going to show you how to analyse the minimum depth in soil
and internal forces in the soil for the accidental design situation floods.
Basic input Construction stage 2
Now, select stage 2 on the toolbar Stage of construction on the upper left corner of your
screen. (If needed, add a new one)
Frame Water
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Then, in the frame Stage settings, select the design situation Accidental.
Frame Analysis
In the 2nd construction stage the analysis results are:
Length of structure:
6,56 m
4,06 m
Q2,max 185,17 kN m
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We design the pile sheeting based on the maximum bending moment using the table of pile sheeting
with allowable bearing capacities shown below.
Analysis result:
In the design of non-anchored restraint retaining wall, we are verifying values of minimum
depth of the structure in the soil, and the internal forces in the structure:
2,33 m
4,06 m
So, we will design a pile sheeting with depth in the soil of 4,1 m and overall length
of 6,6 meters.
Conclusion:
The designed pile sheeting retaining wall VL 503 from S 270 steel with length of 6,6 meters satisfies.
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Frame Anchors
In the frame Analysis select support at heel. For now, select Wall fixed at heel. Now
perform the analysis.
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In our case, we need to know the sheet pile embedment depth and also the anchor force. For the wall
fixed at heel, the values are:
Length of construction:
Depth in soil:
5,72 m
Anchor force:
165,77 kN
Maximum moment:
89,16 kNm/ m
128,27 kN / m
10,72 m
Now, perform an analysis for wall hinged at heel (construction stage 2). Then, compare the results
and, depending on comparison, design the embedment depth.
Basic input: Analysis 2
Now, add a new verification in the upper left corner of the frame.
Toolbar: Verification
Select the option Wall hinged at heel and perform the analysis.
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Length of construction:
Depth in soil:
2,85 m
Anchor force:
201,68 kN
Maximum moment:
119,35 kNm/ m
69,84 kN / m
7,85 m
Conclusion
In our design, we will use pile sheeting VL 503 from steel S 270 with an overall length of 9,0
m, anchors with size of force 240 kN with anchor spacing of 2,5 m. In the next chapter, we will check
this structure in the program Sheeting check.
Note: The design cannot be taken as the final and it needs to be checked in the Sheeting check program,
because on the real structure there is redistribution of earth pressure due to anchoring.
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In the frame Settings, select again the number 5 Standard EN 1997, DA3. Select the
analysis of depending pressures as Reduce according to analysis settings. Leave the coefficient
for minimum dimensioning pressure as 0,20.
Frame Modulus k h
Note: the modulus of subsoil reaction is an important input when analyzing a structure by the method
of dependent pressures (elasto-plastic nonlinear model). The modulus k h affects the deformation,
which is needed to reach active or passive pressures. (More info in HELP F1)
In the frame Soils enter the following values for each soil type. Poissons ratio and the oedometric
modulus were not entered in the previous program, so they must be entered here.
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Soil Type
Poissons ratio
Oedometric Modulus
(Soil classification)
Eoed MPa
0,30
21,0
0,35
12,5
0,40
9,5
In the frame Geometry define the parameters of the sheet pile type of wall, section length,
coefficient of pressure reduction below ditch bottom, geometry and material of the construction.
From the sheet pile database, select the VL 503 (500 340 9,7 mm).
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Now, in the frame Excavation define the first ditch depth 2,50 m for the first
construction stage.
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Note: The stiffness of the anchors is taken into account in next stages of construction.
Due to the deformation of construction the forces in anchors are changing. (More info in HELP F1).
We dont change any other input data. Now, perform the analysis to view the maximums
of internal forces and maximum displacement of the anchored structure.
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Now, open the frame Internal stability. You can see, that the internal stability of anchors
is not satisfactory. This means, that the anchor could tear from the soil.
Frame Internal stability not satisfactory result (anchor length 7,0 m, k = 0,2)
The reason for this is that the anchor is too short, so in the frame Anchors, change its length
to 9,0 meters. This newly designed anchor then satisfies the internal stability requirements.
