Chng 5: He thong thong tin ViBa va Ve Tinh

VIENTHONG05.TK

CHNG 5
HE THONG THONG TIN VIBA VA VE TINH
5.1 M au:
Thong qua chng nay se nam ro nhng phan sau:
- Tong quan ve Vi ba va Ve Tinh.
- Cac thanh phan vo tuyen cua ViBa
- Phan Bo tan so trong vi Ba
- Thong tin Ve Tinh
- a Truy Cap
Vo tuyen chuyen tiep la mot phan rat quan trong trong mang thong tin. Thong
tin vo tuyen s dung khoang khong gian lam moi trng truyen dan. Nguyen ly hoat
ong cua he thong: pha phat bc xa cac tn hieu thong tin bang song ien t, pha
thu nhan song ien t phat qua khong gian va tach lay tn hieu goc. Trong cac mang
vo tuyen thng s dung vo tuyen chuyen tiep tam nhn thang (light of sight). Mot
tuyen vo tuyen chuyen tiep noi chung bao gom cac tram au cuoi (terminal) va cac
tram lap (repeator). oan gia bat ky 2 attenna c goi la mot chang (hop).

Tram au cuoi
Tram au cuoi

Tram lap

Tram lap
Tram lap

Hnh 5.1 S o tong quat cua mot tuyen vo tuyen VIBA chuyen tiep
Thng th cac mang viba c noi vi cac tram chuyen mach, la mot bo phan
cua mang trung ke quoc gia hoac trung ke rieng. ng dung khac la cac tuyen nhanh
xuat phat t cac trung tam thu nhap thong tin khac nhau en truc chnh hoac tuyen
bang rong tai thong tin a thu nhap en mot hoac nhieu trung tam x ly chnh. Viba
so bang tan 2GHz c xay dng va s dung pho bien lam tuyen dan hoac tuyen
nhanh cho viba so co tai cao hn bang tan 6Ghz va 11Ghz.
Sau ay la mot vai loai mang viba so ang c s dung pho bien:
5.1.1

Vi ba so iem noi a iem:

Dang vi ba nay tr thanh pho bien trong mot so vung ngoai o va nong thon.
Cau truc mang nh hnh 5.2. Tram trung tam phat tren mot anten ang hng phuc

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vu cho mot so tram ngoai vi bao quanh. Cac tram ngoai vi nay at trong pham vi
chuyen tiep n t tram trung tam en tram ngoai vi hoac khoang cach gia cac tram
ngoai vi ln hn mot chang chuyen tiep n, phai dung tram lap. Sau o tram lap
c phan phoi cho cac tram ngoai vi. Thiet b tram ngoai vi co the at ngoai tri
tri, tren nh cot, v..v hoac at trong hop at biet. Moi tram ngoai vi co the lap at
thiet b cho 15 hoac nhieu trung ke. Cac tram lap co the s dung e chuyen tiep
nham m rong pham vi cua vung phuc vu hoac s dung nh iem au tien trong mot
nhanh re cua tuyen trung ke so hien ai.
Thiet b c thiet ke e hoat ong trong cac bang tan 1,5GHz; 1,8GHz va
2,4GHz s dung mot song mang cho he thong hoan chnh co trung ke PCM 64kbit/s
cho ien thoai va/hoac cho so lieu toc o thap. Hoan toan san sang cho moi trung ke
trong he thong. Ky thuat a truy nhap phan chia thi gian c s dung lam phng
tien lien lac. Tram trung tam phat en tat ca tram ngoai vi theo phng phao
ghep/tach theo thi gian TDM lien tuc. Moi tram ngoai vi c noi en he thong va
phat en tram trung tam mot hoac nhieu xung RF c ong bo nh tram trung tam
sao cho moi tram chiem mot khe thi gian khong trung nhau a danh san trong
khung a truy nhap phan chia thi gian TDMA. Tram trung tam kiem tra lan lt cac
ng day thue bao e xac nh mot thue bao nao o co yeu cau mot trung ke hay
khong va neu co, se danh trung ke cho ng day thue bao co nhu cau.

Trm ngoai vi

Trm ngoai vi

Trm trung tam

Trm ngoai vi

Trm ngoai vi

Hnh 5.2 He thong viba iem-noi a iem.

5.1.2

Vi ba so iem noi iem:

V cac c quan vien thong lap ke hoach va bat au thc hien cac chng trnh
chuyen oi thanh he thong so nh la mot cong cuoc hien ai hoa mang, nen no lc
thay the mang ng dai bang cap si quang va co the trong quy mo nho hn viba so
dung lng cao. Hnh 5.3 s o khoi cua cac thanh phan trong mot he thong viba so.

