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Ky Thuat Truyen So Lieu PDF
Ky Thuat Truyen So Lieu PDF
K THUT
TRUYN S LIU
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2007
Bin son :
LI NI U
K thut truyn s liu l mt mng kin thc khng th thiu i vi sinh vin chuyn
ngnh in t vin thng v cng ngh thng tin. y l nn tng nghin cu chuyn su trong
chuyn ngnh ny. Mc d mang m gii php cho dch v s liu, nhng k thut truyn s liu
ngy nay li l xut pht im cho a dch v mt xu th tt yu trong mng vin thng v mng
my tnh hin i. Chng ta u bit rng khng c kin thc c s vng vng s khng c pht
trin ng dng v vy ti liu ny s gip cho sinh vin trang b cho mnh nhng kin thc cn bn
nht, thit thc nht. Cun sch ny khng ch hu ch i vi sinh vin ngnh vin thng v cng
ngh thng tin, m cn cn thit cho c cc cn b k thut ang theo hc cc lp b tc hon
thin kin thc ca mnh.
Ti liu gm 5 chng c sp xp theo th t nhng ch t mc vt l n giao
thc.
Chng 1 MNG TRUYN S LIU V S CHUN HA
Chng ny c trnh by thnh cc mc chnh c sp xp nh sau:
9 Thng tin v truyn thng : mt vn ang c x hi quan tm trong nn kinh t
mi nn kinh t thng tin , nn kinh t tr thc, nn kinh t hc hi, nn kinh t s
9 Ci nhn tng qut v mng s liu
9 T chc v mng mng truyn s liu hin i , Cc k thut c dng truyn s
liu
9 Nhng vn cn bn trong chun ha v m hnh tham chiu ca mng
Chng 2 GIAO TIP VT L V MI TRNG TRUYN D LIU
Chng ny bao gm nhng ni dung :
9 Cc loi tn hiu :
9 S suy gim v bin dng tn hiu
9 Mi trng truyn dn
9 Chun giao tip vt l
Chng 3 GIAO TIP KT NI S LIU
Chng ny c trnh by thnh cc mc chnh nh sau:
9 Cc khi nim c bn v truyn s liu.
9 Thng tin ni tip khng ng b
9 Thng tin ni tip ng b
9 Mch iu khin truyn s liu
9 Cc thit b iu khin
Trong khi bin son mc d c nhiu c gng nhng cng khng trnh khi thiu st.
Chng ti mong bn c xa gn ng gp kin nhy cng hon thin hn.
H Ni, thng 6 nm 2007
Tc gi
CHNG 1
MNG TRUYN S LIU V S CHUN HA
I PHN GII THIU
Chng ny c trnh by thnh cc mc chnh c sp xp nh sau:
9 Thng tin v truyn thng : mt vn ang c x hi quan tm trong nn kinh t
mi nn kinh t thng tin , nn kinh t tr thc, nn kinh t hc hi, nn kinh t s
9 Ci nhn tng qut v mng s liu
9 T chc v mng mng truyn s liu hin i , Cc k thut c dng truyn s
liu
9 Nhng vn cn bn trong chun ha v m hnh tham chiu ca mng
Mc ch : gip sinh vin thy r vai tr ca truyn thng d liu ng vai tr quan trng
trong cuc sng ca con ngi trong th gii vn minh hin i. Nhng khi nim ban u nhng
ht sc cn thit trong lnh vc thng tin nh cc dng thng tin. Phn bit mt cch chnh xc
gia thng tin v tn hiu, gia cng ch bin tn hiu cho ph hp vi mc ch v ph hp vi
ng truyn vt l, s ha cc dng tn hiu, X l cc dng tn hiu s. Hiu bit mt cch tng
qut v mng s liu t chc truyn i trong mng sao cho c hiu qu nht, bit mt cch
su sc s kt hp gia phn cng, cc giao thc truyn thng cc thut ton to ra cc h
thng truyn s liu hin i
Yu cu : Mi sinh vin khi c hiu chng ny phi t mnh nh gi kin thc ca mnh
theo cc vn chnh sau :
9 Tin tc v tn hiu c hiu nh th no ?
9 M hnh tng qut ca mt h thng truyn s liu
9 S kt hp gia cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng to ra h thng truyn s liu
hin i v m hnh h thng truyn s liu hin i c trnh by nh th no ?
9 Cc k thut c ng dng truyn s liu trn mng s liu hin i c chun
ha nh th no
II. NI DUNG
1.1. THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG
Thng tin lin lc ng vai tr ht sc quang trng trong cuc sng, hu ht chng ta lun gn
lin vi mt vi dng thng tin no . Cc dng trao i tin c th nh: m thoi ngi vi
ngi, c sch, gi v nhn th, ni chuyn qua in thoi, xem phim hay truyn hnh, xem trin
lm tranh , tham d din n . . .
C hng nghn v d khc nhau v thng tin lin lc, trong gia cng ch bin truyn i
trong thng tin s liu l mt phn c bit trong lnh vc thng tin.
My tnh A
My tnh B
Thng tin user - n - user
AP
H thng phc v
truyn tin
AP
Thng tin
My tnh - n my tnh
H thng phc v
truyn tin
Giao tip
DTE - DCE
Giao tip
DTE - DCE
DTE
DCE
DCE
DTE
DTE
DTE
Cp si
quang
Cp ng
trc
Transducerr
Modem
cng.. Mng in thoi cng cng c dng nhiu nht, trong trng hp ny s cn n b
thch nghi gi l Modem. Sp xp truyn theo dng ny c trnh by trn hnh1.4
AP
AP
H thng phc v
Truyn tin
H thng phc v
Truyn tin
PSTN
Modem
Modem
Hnh 1.4 Truyn s liu ni qua mng in thoi cng cng dng modem
b) Khi cn nhiu my tnh trong mt ng dng, mt mng chuyn mch s c dng cho
php tt c cc my tnh c th lin lc vi nhau vo bt c thi im no. Nu tt c my tnh
u nm trong mt to nh , c th xy dng mt mng ring .Mt mng nh vy c xem nh
mng cc b LAN (Local Area Network) .Nhiu chun mng LAN v cc thit b lin kt c
to ra cho cc ng dng thc t . Hai h thng mng Lan c bn c trnh by trn hnh 1.5.
Khi my tnh c t nhiu ni cch xa nhau cn lin lc vi nhau, phi dng n cc
phng tin cng cng .Vic lin kt my tnh ny to nn mt mng rng ln, c gi l mng
din rng WAN (Wide Area Network). Kiu mng WAN c dng ph thuc vo tng ng
dng t nhin .
My tnh A
AP
H thng phc v
Truyn tin
My tnh B
AP
H thng phc v
Truyn tin
Hnh 1.5. Cc h thng LAN c bn ( lin kt LAN qua backbone trong mt vn phng )
V d nu tt c cc my tnh u thuc v mt cng ty v c yu cu truyn mt s lng d
liu quan trng gia cc im , th gii php n gin nht cho vn l thu cc ng truyn t
nh cung cp phng tin truyn dn v xy dng h thng chuyn mch ring ti mt Im
to thnh mng t nhn .
b) Truyn s liu
Thng tin bt u truyn t im A n im E c th trong dng s hoc tng t qua im
ni mch bn trong mi node, s ni mch cho php truyn 2 chiu ton phn v d liu c th
truyn 2 chiu.
c) Gii phng mch
Sau khi hon thnh s truyn, c tn hiu bo ca thu bao gi (A) hoc b gi (E) bo cho cc
node trung gian gii phng s ni mch, ng ni t A n E khng cn na. ng ni c
thit lp trc khi truyn d liu nh vy dung lng cc knh cn phi d tr cho mi cp thu
bao v mi node cng phi c lng chuyn mch tng ng bn trong bo m bo c s
yu cu ni mch. Trong b chuyn mch s lng knh ni phi bo m bo sut c qu trnh
yu cu ni cho d c hay khng c d liu truyn qua.
Tuy nhin khi ng ni gia 2 thu bao c ni th d liu c truyn trn mt ng c
nh.
1.4.2.3.Chuyn mch gi
Chuyn mch gi gn ging chuyn mch thng bo . Ch khc nhau c bn l di ca mt
khi d liu a vo mng c ch thnh cc gi v c gi i ti tng thi im, mi gi bao
gm d liu cng vi a ch v cc thng s cn thit, cc gi khng phi l file .
Trong mng chuyn mch gi c 2 cch truyn gi c dng : Datagram v Virtual Circuit
1. DATAGRAM : cc gi l c lp ging nh trong chuyn mch thng bo, cc thng bo
c lp nhau. Cch truyn nh vy, mi gi c lp ng i c th khng ging nhau gi l
DATAGRAM ( DG)
2. MCH O ( Virtual Circuit ) : Trong mch o s ni logic mch c thit lp trc khi
truyn mi gi, mi gi by gi gm c nhn dng VC v d liu. Mi Node vi con ng
nh bit c cn phi truyn gi trc tip n u khng cn phi tm ng na. Mt trong 2
trm s chm dt kt ni bng cch truyn gi CLEAR REQUEST
10
Routing : Chc nng u tin ca PS l nhn nhng gi t trm ngun v cung cp n n ngi
nhn, hon thnh vic , mt hoc nhiu con ng thng qua mng c chn, thng thng
kh nng cho php nhiu hn 1. iu c ngha l con ng c chn cn phi m bo mt
s yu cu cn thit trong chc nng ng truyn nh chnh xc , n gin, n nh hp l ti
u
S chn ng da vo tiu chun n gin l chn ng ngn nht ( mt ng vi node t
nht ) thng qua mng. Thc t l ngi ta thng dng cc con ng c thi gian i l nh
nht, Nhng khng phi khi no con ng i c thi gian nh nht cng l con ng ngn
nht. Gi tr nh nht bao gm cho tng ng v ng thng qua mng bao gm tch lu gi tr
b nht ca cc ng thnh phn, Nhng im cn quyt nh khi la chn gm:
9 S quyt nh v thi gian
9 S quyt nh v v tr
9 Routing phn tn
9 Routinh tp trung
Mt trong nhng cch tm ng n gin l tm ng c nh. Trong trng hp , mt
con ng c xc nh cho mt cp ngun. Mt th mc tm ng ti trung tm c to
nn. th mc cho ta Node ngun Node ch v node ln cn phi qua. Th mc c lu li b
iu khin trung tm mng.
Mt k thut tm ng n gin khc l tm ng ng, K thut ny khng yu cu bt k
thng tin no ca mng v n lm vic nh sau :
Gi gi t mt ngun n mi Node ln cn. ti mi node n, gi va mi n li chuyn i
trn trn mi ng ra, ngoi ng n n, v c tip tc nh vy
Trafic control : gi tr lu lng trong mng cn phi iu ho tng hiu sut v n nh cng
sut. cc phn t ca Traffic control..Traffic control c 4 loi vi mc ch khc nhau : Flow
control, Congestion control, Deadlock control.
9 Flow control lin quan n vic iu chnh lu lng ca d liu truyn gia 2 im, c
s ca Flow control l cho php b thu vi lu lng sao cho khng b trn .
in hnh ca Flow control l thc hin vi mt s loi k thut nh ca s trt
9 Congestion control l kim tra s nghn mc ch l nm c s ca packet c a
vo mng theo mc . Mng chuyn mch gi l l mt mng xp hng ti mi Node, cc
gi c xp hng da ra theo mt ng ra no , nu nh s lng cc gi n xp
11
9 Error control chc nng cui cng ca chuyn mch gi l kim tra sai c nhiu nguyn
nhn dn n sai, mt gi trong chuyn mch gi l : ng ni h, Node h, Trm
thu nhn h
12
ng dng
Trnh by
Phin
Vn chuyn
Mng
Lin kt d liu
Vt L
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Datalink
Physical
Hnh 1.6.. M hnh OSI
Physical layer: Lp ny nh ngha cc phng php s dng truyn v thu d liu trn
mng, n bao gm: cp, cc thit b c s dng kt ni b giao tip mng ca trm ti cp.
Tn hiu lin quan ti d liu truyn/thu v kh nng xc nh cc li d liu tr phng tin
mng ( the cable plant).
Datalink layer: lp ny ng b ho truyn dn v vn dng iu khin li vo mc khung v
phc hi thng tin c th truyn trn lp vt l. Khun dng khung v CRC (kim tra vng) c
thc hin ti cc lp vt l. Lp ny thc hin cc phng php truy nhp nh Ethernet v Token
Ring. N lun cung cp a ch lp vt l cho khung truyn.
Network layer: Lp ny iu khin vic chuyn tip cc thng bo gia cc trm. Trn c s
mt s thng tin, lp ny s cho php d liu theo trnh t gia hai trm hn ch cho c hai
ng logic v vt l. Lp ny cho php cc khi d liu c truyn ti cc mng khc thng
qua vic s dng mt s thit b c bit nh router. Qua cc router c nh ngha ti lp ny.
Transport layer: Lp ny cung cp cho truyn dn end - to - end ca d liu ( trm ngun ti
trm ch). N cho php d liu c truyn mt cch tin cy, v m bo rng d liu c
truyn hoc c thu khng c li, chnh xc theo trnh t.
Session layer: Lp ny thit lp, duy tr v ct t lin kt gia hai trm trn mt mng. Lp
ny chu trch nhim bin dch a ch tn trm.
Presentation layer: Lp ny thc hin chuyn i c php d liu p ng yu cu truyn
d liu ca cc ng dng qua mi trng OSI.
Application layer: Lp ny c s dng cho cc ng dng, l yu t thc hin trn
mng. Cc ng dng nh truyn file, th in t ...
Trn y l nhng g m m hnh OSI thc hin. Ngay sau khi m hnh OSI ny ra i th
n c dng lm c s ni cc h thng m phc v cho cc ng dng phn tn. T m
y ni ln kh nng hai h thng c th kt ni trao i thng tin vi nhau, nu chng tun th
theo m hnh tham chin v cc chun lin quan.
iu quan trng nht ca m hnh OSI l a ra cc gii php cho vn truyn thng gia
cc trm khng ging nhau . Hai h thng d khc nhau nh th no u c th truyn thng vi
nhau nu chng bo m nhng iu kin sau :
13
III. PHN TM TT
Trong x hi thng tin yu cu c c thng tin mt cch nhanh chng, chnh xc , v kp
thi l nhu cu cn thit ca mi ngi. Trn cc phng tin truyn thng cn phi m bo
phc v tt nh cu ny. Cc sinh vin sau khi hc xong chng ny s phi nm c cc ni
dung chnh nh sau :
14
Chuyn i thng tin thnh tn hiu, cc dng tn hiu, gia cng ch bin tn hiu, u im ni bt
ca tn hiu s. Cc mng truyn thng s liu, nhng m hnh truyn thng c in v cc m
hnh truyn s liu hin i. Cc khi chnh ca mng truyn s liu hin i bao gm:
15
bo s c chuyn qua mng t node ny qua node khc.Ti mi node thng bo c nhn tm
gi
v chuyn sang node khc . cc node thng thng l nhng my tnh n gi thng bo b m.
Thi gian tr mi b m bao gm c thi gian nhn thng bo vo node v thi gian xp
hng
ch n lt mnh c chuyn n node sau . H thng chuyn mch thng bo l h thng
lun
Chuyn mch gi
Chuyn mch gi gn ging chuyn mch thng bo . Ch khc nhau c bn l di ca mt
khi d liu a vo mng c ch thnh cc gi v c gi i ti tng thi im, mi gi bao
gm d liu cng vi a ch v cc thng s cn thit, cc gi khng phi l file .
Trong mng chuyn mch gi c 2 cch truyn gi c dng : Datagram v Virtual Circuit
1. DATAGRAM : cc gi l c lp ging nh trong chuyn mch thng bo, cc thng bo
c lp nhau. Cch truyn nh vy, mi gi c lp ng i c th khng ging nhau gi l
DATAGRAM ( DG)
3. MCH O ( Virtual Circuit ) : Trong mch o s ni logic mch c thit lp trc khi
truyn mi gi, mi gi by gi gm c nhn dng VC v d liu. Mi Node vi con ng
nh bit c cn phi truyn gi trc tip n u khng cn phi tm ng na. Mt trong 2
trm s chm dt kt ni bng cch truyn gi CLEAR REQUEST
IV. PHN CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1 : Trong h thng truyn s liu cc khi c bn gm c
16
2 khi
4 Khi
5 Khi
7 Khi
C A v C
C.