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The last needed check is overall stability of the structure. Click on the button External
stability. This will open the Slope stability program. In the frame Analysis click on Analyze. We
can now see, that the slope stability is acceptable. For external stability we consider length of anchor 7,0
m.
SATISFACTORY.
SATISFACTORY.
SATISFACTORY.
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and by additional limiting deformations. When exceeding these deformations the material
behaves as ideally plastic.
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Profile
m
0,0 2,0
19,5
20
16
6,0
0,4
2,0 4,5
19,5
22
14
7,0
0,35
4,5 12,0
21
27,5
30
40,0
0,3
12,0
16,6
22
40
100
50,0
0,25
16,6
17,4
19
24
20
40,0
0,3
17,4
25,0
21
30
35
55,0
0,25
from 25,0
21
40
100
400,0
0,2
Angle of
internal
friction
ef
Cohesion
of soil
cef kPa
Deformation
modulus
Edef MPa
Poissons
Ratio
Unit
Weight
kN m 3
7,5
Also, the saturated Unit weight equals the Unit Weight above. Note that the Modulus
of deformation is being used for soil materials.
Depth
z m
Length
l m
Root
l k m
Slope
Spacing
b m
Anchor force
F kN
1
2
3
4
5
2,5
5,5
8,5
11,0
13,0
19,0
16,5
13,0
10,0
8,0
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
15,0
17,5
20,0
22,5
25,0
4,0
4,0
4,0
4,0
4,0
300,0
350,0
400,0
400,0
400,0
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Solution
For solving this task, use the GEO5 program Sheeting Check. The analysis will be
performed in the classical way without reduction of input data so the real behavior
of the structure will be grasped. Internal stability of the anchor system and overall stability
will be checked with a safety factor of 1,5. This solution assumes you have entered the soil
types and profiles, and permanent load as listed above.
In the frame Settings select option no. 1 Standard safety factors. We consider
the minimum dimensioning pressure as k 0,2 . We leave the number of FEs to discretize
wall as 30.
Frame Settings
Then, go to frame Geometry and input the basic dimensions of the section,
and also the coefficient of pressure reduction below the ditch bottom, which is in this case 0,4.
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Note: The coefficient of reduction of earth pressures below the excavation reduces
the pressures in the soil. For classical retaining walls this is equal 1,0. For braced sheeting it
is less than or equal to one. It depends on size and spacing of braces (More info in help F1).
Now, we will describe the building of the wall stage by stage. It is necessary to model
the task in stages, to reflect how it will be constructed in reality. In each stage it is necessary
to look at values of internal forces and deformation.
If the braced sheeting is not stable in some stage of construction or if the analyzed
deformation is too large, then we need to change structure for example to make the wall
embedment longer, make the ditch shallower, increase the anchor forces etc.
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In the 3rd construction stage, the ditch is excavated to a depth of 6,5 m. In the 4th stage,
anchor is placed at a depth of 5,5 m. The GWT is not changed so far.
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In 7th construction stage, the ditch is excavated to a depth of 11,5 m. In 8th construction
stage, an anchor is placed at the depth of 11,0 m. The GWT in front of the wall is now
at a depth of 12,0 m below the surface. The GWT behind the structure is not changed.
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In the 11th, and last, construction stage, the ditch is excavated to a depth of 15,0 m.
We will not add new anchors. The GWT in front of the wall is at a depth of 15,5 m.
Behind the wall it is at a depth of 10,0 m.
Note: Due to deformation of the structure the forces in anchors are changing. These changes
depend on the stiffness of the anchors and the deformation of the anchors head. The force can
decrease (due to loss of pre-stress force) or increase. The forces can be pre-stressed in any
stage of construction again to the required force.
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Results of analysis
On the pictures below are the analysis results (internal forces, displacement of structure
and earth pressure) of the last, 11th construction stage.
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All the stages are satisfactorily analyzed that means that the structure is stable
and functional in all stages of the construction. The deformation must also be checked that it is
not too large, as well as that the anchor force does not exceed the bearing capacity
of the anchor (The user must check this as this is not checked by the program Sheeting check).
Maximum displacement of the wall is 34,1 mm, which is satisfactory.
