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Explicacion Accelrometro PDF
Explicacion Accelrometro PDF
Application Note
AN3107
Rev 0, 05/2005
INTRODUCTION
This application note describes how accelerometers are
used to measure the tilt of an object. Accelerometers can be
used for measuring both dynamic and static measurements of
acceleration. Tilt is a static measurement where gravity is the
acceleration being measured. Therefore, to achieve the
highest degree resolution of a tilt measurement, a low-g, highsensitivity accelerometer is required. The Freescale
MMA6200Q and MMA7260Q series accelerometers are good
solutions for XY and XYZ tilt sensing. These devices provide
a sensitivity of 800 mV/g in 3.3 V applications. The
MMA2260D and MMA1260D are also good solutions for 5 V
applications providing a sensitivity of 1200mV/g for X and Z,
respectively. All of these accelerometers will experience
acceleration in the range of +1g to -1g as the device is tilted
from -90 degrees to +90 degrees.
1g = 9.8 m/s
+1 g
MODULE
A simple tilt application can be implemented using an 8 or
10-bit microcontroller that has 1 or 2 ADC channels to input
the analog output voltage of the accelerometers and general
purpose I/O pins for displaying the degrees either on a PC
through a communication protocol or on an LCD. See Figure 1
for a typical block diagram. Some applications may not require
a display at all. These applications may only require an I/O
channel to send a signal for turning on or off a device at a
determined angle range.
LCD
Accelerometer
Microcontroller
with
ADC
Interface
Circuit
RS232,
USB
MOUNTING CONSIDERATIONS
Device selection depends on the angle of reference and
how the device will be mounted in the end application. This will
allow you to achieve the highest degree resolution for a given
solution due to the nonlinearity of the technology. First, you
need to know what the sensing axis is for the accelerometer.
See Figure 2 to see where the sensing axes are for the
Z-Axis
X-Axis
X-Axis
Accelerometer
Accelerometer
PC
PCB
Z-Axis
Accelerometer
Accelerometer
PCB
PCB
Sensing
Sensing
Axis
Axis
1g
1g
Sensing
Sensing
Axis
Axis
Sensing Axis
for Y-Axis
Sensing Axis
for X-Axis
Gravity
Gravity
1g
1g
Y
MMA7260Q
Series
Accelerometer
Gravity
Gravity
NONLINEARITY
As seen in Figure 5, the typical output of capacitive, micromachined accelerometers is more like a sine function. The
figure shows the analog output voltage from the accelerometer
for degrees of tilt from -90 to +90. The change in degrees of
tilt directly corresponds to a change in the acceleration due to a
changing component of gravity acted on the accelerometer.
The slope of the curve is actually the sensitivity of the device.
3.3
3
2.7
2.4
Output(V)
2.1
1.8
X-axis
Y-axis
1.5
Z-axis
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Angle(degree)
AN3107
2
Sensors
Freescale Semiconductor
[1]
V
V OUT = V OFFSET + -------- 1.0g sin
g
where:
VOUT
VOFF
= Accelerometer 0g Offset
V/g = Sensitivity
1g
= Earths Gravity
= Angle of Tilt
OUT V OFFSET
= arc sin ---------------------------------------
V
-------
V OUT 1650mV
= arc sin -----------------------------------------
800mV g
From this equation, you can see that at 0 the
accelerometer output voltage would be 1650mV and at 90
the accelerometer output would be 2450mV.
INTERFACING TO ADC
+90deg
An 8-Bit ADC
An 8-bit ADC cuts 3.3V supply into 255 steps of 12.9mV for
each step. Therefore, by taking one ADC reading of the
MMA6260Q at 0g (0of tilt for an x-axis device) and 1g (90 of
tilt for an x-axis device), would result in the following:
0-90
degree
Quadrant
0 deg
180 deg
-90deg
0:
1g
A 10-bit ADC cuts 3.3V supply into 1023 steps of 3.2mV for
each step. Therefore, by taking one ADC reading of the
MMA6260Q again at 0g (0 of tilt for an x-axis device), would
now result in the following:
0:
AN3107
Sensors
Freescale Semiconductor
TILT APPLICATIONS
There are many applications where tilt measurements are
required or will enhance its functionality. In the cell phone
market and handheld electronics market, tilt applications can
be used for controlling menu options, e-compass
compensation, image rotation, or function selection in
response to different tilt measurements. In the medical
markets, tilt is used for making blood pressure monitors more
accurate. They can also be used for feedback for tilting
hospital beds or chairs. A tilt controller can also be used for an
easier way to control this type of equipment. Accelerometers
for tilt measurements can also be designed into a multitude of
products, such as game controllers, virtual reality input
devices, HDD portable products, computer mouse, cameras,
projectors, washing machines, and personal navigation
systems.