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Chng 5: He thong thong tin ViBa va Ve Tinh

Am tng t

Ma hoa A/D

Bo ghep so

Nguon so

May phat

ng Truyen

Am tng t

Ma hoa A/D

Bo ghep so

May phat

Nguon so

Hnh 5.3 Mot mo hnh cua he thong Viba so iem-iem

5.2 Cac thanh phan trong mang Viba

BB

DS

IF
M

RF
T

RF
f

IF
D

f
R

Tram au cuoi

Chang viba

BB: Tn hieu bang tang goc

M: Bo ieu che
D: Bo giai ieu che
T: may phat
R: May thu
CF: Bo loc phan kenh

Tram lap

C
CF
f

RM

CF

CF

CF

CF

T
CF

DS

RM

CF

CF

BB

DS BB

IF

IF
T

Chang viba

DS BB
M

Tram au cuoi

RM: Modem tram lap

DS: Giao tiep tn hieu so
IF: Tn hieu trung tan IF
RF: Tn hieu vo tuyen c ieu che so
f,f: Tan so vo tuyen bang thap hay bang cao
c: Bo xoay vong

Hnh 5.4 mo ta mot tuyen vi ba chuyen tiep vi hai tram au cuoi va mot tram lap.
Tai pha phat cua tram au cuoi: tn heu bang goc (baseband) c dan ti bo
ieu che (M) va c ieu che thanh song mang trung tam tan (IF). Tai ay han che

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Chng 5: He thong thong tin ViBa va Ve Tinh

bang tan truyen dan, cac dang ieu che ac biet c ap dung nh ieu pha so (PSK),
ieu bien cau phng (QAM), hoac SSB. May phat (T) sau o bien oi tn hieu nay
thanh tn hieu vo tuyen (RF) va khuyech ai en mc phat chuan. Bang tan vo tuyen
c gii han trong khoang 40MHz en 22GHz.
T may phat tn hieu RF c chuyen qua bo loc phan kenh (channel
branching filter) gom bo loc bang thong va bo xoay vong (circulator). Bo xoay vong
c s dung e chia hng phat va hng thu. Tn hieu sau o c dan en anttena
thong qua bo loc dai thong, bo xoay vong va cap anttena (cap ong truc suy hao thap
hay ong dan song).
Neu khoang cach gia cac tram au cuoi ln hn 50km (hoac nho hn tuy theo
tan so vo tuyen s dung), can phai lap at tram lap gia cac tram au cuoi nay.
Anttena thu tram lap se chuyen tn hieu thu c qua bo loc bang thong va
bo xoay vong cua bo loc phan kenh en may thu (R). May thu khuech ai tn hieu nay
va bien oi no thanh tn hieu trung tan IF. T tn hieu IF, bo giai ieu che (M) se tai
tao lai tn hieu bang goc ban au va bo ieu che se ieu che no lai thanh tn hieu IF.
Giong nh tram au cuoi, tn hieu IF lai mot lan na c chuyen en may phat (T)
roi qua bo loc phan kenh, bo xoay vong en antena bc x.
Tai tram au cuoi, tn hieu bang goc c khoi phuc bo giai ieu che va
c dan ti bo phan kenh. Tai ay tn hieu c phan kenh hoan toan.
Thong tin vo tuyen khong ch ong khung trong pham vi cua mot quoc gia v
the oi hoi co tieu chuan quoc te cho no. To chc quoc te chu trach nhiem ve van e
nay la Hiep Hoi Vien Thong Quoc Te ITU (International Telecommunication Union).
ITU bao gom CCITT (International Telephone and Teleghraph Consultative )va CCIR
(International Radio Consultative Commitee). CCITT chu trach nhim v cac khuyen
ngh cho toan bo giap tiep gia ngi s dung en ngi s dung (user to user) va cac
giao tiep tren ng truyen dan. CCIR chu trach nhiem ve cac khuyen ngh cho vo
tuyen chuyen tiep v du nh phoNh cac tieu chuan nay ma mang vien thong cua
cac nc khac nhau co the giao tiep vi nhau tao thanh mang vien thong toan cau.
5.2.1

May phat
May phat thng bao gom nhng khoi sau:
Mach bang goc phat
Khoi x ly so lieu bang goc
Bo ieu che
Bo loc va khuech ai IF may phat
Bo oi tan tren
Bo khuech ai va bo loc nhanh RF

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Chng 5: He thong thong tin ViBa va Ve Tinh

RF

IF

BB

RF ra

Dao ong
noi
Dao ong

Giao tiep
ng day

ieu che

Gia ngau
Nhien hoa

Ma hoa

Hnh 5.5 S o khoi may phat ien hnh.

5.2.1.1 Mach bang goc may phat
Tn hieu bang goc thu nhan hoac phat en cap ong hoac cap ong truc, au
tien phai c x ly sao cho tn hieu thch hp vi he thong. Hnh 5. minh hoa s o
khoi cua bo ieu che-giai ieu che 16-QAM, MDAP-140MB, NEC.
Bo chuyen oi ma ng:
Thiet b nay gom co khoi chuyen oi ma ng CMI-NRZ, khoi nay lay tn
hieu au ra khoi ghep kenh cap E4 139,264Mbit/s va chuyen oi luong bit ma CMI
thanh luong bit nh phan NRZ.
Khoi x ly so lieu:
Mot khi a tien hanh chuyen ma, tn hieu t khoi chuyen oi CMI-NRZ i vao
khung x ly so lieu (TX PDU), ay tn hieu NRZ c ngau nhien. Toc o bit cua E4
tang len do a vao cac bit thong tin ve khung, bit kiem tra chan le nh cac kenh
giam sat BER, khe thi gian cho tn hieu kenh nghiep vu so tuy y, va cac bit nhan
dang kenh RF. e han che o rong bang RF, viec tang toc o bit tong thng khong
vt qua 4% toc o danh nh 139,264Mbit/s.
5.2.1.2 Bo ieu che