. A v B u dng
. Khng gian t do
. C 3 trn u ng
. To ra thng ip
C.
. C 3 trn u sai
Dng thng tin cn truyn quyt nh kiu ngun tin, mi trng v ch thu
17
B.
D.
C 3 trn u ng
Mt t hp ngun tin
ch thu tin
C 3 trn
Nhng thng tin nguyn thu c gia cng truyn i trn mng
C ba trn u ng
Cu 10: X l tn hiu l
.A
Ch bin tn hiu
C ba trn u ng
Cu 11: u im ca tn hiu s l
A
C th dng cc b lp ti to li tn hiu
C ba trn
18
Khng c phn mm no
A v C l nhng ng
Lu tr cc phn mm ng dng
ng gi d liu ri gi ra DCE
C ba trn u ng
Mt trong ba trn
C ba cch trn
19
2 giai on
3 giai on
4 giai on
Tt c cc trn u sai
Cu 19: Lin lc thng qua chuyn mch knh c trng bi vic cung cp cc ng ni c
nh gia 2 thu bao. S lin lc qua mng chuyn mch knh bao gm
A
2 giai on
4 giai on
8 giai on
Tt c cc trn u sai
.M hnh ny c 5 lp
A v C l ng
20
CHNG 2
GIAO TIP VT L V MI TRNG TRUYN D LIU
I PHN GII THIU
Chng ny c trnh by thnh cc mc chnh c sp xp nh sau:
9 Cc loi tn hiu :
9 S suy gim v bin dng tn hiu
9 Mi trng truyn dn
9 Chun giao tip vt l
Mc ch : Gip sinh vin thy r cc loi tn hiu c dng trong h thng truyn s liu
hin i. Khi hai u cui kt ni vi nhau bng tc va phi c th truyn d liu bng
cc dy i khng xon v cc mch giao tip n gin Khi dng mi trng truyn khc
nhau cn phi chuyn i cc tn hiu in t cc DTE thnh dng tn hiu ph hp vi ng
truyn nh hng ca suy gim v bin dng ni chung c th lm thoi ho mt tn hiu
trong qu trnh truyn S suy gim tn hiu gia tng theo mt hm ca tn s. Bng thng ch ra
cc thnh phn tn s no ca tn hiu s c truyn qua knh m khng b suy gim. Mt ng
truyn 2 dy khng xon l mi trng truyn dn n gin nht, Chng ta c th loi b cc tn
hiu nhiu bng cch dng cp xon i,. Mc d c nhiu ci tin nhng cc loi dy cp kim
loi vn b gii hn v tc truyn dn. Cp quang khc xa vi cc loi cp trc y, cp
quang mang thng tin di dng cc chm dao ng ca nh trong si thu tinh. S liu cng c
th truyn bng cch dng sng in t qua khng gian t do nh cc h thng thng tin v tinh.
Mt chm sng vi ba trc x trn mang s liu c iu ch, c truyn n v tinh t
trm mt t
Nhng khi nim v tn hiu, tc , bng thng, s suy gim tn hiu, s bin dng, can
nhiu, tp m nhng nh hng ca chng trong cht lng truyn. nh hng ca mi trng
truyn n cht lng truyn v nhng chun giao tip vt l quy nh nhm nng cao cht
lng truyn Yu cu : Mi sinh vin khi c hiu chng ny phi t mnh nh gi kin thc
ca mnh theo cc vn chnh sau :
9 Cc loi tn hiu ang c dng trong mng truyn s liu hin i
9 S suy gim v bin dng ca tn hiu trn ng truyn ph thuc vo nhng yu t
no ?
9 Mi trng truyn s liu c phn loi nh th no ?
9 Cc chun giao tip vt l c s dng hin nay l nhng chun g ?
II. NI DUNG
2.1 CC LOI TN HIU
Khi hai u cui kt ni vi nhau bng tc va phi c th truyn d liu bng cc dy
i khng xon v cc mch giao tip n gin. Cc mch giao tip ny thay i cc mc tn
hiu c dng bn trong thit b thnh mc tn hiu tng thch vi cp ni. Tuy nhin khi
s khc bit gia cc u cui v tc bit gia tng cn phi dng cc k thut v mch phc
tp hn. Hn na nu cc u cui nm cch xa nhau trn phm vi quc gia hay quc t v
21
22
2.1.4.1.Ch bng c bn
Trong ch ny cp c diu khin bi mt ngun in p ti mt u. Nh hnh dng ca
cp nn hn ch c can nhiu t ngoi,. ph hp vi truyn s liu tc cao ln n 10Mbps
qua khong cch vi trm mt.
23
Chng ta c th t c hiu xut knh tt hn bng cch dng phng php iu khin truy
xut gn theo yu cu. Lc ny cung cp mt s khe thi gian theo yu cu _gi tt l khe
thi gian theo yu cu (request time slot) , trong VSAT v cc trm di ng c th gi yu cu
n hub hay trm c bn (base station) ly mt hay nhiu khe thi gian thng ip (message
time slot). Nu c sn cc im trung tm s gn cc khe thi gian thng ip c bit cho hot
ng truyn v thng bo vi trm yu cu bng khe thi gian bo nhn (acknowledgment time
slot).Lc ny c gi l a truy xut phn thi c gn theo yu cu (demand assigned
time-divion multiple access hay demand-assigned TDMA)
24
2.3.1.2 Cc ng dy xon i
Chng ta c th loi b cc tn hiu nhiu bng cch dng cp xon i, trong mt cp dy
xon li vi nhau. S xp x cc ng dy tham chiu dt v dy tn hiu c ngha khi bt k
tn hiu no thm nhp th s vo c hai dy nh hng ca chng s gim i bi s trit tiu nhau.
Hn na nu c nhiu cp dy xon trong cng mt cp th s xon ca mi cp trong cp cng
lm gim nhiu xuyn m.
Cc ng xon i cng vi mch pht v thu thch hp li dng cc u th c c t cc
phng php hnh hc s l ng truyn tc xp x 1 Mbps qua c ly ngn (ngn hn 100m)
v tc thp qua c ly di hn. Cc ng y ny gi l cp xon i khng bo v UTP
(Unshielded Twisted Pair), c dng rng ri trong mng in thoi v trong nhiu ng dng
truyn s liu. i vi cc cp xon bo v STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) c dng thm mt li
bo v gim hn na nh hng ca tn hiu xuyn nhiu
25
2.3.1.3. Cp ng trc
Cc yu t gii hn chnh i vi cp xon l kh nng v hin tng dc gi l hiu ng ngoi
da . Khi tc bit truyn gia tng dng in chy trn ng dy c khuynh hng ch chy trn
b mt ca dy dn, do dng rt t phn dy c sn iu ny lm tng tr khng ca ng dy
i vi c tn hiu c tn s cao, dn n suy hao ln i vi tn hiu. Ngoi ra vi tn s cao th
nng lng tn hiu b tiu hao nhiu do nh hng bc x. Chnh v vy trong cc ng dng yu
cu tc bit cao hn 1Mbps, chng ta dng cc mch thu pht phc tp hn
Dy tn hiu trung tm c bo v hiu qu i vi cc tn hiu xuyn nhiu t ngoi nh li
dy bao quanh bn ngoi, ch suy hao lng ti thiu do bc x in t v hiu ng ngoi da do c
lp dy dn bao quanh. Cp ng trc c th dng vi mt s loi tn hiu khc nhau nhng thng
dng nht l dng cho tc 10 Mbps trn c ly vi trm mt, nu dng iu ch tt th c th t
c thng s cao hn
2.3.1.4. Cp quang
Mc d c nhiu ci tin nhng cc loi dy cp kim loi vn b gii hn v tc truyn dn.
Cp quang khc xa vi cc loi cp trc y , cp quang mang thng tin di dng cc chm dao
ng ca nh trong si thu tinh. Sng nh sng c bng thng rng hn sng in t , iu ny cho
php cp quang t c tc truyn kh cao ln n hng trm Mbps. Sng nh sng cng min
dch i vi cc nhiu in t v nhiu xuyn m. Cp quang cng cc k hu dng trong vic cc
tn hiu tc thp trong mi trng xuyn nhiu nng v d nh in cao th, chuyn mch. Ngoi
ra cn dng cc ni c nhu cu bo mt, v rt kh mc xen r (cu trm v mt vt l).
Mt cp quang bao gm mt si thu tinh cho mi tn hiu c truyn c bc bi mt lp
ph bo v ngn nga bt k mt ngun sng no t bn ngoi tn hiu nh sng pht ra bi mt
b pht quang thit b ny thc hin chuyn i cc tn hiu in thng thng t mt u cui d
liu thnh tn hiu quang. Mt b thu quang c dng chuyn ngc li (t quang sang
in)ti my thu , thng thng b pht l diode pht quang hay laser thc hin chuyn i tn
hiu in thnh tn hiu quang. Cc b thu dng photodiode cm quang hay photo transistor.
26
gia khc nhau cho n cung cp cc ng truyn tc cao cho cc lin kt truyn tin gia cc
mng trong cng mt quc gia.
Mt h thng thng tin v tin thng thng c trnh by trn hnh 2.1 ch trnh by mt
ng dn n hng nhng l ng song cng c s dng trong hu ht cc ng dng thc
t vi cc knh ng ln (up link) v knh ng xung (down link) lin kt vi mi trm mt
t hot ng vi tn s khc nhau.Cc cu hnh thng dng khc c lin quan n trm mt t
trung tm trm ny lin lc vi mt s trm VSAT phn b trn phm vi quc gia.Dng tiu biu
c mt my tnh ni n mi trm VSAT v c th truyn s liu vi my tnh trung tm c ni
n trm trung tm nh hnh 2.1 (b). Thng thng , im trung tm truyn rng ri n tt c cc
VSAT trn mt tn s no , trong khi hng ngc li mi VSAT truyn n trung tm bng
tn s khc nhau.
V tinh
Antenna
Up link
Down link
Trm mt
VSATs
t
Qu t
trm trung tm
2.3.2.2. ng truyn vi ba
Cc lin kt vi ba mt t c dng rng ri thc hin cc lin kt thng tin khi khng th
hay qu t tin thc hin mt mi trng truyn vt l, v d khi vt sng, sa mc, i ni
him tr.v.v. Khi chm sng vi ba trc x i xuyn ngang mi trng kh quyn n c th b nhiu
bi nhiu yu t nh a hnh v cc iu kin thi tit bt li. Trong khi i vi mt lin kt v
tinh th chm sng i qua khong khng gian t do hn nn nh hng ca cc yu t ny t
hn.Tuy nhin ,lin lc vi ba trc x xuyn mi trng kh quyn c th dng mt cch tin cy
cho c ly truyn di hn 50 km.
2.3.2.3. ng truyn v tuyn tn s thp
Sng v tuyn tn s thp cng c dng thay th cc lin kt hu tuyn c c ly va phi
thng qua cc b thu pht khu vc. V d kt ni mt s ln cc my tnh thu nhp s liu b tr
trong mt vng n mt tnh gim st s liu t xa, hay kt ni cc my tnh trong mt thnh ph
n mt my cc b hay xa. Mt trm pht v tuyn c gi l trm c bn (base station) c
t ti im kt cui hu tuyn nh trn hnh 2.2 cung cp mt lin kt khng dy gia my tnh
27
v trung tm. Cn nhiu trm c bn cho cc ng dng trn yu cu phm vi rng v mt phn
b user cao Phm vi bao ph ca mi trm c bn l gii hn, do s gii hn ngun pht ca n,
n ch knh h tr cho ton b ti trong phm vi . Phm vi rng hn c th c thc
hin bng cch t chc a trm theo cu trc t bo (cell), xem hnh 2.3. Trong thc t kch thc
ca mi t bo thay i v c xc nh bi cc yu t nh mt ca v a hnh cc b.
Mi trm c bn dng mt di tn s khc vi trm k. Tuy nhin, v vng ph ca mi trm c
gii hn nn c th dng li bng tn ca n cho cc phn khc ca mng. Cc trm c bn c
kt ni thnh mng hu tuyn. Thng thng tc s liu ca mi my tnh trong mt t bo
(cell) t c vi chc kbps.
BS
My tnh / mng c nh
BS = Base station
= u cui thu bao
Hnh 2.2 Truyn dn v tuyn theo khu vc mt t bo
28
Modem
chuyn mch
(DCE)
modem
(DCE)
EIA-232D/V.24
Calling
DTE
modem
(DCE)
EIA-232D/V.24
PSTN
Calling
DTE
29
30
DTE c gi bt u vi vic gi mt thng ip ngn mang tnh thm d qua cu ni. Khi
thng ip c gi i, n lp tc chun b nhn p ng t DTE gi bng cch t RTS v
mc khng tch cc (off), pht hin c iu ny modem c gi ngng gi tn hiu sng mang
v tr CD v mc khng tch cc, pha gi modem gi pht hin sng mang t u xa mt s
p ng bng cch tr CD v off. truyn thng ip p ng DTE gi t RTS ln mc tch
cc v modem s p ng bng mc tch trn CTS v bt u truyn s liu th tc ny sau
c lp li khi mt bn tin c trao i gia hai DTE.
Cui cng sau khi truyn xong cuc gi s b xo, cng vic ny u c th thc hin bi c
hai DTE bng cch t RTS ca chng v mc khng tch cc, ln lt khin hai modem ct sng
mang. iu ny c pht hin c hai modem v chng s t CD v off. C hai DTE sau s
t DTR ca chng v off v hai modem s p ng vi mc off trn DSR do cu ni b xo.
Sau mt khong thi gian DTE c gi chun b nhn cuc gi mi bng cch t DTR ln
mc tch cc.
Hnh 2.6
Nu modem ni b coi nh tt, tip theo DTE tin hnh kim tra th modem u xa bng cch
t RL mc tch cc pht hin c iu ny modem ni b pht lnh qui nh trc n
modem u xa v tin hnh kim th. Modem u xa sau t TM mc tch cc bo DTE
ni b bit ang b kim th (khng th truyn s liu lc ny) v gi tr li mt lnh thng bo
chp nhn n modem th.Modem th sau khi nhn lnh p ng s t TM ln mc tch cc v
DTE khi pht hin iu ny s gi mu th. Nu s liu truyn v nhn nh nhau th c hai
modem hot ng tt v li ch c th DTE u xa. Nu khng c tn hiu nhn c th ng
dy c vn
31
32
33
34
thi byte (B). Cc tn hiu iu khin (C) v (I) c dng vi cc ng truyn v thu thit lp
nn cu ni xuyn qua mt mng d liu chuyn mch s ho hon ton.
Hnh 2.9
Giao tip chun X.21 : (a) chc nng giao tip (b) cc tn hiu
35
Hnh 2.11
III. PHN TM TT
xy dng mng truyn s liu theo m hnh hin i, cht lng truyn trn mng cao,
ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t. Trc ht sinh vin cn phi nm vng cc loi tn hiu
Tn hiu V.28
l tn hiu theo chun V.28. Cc mc tn hiu c quy nh dng cho mt s giao tip
EIA/ITU-T c ch ra trong khuyn ngh v.28. Chun V.28 c xem l giao tip in
khng cn bng. Cc tn hiu in p c dng trn ng dy l i xng so vi mc tham
chiu gc (ground) v t nht l mc, +3vdc cho bit 0 v -3vdc cho bit 1.
Tn hiu Dng 20mA
Mt dng tn hiu khc c th chn bn cnh EIA 232D/v.28 l giao tip dng 20mA tn ca
giao tip ny ng rng dng tn hiu l dng in thay cho in p.Mc d khng m rng tc
nhng n tng khong cch vt l gia 2 thit b thng tin.