Note: If the program does not find a solution in some of the construction stages, then the data
must be revised e.g. to make the structure longer, make the forces in anchors larger,
change the number or position of anchors, etc.
137,11 kN m
182,60 kNm m
Frame Envelopes
The bending moment is calculated per one meter (foot) of structure, so we have
to calculate the moment acting on the soldier beam. The spacing of soldier beams (I-sections)
in our example is 2,0 m, so the resulting moment is 182,60 2,0 365,2 kNm.
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Users can perform the verification of cross-section I 400 manually or using another
program such as FIN EC STEEL.
Note: Dimensioning and verification of concrete and steel walls is not part of the program
Sheeting Check, but is planned for a future version.
Note: The verification is done this way. At first we iterate the force in the anchor, resulting
in equilibrium of all forces acting on the earth wedge. This earth wedge is bordered
by construction, terrain, the middle of the roots of anchors and the theoretical heel of structure.
If an anchor is not satisfactory the best way to resolve the issue is to make it longer or decrease
the pre-stressed force.
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Conclusion
The structure was successfully designed with a maximum deformation of 34,1 mm.
This is satisfactory for this type of construction. Additionally, the limits of forces in anchors
were not exceeded.
Verification of bearing capacity of cross-section SATISFACTORY
Internal stability SATISFACTORY
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Then, input the geological profile, define the parameters of soil, and assign them to the profile.
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Unit weight
kN m 3
Angle of internal
friction ef
Cohesion of soil
cef kPa
19,0
29,0
8,0
17,5
31,5
0,0
18,0
26,5
16,0
Assigned Soil
Region
1
3
4
Model the gravity wall as a Rigid Body with a unit weight of 23,0 kN m 3 . The slip
surface does not pass through this object because it is an area with large strength. (More info in
HELP F1)
In the next step, define a surcharge, which we consider as permanent and strip with its
location on the terrain surface.
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Note: A surcharge is entered on 1 m of width of the slope. The only exception is concentrated
surcharge, where the program calculates the effect of the load to the analyzed profile. For
more information, see HELP (F1).
Skip the frames Embankment, Earth cut, Anchors, Reinforcements and
Water. The frame Earthquake has no influence on this analysis, because the slope is not
located in seismically active area.
Then, in the frame Stage settings, select the design situation. In this case, we consider
it as Permanent design situation.
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SATISFACTORY.
Analysis 2:
Now select another analysis on the toolbar in upper right corner of your Analysis frame
in GEO5.
Toolbar Analysis
In the frame Analysis, change the analysis type to Standard and as method select All
methods. Then click on Analyze.
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Note: Using this procedure, the slip surface made for all methods corresponds to critical slip
surface from the previous analysis scenario using the Bishop method. For better results the
user should choose the method and then perform an optimization of slip surfaces.
The values of the level of slope stability are:
Bishop:
SATISFACTORY.
Fellenius / Petterson:
SATISFACTORY.
Spencer:
SATISFACTORY.
Janbu:
SATISFACTORY.
Morgenstern-Price:
SATISFACTORY.
achuanc:
SATISFACTORY.
Note: the selection of method of analysis depends on experience of the user. The most popular
methods are the method of slices, from which the most used, is the Bishop method. The Bishop
method does yield conservative results.
For reinforced or anchored slopes other rigorous methods (Janbu, Spencer and MorgensternPrice) are preferable. These more rigorous methods meet all conditions of balance, and they
better describe real slope behavior.
It is not needed (or correct) to analyze a slope with all methods of analysis. For example, the
Swedish method Fellenius Petterson yields very conservative results, so the safety factors
could be unrealistically low in the result. Because this method is famous and in some countries
required for slope stability analysis, it is a part of GEO5 software.
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SATISFACTORY.
Note: Optimization of a polygonal slip surface is gradual and depends on the location of the
initial slip surface. This means that it is good to make several analyses with different initial slip
surfaces and with different numbers of sections. Optimization of polygonal slip surfaces can be
also affected by local minimums of factor of safety. This means the real critical surface does
need to be found. Sometimes it is more efficient for the user to enter the starting polygonal slip
surface in a similar shape and place as an optimized circular slip surface.