Bo ieu che theo nguyen ly ieu che bien o cau phng : 4PSK (hay con goi
la QPSK hay 4QAM) hoac 16 QAM. V du ay oi vi he thong viba 140Mbit/s, s
dung ieu che 16 QAM.
Bo ieu che 16 QAM ngoai viec chuyen oi noi tiep-song song. Bo bien oi
noi tiep/song song se bien oi tn hieu bang goc thanh 4 tn hieu a,b,c,d co toc o
35Mbaud roi t 4 tn hieu nay thanh 2 tn hieu I va Q bon trang thai, bo giao ong
noi tai tan 140MHz va ieu che thanh 2 thanh phan cau phng cua tai tan va to hp
tiep tuc e c tn hieu 16-QAM. Trong bo ieu che tiep theo cac tn hieu I va Q
ieu che hai song mang IF tng ng. Hai song mang a c ieu che c cong lai
theo nguyen tac vector e hnh thanh tn hieu 16QAM. Ngoai ra con co bo loc IF

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au ra cua bo ieu che han che pho tn hieu khong mong muon. Viec tao tan so dao
ong noi IF 140MHz c thc hien qua bo dao ong khoa pha PLL.
5.2.1.3 Bo bien oi tan tren, bo khuech ai va bo loc cua may phat

Tn hieu IF ra t bo loc i vao t cac mach oi tan tren e tao tn hieu ra tan
so song mang RF
Bo dao ong noi (LO): tao ra song mang RF e ieu che tn hieu IF thanh tn
hieu co tan so vo tuyen mong muon. e am bao tnh on nh cao cua bo dao ong
noi, ngi ta thng s dung vong khoa pha (PLL) hay cac bo dao ong noi hoc cong
hng ien moi (DRO). Theo phng phap th nhat, bo dao ong t do c ghep
thanh mot mot boi so cua tan so cua thach anh bang vong khoa pha PLL. Do o co
the hieu chnh may phat en cac vo tuyen khac nhau bang cach thay tinh the thach
anh cua bo dao ong noi. Trong bo DRO, tan so dao ong c xac nh bi mot
phan t ien moi. Tan so dao ong noi trong trng hp nay rat on nh trong dai tan
GHz cho nen yeu cau ve mach tr nen n gian hn. Tuy nhien, cac bo DRO khong
the chnh en cac tan so vo tuyen khac nhau.
Bo bien oi tan tren (up converter): s dung tan so LO e ieu che tn hieu IF
thanh tn hieu RF. San pham tai ngo ra cua bo ieu che se la:

Bang IF di tan so LO: (fLO - fIF)

Bang IF tren tan so LO: (fLO + fIF)
Tan so cua chnh bo LO:fLO

Bo khuech ai cong suat:

Bo loc sau bo bien oi tan tren e loai tr nhng bang khong mong muon va
song mang LO. Bang con lai c a vao bo khuech ai cong suat cao tan. Diot tach
song lay tn hieu ra e giam sat vi mc cong suat d tnh qua mot bo ghep mot
hng. Tn hieu cao tan RF au ra cua bo ghep mot hng c a vao bo khuech
ai cong suat. Thng co hai loai khuech ai cong suat: mot loai dung transistor hieu
ng
trng
(GaASFET) cho cong suat ra trung bnh nhanh ra 25dBm, va mot loai dung en song
chay (TWT) cho cong suat ra la 33 dBm. Phan cong suat lay ra qua bo ghep mot
hng va diot tach song con dung e o cong suat, cang bao, giam sat.
Bo loc nhanh: mot bo phan mach nh hng vong phan cach bo khuech ai
cong suat vi bo loc nhanh va bo loc thap, o la nhng bo loc bang hoc cong hng
ghep trong ong dan song a ra anten. So hoc cong hng tuy theo thiet ke bo loc
trung tan IF.

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5.2.2

May thu:

Cac mach bang goc trong may phat va may thu eu la mach so logic, thc
hien viec x ly tn hieu yeu cau gia giao tiep ng day va modem. Khoi giao tiep
ng day tai tao tn hieu thu c t ng day va thc hien chuyen oi ma gia ma
ng va ma xung nh phan n cc dung trong qua trnh x ly; neu can phong ve
qua ap va can bang suy hao dung cac oan cap dai hn. Cac thao tac chuyen oi eu
chnh xac vi luong bit en hoac i cua khoi bang goc thu hoac bo giai ieu che bang
goc. Neu toc o bit phat i khong phai la toc o bit c tao ra do cau truc ghep
kenh phan cap a chap nhan, can co mot khoi ghep kenh. Trong trng hp nay cac
luong bit thukhong ong bo (thng la hai) eu c ghep lai e tao mot luong bit co
toc o bit cao hn mot t so vi tong hai toc o bit cua hai luong. Nhng bit thong tin
them vao c cong sao cho pha thu co the phan kenh c ung. Khi thiet ke bo
loc phai lu y en ac tnh cua tn hieu RF. Ve pha may phat, yeu cau chu yeu
thng la tao dang pho, trong khi o ve pha may thu, viec thiet ke bo loc Rf t chat
che v tap trung bo loc IF. Bo loc IF quyet nh o chon loc cua may thu. May thu bao
gom:
Cac mach thu RF
Cac mach bang goc may thu
RF

Dao ong
noi

IF

Giai ieu
che

Giai
ma

Gia ngau
Nhien hoa

Giao tiep
ng day

BB

Hnh 5.6 S o khoi may thu.