36
Tn hiu RS-422A/V.11
Nu mun tng khong cch vt l v tc chng ta s dng RS-422A/V.11.Chun ny c bn
da trn cp xon i v mch thu pht vi phn v c xem nh giao tip in cn bng. Mt
mch pht vi phn to ra tn hiu sinh i bng nhau v ngc cc theo mi tn hiu nh phn 0
hay 1 khi c truyn.
S suy gim
Khi mt tn hiu lan truyn dc dy dn v l do no bin ca n gim xung c gi l
s suy gim tn hiu
S suy gim tn hiu gia tng theo mt hm ca tn s trong khi tn hiu li bao gm mt gii
tn v vy tn hiu s b bin dng do cc thnh phn suy gim khng bng nhau
Mi trng truyn c dy
Cc ng truyn 2 dy khng xon
Mt ng truyn 2 dy khng xon l mi trng truyn dn n gin nht
Cc ng dy xon i
Chng ta c th loi b cc tn hiu nhiu bng cch dng cp xon i, trong mt cp dy
xon li vi nhau.
37
IV. PHN CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1 : Chc nng cc mch giao tip :
A Thay i cc mc tn hiu
B Khng thay i cc mc tn hiu
C Lin kt cc mc tn hiu
D Thay i cc mc tn hiu c dng bn trong thit b thnh mc
tn hiu tng thch vi cp ni
Cc tn hiu nh phn
C ba trn u sai
L cc tn hiu 2B1Q
B L tn hiu Analogy
C Tn hiu in p c dng trn ng dy l i xng so vi mc
tham chiu gc (ground)
D
C ba trn u sai
C ba trn u ng
C ba trn u ng
Ch bng rng
B v C l ng
2 mc
3 mc
4 mc mt chiu
Zero, 1/3 mc ti a , mc ti a
B Zero, 1/4 mc ti a , mc ti a
C
D
Zero, 1/2 mc ti a , mc ti a
4 mc mt chiu
39
Cu 11: C mt s phng php iu khin truy xut khc nhau c dng iu khin truy
xut vo phn dung lng c sn
A Truy xut ngu nhin
B Gn c nh
C Gn theo yu cu
D Tt c cc trn u ng
D Tt c cc trn u ng
40
C C A v B u ng
D C A v B u sai
Cu 19 : Cc v tinh dng cho mc ch lin lc thng thuc dng a tnh pht biu no sau
y l ng
A
Cn ng b vi s quay ca tri t
Qu o quanh tri t mt 12 gi
42
CHNG 3
GIAO TIP KT NI S LIU
I PHN GII THIU
Chng ny c trnh by thnh cc mc chnh c sp xp nh sau:
9 Cc khi nim c bn v truyn s liu.
9 Thng tin ni tip khng ng b
9 Thng tin ni tip ng b
9 Mch iu khin truyn s liu
9 Cc thit b iu khin
43
Cc hnh thc truyn :Truyn song song Truyn ni tip, M truyn (transmission code), Cc
n v d liu (data unit), Giao thc (protocol), Hot ng kt ni, ng ni v lin kt. cng l
nhng iu cn thit m sinh vin phi nm c
Nhng vn v ng b bit, ng b k t, Cc nguyn tc ng b, thc hin c cc
phng thc truyn mt cch c th, cc nh ch to cung cp mt lot cc IC chuyn dng,
cc IC ny chnh l phn cng vt l trong mt h thng thng tin, chng hot ng theo nguyn
tc ca k thut s v v vy ch truyn ng b hay bt ng b ph thuc vo vic s dng
ng h chung hay ring khi truyn tn hiu s i xa.
Cc IC u l cc vi mch c th lp trnh c. u tin lp trnh ch hot ng mong
mun bng cch ghi mt byte c ngha v thanh ghi ch mode register. Sau ghi tip byte
iu khin vo thanh ghi lnh command register vi mch theo m hot ng.
Giao tip truyn c th lp trnh UART 8250 cu Intel
National 8250 UART dng vi h vi x l 8088/80x86 ca Intel.
Cc thit b iu khin. C hai dng thit b ghp knh l : cc b ghp knh phn thi , v
cc b ghp knh thng k. B ghp knh phn thi phn phi c nh cho mi u cui mt phn
kh nng truyn cng chia s dng truyn tc cao vi cc u cui khc. B ghp knh
thng k ch phn phi kh nng truyn theo nhu cu mang tnh thng k
Yu cu : Mi sinh vin khi c hiu chng ny phi t mnh nh gi kin thc ca mnh theo
cc vn chnh sau :
9 Cc ch thng tin , cc ch truyn
9 Nhng vn kim sot li, iu khin lung d liu, cc giao thc lin kt
9 Cc nguyn tc ng b bit v ng b k t
9 Cc mch iu khin trong mng truyn s liu
II. NI DUNG
3.1.CC KHI NIM C BN V TRUYN S LIU.
3.1.1.Cc ch thng tin (Communication Modes)
Khi mt ngi ang din thuyt th thng tin c truyn i ch theo mt chiu.Tuy nhin ,
trong mt cuc m thoi gia hai ngi th thng ip c trao i theo hai hng .Cc thng
ip ny thng c trao i ln lt nhng cng c th xy ra ng thi.Tng t, khi truyn
s liu gia hai thit b, c th dng mt trong 3 ch thng tin sau :
9 n cng (one way hay simplex) : c dng khi d liu c truyn ch theo mt
hng, v d trong mt h thng thu nhp s liu nh k.
9 Bn song cng (either way hay half-duplex) : c dng khi hai thit b kt ni vi
nhau mun trao i thng tin mt cch lun phin, v d mt thit b ch gi d liu p
li khi p ng mt yu cu t thit b kia. R rng hai thit b phi c th chuyn i
qua li gia truyn v nhn sau mi ln truyn.
9 Song cng hon ton (both way hay full-duplex ) :c dng khi s liu c trao i
gia hai thit b theo c hai hng mt cch ng thi.
44
45
46
3.1.9.Hot ng kt ni
im ni im (point-to-point) l dng kt ni trao i thng tin trong mt u cui s liu
ch lm vic vi mt u cui khc ti mt thi im .
a im (multipoint) l dng kt ni trao i thng tin trong mt u cui s liu c th
thng tin vi nhiu u cui khc mt cch ng thi.
47
3.1.10. ng ni v lin kt
ng ni l ng kt ni thc t xuyn qua mi trng truyn, v vy n l i tng truyn
dn mng tnh vt l.
Lin kt l kt ni gia cc u cui da trn cc ng ni v tn ti trong mt khong thi
gian nht nh, mi ng ni c th cha nhiu lin kt, ngoi ra mt lin kt c th c kt
hp t nhiu lin kt hay mt lin kt c th phn thnh nhiu lin kt. Do lin kt l i tng
truyn dn ph thuc mang tnh lgic
3.2.3.Nguyn tc ng b k t.
Mch iu khin truyn nhn c lp trnh hot ng vi s bit bng nhau trong mt k t
k c s stop bit, start bit v bit kim tra gia thu v pht. Sau khi pht hin v nhn start bit, vic
ng b k t t c ti u thu rt n gin, ch vic m ng s bit c lp trnh. Sau
s chuyn k t nhn c vo thanh ghi m thu ni b v pht tn hiu thng bo vi thit b
48
iu khin (CPU) rng nhn c mt k t mi.v s i cho n khi pht hin mt start bit
k tip.
49
a)M ho xung ng h
My pht
PISO
TxD
RxD
My thu
B m ho
ng h
Mch tch
tn hiu
ng h
ng h
cc b
SIPO
b)Dng DPLL
TxD
My pht
RxD
B gii
m bit
B m ho
bit
DPLL
PISO
ng h
cc b
SIPO
Nx ng
h cc
b
TxD
RxD
B m ho
ng h
DPLL
PISO
ng h
cc b
Nx ng
h cc
b
50
SIPO
My thu
51
Thi gian
a)
Hng truyn
SYN
SYN
ng b k t
STX
ETX
K t u frame
b)
Ni dung frame
K t cui frame
Hng truyn
Thi gian
SYN
SYN
SYN
00011010000110100001101000010000000110
STX
Ni dung frame
My thu vo ch
bt d liu
c)
Chn DLE
Hng truyn
SYN
SYN
DLE
STX
Tun t u
frame
DLE
Ni dung frame
DLE
Thi gian
DLE
ETX
Tun t
cui frame
52
53
(a) (i)
Hng truyn
ng
dy
nhn ri
01111101111101111110
01 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
C m
C ng
Ni dung frame
(a) (ii)
My pht
Cho php /cm
My thu
S chn
bit zero
PIS
S chn
bit zero
RxC
TxC
SIP
(a) (iii)
Hng truyn
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 - - 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 10
C m
Ni dung frame
Hnh 3.3. Cc phng php ng b frame thin hng bit
a)Dng c
54
C ng
(b)
101010 10
10101011
Preamable
Ranh gii
u frame
Preamable
JK0JK000
Ranh gii
u frame
Ni dung frame
Header
c nh
Chiu di
S byte c xc nh bi vng
phn ni
ch chiu di phn ni dung
dung(bytes)
ui c
nh
JK1JK111
Ni dung frame
Ranh gii
cui frame
(c)
Lung bit c m ho
Manchester vi cng bc bit
1
0 J K 0 J K 0
0 0
Lc trinh by trong hnh 3.3 (b) c dng trong mt vi mng LAN .Khi mi trng
truyn l mi trng qung b v chia s cho tt c cc DTE. cho php tt c cc trm khc
nhau t c s ng b bit. Trm truyn t vo trc ni dung frame mt mu bit gi l mu
m u _preamble_ bao gm mi cp 10. Mt khi ng b, my thu d tng dng bit mt
cho n khi tm thy byte khi u khung 10101011.Mt header c nh xc nh pha sau bao
gm a ch, thng tin chiu di phn ni dung. Do , vi lc ny my thu ch cn m s
byte thch hp xc nh s kt thc mi frame.
Lc trnh by trn hnh 3.3 (c) cng c dng vi LAN. S bt u v kt thc ca mi
frame c ch nh bi cc mu m bo bit khng chun. V d m Manchester, thay cho truyn
mt tn hiu ti gia thi bit, mc tn hiu duy tr ti cng mc nh bit trc trong thi bit hon
chnh (J) hay ti mc ngc (K).Mt ln na, pht hin u v cui frame, my thu d tng
bit, trc ht pht hin JK0JK000 v sau pht hin mu kt thc JK1JK111 .V cc k hiu J,
K l cc m bit khng chun, nn trong phn ni dung ca frame s khng cha cc k hiu ny,
nh vy t c s trong sut d liu.
55
56
n. Cc loi thng tin khc cng c chuyn qua gia CPU v UART . V d cc ch th iu
khin ch , cc ch th lnh iu hnh, v cc thng tin trng thi.
D0-D7
TxD
TxRDT
Giao
tip
vi vi
x l
CS
UART
RD
RxD
RxRD
WR
RTS
CTS
DSR
Giao
tip
truyn
Giao
tip thu
Giao tip
thu iu
khin bng
tay.
DTR
Hnh 3. 4 S khi tng qut ca UART
Cc LSI UART c th c cu hnh cho cc ch hot ng khc nhau thng qua phn
mm. Cc ch th iu khin ch l nhng g phi c gi n UART khi dng cc thanh
ghi iu khin ca n to ch hot ng mong mun. V d nh khung dng ca frame c
dng truyn hay nhn d liu c th c cu hnh thng qua phn mm. Cc tu chn tiu
biu gm chiu di k t thay i t 5 n 8 bit; kim tra chn, kim tra l hay khng kim tra,
Chng ta bit mt UARRT khng th t thc hin c chc nng truyn tin. Tht vy, tun
t ca cc s kin cn thit khi ng truyn v nhn c iu khin bi cc lnh ca CPU gi
n UARt. V d CPU c th bt u yu cu truyn s liu bng cch ghi mt lnh vo UART
khin ng iu khin hng ra RTS c thit lp mc tch cc(0). Mc tn hiu tch cc 0 trn
RTS bo cho h thng u bn kia ca ng truyn( v d DCE) chun b nhn d liu .ti u
thu ca ng truyn tin, CPU c th chp nhn sn sng nhn gi d liu bng bng cch gi
mt lnh cho UART ca n, lm cho tn hiu iu khin DTR xung mc thp (0).
Hu ht cc UART u c thanh ghi trng thi (status register) cha thng tin lin quan n
trng thi hin hnh ca n. V d c th cha cc bit c ( flag bits) biu th trng thi hin hnh
cu cc ng tn hiu nh RTS v DTR. iu ny cho php CPU kim tra cc trng thi lgic
ca cc ng dy ny bng phn mm.
Ngoi cc thng tin v mc logic ca cc ng iu khin, thanh ghi trng thi cn cha cc
bit c biu th cc iu kin li nh parity, li nh dng frame v li chng chp k t.Sau khi
57
u
cui
RTS
RTS
CTS
CTS
DSR
DSR
DTR
DTR
TxD
TxD
RxD
RxD
Common
My
tnh
Common
58
Dng cc tn hiu iu khin bt tay RTS, DTR v CTS, cc loi giao thc truyn bt ng b
khc nhau c th thc hin c thng qua cc giao tip ny. Mt giao tip truyn bt ng b
dng cc ng iu khin ny c trnh by trn hnh 3.5 . Trong v d, mt giao thc c th
c thit lp sao cho khi u cui s liu mun gi s liu n my tnh n s pht mt yu cu
qua u ra RTS ca n. lm iu ny, CPU ca u cui s liu mt lnh n UART, lnh
ny yu cu n a ng tn hiu RTS xung mc tch cc (mc lgic 0) .Mc tch cc trn
RTS ca u cui c p vo u nhp DRS ca my tnh. Bng cch ny, n bo cho my tnh
bit rng u cui s liu mun truyn s liu vo my tnh.
Khi my tnh sn sng nhn s liu, n chp nhn yu cu ny bng cch kch hot ng ra DTR
trn UART ca n. CPU trong my tnh thc hin iu ny bng cch gi mt lnh cho UART
bo n chuyn DTR xung mc tch cc (mc 0). Tn hiu ny p vo u ra CTS ca UART
cu u cui s liu v bo vi UART trong u cui s liu bit c th bt u xut s liu ln
TxD. Cng lc , b phn thu trong UART my tnh cng bt u c s liu t ng nhp RxD
ca n.
C
P
U
D7- D0
SOUT
I/OR
DISTR
SIN
I/OW
DOSTR
RTS
Giao
INTRDT
DTR
Tip
MR
DSR
EIA
A0
DCD
A1
CTS
A2
RI
INTRT
RESET
B
U
S
A0
A1
A2
CS
ADS
DOSTR
DISTR
CS2
CS1
BAUDOT
RS-232C
XTAL1
XTAL2
59
60
php cung cp mt ng thng tin ring bit cho mi u cui. Gi s cc u cui c phn
b xung quang ni trc tip vo my tnh trung tm,cn nu nh cc my tnh c phn b xa
trung tm hu ht du phi dng mt Modem thc hin cu ni chuyn mch hay dng ng
dy thu ring. Trong cc trng hp c nhiu u cui gn nhau c th dng mt thit b gi l
b ghp knh MUX (multiplexer ) ti thiu s dy dn cn ni n trung tm. Cc thit b ny
c dng cng vi ng truyn dn c tc cao hn tc ca cc thit b u cui thnh
phn.
C hai dng thit b ghp knh l : cc b ghp knh phn thi , v cc b ghp knh thng
k. B ghp knh phn thi phn phi c nh cho mi u cui mt phn kh nng truyn
cng chia s dng truyn tc cao vi cc u cui khc. B ghp knh thng k ch phn phi
kh nng truyn theo nhu cu mang tnh thng k
III. TM TT
Cc khi nim c bn v truyn s liu khi truyn s liu gia hai thit b, c th dng mt
trong 3 ch thng tin sau :
61
9 n cng (one way hay simplex) : c dng khi d liu c truyn ch theo mt
hng,.