AN3107
4
Sensors
Freescale Semiconductor
Calculated
Voltage
-0.80
-0.79
-0.77
-0.76
-0.75
-0.73
-0.72
-0.71
-0.70
-0.68
-0.67
-0.66
-0.64
-0.63
-0.62
-0.61
-0.59
-0.58
-0.57
-0.55
-0.54
-0.53
-0.52
-0.50
-0.49
-0.48
-0.46
-0.45
-0.44
-0.43
-0.41
-0.40
-0.39
-0.37
-0.36
-0.35
-0.34
-0.32
-0.31
-0.30
-0.28
-0.27
-0.26
-0.24
-0.23
-0.22
-0.21
-0.19
-0.18
-0.17
-0.15
-0.14
-0.13
-0.12
-0.10
-0.09
-0.08
-0.06
-0.05
-0.04
-0.03
-0.01
0.00
arcsine
arccos
-1.00
-0.98
-0.97
-0.95
-0.93
-0.92
-0.90
-0.89
-0.87
-0.85
-0.84
-0.82
-0.81
-0.79
-0.77
-0.76
-0.74
-0.73
-0.71
-0.69
-0.68
-0.66
-0.64
-0.63
-0.61
-0.60
-0.58
-0.56
-0.55
-0.53
-0.52
-0.50
-0.48
-0.47
-0.45
-0.44
-0.42
-0.40
-0.39
-0.37
-0.35
-0.34
-0.32
-0.31
-0.29
-0.27
-0.26
-0.24
-0.23
-0.21
-0.19
-0.18
-0.16
-0.15
-0.13
-0.11
-0.10
-0.08
-0.06
-0.05
-0.03
-0.02
0.00
-87.47
-79.39
-75.19
-71.93
-69.16
-66.70
-64.47
-62.40
-60.47
-58.65
-56.92
-55.26
-53.67
-52.14
-50.66
-49.23
-47.83
-46.48
-45.15
-43.86
-42.59
-41.35
-40.13
-38.93
-37.76
-36.60
-35.46
-34.33
-33.22
-32.12
-31.04
-29.97
-28.91
-27.86
-26.82
-25.79
-24.77
-23.76
-22.75
-21.75
-20.76
-19.78
-18.80
-17.83
-16.86
-15.90
-14.94
-13.99
-13.04
-12.09
-11.15
-10.21
-9.27
-8.34
-7.41
-6.48
-5.55
-4.62
-3.70
-2.77
-1.85
-0.92
0.00
177.47
169.39
165.19
161.93
159.16
156.70
154.47
152.40
150.47
148.65
146.92
145.26
143.67
142.14
140.66
139.23
137.83
136.48
135.15
133.86
132.59
131.35
130.13
128.93
127.76
126.60
125.46
124.33
123.22
122.12
121.04
119.97
118.91
117.86
116.82
115.79
114.77
113.76
112.75
111.75
110.76
109.78
108.80
107.83
106.86
105.90
104.94
103.99
103.04
102.09
101.15
100.21
99.27
98.34
97.41
96.48
95.55
94.62
93.70
92.77
91.85
90.92
90.00
ADC
Bits
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
Calculated
Voltage
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.79
0.80
arcsine
arccos
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.34
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.45
0.47
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.55
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.61
0.63
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.69
0.71
0.73
0.74
0.76
0.77
0.79
0.81
0.82
0.84
0.85
0.87
0.89
0.90
0.92
0.93
0.95
0.97
0.98
1.00
0.92
1.85
2.77
3.70
4.62
5.55
6.48
7.41
8.34
9.27
10.21
11.15
12.09
13.04
13.99
14.94
15.90
16.86
17.83
18.80
19.78
20.76
21.75
22.75
23.76
24.77
25.79
26.82
27.86
28.91
29.97
31.04
32.12
33.22
34.33
35.46
36.60
37.76
38.93
40.13
41.35
42.59
43.86
45.15
46.48
47.83
49.23
50.66
52.14
53.67
55.26
56.92
58.65
60.47
62.40
64.47
66.70
69.16
71.93
75.19
79.39
87.47
89.08
88.15
87.23
86.30
85.38
84.45
83.52
82.59
81.66
80.73
79.79
78.85
77.91
76.96
76.01
75.06
74.10
73.14
72.17
71.20
70.22
69.24
68.25
67.25
66.24
65.23
64.21
63.18
62.14
61.09
60.03
58.96
57.88
56.78
55.67
54.54
53.40
52.24
51.07
49.87
48.65
47.41
46.14
44.85
43.52
42.17
40.77
39.34
37.86
36.33
34.74
33.08
31.35
29.53
27.60
25.53
23.30
20.84
18.07
14.81
10.61
2.53
AN3107
Sensors
Freescale Semiconductor
NOTES
AN3107
6
Sensors
Freescale Semiconductor
NOTES
AN3107
Sensors
Freescale Semiconductor
AN3107
Rev. 0
05/2005