5.2.2.1

Cac may thu RF

Tn hieu cao tan en t anten i vao phan thu RF cua may thu.
Bo dao ong noi (LO) e tao song mang vo tuyen dung cho viec oi tan xuong
cua tn hieu vo tuyen. Tan so vo tuyen nay khong c khac vi tan so cac may thu.
Bo oi tan so (down converter): s dung tan so LO e ieu che tn hieu vo
tuyen thu c thanh trung tan. San pham ieu che gom:

fIF= fRF1 - fLO .

fIF= fRF2 + fLO .
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VIENTHONG05.TK

Do o se co hai tan so vo tuyen (fRF1 va fRF2) ri vao dai IF: mot la tan so mong
muon va thanh phan con lai la tan so anh. Sau moi bo khuech ai RF, co bo loc chan
bang e han che bang tap am anh sinh ra.
Bo khuech ai IF khuech ai tn hieu IF en mc co nh cho trc roi a en
bo giai ieu che. Bien o tn hieu IF ngo ra cua bo oi tan xuong phu thuoc vao
mc tn hieu thu do o bien o tn hieu IF cho bo giai ieu che phai c can bang
bo khuech ai AGC. ieu khien AGC cung luc co the s dung e hien th ien ap
cua mc thu.
A

fIF

fRF1

fRF2

fLO

Hnh 5.7 Tan so anh b loai bo bang bo loc kenh.

May thu cho phan tap khong gian:
Trong phan tap khong gian, tn hieu RF c thu t hai anten hai v tr khac
nhau. Tuy theo thiet ke, ngo ra cua tn hieu bang goc BB co the la tn hieu tot nhat t
hai tn hieu trung tan hoac la tong cua hai tn hieu nay:
RF

Rx

IF1

DMD

BB
BBU
BBOUT

RF

RxD

IF2

Rx: May thu

RxD: May thu phan tap

DMD

BB

DMD: Bo giai ieu che

BBU: Bo chuyen mach bang goc

Hnh 5.8 Phan Tap khong gian vi phng phap chuyen mach tn hieu bang goc
RF

Rx

IF1
IF1+IF2 DMD

RF

RxD

BBOUT

IF2

: Bo cong IF

Hnh 5.9 Phan Tap khong gian vi phng phap cong IF

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5.2.2.2

vu

Cac mach bang goc may thu

Muc tieu chnh la:
Giai ieu che tn hieu IF,
Can bang bang goc thch nghi va tai tao so lieu
X ly bang goc gom giai ma vi sai va chuyen oi song song-noi tiep
Phan kenh to hp thanh cac tn hieu bang goc chnh va tn hieu nghiep
-

Giam sat BER

Giai ieu che nhan c bang cach anh xa tn hieu PAM nhieu mc tren hai truc
vuong goc. Sau khi loc va tai tao bang goc, ta c bon luong nh phan 35Mbit/s. Qua
giai ma vi sai va chuyen oi song song noi tiep ta co luong 140Mbit/s. ong thi
chuyen tn hieu so NRZ nh phan lng cc thanh tn hieu so ma CMI, san sang
truyen di ra moi trng ben ngoai.

5.3 Nhieu va phan bo tan so:

Viec la chon tan so cho mot tuyen vo tuyen phai thoa man cac khuyen ngh ve
phan bo tan so cua CCIR ong thi phai quan tam en van e can nhieu gia cac
tuyen vi ba trong vung. Trong phan nay se gii thieu cac khuyen ngh ve phan bo tan
so va cua CCIR ong thi cung khai quat hoa cac nguyen tac ve viec phan bo tan so
cho mot tuyen viba.
5.3.1

Nhieu tan so
Nhieu gia cac kenh vo tuyen:
Nhieu gia cac kenh vo tuyen trong mot bang tan so c minh hoa tren hnh

5.10.
Kenh ke can cung phan cc
CH.1(H)
CH.1(v)

CH.2(H)
CH.2(v)
Kenh ke can
Xuyen phan cc

ong kenh xuyen

Xuyen phan cc

Hnh 5.10 Nhieu gia cac kenh phan cc

Nhieu nay co the la nhieu ong kenh (cochannel) hay nhieu kenh ke can.
Nhieu do kenh ke can cung chia lam hai loai: xuyen phan cc (cross-polar) va ong
phan cc (copolar). Nhieu ong kenh ch co the la nhieu xuyen phan cc.

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oi vi cac kenh ke can, nhieu ong phan cc co the loai tr bang cac bo loc
kenh, nhieu xuyen phan cc khong con la van e oi vi cac anten hien nay v cac
bo loc phan cc thng co o phan biet phan cc tren 30dB.
Nhieu gia cac chang vo tuyen
Nhieu nay co the la: nhieu do bc xa ra sau, nhieu cac iem nut va nhieu
vt qua. e anh gia anh hng cua cac loai nhieu nay, ngi ta thng s dung t
so song mang/nhieu C/I. T so nay c xac nh bi so lech goc gia cac anten va co
the giam i khi co fading.
Nhieu do bc xa trc ra sau:
Hnh 5.11 giai thch loai nhieu. Nhieu nay ch co anh hng khi s dung cac
anten nho hoat ong tan so thap. e tranh loai nhieu nay, cac tan so vo tuyen cho
cac chang ke can phai c thay oi tuan t.
T so C/I co the tnh nh sau:
C/I= a + 20log(d1/dw)
Vi a: s lech goc gia hai anten au lng
d1, dw: khoang cach ng truyen mong muon va ng truyen nhieu tng
ng

Hnh 5.11 Bc xa trc sau.