9 Bn song cng (either way hay half-duplex) : c dng khi hai thit b kt ni vi
nhau mun trao i thng tin mt cch lun phin
9 Song cng hon ton (both way hay full-duplex ) :c dng khi s liu c trao i
gia hai thit b theo c hai hng mt cch ng thi.
Cc ch truyn
Truyn bt ng b :(asynchronous transmission)
Cch thc truyn trong cc k t d liu m ho thng tin c truyn i ti nhng thi im
khc nhau m khong thi gian ni tip gia hai k t khng cn thit phi l mt gi tr c nh.
ch truyn ny hiu theo bn cht truyn tn hiu s th my pht v my thu c lp trong
vic s dng ng h, ng h chnh l b pht xung clock cho vic dch bit d liu (shift) v nh
vy khng cn knh truyn tn hiu ng h gia hai u pht v thu.
Truyn ng b (Synchronous transmission) Cch thc truyn trong khong thi gian cho
mi bit l nh nhau, v trong h thng truyn k t khong thi gian t bit cui ca k t ny n
bit u ca k t k tip bng khng hoc bng bi s tng thi gian cn thit truyn hon chnh
mt k t.
Kim sot li Trong qu trnh truyn lung bit gia hai DTE, rt thng xy ra sai lc thng tin,
c ngha l mc tn hiu tng ng vi bit 0 b thay i lm cho my thu dch ra l bit 1 v ngc
li, c bit khi c khong cch vt l truyn kh xa v d nh dng mng PSTN truyn.V th,
khi truyn s liu gia hai thit b cn c phng tin pht hin cc li c th xy ra v khi xy ra
li nn c phng tin sa cha chng.
iu khin lung d liu iu ny l ht sc quan trng khi hai thit b ang truyn thng tin
qua mng s liu
giao thc lin kt s liu cng nh ngha nhng chi tit sau:
9 Khun dng ca mu s liu ang trao i, ngha l s bit trn mt phn t thng
tin v dng lc m bo ang c dng.
9 Dng v th t cc thng ip c trao i t c tin cy gia hai i tc
truyn.
M truyn (transmission code) mi t hp bit nh phn mang ngha ca mt k t no theo
quy nh ca tng b m. S lng bit nh phn trong mt t hp bit ni ln quy m ca mt b
m hay s k t cha trong b m. nu gi n l s bit trong mt t hp bit th s k t c th m
ho l 2n
Cc n v d liu (data unit) Theo n v o lng dung lng thng tin th n v c bn l
byte, mt byte l mt t hp 8 bit
Giao thc truyn l tp hp cc quy nh lin quan n cc yu t k thut truyn s liu , c th
ho cc cng tc cn thit v quy trnh thc hin vic truyn nhn s liu t u n cui.
ng ni l ng kt ni thc t xuyn qua mi trng truyn, v vy n l i tng truyn
dn mng tnh vt l.
Nguyn tc ng b bit.
Trong truyn bt ng b, ng h thu chy mt cch bt ng b vi tn hiu thu. x l thu
hiu qu, cn phi c k hoch dng ng h thu ly mu tn hiu n, ngay im gia thi ca
bit d liu
Truyn ng b thin hng k t.
Truyn ng b thin hng k t c dng ch yu truyn cc khi k t, V khng c
start bit hay stop bit nn cn phi c cch thc ng b k t. thc hin ng b ny,
my pht thm vo cc k t iu khin truyn, gi l cc k t ng b SYN, ngay trc cc
khi k t truyn
Truyn ng b thin hng bit.
Bt u v kt thc mt frame bng mt c 8 bit 01111110. Dng thut ng thin hng bit v
lung thu c d theo tng bit. Do v nguyn l ni dung ca frame khng nht thit phi l
mt bi s ca bit.
cho php my thu tip cn v duy tr c cu ng b bit, my pht phi gi mt chui cc byte
idle (nhn ri) 01111111 ng trc c bt u frame.Vi NRZI m ho bit 0 trong idle cho php
DPLL ti my thu tip cn v duy tr s ng b ng h. Khi nhn c c khi u frame, ni
dung ca frame c c v dch theo cc khong 8 bit cho n khi gp c kt thc frame.
Cc thit b iu khin truyn s liu Cc IC u l cc vi mch c th lp trnh c. u tin
lp trnh ch hot ng mong mun bng cch ghi mt byte c ngha v thanh ghi ch mode
register. Sau ghi tip byte iu khin vo thanh ghi lnh command register vi mch theo
m hot ng.
V cc giao tip truyn c dng kh rng ri trong cc thit b in t hin i, cc vi mch
ngoi vi LSI c bit c pht trin cho php thc hin cc loi giao tip ny. Tn tng qut
ca hu ht cc IC ny l:
9 UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)
9 USRT (Universal Synchronous Receiver Transmitter):mch ny ng b thin
hng k t.
9 USART c th hot ng theo UART hay USRT tu chn
9 BOPs (Bit-Oriented Protocol circuits) mch ny ng b thin hng bit
9 UCCs (Universal Communication Control circuits) c th lp trnh cho c 3 loi
trn (UART,USRT hay BOPs)
C UART v USART u c kh nng thc hin nhu cu chuyn i song song sang ni tip
truyn s liu i xa v chuyn i ni tip sang song song khi tip nhn s liu. i vi s liu
c truyn theo ch bt ng b chng cng c kh nng ng khung cho k t mt cch t
ng vi START bit, PARITY bit, v cc STOP bit thch hp.
B ghp knh phn thi thc hin hot ng ghp knh, vi x l dng 2 b m 2 byte cho
mi UART, mt cp cho truyn v mt cp cho nhn
63
B ghp knh thng k B ghp knh thng k hot ng theo nguyn l tc trung bnh d
liu ca k t nhp ti mt u cui thng thp hn nhiu so vi kh nng truyn dn ca ng
dy
IV. PHN CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1 :: Khi truyn s liu gia hai thit b, c th dng ch thng tin no
C ba trn u sai
Cch thc truyn trong khong thi gian cho mi bit l nh nhau l cch truyn
ng b
C A, B, C u sai
C ba trn u ng
C B v C u ng
Ch bng rng
A v B l ng
D C A, B, C u ng
Cu 8 : Truyn ni tip l
A L phng thc truyn trong cc bit d liu t mt ngun c truyn tun t ni tip
nhau qua mt knh thng tin
B L phng thc truyn trong cc bit d liu t mt ngun c truyn tun t ni tip
nhau qua nhiu knh thng tin
C K t to ra trc trong khi d liu thng nht s truyn sau k t to ra sau s c truyn
trc
D
C A,B, C u ng
Cu 9 : Cc b m c th l
Cu 10 : n v d liu truyn c th l
A Di dng mt k t mt khi gm nhiu cc k t
B Di dng mt khi gm nhiu cc k t
C C A v B
D Tt c cc trn u sai
D Ch bao gm A v B
Cu 13 : Pht biu no v ng ni sau y l ng
A ng ni l ng kt ni thc t xuyn qua mi trng truyn, v vy n l i tng
truyn dn mng tnh vt l.
B Mi ng ni c th cha nhiu lin kt
C Cc ng ni tn ti trong mt khong thi gian nht nh c gi l lin kt
D Tt c cc trn u ng
Cu 14 :ng b bit c c trng
A
Mch iu khin truyn nhn c lp trnh hot ng vi s bit bng nhau trong mt k
t k c s stop bit, start bit v bit kim tra gia thu v pht
B Sau khi pht hin v nhn start bit, vic ng b k t t c ti u thu rt n gin, ch
vic m ng s bit c lp trnh
C C A v B u ng
D C A v B u sai
66
D A, B u dng
Cu 18 : B ghp knh phn thi dng
A Dng 2 b m 2 byte cho mi UART
B Vi x l c ni dung hin hnh ca mi b m 2 byte theo cc on 8 bit ng b vi tc
bit ca lin kt tc cao
C Dng 4 b m 2 byte cho mi UART
D A v B l pht biu ng
Cu 19 : Pht biu no v b ghp knh thng k sau y l ng
A Tc trung bnh d liu ca k t nhp ti mt u cui thng thp hn nhiu so vi kh
nng truyn dn ca ng dy
B Phng php ghp knh thng k ( statistical multiplexing ). hiu qu hn ghp knh phn
thi
C Tc trung bnh d liu ca k t nhp ti mt u cui thng cao hn rt nhiu so vi
kh nng truyn dn ca ng dy
D
C A v B l pht biu ng
67
A C hai dng thit b ghp knh l : cc b ghp knh phn thi , v cc b ghp knh thng
k
B B ghp knh phn thi phn phi c nh cho mi u cui mt phn kh nng truyn
cng chia s dng truyn tc cao vi cc u cui khc
C Mi u cui trong mt b ghp knh phn thi lin quan n mt khe k t c nh trong
mi frame
D A ,B v C u ng
68
CHNG 4.
CC GIAO THC IU KHIN LIN KT S LIU.
I PHN GII THIU
Chng ny c trnh by thnh cc mc chnh c sp xp nh sau:
9 Tng quan v iu khin lin kt d liu
9 Cc mi trng ng dng
9 Cc giao thc thin hng k t
9 Cc giao thc thin hng bit
Mc ch :
Gip sinh vin hiu r cc khi nim c bn v lp iu khin s liu lin quan n vic
chuyn thng tin s liu qua mt lp lin kt s liu ni tip. Lin kt s liu c th l mt knh
vt l im-ni-im. Do lp iu khin lin kt s liu l nn tng hot ng ca tt c cc
ng dng truyn s liu v thng gi tt l lp lin kt s liu. Trong cc ng dng im-niim n gin, lp lin kt s liu ng vai tr l lp ng dng trc tip ..Trong cc ng dng
phc tp hn, chng hn nh cc ng dng thng qua cc mng chuyn mch, lp lin kt s liu
cung cp mt dch v xc nh cho tp hp cc giao thc mc cao hn
Mt vi mi trng ng dng c trnh by gip sinh vin vn dng cc lin kt .Lin
kt s liu c th l mt knh im-ni-im, n c th l mt kt ni vt l trc tip mt knh
c thit lp qua mng in thoi cng cng dng modem, hoc mt lin kt v tuyn nh lin
kt vi ba mt t hay lin kt v tinh. Lin kt s liu hot ng trn c s u cui n u cui
v trong nhiu p dng nh vy, n phc v cho ng dng mt cch trc tip
Loi giao thc lin kt s liu c dng tu thuc vo khong cch hai u cui thng tin v
tc bit ca lin kt. i vi cc lin kt tc thp nh lin kt dng modem, th giao thc
hng k t idle RQ c dng. i vi cc lin kt tc c cao hn v c bit l cc lin kt c
c l xa nh lin kt v tinh hay cc knh xuyn qua cc mng ghp knh t nhn, mt giao thc
thuc loi continuous c gi l HDLC (High-Level Data link Control) c dng. y l giao
thc thin hng bit ph hp vi nhiu ch khc nhau.
iu khin truy nhp vo mi trng truyn chia s mt cch bnh ng, thng dng mt
giao thc lin kt d liu c to cu ni. Cc giao thc trc y dng cho cc kin trc nh vy
ch yu da vo s pht trin ca giao thc idle RQ thin hng k t c gi l BSC (Binary
Synchronous Control) hay bisync.
Cc giao thc thin hng k t bao gm Cc giao thc n cng (simplex protocols), cc
giao thc bn song cng, cc giao thc song cng hon ton.
Yu cu :
Mi sinh vin khi c hiu chng ny phi t mnh nh ga kin thc ca mnh theo cc
vn chnh sau :
9 Lp iu khin s liu lin quan n vic chuyn thng tin s liu qua mt lp lin kt
s liu ni tip. lp lin kt s liu cung cp mt dch v xc nh cho tp hp cc giao
thc mc cao hn
9 Lin kt s liu hot ng trn c s u cui n u cui v trong nhiu p dng nh
vy, n phc v cho ng dng mt cch trc tip
69
9 Cc giao thc lin kt. Loi giao thc lin kt s liu c dng tu thuc vo khong
cch hai u cui thng tin v tc bit ca lin kt
9 i vi cc lin kt tc thp nh lin kt dng modem, th giao thc hng k t
idle RQ c dng
9 Tt c cc giao thc lin kt s liu mi u l giao thc thin hng bit
II. NI DUNG
4.1. TNG QUAN.
Lp iu khin s liu lin quan n vic chuyn thng tin s liu qua mt lp lin kt s liu
ni tip. Lin kt s liu c th l mt knh vt l im-ni-im (dng cp xon , cp ng trc
hay cp quang) hoc mt knh v tuyn nh lin kt v tinh hoc mt lin kt vt l hay lgic qua
cc mng chuyn mch. Ch truyn c th l bt ng b v da trn giao thc iu khin
truyn thin hng bit hay thin hng k t. Do lp iu khin lin kt s liu l nn tng
hot ng ca tt c cc ng dng truyn s liu v thng gi tt l lp lin kt s liu.
Trong cc ng dng im-ni-im n gin, lp lin kt s liu ng vai tr l lp ng dng trc
tip ..Trong cc ng dng phc tp hn, chng hn nh cc ng dng thng qua cc mng chuyn
mch, lp lin kt s liu cung cp mt dch v xc nh cho tp hp cc giao thc mc cao
hn.Tu thuc vo ng dng, dch v user c cung cp bi lp lin kt s liu c th l dch v
khng to cu ni (connectionless) hay dch v c to cu ni (connection-oriented) .Hai loi dch
v c trnh by trn s tun t theo thi gian hnh 4.1
Dch v khng to cu ni c ngha l cho d c cc bit kim tra pht hin li, nhng nu
pht hin bt k frame no b li th thc th giao thc lp lin kt ch lm mt thao tc n gin
l loi b frame ny. Dch v ny cng c xem l dch v khng bo nhn v chc nng truyn
li tr thnh mt chc nng hin nhin ca mt lp giao thc cao hn.V d , c thc hin
trong cc ng dng da trn cc mng chuyn mch trong tham s BER ca cc ng truyn
rt thp do xc sut truyn li nh , chng hn nh trong cc mng LAN v ISDN.
Nh li rng vi loi dch v ny, giao thc lin kt s liu dng cc th tc kim sot li v
iu khin lung to ra dch v tin cy. Do xc sut s liu khng li, khng trng kh cao
v cc thng ip s c phn phi theo th t ging nh khi c np truyn i. t c
iu ny ,trc khi truyn bt c mt frame thng tin no, mt cu ni logic gia hai thc th
giao thc c thit lp thng qua dch v L_CONNECT .Tt c s liu c chuyn giao nh
vo giao thc iu khin lung v truyn li thch hp. Khi tt c cc s liu c trao i, cu
ni logic b xo bng dch v L_DISCONNECT.
70
(a)
DTE
DTE
Phn mn user/
Giao thc lp cao hn
lp iu
hin lin
kt DL
lp iu
khin lin
kt DL
phn mm user/
Giao thc lp cao hn
L_UNITDATA.request
L_UNITDATA.indication
L_UNITDATA.request
L_UNITDATA.indication
(b)
L_CONNECT.request
L_CONNECT.indication
L_CONNECT.confirm
L_DATA.request
L_DATA.indication
L_DATA.request
L_DATA.indication
L_DISCONNECT.request
L_DISCONNECT.indication
L_DISCONNECT.conf
Thi gian
71
72
(a)
DTE
DTE
DTE
DCE
DCE
DTE
PST
N
DLP
DLP
DTE = DATA terminal equipment
= h thng truyn tin
= modem
(b)
DTE ch (master)
DLP
Cc DTE t (slave)
(c)
Mng chuyn
mch gi
(PS) X 25
(c)
DTE
PSE
ISDN
DTE
PSE
DLP
DTE
DTE
NTE
NTE
DLP
DLP
PS = packet switching
PSE = packet switching exchange
DLP
73
(d)
DTE
DLP
RING
Bus chung
DLP = Data link protocol
Hnh 4.2 (d) cc mi trng ng dng truyn giao thc lin kt d liu
cc LAN
Hai kin trc c trnh by trn hnh 4.2(c) u lin h n cc ng dng c lin quan n cc
mng chuyn mch din rng (WAN).Trong v d u tin, giao thc lin kt ch c ngha cc
b v ch hot ng gia DTE v DCE, nh trong trng hp mt mng chuyn mch gi X.25.
