Laboratorio Nacional de Materiales

y Modelos Estructurales UCR

Diseo de Pavimentos
Descripcin General
CEE 362 INGENIERA DE TRANSPORTES
PAVIMENTOS / PROGRAMA DE MATERIALES DEL DEPARTAMENTO CEE

Ing. Luis Guillermo Lora S.

Octubre, 2009.

Definicin
Pavimento
Parte superior de la carretera, aeropuerto, o estructura
delrea deparqueo
Incluye todas las capas que recaen sobre elsuelo original
Consiste de todos los elementos estructurales o capas,
incluyendo arcenes

Diseo
Considerar /Desarrollar deun
planpara servir auna funcin especfica

Diseo vs Anlisis dePavimentos

Diseo de
Pavimentos

Resolucin deespesor requerido

para transporte decarga bajo condiciones
medioambientales ydelos materiales

Anlisis de
Pavimentos

Resolucin para las condiciones del

pavimento yprediccin desu
comportamiento alargoplazo

Diseo dePavimentos vs Otras Estructuras Civiles

La mayora de las estructuras civiles o fallan
inmediatamente oduran por siempre
LosPavimentos sedeterioran gradualmente conelpaso
de los aos, esto como funcin de la calidad de los
materiales, la carga del trfico, y las influencia del
medio ambiente
Por lotanto eldiseo depavimentos debe sercapaz de
predecir a largo plazo la resistencia del pavimento: no
como una falla repentina,si nocomo una falla lenta

Rendimiento delPavimento
ConRespecto alaVidadeDiseo

LosPavimentos estn Diseados aFallar!

Respuesta delPavimento alacarga enlas llantas

6

Tensiones yesfuerzos sonproducidos encada

capa
Pavimentos deflectados verticalmente
Localizacin y magnitud de las respuestas
determinan el tipo, extendin y rapidez del
deterioro delpavimento
Determinacin usando lateora de elasticidad
(Ley deHook)

Respuestas Estructurales
Distribucin tpica delesfuerzo bajo las cargas delas llantas
- Comportamiento del Sistema de Capas
- Todas las capas sienten parte de la carga

P = Carga de las llantas

Direccin del trfico

HMA
Base
Subbase
Subrasante

Mecanismo deTransferencia deCarga

enelSistema deCapas
Superficie de
Carga

Efecto de profundidad

A Sistema deCapas Individual

Solucin segn Boussinesq,1885

Los pavimentos flexibles son considerados
como unhomogeneoushalfspace
Carga concentrada aplicada en elastic half
space Respuesta puede ser integrada para
obtener los que sedeben acarga circular
Lacapa es caracterizada por Ey

Tipos deFallas delPavimento

Tipos defallas delPavimento

Pavimentos Flexibles
Agrietamiento por fatiga
dealta severidad

Agrietamiento Transversal

Deformacin permanente

Baches

Tipos defallas delPavimento

Pavimentos Rgidos

Blowup(pandeo)

Rupturas enesquinas

Falla superficial

Bombeo

Pavimentos Rgidos vs.Flexibles

Factores deDiseo

Estructura GeneraldelDiseo dePavimentos

Mtodos delDiseo dePavimentos

Emprico

State-of-Practice

State-of-the-Art

MecnicoEmprico

Mecnico

Basado en resultados Mecanstico: determinacin

de experimentos o
de las respuestas de los
experiencia
pavimentos debido a la carga, a
travs de modelos matemticos
Emprico: relacin de la
respuesta del pavimento con el
rendimiento
Cada deterioro clave est
asociado con una respuesta
crtica del pavimento

Depende de la
mecnica del
comportamiento
estructural a la
carga

(Schwartz, 2001)

Empiricalvs.MechanisticBasedDesign
Wood Floor Joist Example

Mechanistic:
bending = PL allowable
4S
Empirical Rule of 2:
d in inches= (L in feet / 2) + 2

(Schwartz, 2001)

PavementDesignMethods

PavementDesignMethods Flexible
AASHTO 1993 Guide Empirical method

Pavement Design Methods

Flexible AASHTO 1993 Guide
1)Motorcycles
2)PassengerCars
3)Other2axle,4tiresingleunitveh.
4)Buses
5)2axlesingletire,singleunittruck
6)3axlesingleunittrucks
7) 4singleaxlesingleunittrucks
8) 4axlesingletrailertrucks
9)5axlesingletrailertrucks
10) 6axlesingletrailertrucks
11) 5axlemultitrailertrucks
12)6axlemultitrailertrucks
13) 7axlemultitrailertrucks

PavementDesignMethods
FlexibleAASHTO1993Guide

TrafficCalculation:

Cumulativeexpected18kipESAL
Axletype(single,tandem,tridem)
Axleload(2to90kips)
Terminalserviceability(pt =2,2.5,or3)
OverallstrengthofpavementstructureintermsofSN

ESAL = (ADT )0 (T )(Tf )(G )(D )(L )(365)(Y )

ADT=AverageDailyTraffic
T=truckpercentage
Tf =truckfactor(ESALs/truck)
G=growthfactor
D=directionaldistributionfactor
L=lanedistributionfactor(varieswithvolumeoftraffic&#oflanes)
Y=designperiodinyears