Nhieu iem nut:
Hnh 5.12 giai thch loai nhieu nay, can co s thay oi tan so va phan cc phu
hp e giam anh hng cua loai nhieu nay khi goc lech gia hai anten nho:
T so C/I c tnh nh sau:
C/I= a + 20log(d1/dw)
Vi a: s lech goc gia hai anten
d1, dw: khoang cach ng truyen mong muon va ng truyen nhieu tng
ng
b

Hnh 5.12 Nhieu iem nut.

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Nhieu t cac he thong ben ngoai:

Nhieu nay co the xuat phat t:
1. Cac he thong ve tinh
2. Radar
3. Cac he thong vo tuyen khac s dung cung mot bang tan so
Can lu y rang nang lng xuat phat phan bo eu trong bang. Noi mot cach
khac, nang lng song mang co the trai dai ra khoi bang. Trong khu o nang
lng song vo tuyen tng t ch tap trung gia bang. ieu nay co ngha la vo
tuyen tng t de b anh hng cua nhieu t cac tuyen viba so hn.
5.3.2

Phan bo cac kenh vo tuyen

Song vo tuyen thng khong ch la lan truyen trong pham vi mot quoc gia. V
the viec phan bo kenh vo tuyen oi hoi phai c tieu chuan hoa tren toan the gii
e bao am cho viec ket noi cac tuyen vo tuyen gia cac nc lang gieng ong thi
am bao khong co van e xuyen nhieu gia cac kenh vo tuyen.
CCIR phan chia cac kenh vo tuyen theo nguyen tac nh sau:
- Mot bang tan c chia thanh hai bang nho (sub band): bang cao (upper
band) va bang thap (lower band). Tan so bien gii gia hai bang nho nay goi la
tan so trung tam (center frequency). Khoang cach gia hai bang goi la khe trung
tam (center gap).
- Tat ca cac tan so vo tuyen trong bang eu cach eu nhau mot khoang
goi la khoang cach kenh (channel spacing). Khoang cach nay c toi u hoa e
mot mat bao am c dung lng toi a cua bang ong thi tranh c van e
xuyen nhieu gia cac kenh.
- Trong mot bang s dung ca hai phan cc: ng va ngang. Cac tan so
trong mot bang co the tuan t thay oi phan cc: mot tan so phai co phan cc
khac vi hai tan so ke can no (trc va sau) hoac s dung cung mot tan so cho ca
hai phan cc.
Tnh dai thong cua mot kenh vo tuyen:
Neu M la so mc ieu che, n la so bit cho mot ky t th :
M=2n hay n=log2M;
Toc o ky t se la
Rs=Rbit/n , vi Rbit la toc o bit
o rong dai thong RF se la:
B=(1+r)Rs . vi r la he so roll-off
Tnh khoang cach gia cac kenh vo tuyen trong mot bang:
Khoang cach gia cac kenh vo tuyen F
F~ (1,52,2) B

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Chng 5: He thong thong tin ViBa va Ve Tinh

V du: oi vi he thong 140Mbit/s, 16 QAM hoat ong bang tan 6,7GHz khoang
cach gia cac kenh cho che o kenh la 80 MHz va la 40 MHz cho che o phan cc
gia hai kenh ke can. Hieu qua s dung dai thong se la 3,5bit/s.
V(H)

Phan Cc
V(H)

Bang Thap

3 4

Bang Cao
Khe trung tam
800 MHz

Khoang cach kenh

Tan so trung tam

3900 MHz

Gii han di cua bang

80MHz
Gii han tren cua bang

3600MHz

4200MHz

Hnh 5.13 Minh hoa nguyen tac phan bo kenh vo tuyen cho mot bang tan so.
Rs

B
Hnh 5.14 o rong giai thong cua mot kenh RF
F
ong phan cc

Xuyen phan cc
F/2

Hnh 5.15 Khoang cach gia cac kenh vo tuyen

Hnh 5.16 cho ta nhng con so ve cac bang tan cho phep va dung sai cho
phep cua tan so mang v.vBao cao 497-2 cung cap chi tiet ve phan kenh ve phan
bo kenh vo tuyen RF oi vi nhng he thong so dung lng trung bnh lam viec trong
bang 13 GHZ. Khuyen ngh 387-3 CCIR cho chi tiet ve cac he thong dung lng nho
va trung bnh lam viec trong bang tan en 11GHz.