Tp giao thc X.25 c dng trong cc mng nh vy ch p dng cho lin kt cc b gia DTE
v DCE.Giao thc lin kt s liu dng vi X.25 cng dn xut t HDLC, c gi l LAP-B
(Link Access Procedure _Balanced).
Kin trc th hai c dng vi cc mng s liu chuyn mch mch (circuit-switched data
networks) v d nh IDSN. Khi mt mch c thit lp thng qua mng, n cung cp mt lin
kt dim-ni-im c xem nh mch o _cho cung on chuyn d liu.Giao thc ny c th
to cu ni hay khng to cu ni, c gi tng ng l chuyn frame (frame switching) v tip
frame (frame relay) .Ngoi ra, th tc thit lp cuc gi lin h vi IDSN c thc hin nh
dng lin kt ring gi l knh bo hiu hay knh D.Th tc ny dng mt giao thc lin kt l
mt dn xut ca HDLC c gi l LAPD (Link Access Procedure D-channel).
Sau cng, hai cu hnh c trnh by trn hnh 4.2(d) lin quan n ng dng trn mng cc
b (LAN) .Mt c trng ca cc mng ny l dng cc lin kt c t l li bit thp, c li ngn v
hot ng vi tc bit cao (xp x 10Mps). Kt qu l li him khi xy ra v thi gian chuyn
frame gia u cui vi u cui din ra rt nhanh. Cc mng nh vy thng hot ng theo ch
khng to cu ni, trong ch ny tt c cc hot ng truyn li v cc chc nng iu khin
lung c giao cho mt lp giao thc cao hn trong hai h thng u cui. Giao thc lin kt
c dng vi cc LAN l mt lp con ca HDLC c gi l LLC (Logical Link Control).
Tm li, c mt s di cc giao thc lin kt s liu, mi giao thc c thit k dng cho
mt mi trng ng dng c bit.
74
Trong khi cp n cc giao thc hng k t, chng ta xem xt mt lin kt s liu imni-im v mt lung frame n cng (mt chiu) trnh by cc kha cnh khc nhau ca cc
giao thc lin kt.Tuy nhin, trong hu ht cc ng dng thc t chng ta phi m rng cc khi
nim c gii thiu chp nhn s liu c trao i theo c hai hng. Tng t, nu nh
c nhiu hn hai ch th truyn tham gia vo trong cu hnh a im, chng ta phi cn n mt
phng php iu khin truy nhp vo mi trng truyn chia s. Chng ta s bn n cc ch
im ny khi kho st cc giao thc khc nhau.
75
lp. Thng thng user trong my tnh thu bit c dng tp tin hay c th suy ra n t tn ca
tp tin.
Ni dung ca tp tin dng text c truyn theo tun t cc khi 80 k t, mi khi c kt
thc bi cp k t CR/LF (carriage return /line type).Tuy nhin , cc tp tin nh phn c truyn
di dng n gin hn gm mt chui cc byte 8 bit. Bt c k t iu khin dng no nm
trong phn ni dung _text hay nh phn_u oc m ho trc khi truyn nhm m bo khng
gy nh hng n trng thi ca thit b thng tin trong khi truyn. iu ny l c trng ca
hot ng iu khin lung trong mt s modem. Mi k t iu khin c pht hin v c
i thnh tun t ca hai k t in c bao gm mt k t tin t iu khin _# ca ASCII_ km
theo mt k t ASCII c th in c nm trong cng hng v ct 4 hoc ct 5 ln lt tng
ng vi ct 0 hoc ct 1 trong bng m ASCII. Do Ctrl-A tr thnh #A, CR tr thnh #M v
FS tr thnh #\. Khi xut hin bt k k t # no , u phi thm mt # phia trc.
Tun t trao i cc frame bi cc thc th giao thc ca kermit truyn mt tp tin .Frame
c gi trc tin khi ng truyn tp tin l frame gi li mi (S) . N bao gm mt danh
sch tham s lin quan n giao thc, nh chiu di frame ti a v khong thi gian bt kh dng
_timeout_c dng truyn li. My thu phc p bng mt frame chp nhn (Y) vi cc tham
s iu khin truyn c thng nht.
K tip my pht x l truyn ni dung tp tin.Trc ht, mt frame u tp tin c cha tn tp
tin c truyn, tip theo l tun t cc frame d liu (D) cha ni dung ca tp tin. Sau khi frame
d liu cui cng ca tp tin c truyn, my thu c thng bo bng mt thng bo kt
thc tp tin (Z).Sau , cc tp tin khc c th c truyn theo cch tng t. Cui cng, khi tt
c cc tp tin c truyn, my thu gi mt frame kt thc giao tc (B ) cho my thu.
Kermit l mt giao thc idle RQ Do , sau khi truyn mi I-frame (I), my thu pht i cho
n khi nhn c frame bo nhn (Y) _kim tra tng khi ng_hoc mt frame t chi
(N)_BCC sai . d phng trng hp cc frame ny b hng, mt b nh thi c khi ng
mi khi truyn mt frame mi. Ch s tun t truyn trong mi I-frame tng ln tng n v theo
modulo-64 v ch s tun t thu trong mi ACK-frame (Y) v NAK-frame(N) trng vi ch s
tun t trong I-frame m n bo nhn hay t chi.
Cc c trng m chng ta va tho lun l c trng ti thiu lin quan n kermit
76
(a)
D
L
P
4 wire(2-pair)line
D
L
P
D
L
P
BP
DTE ch (master)
D
L
P
= 4-wire modem
BP = Branching point
DLP = Data link protocol
cc DTE t ( slave)
(b)
D
L
P
LD/R
DTE ch (master)
u cui
dy
LD
/R
LD
/R
LD
/R
DLP
DLP
DLP
Cc DTE t ( slave )
77
(a)
SYN
SYN
SOH
identifer
/C trm
STX
Text
ETX
BCC
STX
Text
ETX
BCC
bn tin c mt khi
SYN
SYN
SOH
identifer
/C trm
SYN
SOH
identifer
STX
Text
ETX
BCC
Text
ETX
BCC
Khi k tip
SYN
SYN
SOH
identifer
STX
SYN
EOT
/C trm
P/S
ENQ
Tun t qut/chn
SYN
SYN
ACK
SYN
NAK
p ng chn t chi
SYN
SYN
ACK
0/1
SYN
NAK
0/1
SYN EOT
78
Ch
poll X
T
X
(1)
(4)
thng ip (2)
(3)
Select Y
thng ip
T
Y
79
(b)
DLP ch
DLP t
Tun t chn
Hoc : t khng sn sng
Hoc t sn sng
Bnh thng
Truyn s liu
Kt thc truyn
Chn nhanh
Chn nhanh
Chuyn s liu
Hnh 4.5. (a) (b) cc tun t Frame ca BSC (a) lc qut chn
(b) chn
80
(c)
DLP ch
DLP t (X)
Tun t qut
Hoc : khng c g truyn
Hoc c s liu cn truyn
Chuyn s liu
Kt thc truyn
Thi gian
Hnh 4.5. (c)
Hnh 4.5 (a) trnh by mt tun t qut v chn tiu biu. Mt tun t ca cc frame trao i
trn mt ng dy a nhnh c m t trn hnh 4.5 (b) v 4.5 (c). Phn (b) trnh by c tun
t thnh cng v khng thnh cng lin quan n hot ng chn (select) , trong khi phn (c) m
t tun t lin quan n hot ng qut (poll)
Trong vi trng hp, khi chn mt trm khng nht thit phi i mt bo nhn cho thng ip
ENQ trc khi gi mt bn tin. V d, nu mt trm c chn trc v cu ni logic cha
b xo. Trong trng hp nh vy my ch gi bn tin ngay sau thng ip iu khin chn,
khng cn phi i mt ACK (hay NAK). iu ny c gi l tun t chn nhanh (fast select
sequence).
Trong pha qut, trc ht trm ch gi mt thng ip qut trong a ch ca trm c qut
trc k t ENQ. Sau , gi s trm c qut c mt bn tin ang i truyn, n p ng
bng cch gi bn tin ny. Khi nhn khi d liu, trm ch tnh ton li tun t kim tra, gi s
khng c li n s gi thng bo chp nhn (ACK). Cui cng, khi hon tt truyn bn tin v
c bo nhn, cu ni lun l b xo bi iu khin EOT.
Hnh 4.5 m t BSC l mt giao thc idle RQ bi sau khi gi mt khi d liu, my pht phi
i mt ACK hoc NAK trc khi gi khi k tip, v nu nhn c NAK th phi truyn li
khi b hng. Vic dng thng ip NAK m bo rng khi d liu b hng s c truyn li
khi nhn thng ip NAK thay v phi i sau khong thi gian timeout. Nh chng ta cp
n, nu khi d liu truyn b hng hon ton, mt c cu timeout c tng cng nhm m
81
bo cho s truyn li khi b hng ny. Dng danh nh hay ch s tun t gip my thu c th
pht hin d dng s trng khi d liu .
82
Gi d liu ca XMODEM
Trong giao thc XMODEM tt c cc field ngoi tr field thng tin, u c di l mt byte nh
sau
SOH
Ch s th t
B 1 ca s th t
Thng tin
Kim tra
83
LEN
SEQ
TYPE
DATA
CHK1
CHK2
CHK3
Gi ca kermit bao gm 6 vng(field): vng thng tin (data) c di thay i tu theo kiu
gi , cc vng cn li c gi l vng iu khin (hoc l vng phc v) .Kermit qui nh d liu
truyn u l cc k t m ASCII in c (t 20H-7EH) ngoi tr vng nh du (MARK), nh
vy i vi cc vng cha gi tr s nh vng ch s th t th phi c chuyn i sang m in
c (printable character) trc khi truyn bng cch cng thm 20H. Sau khi nhn c s
chuyn tr li bng cch tr i 20H. Nh vy gi tr s ca cc vng ny khng c ln hn 94(
5EH), v nu n bng 5EH th sau khi i s tr thnh 7FH l k t iu khin DEL ch khng
phi k t in c., cn nu ln hn na th sau khi i s khng cn trong phm vi ca bng
ASCII .
iu ny khng th p dng vng thng tin v byte d liu cn truyn c th c gi tr bt k.
Nu c cc k t iu khin trong thng tin, th kermit s chuyn i bng cch :
9 Chn thm 1 k t in c pha trc (thng dng k t # , m ASCII l 23H)
9 EXOR k t iu khin vi 40H.
i vi cc h thng s dng k t di 8 bit, th nhng k t c bit c ngha ln nht (MSB bit)
bng 1 s c kermit i sang m ASCII in c bng cch vo trc mt k t (&).
ngha vng trong gi c m t nh sau:
9 Vng nh du (MARK) ; nh du bt u ca gi l k t SOH m 01H.
9 Vng di (LEN) : s bytes trong gi tnh t sau byte ny (tc l di ca gi tr 2),
gi tr ti a l 94 nh vy di ti a mt gi l 96 bytes.
9 Vng s th t (SEQ) : s th t ca gi, modulo vi 64.Gi truyn u tin (gi S) s c
s th t l 0, s th t ca gi k tip sau gi c s th t l 63 s tr li l 0.
9 Vng kiu gi (TYPE) : phn bit cc kiu gi khc nhau.Mi kiu gi s c ni dung
v nhim v khc nhau.
9 Vng thng tin (DATA) : ni dung ca tp tin cn truyn c cha trong gi D , cn
trong gi F cha tn tp tin .trong mt s kiu gi khc , vng ny khng cha g.
9 Vng kim tra (CHECK) : c th chn vng 1 byte tng kim tra hoc 2 byte tng kim
tra, hoc 3 byte CRC.Gi tr kim tra c tnh t vng i di (khng tnh vng nh
du) .V cc byte ny cng phi c i ra k t in c , nhng chng li c gia tr bt
k khng th gii hn gi tr nh hn 5EH nn trc khi i th 2 bit 6 v 7 s c trch
ra v cng vo 6 bit thp cn li.Nh u thu c th ly li c hai gi tr ny., cn
u pht sau khi bin i ta s c hai bit 6 v 7 u l 0.
84
4.4.1 Giao thc iu khin lin kt s liu mc cao HDLC ( high level Data link control
)
Giao thc DHLC l mt giao thc chun ho quc t c nh ngha bi ISO dng cho
c lin kt im ni - im v a im. N h tr hot ng ch trong sut, song cng hon
ton v ngy nay c dng mt cch rng di trong cc mng a im v trong cc mng my
tnh.
HDLC c 3 c ch hot ng :
1. Ch p ng thng thng NRM ( nomal response Mode) : ch ny c dng
trong cu hnh khng cn bng Trong ch ny trm th cp ch c th truyn khi nhn
c ch th c bit ca trm s cp. Lin kt ny c th l im ni - im hay a
im trng hp a im ch cho php mt trm s cp .
2. Ch p ng bt ng b ARM ( Asynchronous response mode ) ch ny c
dng trong cu hnh khng cn bng N cho php mt trm th cp xc tin mt hot
ng truyn m khng cn s cho php t trm s cp > Ch ny thng c dng
trong cc cu hnh im ni - im v cc lin kt song cng v cho php th cp truyn
cc frame mt cch bt ng b vi s cp .
3. Ch cn bng bt ng b ABM ( Asynchronous Balanced mode ) ; ch ny c
dng ch yu trn cc lin kt song cng im ni - im cho cc ng dng truyn s
liu my tnh - n my tnh v cho cc kt ni gia my tnh v mng s liu cng cng
( PSDN ) .Trong ch ny mi trm c trng thi nh nhau v thc hin c hai chc
nng s cp v th cp . N l ch c dng trong giao thc ni ting X.25
85
Bng 4.1
LAPA
LAPB
Loi
Cc lnh
RR
Cc lnh
Cc p ng
RR
RR
RR
RNR
RNR
RNR
REJ
REJ
REJ
SARM
UA
SABM
UA
DISC
CMDR
DISC
DM
Qun l
Khng nh s
Cc p ng
FRMR
Thng tin
Frame c dng trong LAPA v LAPB c trnh by trong bng 4.1. RR-frame v REJ-frame
c dng kim sot li v RNR c dng iu khin lung. Cc frame ny khng h tr
chin lc truyn li c chn la (SREJ). V d v tun t frame c trnh by trong cc hnh
trc y lin quan n HDLC u ng cho LAPB.Nh chng ta ni, truyn mt frame thng
tin (lnh 0 vi bit P c set th kt qu l trm s p ng mt frame qun l vi bit F cng c
set. C hai trm u c th thit lp lin kt. phn bit gia hai trm, cc a ch DTE v DCE
c dng theo bng 4.2.Nu mt DTE khng hot ng v mt logic m tip nhn mt frame
yu cu xy dng lin kt (SABM/SABME), n phi phc p bng mt DM.
Bng 4. 2
Hng
Cc a ch
Cc lnh
DTE DCE
01 HEX (B)
03 HEX (A)
DCE DTE
03 HEX (A)
01 HEX (B)
Nh rng trong ch SABM dng mt octet (8 bit) cho field iu khin .Cn cc ch s tun
t truyn v nhn, mi ch s chim 3 bit_c 8 ch s tun t_ cho php ca s truyn v nhn ti
a l 7. Nu dng ch m rng (SABME), th field iu khin c 2 octet. Do cc ch s
tun t truyn v nhn c m rng n 7 bit_c 128 s tun t _lc cho php kch thc ti
a ca ca s truyn l 127. Ch ny c dng cho cc lin kt rt xa v cc lin kt c tc
cao.
86
Ngy nay c sn cc vi mch tch hp c ln (LSI) trong c th hin thc LAPB v ghi trong
b nh c bit, c gi l phn mm LAPB. Cc vi mch ny thng c xem l cc mch
X.25 mc d trong ch hin thc LAPB thay v hin thc y tp giao thc X.25. S xut
hin cc vi mch ny lm gia tng ng k vic s dng LAPB trong cc ng dng c s dng
truyn tin gia my tnh vi my tnh.