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Local minimums
Note: We often get complaints from users that the slip surface after the optimization
disappeared. For non-cohesive soils, where cef 0 kPa the critical slip surface is the same
as the most inclined line of slope surface. In this case, the user should change parameters of
the soil or enter restrictions in which the slip surface cant pass.
Conclusion
The slope stability after optimization is:
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Scheme of assignment
The wall is made from concrete class C 30/37, the thickness of the wall is h 0,5 m .
The calculated shear resistance of the wall is VRd 325 kN m .
Solution:
For solving this task, use the GEO5 program Slope Stability. In this text, we will describe the
solution of this task step by step.
Construction stage 1: slope modeling, determination of safety factor of the existing
slope;
Construction stage 2: making the earth cut for the parking (only as a working stage)
Construction stage 3: construction of the wall, analysis of internal and external stability;
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Interface coordinates
Note: If data is entered incorrectly, it can be undone using the button UNDO (shortcut CtrlZ). In the same manner, we can use the opposite function REDO (Shortcut Ctrl-Y).
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Then define the soil parameters and assign them to the profile.
Table with the soil parameters
Soil
(Soil classification)
SM Silty sand,
medium dense soil
ML, MI Silt with low or
medium plasticity, stiff
consistency, S r 0,8
MS Sandy silt,
firm consistency
Unit weight
kN m 3
Angle of internal
friction ef
Cohesion of soil
cef kPa
18,0
29,0
5,0
20,0
21,0
30,0
18,0
26,5
12,0
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Satisfactory.
Add the earth cut to the interface by adding individual points of the considered earth cut
(similar to adding points to the current interface) in the frame Earth cut. The excavation for
the sheeting wall is 0,5 m wide. After you are done with adding the points click on OK.
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Note: If you define two points with same x coordinate (see picture), the program asks if you
want to add the new point to the left or right. The scheme of resulting input of the point is
highlighted with red and green color in the dialog window.
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Frame Embankment
Analysis 2 internal stability of retaining wall
To verify the internal stability on the circular slip surface it is necessary to model
the structure as a stiff soil with fictitious cohesion, and not as rigid body. If it is modeled as a
rigid body, the slip surface cannot intersect the structure.
Note: shear resistance of the RC retaining wall is modeled with help of fictitious cohesion,
which we can determine as:
c fict
where: h m
VRd 325,0
650 kPa
h
0,5
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VRd kN m
Now return to the 1st construction stage and add a new soil with name Material of the
retaining wall. Define the value of the fictitious cohesion as cef 650 kPa , the angle of
internal friction as a small value (for example ef 1 ) since the program doesnt allow to
input 0. Define the unit weight as 25 kN m 3 , which corresponds to structure from
reinforced concrete.
Analysis 3 slope stability behind the earth cut and retaining wall (internal stability)
The analysis results of internal stability show that the slope with the earth cut and the
retaining wall is stable:
Satisfactory.
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Before running the analysis of the external slope stability, add restrictions on the optimization
procedure using lines that the slip surface cant intersect when it executes the optimization
procedure (More info in HELP F1). In our example the restriction lines are the same as the
borders of the pile sheeting.
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Analysis 4 slope stability with earth cut and retaining wall (external stability)
From the results of external stability we can see, that the slope with the earth cut and
retaining wall is stable:
Conclusion
The objective of this chapter was to verify the slope stability and design of earth cut
with retaining wall for the construction of a car park with analysis of internal and external
stability. The results of analyses are:
This slope with earth cut and retaining wall from concrete (with width of 0,5 m) in terms of
long-term stability satisfies evaluation criteria.
Note: this designed retaining wall would need to be checked for stress from the bending
moment of loading from active earth pressure. This bending moment can be analyzed in the
GEO5 programs Sheeting design and Sheeting Check.
For the same bending moment it is also necessary to design and check reinforcements for
example in program FIN EC Concrete 2D.