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VIENTHONG05.TK
Chng 5: He thong thong tin ViBa va Ve Tinh

oi vi cac he thong so dung lng trung bnh va cao, bao cao 934 CCIR (bang
di 10GHz), bao cao 782-1 (bang 10,7 en 11,7GHz), bao cao 607-2 (bang 10,510,68GHz va 11,7-15,35GHz), va bao cao 935 (en 200Mbit/s trong bang 4GHz)
eu e cap en. Khuyeng ngh 595 CCIR cung e cap en s phan bo kenh vo tuyen
RF oi vi he thong viba so trong bang tan 17,7-19,7GHz. Trong khuyen ngh nay
cung co nhng thong tin can thiet e thiet lap ke hoach tan so cho he thong viba, co
tnh en nhng cap tan so, tc la cap tan so phat va thu, va bang phong ve yeu cau
gia ca kenh ke nhau va bang ke nhau.
Bang 13GHz
CCIR Khuyen ngh 497.2

Bang 11GHz
CCIR Khuyen ngh 387.3
389.2
10700-11700 MHz
H
(V)*

V
(H)*

(MHz)

1
2
3

10715
10755 80MHz
10795

4
5
6

10835
10875
10915

7
8
9
10
11

10955 530MH

12
f0

10995
11035
11075
11115
11155
11200

1
2
3
4
5
6

11245
11285

7
8
9
10
11
12

11485
11525
11565
11605
11645

90MHz

10795

H2
(V)*
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
f0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

11325
11365
11405
11455

12750-13250 MHz
V
(H)*

(MHz)

12765
12793 56MHz
12821
12849
12877
12905
12933 266MHz
12961
12996 70MHz
11035
12793
13087
13115
12877 500MHz
13071
13199
13277

1000MHz

11685

Hnh 5.16 Phan bo kenh vo tuyen cho cac bang tan khac nhau

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Chng 5: He thong thong tin ViBa va Ve Tinh

V du:
Xet bang tan 13GHz c chon cho he thong so trong o dung lng co the
len en 480 kenh thoai (34Mbit/s). S dung thong tin trong khuyen ngh 497-2 CCIR,
co the phan bo tan so vo tuyen vi ac tnh di ay:
Phan di cua bang: fn= (f0-259+28n) (MHz)
Phan tren cua bang: fn= (f0+7+28n) (MHz)
trong o n=1,2,3,4,5,6,7 hoac 8.
f0: tan so goc (MHz) gan trung tam bang 12,75-13,25GHz.
fn: tan so trung tam (MHz) cua kenh RF na phan di cua bang.
fn: tan so trung tam (MHz) cua kenh RF na phan tren cua bang.
Neu tan so trung tam chon la f0=12996MHz, th trong v du nay cap tan so thu va
phat (hoac cap phat va thu) oi vi kenh 6 (n=6) theo bieu thc se la:
f6=(122996-259+28*6)=12905 MHz
f6=(122996+7+28*6)=13171 MHz
5.3.3

Lap cau hnh tan so cho mot tuyen viba

e tranh cac van e nhieu tan so, viec lap cau hnh cho mot mang viba can
phai theo nguyen tac sau:
1. Phai co ke hoach phan bo tan so trc cho toan mang. Ke hoach nay
khong ch tn en cac yeu cau hien tai ma con phai tnh en s phat trien
cua mang trong tng lai.
2. Phai xac nh trc khoang cach gia cac kenh vo tuyen va phan cc
chung
3. Tat ca cac may phat cua mot tram vo tuyen chuyen tiep s dung chung
mot anten (thong qua cac bo loc phan nhanh) phai hoat ong tren cung
mot bang nho: hoac la bang cao hoac la bang thap. Viec thay oi bang cao
va bang thap phai thay oi tuan t qua tng tram.
4. Che o ong kenh ch s dung tren cac ng co s khac biet ve goc
tren 1000.
5. Viec thay oi phan cc tren chang th 3 phai tnh en kha nang co
nhieu vt qua.
6. nhng nut co goc nho nen s dung che o hoat ong ben ke can.

5.4 Thong tin ve tinh

5.4.1 Chon quy ao cho ve tinh

Quy ao cua ve tinh la mot hnh Ellipse co truc i xuyen qua tam trai at va
tuan theo cac nh luat van vat hap dan theo Kepler. Cac nh luat nay cho phep xac
nh chu ky quay T cua ve tinh quanh trai at tuy theo ban knh truc ln cua quy
ao Ellipse va o cao h=a-R cua ve tinh (R la ban knh trai at):

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VIENTHONG05.TK
Chng 5: He thong thong tin ViBa va Ve Tinh

T=2 (a3/GM)1/2= 2 ((h+R)/GM)1/2;

Trong o M= 6x1024kg- la khoi lng trai at.
G=6,67x10-11Nm2/kg-la hang so trong lng.
R=6378km- la ban knh trung bnh trai at.
Vi ve tinh a tnh, can co s can bang gia chu ky quay cua ve tinh va chu
ky quay cua trai at (1ngay=23h564), ta rut ra:
h=35.768km
Ngoai ra, quy ao cua ve tinh a tnh cung phai la hnh tron, cung chieu quay
vi trai at, e gi van toc goc khong oi va co v tr tng oi co nh so vi Mat
at. Ve tinh a tnh co cac u iem sau:
- Bao phu khoang 1/3 dien tch mat at lien tuc tai moi thi iem
- Viec thu song t cac anten mat at lan viec theo bat ve tinh de dang
- Thi gian che toi anh sang Mat Tri bi Trai at, khong cho anh sang en ve
tinh se ngan hn, e tranh nhng ot bien nhiet o tren ve tinh va duy tr nang lng
anh sang cap nguon cho ve tinh
- Khong co hieu ng Doppler khi co song phat t trai at, va c chuyen ve t
ve tinh
Tuy nhien, nhc iem cua ve tinh a tnh gan lien vi o cao cua no:
- V ve tinh qua cao, nen suy giam cua song trong khong gian rat nhieu
- Thi gian cho song i va ve Trai at-ve tinh la 240275ms, kha ln khien tai
ta cam giac c s cham pha khi am thoai, ong thi can co cac bo phan chong
tieng doi
- Can thiet b ieu chnh t ong tinh vi e gi quy ao ve tinh khong oi so vi
mat at.
- Qua trnh phong ve tinh len quy ao rat phc tap
5.4.2 Tan so lam viec ve tinh
Theo quy c cua CCIR, a so cac tram mat at hien nay s dung hai vung tan
so song phai c giam thieu toi a.
Theo quy c CCIR, a so tram mat at hien nay s dung hai vung tan so
6GHz va 4GHz cho phat va thu:
Phat t Mat at-Ve Tinh: fpm= 5,925 6,425 GHz
Thu t Ve Tinh-Mat at: fpd= 3,700 4,200 GHz
Vi bang thong B=500MHz cua moi chieu (bang C)
Viec dung hai vung tan so phat thu cach xa han nhau se cho phep tach cac
song thu va phat vi cac mc cong suat hoan toan khac biet nhau tren cung mot
anten. Tuy nhien, ve tinh phai lam nhiem vu dch chuyen pho tan mot quang
2.225GHz