87
III. TM TT
Trong phn tng quan nhng vn chnh c trnh by l :
Lin kt s liu c th l mt knh vt l im-ni-im (dng cp xon , cp ng trc hay
cp quang) hoc mt knh v tuyn nh lin kt v tinh hoc mt lin kt vt l hay lgic qua cc
mng chuyn mch. Ch truyn c th l bt ng b v da trn giao thc iu khin truyn
thin hng bit hay thin hng k t. Do lp iu khin lin kt s liu l nn tng hot ng
ca tt c cc ng dng truyn s liu v thng gi tt l lp lin kt s liu. Trong cc ng dng
im-ni-im n gin, lp lin kt s liu ng vai tr l lp ng dng trc tip. Dch v khng
to cu ni c ngha l cho d c cc bit kim tra pht hin li, nhng nu pht hin bt k
frame no b li th thc th giao thc lp lin kt ch lm mt thao tc n gin l loi b frame
ny. Dch v ny cng c xem l dch v khng bo nhn v chc nng truyn li tr thnh
mt chc nng hin nhin ca mt lp giao thc cao hn
88
89
my tnh khc Mt trong nhng giao thc c dng rng ri nht l kermit. Kermit c dng
rng ri truyn ni dung ca mt hay nhiu tp tin t mt my tnh ny ti mt my tnh kia
thng qua mt lin kt im-ni-im. Lin kt c th l mt knh c thit lp thng qua mng
in thoi cng cng (chuyn mch analog) s dng cc modem hay mt cp dy xon i vi
cc b iu khin thu/pht thch hp. Thng dng truyn ng b .
Cc giao thc bn song cng
Hu ht cc giao thc thin hng k t hot ng theo idle RQ, bn song cng. Ni ting nht
l mt phin bn c pht trin bi IBM c gi l iu khin ng b nh phn, thng ni tt
l bisync hay BSC (Binary Synchronous Control). V n l nn tng ca giao thc thin hng k
t ca ISO gi l ch c bn (basic mode)
Giao thc song cng hon ton
C mt giao thc thin hng k t hot ng trong ch song cng hon ton (full-duplex).
Giao thc ny gip truyn cc frame thng tin theo c hai hng mt cch ng thi v dng
lc iu khin truyn continuous RQ cho c hai hng. Giao thc hot ng hiu qu vi ca
s truyn K=8 cho cc lin kt mt t hoc K=16 cho cc lin kt v tinh. m bo mt lung
frame lin tc, cho php 8 (hay 16 i vi v tinh ) lung thng tin dng-v-ch (stop-and-wait)
ring bit ti bt c thi im no trong tin trnh.
t c iu ny, mt lin kt vt l c php hot ng nh l 8 (hay 16) lin kt logic
ring bit, lung frame i qua mi lin kt c iu khin bi c cu giao thc dng-v-ch ca
n. Ch s tun t truyn trong mi header ca mi frame l hp ca hai field : mt s tun t mt
bit_0 hay_1 l ch s tun t truyn bnh thng lin h vi giao thc idle RQ, v ch s knh
logic LCN (logical Channel Number) ch nh knh logic m frame c gn vo .
phc v lung fram song cng hon tan, cc lin kt vt l trong c hai chiu xui v ngc
u h tr 8 ( hay 16) lin kt logic. Do , trong mi knh logic giao thc lin kt d liu ti
mi phia ca lin kt u duy tr cc bin tun t truyn tin v nhn ring bit. Bin tun t
truyn_0 hay 1_ l mt ch s tun t truyn s c gn vo frame mi k tip truyn ln knh
ng ra, trong khi bin tun t thu l ch s tun t ca frame thng tin k tip mong nhn c
trn knh ngc li. Ngoi ra, nhm m bo mi knh ng ra hot ng trong ch dng-vch, mi bn cng c mt bit bo bn hay rnh ri (busy/idle) lin h n mi knh, n l du
hiu bo knh bn hay khng, ngha l c mt bo nhn vn cn ang pht trn knh hay khng.
Phn giao thc thin hng bit
Tt c cc giao thc lin kt s liu mi u l giao thc thin hng bit. Lu rng cc giao
thc nh vy c s dng cc mu bit c nh ngha thay cho cc k t iu khin truyn
nh du m u hay kt thc mt frame. My thu duyt lung bit thu theo tng bit mt tm
mu bit u v cui frame. ba phng php bo hiu bt u v kt thc mt frame c gi l
phn nh danh gii frame ( delimiting )
Giao thc DHLC
. Giao thc DHLC l mt giao thc chun ho quc t c nh ngha bi ISO dng cho
c lin kt im ni - im v a im. N h tr hot ng ch trong sut, song cng hon
ton v ngy nay c dng mt cch rng di trong cc mng a im v trong cc mng my
tnh. Mc d t vit tt DHLC kh ph bin nhng mt s nh my ln v cc t chc tiu chun
vn cn gi giao thc ny bng tn ring ca h v d SDLC ( synchronous Data link control )
ca IBM. y l tin thn ca HDLC v ADCCP ( Advanced Data communications control
procedure ) l tn c dng bi t chc ANSI ( American National Standards Institude ) . Bi
90
HDLC c nh gha nh mt nh mt giao thc iu khin lin kt s liu tng qut. Trong
HDLC cc frame c gi t trm s cp n trm th cp c gi nh cc lnh ( command ) v
cc frame c gi t th cp n s cp c gi l cc p ng ( response )
HDLC c 3 c ch hot ng :
1
9 Chuyn s liu
Trong NRM, tt c cc I-frame c truyn di s iu khin ca trm s cp .Cc frame qut
khng nh s UP-frame (Unnumbered Poll-frame) vi bit P c set l 1, thng c trm so
cp dng qut mt trm th cp. Nu th cp khng c s liu truyn, n gi p mt RRframe trong bit F c set.Nu c s liu ang i truyn, n s truyn ngay di dng cc Iframe, trong I-frame cui cng bit F c set l 1.
Hai kha cnh quan trng nht trong cung on chuyn s liu l iu khin lung v kim
sot li .Kim sot li dng th tc continuous RQ theo chin lc truyn li c la chn hay
truyn mt nhm, trong khi iu khin lung da vo c cu ca s.
Th tc truy xut lin kt
Th tc truy xut lin kt phin bn B cn c gi l LAPB (Link Access Procedure version B)
l mt tp con ca HDLC, n c dng iu khin truyn cc I-frame qua mt lin kt s liu
song cng im-ni-im ni gia mt my tnh vi mt mng chuyn mch gi cng cng.
Th tc a truy xut
Chng ta m t vic s dng HDLC iu khin truyn cc frame s liu qua mt lin kt
song cng.V HDLC iu khin truyn qua lin kt n nh vy nn cn c gi l th tc lin
kt n SLP (Single Link Procedure) .Tuy nhin, trong mt vi trng hp, thng lng c sn
ca mt lin kt n nh vy khng p ng nhu cu ca cc ng dng, v vy chng ta phi
dng n a lin kt. phc v iu ny, mt th tc m rng ca LAPB c nh ngha v
c gi l th tc a lin kt MLP (Multiple Procedure ) .
91
IV. PHN CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1 :: Lin kt s liu c th l
A knh vt l im-ni-im
B knh v tuyn nh lin kt v tinh
C Lin kt vt l hay lgic qua cc mng chuyn mch.
D Mt trong ba cch A, B, C
Cu 2 : u l lin kt s liu
A
Mt trong ba trn
Loi giao thc lin kt s liu c dng tu thuc vo khong cch hai u cui thng tin
v tc bit ca lin kt
B Giao thc hng k t idle RQ c dng khi cc lin kt tc thp nh lin kt dng
modem,
C Loi giao thc lin kt s liu c dng khng ph thuc vo khong cch v tc bit
D
92
C A, B u ng
C ba trn u ng
C A v B u ng
Cu 6 : Topo a im yu cu
A C mt ng dy truyn c gi l bus c dng kt ni tt c cc my tnh li vi
nhau
B Phi m bo rng tt c cc hot ng truyn u c thc hin theo mt phng php c
kim sot v khng bao gi c hai hot ng truyn li xy ra ng thi
C Tt c cc hot ng truyn u din ra gia my tnh ch v my tnh t chn., v vy
my tnh ch iu khin th t ca tt c cc hot ng truyn.
D
Mt trong ba trn l ng
C A,B, C u ng
93
A Cho php chuyn s liu theo mt hng t my tnh (DTE) ny n mt my tnh khc qua
mt lin kt s liu im-ni-im
B Lin kt c th l mt knh c thit lp thng qua mng in thoi cng cng
C S dng cc modem hay mt cp dy xon i vi cc b iu khin thu/pht thch hp.
D C A,B,C u ng
Cu 10 : Dng giao thc n cng ( simplex Protocol) th
A Nu ang dng modem th mt modem phi c t ch gi v modem kia phi t
ch tr li
B .C hai modem phi c ci tc hot ng bng nhau
C C A v B u ng
D Tt c cc trn u sai
Cu 11: Cc giao thc thin hng k t hot ng theo bn song cng. Pht biu no sau y
l ng
A c gi l iu khin ng b nh phn thng ni tt l bisync hay BSC (Binary
Synchronous Control).
B N l nn tng ca giao thc thin hng k t ca ISO
C Pht biu A v B l ng
D Tt c cc trn u sai
Cu 12 : : Cc giao thc thin hng k t thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau lin quan n
qun l lin kt cn
A Cn dng thm cc frame iu khin bn cnh cc frame mang thng tin
B i vi truyn ng b thin hng k t, my thu cn phi t cho c s ng b k t
v ng b frame.
C
Pht biu A v B u ng
Mt trong ba trn u ng
Cu 14 : Giao thc thin hng k t hot ng trong ch song cng hon ton (fullduplex).
A Gip truyn cc frame thng tin theo c hai hng mt cch ng thi v dng lc iu
khin truyn continuous RQ cho c hai hng
B Giao thc hot ng hiu qu vi ca s truyn K=8 cho cc lin kt mt t hoc K=16 cho
cc lin kt v tinh
C Giao thc hot ng hiu qu vi ca s truyn K=16 cho cc lin kt mt t hoc K=8 cho
cc lin kt v tinh
D C A v B u ng
Cu 15 : Giao thc thin hng k t hot ng trong ch song cng hon ton (full-duplex)
yu cu .
A Mt lin kt vt l c php hot ng nh l 8 (hay 16) lin kt logic ring bit
B Lung frame i qua mi lin kt c iu khin bi c cu giao thc dng-v-ch ca n.
C B l pht biu sai
D C A v B u ng
Cu 16 : Ch s trong mi header ca Frame trong giao thc thin hng k t hot ng trong
ch song cng hon ton l
A Hp ca hai field : mt s tun t mt bit_0 hay_1 l ch s tun t truyn bnh thng v ch
s knh logic LCN (logical Channel Number) ch nh knh logic m frame c gn vo
.
B Ch c 1 field : mt s tun t mt bit_0 hay_1 l ch s tun t truyn bnh thng
C
D C A, B. u ng
Cu 17 : Th tc truy xut lin kt phin bn B cn c gi l LAPB (Link Access Procedure
version B) l mt tp con ca HDLC, n dng
A iu khin truyn cc I-frame qua mt lin kt s liu song cng im-ni-im ni gia mt
my tnh vi mt mng chuyn mch gi cng cng
B LAPB c dng iu khin cc frame thng tin qua giao tip DTE-DCE cc b
C
LAPB khng dng iu khin cc frame thng tin qua giao tip DTE-DCE cc b
D A, B u dng
Cu 18 : Pht biu no sau y v th tc a lin kt MLP (Multiple Procedure ) l ng .
95
A L th tc m rng ca LAPB
B Trong mt vi trng hp, thng lng c sn ca mt lin kt n nh vy khng p
ng nhu cu ca cc ng dng v vy chng ta phi dng n th tc a lin kt MLP
(Multiple Procedure ) .
C L th tc m rng ca LAPB dng 4 b m 2 byte cho mi UART
D A v B l pht biu ng
Cu 19 : Cc modem c kh nng
A Khc phc li
B Khc phc li nu s dng mt th tc c gi l LAPM (Link Access Procedure for
Modem)
C Khng c kh nng khc phc li
D
C A v B l pht biu ng
96
CHNG 5
X L S LIU TRUYN
I PHN GII THIU
Chng ny c trnh by thnh cc mc chnh c sp xp nh sau:
9 M ha s liu mc vt l
9 Pht hin li v sa sai
9 Mt m ha s liu
9 Nn s liu
9 K thut truyn s liu trong mng my tnh cc b
Mc ch : gip sinh vin nhn thc c nhng kin thc v s liu c cung cp t my
tnh hoc cc thit b u cui s liu thng dng nh phn n cc (unipolar)vi cc bit 0 v 1
c biu din cng mc in p m hoc dng. Tc truyn dn ca chng c tnh bng s
bit truyn trong mt giy.
Cc s liu ny khi truyn i s c bin i sang dng tn hiu s theo cc k thut m ha
khc nhau. Cc tn hiu ny c c trng bng s thay i mc in, tc truyn ca chng
v th c xc nh bng tc ca s thay i ny, cn c gi l tc iu ch v c tnh
bng Baud.
M ha s liu mc vt l gip sinh vin hiu c mt s phng php m ha thng dng,
so snh cc loi m ny ngi ta cn c vo cc yu t nh ph tn hiu, kh nng ng b tn
hiu, kh nng pht hin sai, kh nng chng nhiu v giao thoa tn hiu, phc tp v kh thi.
Ph tn ca tn hiu sau khi m ha s quyt nh n mt s kha cnh ca vic truyn s liu
nh rng bng tn cn thit, kh nng ghp ni vi ng truyn lin quan n tn hiu c
thnh phn mt chiu hay khng, cc loi m ph dng hin nay cng nh nhng c tnh ca
chng nh : M lng cc, M BNZS (M lng cc vi s thay th N s 0 ,) M lng cc
mt cao HDBN
Phn pht hin li v sa sai cho ta thy Khi d liu c truyn gia 2 DTE, cc tn hiu in
i din lung bit truyn rt d b thay i sai s do nhiu nguyn nhn : ng dy truyn,
lu lng truyn, loi m ng, loi iu ch, loi thit b pht, thit b thu, c bit l do s thm
nhp in t cm ng ln cc ng dy t cc thit b in gn . chng sai khi truyn s
liu thng c 2 cch :
Phng php thng dng nht c dng pht hin li ca bit trong truyn khng ng b
v truyn ng b hng k t l phng php parity bit. Khi truyn i mt khi thng tin, mi
k t c truyn i s c kim tra tnh chn l theo chiu ngang, ng thi c khi thng tin
ny cng c kim tra tnh chn l theo chiu dc. Nh vy c sau mt s byte nht nh th mt
byte kim tra chn l cng c gi i. byte chn l ny c to ra bng cch kim ta tnh chn
l ca khi k t theo ct. Da vo cc bit kim tra ngang v dc ta xc nh c to ca bit
sai v sa c bit sai ny, phng php ny c gi l phng php kim tra theo ma trn.
97
Ngoi ra phng php kim tra tn hiu bng m vng c thc hin nh sau : Tn hiu cn pht
i trong khung gm k bit s c bn pht thm vo n bit na kim tra dc gi l Frame
Check Sequence (FCS). Nh vy tn hiu pht i bao gm k+n bit. Bn thu khi nhn c tn
hiu nay s em chia cho mt a thc c gi l a thc sinh bit trc ( bn pht v bn thu
u cng chn a thc ny ). Nu kt qu chia khng d coi nh tn hiu nhn c l ng.
Phn mt m s liu gii thiu cho sinh vin mt cch khi qut ng truyn s liu trong mt
s trng hp cn phi c bo mt, th d nh quc phng, ngn hng .v.v..Nh vy ngoi cc
bin php x l s liu cn thit truyn thnh cng v hiu qu,s liu cn c mt m ha
bng phng php no , theo mt kha m no m ch my pht v my thu mi bit c.