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Frame Settings
Note: Usually, spread footings are analyzed for drained conditions= using the effective parameters of
soil ( ef , cef ). Analysis for undrained conditions is performed for cohesive soils and short-term
performance using total parameters of soil ( u , cu ). According to EN 1997 total friction considered is
always u 0 .
In the next step enter the geological profile, soil parameters and assign them to the profile.
Soil, rock
Profile
Unit weight
(classification)
kN m 3
0,0 6,0
17,5
29,5
0,0
from 6,0
22,5
23,0
50,0
Angle of internal
friction ef
cef kPa
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In the next step, open up the frame Foundation. As a type of foundation, choose Centric spread
footing and fill in the dimensions such as depth from the original grade, depth of footing bottom,
thickness of foundation and inclination of finished grade. Also, input the weight of overburden, which is
the backfill of spread footing after construction.
Frame Foundation
Note: The depth of the footing bottom depends on many different factors such as natural and climatic
factors, hydrogeology of the construction site and geological conditions. In the Czech Republic the
depth of footing bottom is recommended to be at least 0,8 meters beneath the surface due to freezing.
For clays it is recommended that the depth be greater, such as 1,6 meters. When analyzing the bearing
capacity of a foundation, the depth of the foundation is considered as the minimal vertical distance
between the footing bottom and the finished grade.
In the frame Load enter the forces and moments acting on the upper part of foundation:
N , H x , H y , M x , M y . These values we obtained from a structural analysis program and we can import
them to our analysis by clicking on Import.
Frame Load
Note: For design of dimensions of spread footing, generally the design load is the deciding load. ,
However, in this case we are using the analysis settings EN 1997-1 - DA1, and you must enter the value
of service load too, because the analysis requires two design combinations.
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SATISFACTORY.
Conclusion:
The bearing capacity of designed foundation (2,0x2,0 m) is satisfactory.
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For solving this task, we will use the GEO5 program Spread footing. We will use the
data from the last chapter, where almost all required data is already entered.
Basic Input:
The design of spread footing in the last task was performed using the standard EN 1997,
DA1. Eurocodes do not order any theory for the analysis of settlement, so any common
settlement theory can be used. Check the setting in the frame Settings by clicking on Edit.
In the tab Settlement select the method Analysis using oedometric modulus and set
Restriction of influence zone to based on structural strength.
Note: The structural strength represents the resistance of a soil against deformation from a
load. It is only used in Czech and Slovak Republic. In other countries, the restriction of the
influence zone is described by percentage of Initial in-situ stress. Recommended values of
structural strength are from CSN 73 1001 standards (Foundation soil below the foundation)
In the next step, define the parameters of soils for settlement analysis. We need to edit
each soil and add values for Poissons ratio, coefficient of structural strength and oedometric
modulus, resp. deformation modulus.
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Unit
weight
kN m 3
Angle of Coeff. of
Deformation Poissons
internal structural
modulus
ratio
friction Strength
Edef MPa
ef
m
17,5
29,5
0,3
15,5
0,3
22,5
23,0
0,3
500,0
0,25
Analysis:
Now, run the analysis in the frame Settlement. Settlement is always analyzed for
service load.
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Frame Settlement
Initial in-situ stress in the footing bottom is considered from the finished grade
Note: the value of in-situ stress in the footing bottom has influence on the amount of settlement
and the depth of influence zone a larger initial in-situ stress means less settlement. The option
of in-situ stress acting on the footing bottom depends on the time the footing bottom is open. If
the footing bottom is open for a longer period of time, the soil compaction will be less and it is
not possible to consider the original stress conditions of the soil.
-
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Note: the coefficient 1 reflects the influence of the depth of the foundation and gives more
realistic results of the settlement
Results of analysis
The final settlement of the structure is 16,9 mm. Within an analysis of limit states of
serviceability we compare the values of the analyzed settlement with limit values, which are
permissible for the structure.
Note: The stiffness of structure (soil-foundation) has a major influence on the settlement. This
stiffness is described by the coefficient k if k is greater then 1, the foundation is considered to
be stiff and settlement is calculated under a characteristic point (located in 0,37l or 0,37b from
the center of the foundation, where l and b are dimensions of foundation). If coefficient k is
lower then 1, the settlement is calculated under the center of foundation.