PavementDesignMethods
FlexibleAASHTO1993Guide
22

log10 (W18 ) = Z R S o + 9.36 log10 ( SN + 1) 0.20 +

+ 2.32 log10 ( M R ) 8.07

PSI
log10

1.7
1, 094
0.4 +
( SN +1) 5.19

Typicalstressstrainanalysis

Wheel Load

HMA
t

Granular Base

Subgrade Soil

Bedrock

PavementDesignMethods
NewAASHTOMEPDG:MechanisticEmpirical
Traffic Model
Input Data

Environmental
Effects Model

Pavement
Response
Model(s)

Distress
Models

Material Characterization Models

Performance
Predictions

NewAASHTOMEPDG:MechanisticEmpirical
25

TrafficMixAnalyzed
Separately

ESALs

NewAASHTOMEPDG:MechanisticEmpirical
LaboratoryCharacterizationofMaterials
DevelopmentofAxleloadSpectra
DeterminationofTemperatureandMoistureVariation
HomogenousSections
FieldForensicStudiesforCalibration
CalibrationandValidationoftheDesignMethod
AdditionalStudies

TrafficDataRequirementsforAASHTOMEPDG

Number of Axles by:

Axle type
Truck type
Axle load
Number of axles within
Each year
Season within a year
Each hour
Axle Load Spectra: for a given axle
type determine load range and spectra
Single (1,500 to 40,000 Ibs)
Tandem (3,000 to 80,000 Ibs)
Tridem (6,000 to 120,000Ibs)
Etc.

Seasonal Variation of Temperature

Temperaturevariation

Watertable,
Saturationpercentage
Backcalculated ModulusforHMA
andGranularbases,soil,
Fullcharacterizationofsoil
materials:
CaliforniaBearingRatio(CBR)
DynamicConePenetrometer
(DCP),

Stresses and Strains

Stresses and Strains

Determination of stress and strain:

At each hour
At each Truck type
At the various truck speeds
Location of the load
At various positions before and after the interest point
Include the traffic wandering
All this data is included into the transfer functions..

TASK B: Laboratory Characterization of Materials

2. Laboratory Characterization of Field Samples of Hot Mix Asphalt

HMA Stiffness: Dynamic Modulus

HMA Permanent Deformation: RLT

HMA Fatigue Cracking: Beam Fatigue

Additional Testing

log( E*) = +

p
= aT a N a
r
2

1
N f = k1
t

1 + e + (log t r )

k2

1

E

k3

TASK B: Laboratory Characterization of Materials

Hot-mix asphalt
Laboratory testing for HMA
Air voids percentage
Asphalt content
Aggregate gradation
Volumetric properties
Aggregate
Flat and elongated particles
Un-compacted voids in the fine
aggregate
Percentage of crushed faces
Cleanliness
Toughness: Los Angeles Abrasion
Surface Texture
Bulk Specific Gravity and absortion
Binder
PG Grade

Granular
materials
Cleanliness
Proctor Modified
CBR
Gradation
Durability

Soils
Soil Classification
Plastic Index

TASK B: Laboratory Characterization of Materials

3. Laboratory Characterization of Field Samples of Unbound Materials

Constituve Model

M r = k1 pa
Pa

a+

Saturation correction

Fenv = 10

k2

oct

+ 1

Pa

k3

ba
b

1+ EXP ln + k m S S opt
a

TASK F: Calibration and Validation of the Design Method

NCHRP Project 9-30 Experimental Plan for Calibration and

Validation of HMA Performance Models for Mix and Structural
Design

HMA Fatigue
HMA Rutting
Unbound materials
Rutting

Subgrade Rutting

1
N f = f 1 k1
t

k2

1

E

p
= r1aT a N a
r
2

0
a ( N ) = x e
r
RDSG

k3

1 e k *hbedrock
=
k

vh

* p , z = 0

TASKB:LaboratoryCharacterizationofMaterials

1. SAMPLE PLAN
30 field projects for new construction
30 overlay projects
HMA samples/section: 15 buckets
Granular base materials/section: 15 buckets
Soil: 10 buckets/section
Typical Sampling Section

TASK C: Development of Axle load Spectra

WHERE?
Full axle load spectra data
for each axle type
Three ways for collecting
the data:
Weight in motion
(WIM), FHWA W-4
Truck Weight Tables
Automatic vehicle
classification (AVC),
Vehicle counts.

Twenty-two measurement sites

Limon and Caldera Ports
Guapiles, Siquirres,
Orotina,Esparza.
Trans-America Highway (NorthSouth) Nicaragua frontier, Liberia,
Caas, San Ramn, San Jos,
Prez Zeledn, Buenos Aires,
Panama frontier.
Main four highways
Three main cities: Cartago,
Heredia and Alajuela.
30 new and overlay projects

TASK C: Development of Axle load Spectra

DATA REQUIRED?
Base year truck traffic volume,
Truck operational speed,
Truck-traffic directional and lane distribution
factors,
Truck class distribution,
Axle load distribution factors,
Axle and wheel base configurations,
Tire characteristics and
Inflation pressure,
Truck lateral distribution factor,
Truck growth factor.

TASK D: Determination of Temperature and Moisture Variation Homogenous

Sections

40 climate stations distributed all over the country,

Database of 20 years of climate data: minimum,
medium and maximum air temperature and
precipitation.
LTPP TEMPERATURE MODEL:
T ( d ) = 54.32 + 0.78Tair 0.004 Lat 2 + 6.26 log( d + 25) z ( 4.4 + 0.52 S air ) 0.5
2

Questions
39