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Chng 5: He thong thong tin ViBa va Ve Tinh

Ngay nay, do nhu cau ngay cang tang cua thong tin ve tinh, cac dai tan thu
phat khac ang bat au c khai thac
12,5/18 GHz vi bang thong B=500MHz (bang ku)
18/26,5 GHz vi bang thong B=3500MHz (bang K)
5.4.3 Cau truc cua moi lien ket ve tinh
Mot ng thong tin ve tinh cung tng t nh thong tin viba mat at vi hai oan
chuyen tiep, trong o ve tinh ong vai tro cua mot tram chuyen tiep.
fpm

fpd

fpm

Ve Tinh

fpd

fpm

fpd

Hnh 5.17 Ve tinh ong vai tro chuyen tiep.

Thong tin truyen i di dang so hay tng t, vi cac phng thc ieu che khac
nhau.
- Truyen tng t: ieu che FM
- Truyen so: ieu che DPSK, MSK vi cac phng phap ma hoa phc tap.
Thong tin ve tinh gap nhieu kho khan so vi thong tin viba mat at cac iem sau:
- Khoang cach gia hai tram chuyen tiep viba mat at khoang 50km, trong khi
khoang cach cua moi oan chuyen tiep cua thong tin ve tinh la t 36000km en
41000km (la ban knh chu ao cua ve tinh).
- Cong suat phat t ve tinh xuong trai at b gii han
5.4.5 Thiet b at tren ve tinh

Anten:

Mat phang xch ao

Ve Tinh
17024

S
-36000km

Trai at

Hnh 5.18 Goc nhn t trai at.

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VIENTHONG05.TK
Chng 5: He thong thong tin ViBa va Ve Tinh

Goc nhn trai at t ve tinh la 17024. Neu tnh en chieu cao anten mat at,
goc nhn c tnh la 17018.
Cac loai anten sau co the c s dung at tren ve tinh.
Anten ang hng: khong co hng tnh trong khong gian t do.
Anten chan t: co hng tnh cc ai theo mat phang thang goc vi truc chnh
anten. Mat phang nay cua anten tren ve tinh phai c hng ve trai at, on nh
bang chuyen ong t xoay spin cua ve tinh quay truc song song vi truc chnh cua
chan t.
Anten loa: vi goc m trung vi goc nhn t ve tinh ve trai at (170). o li
anten chng 20dB, nhng anten phai luon hng ve trai at.
Anten parabol: vi hng tnh rat (spot beam). Vung bao phu song cua anten
ch gii han trong mot a luc, mot vung hoac mot quoc gia, o li anten se t le
nghch vi goc m cua tia sang
Bo chuyen tiep:
Nhieu bo chuyen tiep giong nhau (chang han 20 bo trong chuyen tiep torng he
Intelsat IV A) c phan bo tren dai bang 500MHz, moi bo chuyen tiep cho mot bang
thong 36MHz, co o khuech ai mc tn hieu G=100dB va chuyen tan so mang chieu
len (6GHz) thanh tan so chieu xuong (4GHz) bang phng phap ieu che SSB.
Neu mot bo chuyen tiep tren ve tinh c dung cho nhieu song mang ong
thi (phan kenh a tan so), no phai thoa man cac oi hoi khat khe ve o tuyen tnh
e tranh hieu ng nhieu hai tan.
ieu khien va o t xa:
Nhieu chc bang cua ve tinh c ieu khien xa t Mat at (chang han, ieu
khien o li cua bo chuyen tiep, chnh hng tn anten, chnh quy ao ve tinh).
ong thi, cac thong so ky thuat cung c o va giam sat t mat at.
Cac thong tin ieu khien nay c thc hien thong qua cach ieu che gian
oan PSK cua mot song mang phu, ghep kenh thi gian.Ngoai ra, ve tinh con phat
thng trc mot tn hieu beacons cho phep chnh theo doi theo cua cac anten Trai
at
Cap nguon cho Ve Tinh:
Nang lng Mat Tri la nguon nang lng chu yeu cho ve tinh. Cac phan t
quang ien c at tren nhng tam chan hay than cua ve tinh hng pha Mat tri.
Cong suat thu trung bnh 1400w/m3, nhng hieu suat chuyen oi thanh ien 10%.
Cong suat ien can thiet cho ve tinh mc vai tram watts va tang cng hn vi cac
the he ve tinh mi.
Khi ve tinh qua vung che bong bi Trai at, phai co bo d tr nang lng.