-
Note : Informative values of allowable settlement for different kinds of structures can be found
in various standards for example CSN EN 1997-1 (2006) Design of geotechnical structures.
The Spread footing program also provides results for the rotation of the foundation, which is
analyzed from the difference of settlement of centers of each edge.
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Assignment:
Determine the settlement value under the centre of an embankment constructed
on impermeable clay one year and ten years after its construction. Make the analysis using
CSN 73 1001 standards (using oedometric modulus), limit of influence zone consider using
coefficient of structure strength.
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Solution:
The GEO 5 Settlement program will be used to solve this task. We are going to model
this example step by step:
1st construction stage interface modeling, calculation of the initial geostatic stress.
2nd construction stage adding a surcharge by means of an embankment.
3rd up to 5th construction stages calculation of embankment consolidation
at various time intervals (according to the assignment).
Evaluation of results (conclusion).
Basic assignment (procedure): Stage 1
Check the "Perform consolidation analysis" field in the "Settings" frame. Then select
specific settings for calculation of the settlement from "Settings list". This setting describes
the analysis method for calculation of the settlement and restriction of influence zone.
Frame "Settings"
Note: This calculation considers the so called primary consolidation (dissipation of pore
pressure). Secondary settlement (creep), which may occur mainly with non-consolidated and
organic soils, is not solved within this example.
Then we enter the layer interface. The objective is to select two layers between which
the consolidation takes place.
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Frame "Interface"
The soil parameters are entered in the next step. For soils being consolidated, it is
required to specify either the coefficient of permeability " k " or the coefficient of consolidation
" c v ". Approximate values can be found in HELP (F1).
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Poissons
Ratio
Clayey soil
18,5
0,3
1,0
0,1
1,0 10 5
Embankment
20,0
0,30
30,0
0,3
1,0 10 2
Sandy silt
19,5
0,30
30,0
0,3
1,0 10 2
Soil
(Soil classification)
Oedometric
modulus
Eoed MPa
Coeff. of
structural
strength
m
Coeff. of
permeability
k m day
Then we assign the soils to the profile. The frame surcharge in the 1st construction stage
is not taken into consideration, since in this example it will be represented by the actual
embankment body (in stages 2 to 5). In the next step, we shall enter the ground water table
(hereinafter the "GWT") using the interface points, in our case at ground level.
In the frame Stage settings, you can only modify layout and refinement of holes, so
leave the standard settings.
The first "Calculation" stage represents the initial geostatic stress at the initial
construction time. However, it is necessary to specify the basic boundary conditions for the
consolidation calculation in further stages. The top and bottom interface of the consolidating
soil is entered, as well as the direction of water flow from this layer i.e. the drainage path.
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Note: The embankment acts as a surcharge to the original ground surface. It is assumed that
a well-executed (optimally compacted) embankment theoretically does not settle. In a practice,
settlement may occur (poor compaction, soil creep effect), but the program Settlement does not
address this.
In the "Analysis" frame enter the time duration of the 2nd stage corresponding to the
actual embankment construction time. The actual calculation of the settlement cannot be
performed yet because, when determining consolidation, it is first necessary to know the whole
history of the earthwork structure loading, i.e. all construction stages.
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Since the embankment is built gradually, we are considering the linear load growth
in the 2nd construction stage. In subsequent stages, the duration of the stage is entered (1 year
i.e. 365 days 3rd stage, 10 years i.e. 3,650 days 4th stage and the overall settlement 5th
stage) and the whole loading is introduced at the beginning of the stage.
The calculations are performed after enter the last construction stage, which is on the "Overall
settlement", is turned on (you can check it at any stage apart from the first one).
Analysis results
Upon the calculation of the overall settlement, we can observe partial consolidation
values below the centre of the embankment. We have obtained the following maximum
settlement values in individual construction stages:
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Conclusion:
The embankment settlement (under its centre) within one year from its construction is
84.5 mm (= 113.7 29.2) and after ten years 282.5 mm (= 311.7 29.2).
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