Qu trnh mt m ha v gii mt thng c thc hin mc lin kt s liu (Data link). Tuy
nhin cng c nhng vi mch c ln chuyn thc hin mt m ha v gii mt s liu. Cc chip
ny cho php ngi s dng thay i cc gii thut mt m phc tp vi rt nhiu kha khc
nhau la chn. Ngy nay mt m ha mc vt l cng c quan tm nhiu, c bit l mt m
ha theo ng cng ngh, mt s phng php li dng cng ngh cao tin hnh mt m n,
thm m mun bit bn gc phi t c trnh cng ngh tng ng mi c th thc hin
c.
Nn s liu khi truyn gip chng ta bit rng ni dung thng tin truyn i bao gm d liu gc
di dng chui k t c chiu di c nh. Cho d y l trng hp ca nhiu ng dngtruyn
s liu, vn cn c nhng trng h khc, trong d liu c nn trc khi truyn i, nn d
liu l mt vic lm thit yu trong cc dch v truyn dn cng cng, v d truyn qua mng
PSTN, v trong cc mng cc mng nh vy vic tnh cc da vo thi gian v c ly truyn. .
V d chng ta truyn d liu qua mng PSTN dng tc 4800 bps, thi gian truyn ht d
liu l 20 pht. R rng nu dng nn d liu chng ta c th gim mt na s lng d liu
truyn, v c th tit kim 50% gi tin. iu ny tng ng vi vic dng tc truyn 9600
bps nhng khng nn .
Trong thc t chng ta c th dng mt lot cc gii thut nn khc nhau, mi gii thut s ph
hp vi mt loi d liu. Vi modem thng minh s cung cp c trung nn thch nghi t ng
thc hin cc gii thut nn ph hp vi loi d liu ang c truyn
Phn k thut truyn s liu qua mng my tnh cc b to cho sinh vin nhn thc c cc
mng s liu cc b thng c gi n gin l mng cc b v gi tt l LAN. Chng thng
c dng lin kt cc u cui thng tin phn b trong mt ta nh hay mt cm cng s no
. Th d c th dng LAN lin kt cc my trm phn b cc vn phng trong mt cao c hay
trong khun vin ca trng i hc, cng c th lin kt cc trang thit b m nn tng cu to
ca chng l my tnh phn b xung quanh mt nh my hay mt bnh vin. V tt c cc thit b
u c lp t trong mt phm vi hep, nn cc LAN thng c xy dng v qun l bi mt
t chc no . Chnh v l do ny m cc LAN c xem l cc mng d liu t nhn, im khc
bit ch yu gia mt ng truyn thng tin c thit lp bng LAN v mt cu ni c thc
hin thng qua mng s liu cng cng l mt LAN thng cho tc truyn s liu nhanh hn
do c trng phn cch v mt a l v c ly ngn. Trong ng cnh ca m hnh tham chiu
OSI th khc bit ny ch t biu l ti cc lp ph thuc mng. Trong nhiu trng hp cc lp
giao thc cp cao hn trong m hnh tham chiu ging nhau trong c LAN v mng s liu cng
cng. C hai loi LAN hon ton khc nhau : LAN ni dy () v LAN khng dy (wireless LAN)
nh bao hm trong tn ca tng loi , LAN ni dy dng cc dy ni c nh thc nh cp xon,
cp ng trc lm mi trng truyn dn trong khi cc LAN khng dy dng sng v
tuyn hay sng nh sng eer lm mi trng truyn dn, cch tip cn vi hai loi l khc nhau
98
Yu cu : Mi sinh vin khi c hiu chng ny phi t mnh nh ga kin thc ca mnh theo
cc vn chnh sau :
9 M ha s liu mc vt l l th no
9 Nguyn nhn li khi truyn s liu trn ng truyn cc phng php pht hin li v
khc phc
9 Mt m ha s liu mc ch v bin php tin hnh
9 Nn s liu mc ch v bin php tin hnh
9 Mng cc b phn loi v k thut truyn s liu trn mng cc b
II. NI DUNG
5.1. M HA S LIU MC VT L
S liu cung cp t my tnh hoc cc thit b u cui s liu thng dng nh phn dn cc
(unipolar) vi cc bit 0 v 1 c biu din cng mc in p m hoc dng. Tc truyn dn
ca chng c tnh bng s bit truyn trong mt giy.
Cc s liu ny khi truyn i s c bin i sang dng tn hiu s theo cc k thut m ha
khc nhau. Cc tn hiu ny c c trng bng s thay i mc in, tc truyn ca chng
v th c xc nh bng tc ca s thay i ny, cn c gi l tc iu ch v c tnh
bng Baud.
Cc phng php m ha thng dng bao gm :
9 M ha NRZ
9 M lng cc
9 M Miller
9 M nh phn a mc
so snh cc loi m ny ngi ta cn c vo cc yu t nh ph tn hiu, kh nng ng b
tn hiu, kh nng pht hin sai, kh nng chng nhiu v giao thoa tn hiu, phc tp v kh
thi. Ph tn ca tn hiu sau khi m ha s quyt nh n mt s kha cnh ca vic truyn s liu
nh rng bng tn cn thit, kh nng ghp ni vi ng truyn lin quan n tn hiu c
thnh phn mt chiu hay khng, nhiu hay t. Nu tn hiu khng c thnh phn mt chiu th s
c th ghp bng bin p, nh cch ly ng truyn bn ngoi vi my thu pht bn trong,
gim s giao thoa do nh hng ca dng mt chiu. Kh nng ng b tn hiu lin quan n
c tnh chuyn trng thi ca tn hiu c m ha gip xc nh thi im bt u v kt thc
ca mi bit chnh xc v thun li hn. Ty theo phng php m ha c th cung cp kh nng
pht hin sai n gin. ta xem xt mt s loi m lm th d nh sau
5.1.1. Mt s th d
5.1.1.1. M lng cc
Phng php ny thc hin vic chuyn i 0 ca tn hiu nh phn sang xung ca mc 0
v 1 ca tn hiu nh phn thnh xung ca 2 mc +A v -A. c tnh ca loi m ny l khng
tn ti thnh phn mt chiu v x dng lun phin +A, -A c th pht hin li. Nhc im
ca loi m ny l khng c chc nng kh cc m 0 lin tc, u thu c nhiu kh khn trong
vic tch ring tn hiu thi gian. gii quyt vn ny mt loi m khng c di nht nh
c chuyn sang cc mu c bit dng mt m lng cc mt cao ( nh BNZS, HDBN)
99
M B3ZS
Vi m ny, nu s cc xung gia 3 s 0 lin tc v xung V ngay trc, cc m my c
chuyn i thnh BOV v nu l n c chuyn i thnh OOV. Ti Bc M chng c s
dng h thng 44,736 Mbps
M B8ZS
l m nhn c bi chuyn i 8 s 0 lin tc thnh mu OOVBOVB. Chng c dng
h thng 1,544 Mbps ca Bc M
HDB2
HDB3
100
Truyn li vi s dng v i
ARQ
Sa sai
Truyn li lin tc
Truyn li vi s lp li la chn
T sa
K t
M ASCII
1000001
10000010
1010001
10100011
Phng php parity bit ch pht hin cc li n bit (s lng bit li l s l )v khng th
pht hin cc li 2 bit (hay s bit li l mt s chn)
5.2.3. Phng php kim tra theo ma trn
Khi truyn i mt khi thng tin, mi k t c truyn i s c kim tra tnh chn l theo
chiu ngang, ng thi c khi thng tin ny cng c kim tra tnh chn l theo chiu dc. Nh
vy c sau mt s byte nht nh th mt byte kim tra chn l cng c gi i. byte chn l ny
c to ra bng cch kim ta tnh chn l ca khi k t theo ct. Da vo cc bit kim tra ngang
v dc ta xc nh c to ca bit sai v sa c bit sai ny. Mt Frame coi nh mt khi k
t sp xp c 2 chiu. mi k t c bit kim tra chn l P. Nu ta sp xp cc bit ca k t ng v
tr tng ng t trn xung th ta c mt khi cc k t
Tnh theo chiu ngang, gi tr bit chn l P ca dng th i s l :
101
Rj =
102
Chn c=3
X3 +1
X8 + X7 + X5 + X3
X8
X5
X7 +
X5 + X4 + X +1
X3
X7 + X4
X4 +X
X3 +X
X3 + 1
X+1
Vy
R(x) = X+1
Q(x) = X5 + X4 + X +1
FCS /G(x) =
=
=
=
M ( 1+1)2 = 0
ta c :
Xc.M(x) +R(x)
G(x)
Xc.M(x)
+
G(x)
Q(x)
Q(x) +
R(x)
G(x)
+
R(x)
G(x)
R(x)
.
G(x)
R(x)
G(x)
(1+1)2
103
Phn d bng 0
Th d :
Thng tin truyn i l :
110101011
Thng tin nhn c l :
110101011
iu ny c ngha l truyn ng tc l R(x) phi bng 0
Kim tra CRC nh sau :
Chuyn thng tin nhn c thnh a thc :
X8 + X7 + X5 + X3 +X+1
110101011
X3 +1
X8 + X7 + X5 + X3 + X +1
X8
X5
X7 +
X5 + X4 + X +1
X3
X7 + X 4
X4 + X3 + X
X4
+ X
X3
+1
X3
+1
0 =R(x)
Mch to CRC
to m CRC c th dng phn mm d tnh CRC cho tng gi d liu , hoc tnh ton
sn lu vo bng gi tr CRC cho 256 byte sau khi tnh CRC cho tng byte th tra bng. Tuy
nhin trong thc t nhanh v gim thi gian hot ng ca b vi x l ngi ta thng dng
phn cng to CRC v kim tra. Ngi ta c th to m CRC di 12 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit. Mch
in s bao gm cc b ghi dch v cc b cng modul 2, s lng ct ca b ghi dch ph thuc
vo gi tr C chn ca hm sinh G(x)
X2
X1
Q
N
Q
X0
Q
Q
N
Thng bo
N
Q
CLK
Hinh 5.1. Mch to CRC dng ghi dch vi G(x)= X3+1
Thanh ghi
104
X2
X1
X0
Thng bo : 110101
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
Thng bo
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
110101
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 1 1 CRC
5.3. MT M HA S LIU
5.3.1. Khi qut
ng truyn s liu trong mt s trng hp cn phi c bo mt, th d nh quc phng,
ngn hng .v.v..Nh vy ngoi cc bin php x l s liu cn thit truyn thnh cng v hiu
qu,s liu cn c mt m ha bng phng php no , theo mt kha m no m ch my
pht v my thu mi bit c.
Qu trnh mt m ha v gii mt thng c thc hin mc lin kt s liu (Data link). Tuy
nhin cng c nhng vi mch c ln chuyn thc hin mt m ha v gii mt s liu. Cc chip ny
cho php ngi s dng thay i cc gii thut mt m phc tp vi rt nhiu kha khc nhau
la chn. Ngy nay mt m ha mc vt l cng c quan tm nhiu, c bit l mt m ha theo
ng cng ngh, mt s phng php li dng cng ngh cao tin hnh mt m n, thm m
mun bit bn gc phi y c trnh cng ngh tng ng mi c th thc hin c.
5.3.2. Mt m ha c in
Bn gc s c m ha bng mt kha c xc nh trc to ra mt bn m. Bn m
chnh l bn c truyn ln kn. Khi thm nhp vo knh, i phng c th thu trm c bn
m nhng v khng bit kha m nn kh tm ra c bn gc.
V mt ton hc c th m phng mt m c in nh sau :
Mt h thng m l mt tp c 5 thnh phn (P,C,K,E,D) trong :
P l tp hp hu hn cc bn gc c th
C l tp hp hu hn cc m gc c th
K l tp hp kha c th i vi mi k K c mt lut mt m eK : P C; eK E v mt
lut gii m tng ng dK: C P, dK D. Mi eK v dK l nhng nh x sao cho dK(eK(x))=x
x P
Gi s thng tin gc cn truyn l mt chui x1, x2, x3. x4xn vi n l mt s nguyn ln hn
hoc bng 1. Mi k hiu xi (1 i n c mt m bng lut eK vi kha K thng nht vi
bn thu. Ni pht s xc nh cc y theo y= eK(xi)v bn m s pht ln knh l y = y1, y2,
y3,y4.yn. pha thu hp l, s tm ra bn gc bng cch dng nh x dK(yi)=xi, ch eK v dK
phi l cc nh x 1-1, ngha l vi x1 x2 th y1 y2.
105
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Th d
Gi s kha m dch vng ny l 9 v bn gc l :
Gonewththewind
Tin hnh mt m nh sau :
Trc ht chng ta bin i bn gc thnh chui cc s nguyn theo php ly tng ng trn
bng 5.1 ta c :
6
14
19 7
13
22
19
22
13
22
13
17
13
17
22
12
16
16
106
5.4. NN S LIU
5.4.1.Khi qut
Chng ta vn gi thit rng ni dung thng tin truyn i bao gm d liu gc di dng chui k
t c chiu di c nh. Cho d y l trng hp ca nhiu ng dng truyn s liu, vn cn c
nhng trng hp khc, trong d liu c nn trc khi truyn i, nn d liu l mt vic lm
thit yu trong cc dch v truyn dn cng cng, v d truyn qua mng PSTN, v trong cc mng
cc mng nh vy vic tnh cc da vo thi gian v c ly truyn. .
V d chng ta truyn d liu qua mng PSTN dng tc 4800 bps, thi gian truyn ht d
liu l 20 pht. R rng nu dng nn d liu chng ta c th gim mt na s lng d liu
truyn, v c th tit kim 50% gi tin. iu ny tng ng vi vic dng tc truyn 9600
bps nhng khng nn .
Trong thc t chng ta c th dng mt lot cc gii thut nn khc nhau, mi gii thut s ph
hp vi mt loi d liu. Vi modem thng minh s cung cp c trng nn thch nghi t ng
thc hin cc gii thut nn ph hp vi loi d liu ang c truyn
c hay trong khun vin ca trng i hc, cng c th lin kt cc trang thit b m nn tng cu
to ca chng l my tnh phn b xung quanh mt nh my hay mt bnh vin. V tt c cc thit
b u c lp t trong mt phm vi hep nn cc LAN thng c xy dng v qun l bi mt
t chc no . Chnh v l do ny m cc LAN c xem l cc mng d liu t nhn, im khc
bit ch yu gia mt ng truyn thng tin c thit lp bng LAN v mt cu ni c thc
hin thng qua mng s liu cng cng l mt LAN thng cho tc truyn s liu nhanh hn do
c trng phn cch v mt a l v c ly ngn. Trong ng cnh ca m hnh tham chiu OSI th
khc bit ny ch t biu l ti cc lp ph thuc mng. Trong nhiu trng hp cc lp giao thc
cp cao hn trong m hnh tham chiu ging nhau trong c LAN v mng s liu cng cng. C hai
loi LAN hon ton khc nhau : LAN ni dy () v LAN khng dy (wireless LAN) nh bao hm
trong tn ca tng loi , LAN ni dy dng cc dy ni c nh thc nh cp xon, cp ng trc
lm mi trng truyn dn trong khi cc LAN khng dy dng sng v tuyn hay sng nh sng
eer lm mi trng truyn dn, cch tip cn vi hai loi l khc nhau.
5.5.2.Mng LAN ni dy
Trc khi nghin cu cu trc v hot ng ca cc kiu LAN ni y ta cn ch n cc
yu t cn chn la trong xy dng LAN
5.5.2.1. Topo.
Hu ht cc mng din rng WAN th d nh mng in thoi cng cng PSTN ( public
switching telephone network ), dng topo dng li, tuy nhin do c th phm vi vt l gii
hn ca cc thu bao (DTE ) trn LAN nn cho php dng cc topo n gin hn. C 4 topo
thng dng l Star, Bus, Ring, Tree Hnh 5.1.