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Chng 5: He thong thong tin ViBa va Ve Tinh

o tin cay cua Ve Tinh:

o tin cay cua ve tinh phai c at len hang au, bi cac ly do sau:
- Ve tinh lam viec trong ieu kien khac nghiet; chu thay oi nhiet o ot ngot,
chu cac bc xa khong gian, chu s va cham cua thien thach vv
- Ve tinh trong cac trng hp thc te la cac bo phan khong the sa cha c
- Tuoi tho va thi gian hoat ong tot khong ch phu thuoc vao xac suat h hong,
ma con da vao cac nguon nang lng mi e ieu chnh quy ao ve tinh. Ngay nay,
tuoi tho trung bnh cua ve tinh la 5 nam en 7 nam.
5.4.6 Tram mat at
Chon v tr tram mat at:
Viec chon la v tr Tram Mat at rat phc tap, phai xet en cac ieu kien sau:
- Tam nhn en ve tinh ro, ca hai pha chan tri.
- t kha nang b nhieu loan song viba cung dai tan so, du chung cach en
hang tram km va hng cac tram khac nhau.
- V tr cach xa cac vung co cng o dong ien ln (vung cong nghiep, cac
tram bien ien)
- t b anh hng bi song vo tuyen cua cac ng hang khong thong thng
- Co the en tram de dang va quy mo cua tram co the m rong en pham vi
chung quanh
- De bao ve, canh phong
Anten
Cac anten Mat at can co kch thc ln (cho ca thu va phat) v cac ly do sau:
- o li anten cao (khoang 60db) e tang cong suat phat va tang cong suat tn
hieu thu
- Anten c hng thng trc en ve tinh, vi o chnh xac cao (o lech goc
chng vai phut); cung vi khoi lng rat ln cua anten, cung vi ieu kien gio, kh
hau cua moi trng, can phai co bo t ieu chnh c kh e doi theo t ong.

5.5 a Truy cap

5.5.1 u iem cua a truy cap
Moi bo chuyen tiep tren ve tinh, vi dai bang 36MHz va 972 kenh thoai, co
the cho phep thong tin mot chieu gia mot tram Mat at nay va tram khac. Tuy
nhien, v so tram mat at can lien lac rat nhieu hn so chuyen tiep tren ve tinh va
them vao o, moi bo chuyen tiep co the chuyen tai nhieu tin hn la ch cho hai tram
mat at vi nhau, do o, can thiet phai lap qua trnh ghep kenh ve tan so (FDM) hoac
ve thi gian (TDM).
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Chng 5: He thong thong tin ViBa va Ve Tinh

VIENTHONG05.TK

Ket cau cua cac kenh a truy cap khong anh hng g en hoat ong cua ve
tinh, co the c thay oi khi ve tinh a c len quy ao.
S khac biet gia a truy cap vi ghep kenh la thay v ghep tng kenh ri rac
th a truy cap x ly tren tng nhom kenh a c ghep kenh va thuoc ng truyen
en mot ch.
5.5.2 a truy cap phan kenh theo tan so
Nguyen ly cua a truy cap phan kenh theo tan so gom cac phan sau:
- Dung n song mang tai tin trong mot dai bang cua ve tinh
- Moi song mang c dung cho tram Mat at co nh e phat en cac tram
Mat at khac.
- Ve tinh co nhiem vu phat tat ca n song mang en tat ca cac tram Mat at.
- Tram Mat at thu tat ca n song mang, giai ieu che va tach rieng cac kenh
tin co ch la tram Mat at o.
Nh vay, moi tram Mat at se gom mot bo ieu che FM, mot mach phat vi
song mang tng ng tram o; gom nhieu bo thu va giai ieu che FM va bo tach cac
kenh tin co ch la tram o.
5.5.5 a truy cap phan kenh theo thi gian: TDMA
a truy cap phan kenh theo thi gian cho phep gi nguyen ac tnh cua he
thong (ve cong suat phat cho moi kenh, t so S/N), nhng keo theo viec kho khan ve
ong bo hoa cac tram. TDMA co cac ac tnh sau
- Phat tng goi cung tuan hoan va co ong bo t cac tram Mat at (ieu che
PSK tren song mang fpm la chung cho tat ca tram Mat at).
- To chc phat tng goi xung nay en tram ve tinh sao cho cac goi xung cac
tram Mat at en Ve Tinh tuan t theo thi gian ma khong chong len nhau. Viec
ong bo nay rat phc tap, oi hoi viec nh thi gian rat chnh xac va tnh en thi
gian truyen khac nhau t cac tram Mat at khac nhau en Ve Tinh.
- Moi goi xung c bao hieu bang oan tin au (preamble) ghi so ni xuat phat
va ni en cua goi xung o.
- Ve tinh thu nhan cac goi xung tan so fpm, roi phat tr lai xuong tat ca cac
tram Mat at vi tan so fpd.
- Phan kenh theo thi gian tranh c cac nhieu tron hai tan va cho phep phat
toan bo cong suat t ve tinh cho moi lan phat. Hieu suat s dung cua he b giam chut
t khi cha le thi gian (time margin) gia cac goi xung e tranh cac bat on hoac ong
bo khong chnh xac.

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