Dng Bus
Dng cy
Dng Ring
Dng Star
Dng mt li
Hnh 5.1. Cc topo thng dng
108
109
110
111
112
113
Tn tht ng truyn
Tt cc cc my thu radio u c thit k hot ng vi mt t s SNR quy nh ngha l
t s nng lng tn hiu thu c trn nng lng ca nhiu ti my thu khng c thp hn
mt gi tr cho trc, nhn chung phc tp ca my thu tng th SNR gim, tuy nhin vi gi
thnh h ca cc my tnh xch tay cng c ngha l gi c chp nhn c ca cc n v giao
tip mng radio phi c th so snh tng xng vi gi thnh ca cc my tnh xch tay. Do ,
iu ny cng ng ngha vi t s SNR ca my thu phi c thit k mc cao nu c th.
Nng lng thu c my thu khng ch ph thuc vo nng lng tn hiu pht di m
cn ph thuc vo khong cch gia my thu v my pht. Trong khng gian t do, nng lng
ca tn hiu radio suy gim t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch tnh t ngun. Ngoi ra
trong mi trng b bao ph bi vn phng cng s, s suy gim cn tng hn na.
Doi cho my thu hot ng c vi mt SNR c th chp nhn c, n phi hot ng
trong h thng c mc nng lng cng cao cng tt v vi mt vng ph sng c gii h. Trong
thc t, vi cc my tnh xch tay, nng lng ca tn hiu c pht b gii hn bi s tiu th
ti n v giao tip mng radi, iu ny lm gia tng mt lng ti i vi ngun ca my tnh.
cng l l do v sao vng ph sng ca LAN n gin khng h tng c s li ngn hn LAN
c h tng c s
114
Trong mt LAN khng dy c h tng c s , v topo bit v tng din tch vng ph sng
ca mng khng dy nhiu , tng t nh LAN c dy th bng thng c sn c th c chia
thnh mt s bng con sao cho vng ph sng ca cc bng k nhau dng mt tn s khc nhau .
iu ny to ra mt hiu sut s dng bng thng tt hn v bo m cho tt c cc cell k nhau
mi cell dng mt tn s khc nhau nn mc nhiu xuyn knh c gim ti a
a ng
Cc tn hiu radio chu nh hng bi a ng, ngha l ti bt c thi im no my thu u
nhn tn hiu xut pht t cng mt my pht, mi tn hiu c dn theo mt con ng khc
nhau gia my pht v my thu. iu ny gi l s phn tn a ng v khin cho cc tn hiu
lin quan n mu/bit trc xuyn nhiu cc tn hiu lin quan n mu/ bit k tip. iu ny
c gi l nhiu xuyn mu . R rng tc bit cng cao, khong thi bit cng ngn th xuyn
nhiu mu cng ln.
Ngoi ra cn mt suy gim gi l fading gy ra bi s thay i chiu di ng i ca cc tn
hiu thu khc nhau, n lm gia tng khong dch pha tng quan gia chng, c th to ra cc tn
hiu phn x khc nhau lm suy gim ng k tn hiu trn tuyn trc tip, v trong mt gii hn
no c th kh ln nhau. Hin tng ny gi l Rayleigh Fading. khc phc hin tng
ny, hai anten thng c dng vi khong cch vt l gia chng bng 1/4 bc sng, cc tn
hiu thu c t c hai anten c kt hp li thnh mt tn hiu thu thng nht. K thut ny
c gi l phn tp khng gian ( Space diversity ).
Mt gii php khc l dng k thut c gi l cn bng ( equalization). Cc nh hng suy
gim v tr ca tn hiu trc tip ( tng ng nh tn hiu phn x a ng ) b loi tr khi
tn hiu thu thc s. V cc tn hiu phn x thay i theo cc v tr khc nhau ca my pht v
my thu nn qu trnh ny phi thch nghi. Do mch in c dng y c gi l b cn
bng thch nghi ( adaptive equalizer)
115
III. TM TT
Phn m ha mc vt l cn ch nhng im sau, cc phng php m ha thng dng bao
gm
9 M lng cc
9 M ha NRZ
9 M Miller
9 M nh phn a mc
so snh cc loi m ny ngi ta cn c vo cc yu t nh ph tn hiu, kh nng ng b
tn hiu, kh nng pht hin sai, kh nng chng nhiu v giao thoa tn hiu, phc tp v kh
thi. Ph tn ca tn hiu sau khi m ha s quyt nh n mt s kha cnh ca vic truyn s liu
nh rng bng tn cn thit, kh nng ghp ni vi ng truyn lin quan n tn hiu c
thnh phn mt chiu hay khng, nhiu hay t. Nu tn hiu khng c thnh phn mt chiu th s
c th ghp bng bin p, nh cch ly ng truyn bn ngoi vi my thu pht bn trong,
gim s giao thoa do nh hng ca dng mt chiu. Kh nng ng b tn hiu lin quan n
c tnh chuyn trng thi ca tn hiu c m ha gip xc nh thi im bt u v kt thc
ca mi bit chnh xc v thun li hn.
Phn pht hin li v sa li cn chy Khi d liu c truyn gia 2 DTE, cc tn hiu
in i din lung bit truyn rt d b thay i sai s do nhiu nguyn nhn : ng dy
truyn, lu lng truyn, loi m ng, loi iu ch, loi thit b pht, thit b thu, c bit l do
s thm nhp in t cm ng ln cc ng dy t cc thit b in gn ,Nu cc ng dy
tn ti trong mt mi trng xuyn nhiu th d nh mng in thoi cng cng. iu ny c
ngha l cc tn hiu i din cho bit 1 b u thu dch ra nh bit nh phn 0 v ngc li. xc
sut thng tin thu c bi DTE ch ging thng tin truyn t c gi tr cao, cn phi c
mt vi bin php ni thu c kh nng nhn bit thng tin thu c c cha li hay khng, nu
c li s c mt c cu thch hp thu v bn copy chnh xc ca thng tin.
chng sai khi truyn s liu thng c 2 cch :
Phn nn s liu Chng ta vn gi thit rng ni dung thng tin truyn i bao gm d liu gc
di dng chui k t c chiu di c nh. Cho d y l trng hp ca nhiu ng dng truyn
s liu, vn cn c nhng trng h khc, trong d liu c nn trc khi truyn i, nn d
liu l mt vic lm thit yu trong cc dch v truyn dn cng cng, v d truyn qua mng
PSTN, v trong cc mng cc mng nh vy vic tnh cc da vo thi gian v c ly truyn. .
Trong thc t chng ta c th dng mt lot cc gii thut nn khc nhau, mi gii thut s ph
hp vi mt loi d liu. Vi modem thng minh s cung cp c trung nn thch nghi t ng
thc hin cc gii thut nn ph hp vi loi d liu ang c truyn .Khi cc frame ch bao
gm cc k t s hc ang c truyn, chng ta c th tit kim ng k bng cch gim s bit
trn mi k t t 7 xung 4 thng qua m BCD, thay cho m ASCII. Mt phng php khc c
s dng khi truyn d liu s hc k tip ch khc nhau phn nh v gi tr l ch gi lng khc
nhau gia cc gi tr ny cng vi mt gi tr tham kho. iu ny c gi l m ha quan h v
n c th em li hiu qu c bit trong cc ng dng ghi nhn d liu.Thng thng khi cc
frame gm cc k t c th in ang c truyn thng xut hin chui lp li cc k t ging
116
nhau. Thit b iu khin ti my pht s qut ni dung ca frame trc khi truyn nu gp mt
chui k t lin tip ging nhau th chng s c thay th bi tun t s v k t khng phi tt
cc cc k t trong mt frame truyn u c cng mt tn sut xut hin Cc k t no c tn sut
xut hin ln th c m ha vi s lng bt t hn cc k t c tn sut xut hin thp. Do
s bit trn mi k t thay i nn chng ta phi dng phng php truyn ng b thin hng bit
Phn k thut truyn s liu trn mng cc b vi ni dung : Cc mng s liu cc b thng
c gi n gin l mng cc b v gi tt l LAN. Chng thng c dng lin kt cc u
cui thng tin phn b trong mt ta nh hay mt cm cng s no . V tt c cc thit b u
c lp t trong mt phm vi hep nn cc LAN thng c xy dng v qun l bi mt t
chc no . im khc bit ch yu gia mt ng truyn thng tin c thit lp bng LAN v
mt cu ni c thc hin thng qua mng s liu cng cng l mt LAN thng cho tc
truyn s liu nhanh hn do c trng phn cch v mt a l v c ly ngn.
Mng LAN ni dy Hu ht cc mng din rng WAN th d nh mng in thoi cng cng
PSTN ( public switching telephone network ), dng topo dng li, tuy nhin do c th phm
vi vt l gii hn ca cc thu bao (DTE ) trn LAN nn cho php dng cc topo n gin
hn. C 4 topo thng dng l Star, Bus, Ring, Tree . Cc topo thch hp hn vi cc LAN
c thit k thc hin chc nng ca cc mng truyn s liu nh nhm lin kt vi my tinh
cc b, l topo dng Bus v dng Ring. Tc truyn d liu c dng trong Bus v Ring
vo khong t 1 n 100 Mbps, iu kh ph hp vi vic lin kt nhm cc thit b cc b
da trn nn my tnh chng hn nh cc Workstation trong cc vn phng hay cc b iu khin
thng minh xung quanh mt h x l no .
Mng LAN khng dy Mt tp cc chun LAN khng dy c pht trin bi t chc IEEE
gi l IEEE 802.11. Thut ng v vi thuc tnh c bit ca 802.11 l duy nht i vi chun ny
v khng b nh hng trong tt c cc sn phm thng mi. c tnh ca n tng trng cho
cc nng lc mng c yu cu i vi LAN khng dy c hai dng LAN khng dy l LAN
khng dy c h tng c s, LAN khng dy khng c h tng c s
IV. PHN CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1 : so snh cc loi m c dng ngi ta cn c vo
A Ph tn hiu
B Kh nng ng b tn hiu
C Kh nng pht hin sai.
D Mt trong ba cch A, B, C
B Kh nng ghp ni vi ng truyn lin quan n tn hiu c thnh phn mt chiu hay khng,
nhiu hay t.
C
Mt trong ba trn
117
C A, C u ng
C ba trn u ng
Cu 5 : M lng cc l
A Phng php ny thc hin vic chuyn i 0 ca tn hiu nh phn sang xung ca mc 0
v 1 ca tn hiu nh phn thnh xung ca 2 mc +A v -A
B c tnh ca loi m ny l tn ti thnh phn mt chiu v khng th pht hin li
C c tnh ca loi m ny l khng tn ti thnh phn mt chiu v x dng lun phin +A, -A
c th pht hin li
D
C A v C u ng
C A,B u ng
A Mi k t c 7 bit
B Mi k t c 8 bit
C .K c bit kim tra chn (l) mi k t truyn i c 8 bit
D C A,B,C u sai
Cu 10 : Trong b m ASCII, pht biu no sau y l sai
A Mi k t c 7 bit v mt bit kim tra
B Vi kim tra chn gi tr ca bit kim tra l 0 nu s lng cc bit c gi tr 1 trong 7 bit
l chn v c gi tr 1 trong trng hp ngc li.
C Vi kim tra l gi tr ca bit kim tra l 1 nu s lng cc bit c gi tr 1 trong 7 bit l
chn v c gi tr 0 trong trng hp ngc li.
D Tt c cc trn u sai
Cu 11: tnh ton parity bit cho mt k t, pht biu no sau y l sai
A Ph thuc vo kim tra chn
B Ph thuc vo kim tra l
C S cc bit trong m k t c cng module 2 vi nhau v parity bit c chn sao cho tng
s cc bit 1 bao gm c parity bit l chn (even parity) hoc l l (odd parity)
D Tt c cc trn u sai
Cu 12 : : Pht biu no sau y v phng php parity bit l pht biu sai
A Phng php parity bit ch pht hin cc li n bit (s lng bit li l s l )
B Phng php parity bit khng th pht hin cc li 2 bit (hay s bit li l mt s chn)
C
Phng php parity bit khng th pht hin cc li 1 bit (hay s bit li l mt sl)
119
Cu 13 : Kim tra li theo phng php khi, pht biu no sau y l sai
A Khi truyn i mt khi thng tin, mi k t c truyn i s c kim tra tnh chn l theo
chiu ngang, ng thi c khi thng tin ny cng c kim tra tnh chn l theo chiu dc
B C sau mt s byte nht nh th mt byte kim tra chn l cng c gi i
C Byte chn l ny c to ra bng cch kim ta tnh chn l ca khi k t theo ct
D
Mt trong ba trn u ng
120
C A v B l pht biu ng
Cu 20 : trong mng LAN khng dy dng tn s radio , pht biu no sau y l sai
121
P N
CHNG 1
1D
2D
3C
4C
5B
6D
7D
8D
9C
10D
11D
12D
13D
14D
15A
16D
17D
18B
19D
20D
1D
2C
3C
4D
5D
6D
7C
8C
9C
10C
11D
12A
13A
14A
15A
16A
17D
18A
19C
20C
2A
7D
12A
17D
3C
8A
13D
18D
4D
9D
14C
19D
5D
10C
15D
20D
1D
2D
3D
4D
5D
6D
7A
8D
9D
10C
11C
12C
13D
14D
15D
16A
17D
18D
19B
20D
2D
7A
12C
17D
3D
8D
13D
18D
4D
9C
14A
19C
5D
10D
15B
20D
CHNG 2
CHNG 3
1D
6D
11D
16D
CHNG 4
CHNG 5
1D
6A
11D
16B
122
MC LC
CHNG 1.................................................................................................................................... 3
MNG TRUYN S LIU V S CHUN HA................................................................... 3
I
Phn gii thiu..................................................................................................................... 3
II. Ni dung.............................................................................................................................. 3
1.1. Thng tin v truyn thng.................................................................................................... 3
1.2. Cc dng thng tinv x l thng tin
..................................................................... 5
1.3 Khi qut mng truyn s liu ............................................................................................. 5
1.4. Mng truyn s liu ............................................................................................................. 7
1.5. Chun ha v m hnh tham chiu..................................................................................... 12
III. Tm tt ............................................................................................................................... 14
IV. Phn cu hi v bi tp ....................................................................................................... 16
V. Ti liu tham kho................................................................................................................ 20
CHNG 2.................................................................................................................................... 1
GIAO TIP VT L V MI TRNG TRUYN D LIU ........................................... 21
I Phn gii thiu.................................................................................................................... 21
II. Ni dung............................................................................................................................. 21
2.1 Cc loi tn hiu. ............................................................................................................. 21
2.2. S suy gim v bin dng tn hiu ..................................................................................... 24
2.3. Mi trng truyn dn ....................................................................................................... 25
2.4. Cc chun giao tip vt l ................................................................................................. 29
III. Tm tt .............................................................................................................................. 36
IV. Phn cu hi v bi tp ...................................................................................................... 38
V. Ti liu tham kho .............................................................................................................. 43
CHNG 3.................................................................................................................................. 43
GIAO TIP KT NI S LIU ............................................................................................... 43
I Phn gii thiu........................................................................................................................
II. Ni dung............................................................................................................................. 44
3.1. Cc khi nim c bn v truyn s liu. ............................................................................ 44
3.2 Thng tin ni tip bt ng b........................................................................................... 48
3.3. Thng tin ni tip ng b................................................................................................. 49
3.4. Mch iu khin truyn s liu.......................................................................................... 56
3.5. Cc thit b iu khin truyn s liu ................................................................................ 60
III. Tm tt .............................................................................................................................. 61
IV. Phn cu hi v bi tp ...................................................................................................... 64
V. Ti liu tham kho 68
CHNG 4.................................................................................................................................. 69
CC GIAO THC IU KHIN LIN KT S LIU. ..................................................... 69
I
Phn gii thiu................................................................................................................... 69
II. Ni dung............................................................................................................................ 70
4.1. Tng quan. ......................................................................................................................... 70
4.2. Cc mi trng ng dng .................................................................................................. 72
4.3. Cc giao thc thin hng k t........................................................................................ 74
4.4. Cc giao thc thin hng bit............................................................................................ 84
III. Tm tt ............................................................................................................................... 88
IV. Phn cu hi v bi tp ...................................................................................................... 92
V. Ti liu tham kho................................................................................................................ 96
CHNG 5.................................................................................................................................. 97
123
124