Introduction Piles are structural merbers that are made of ts, concrete or timber. They are ‘sed to build pil foundations, which sre deep and whch cost more then shallow foundations (See Chapters3, 4 and'5) Despite the cot the ue of piles often nee. sary to ensue structural safety Theflloming lst ents some ofthe condone that regi pile foundations (Ves, 1977) 4. When one or more uppe sol layer re highly compressible and too weak to support the load transmited by the superstars, piles are used to tras the load to undeljing Bedrock ors stronger sal ayer as shown in gute TT ‘When bedrock is ot excountered ata resronable depth below the proud Sut face piles are used to wansmi the siruturl load fo the sol pradualy The sistance tothe applied structural load is derived mainly from the factional Fesistance developed atthe sip interface, (See Fgue 1.) 2. When subjected to horoatal force (eee gue 1.1, ple foundations rest by bending, wile si spporting the vertical load tansmited by the per. structure. This ype of station i generally encountered inthe design and eon strton of eathetinng structures a foundations of tll tuetres ha ate subjected to high wind ort earthquake forces. In many eases expansive and collapible sll may be present atthe site of @ proposed structure. These sols may exten tas great depth below the ground ‘Surface. Expansive sols swell andsbrink as ther mle content increases and decreases and the presue ofthe sweling can be considerable f shallow foun dations are used in such circumstances the structure may sifer considerable ‘damage, However, pile foundations may be considered an altemative wien piles are extended Beyond the active 2ote, whichis where swellings shrink Ing occa, (See Figure 1110) Sol sucha oes are collapsible in natuce When the moisture conten of these soils increases their structures may breakdown, A sudden decrease inthe old ato of soi induces large setlements of rates supported by shallow Foundations In suc cases pl foundations maybe used in which te piles at ‘extended into stable sal ayers beyond the zone whete mofstrewillekangs492 chopterst_ Pe Foundations _ , ae hie ! i i ies | Figure 11. Condtions that requ he ws of pile ound 4: The foundations of some structures, sucha ratsmssion towers otiore plat forms, and basement mats Below the water table are sibjeced to pling forces. les are sometimes wed for thee foundations to resist the uplifting force (See Figure 1116) 5. Bridge abutments and piers are usually constructed ever ple foundations to sod the los of bearing capacity that a shallow foundation might suffer be- ‘nus of si erosion atthe ground surface (Se Figure I1.1¢) Although numerous investigations, both theoretical and experimental, have been conducted in the pas o predict the Behabor and the load-bearing enact) ‘of piles in granlar and cohesive soils, he mechanisms are not yet entirely under ‘sod and may never be. The design and analysis of ile foundations may that be Considered somewhat of an art at 4 resull of the uncertsinies Involved in ‘working with some subsoil conditions This chapter dicises the pent sate of the art12 112 Wpsso Pies and Their Structural Characters 499 Types of Piles and Their Structural Characteristics Ditferentypes of ples ae used in construction work, depending on the typeof load tobe cried the subsoil conditions andthe oeaon othe water abe Pls canbe vided into te following eteporie (a) steel ples, (6) concrete piles (c) wooden (Cimber pies and (6) composite ples ‘Stoo! Ptes Stel piles generaly ae eter pipe pls or rolled steel section ple Pipe ples an be driven ino the ground with thei ead open or closed, Wide-fange tad 1 Seaton steel beams can also be used a piles However, H-aesion ples ate usally preferred because ther web and Mange thicknesrs ae eal (In wide nge an [section beams. the web thicknesses are smaller than the thicknesses ofthe flange) Table! gives the dimension of some standard H section ses plesused inthe United States Table 11.2 show selected pipe sections frequency sed for pi ing purposes In many eases he pipe ples are ied wih concrete aftr they hove ben den. ‘The allowable srwtural capacity for ste piles is n= Ad any whore A, = eos sectional aren othe tse} = allowable stesso soe (033-05 f) (Once the design fond for a pili fixed, one should determine on the bass of go ‘echnical considerations. whether Qua s within the allowable range us dened by Eile ‘When necessary. set ples are spliced by welding or by riveting, Figure i128 shows atypical splice by welding for an Heple A typial splice by welding for Pipe piles shown in Figure 11.28 Figute Lisa diagram ot splice of an Hie byrvets or bots ‘When hard driving conditions are expected. such a driving though dense cael shal, or soft oc set pls canbe fied with driving points or eses i ‘res 11.23 and 11.2 are diagrams of two types of shoe wed for pipe ples ‘Stel pies ay be subject to corrosion. For example, swamps peat and ether ‘onganic sols are corrosive. Sols that have a pH seater than 7 arent so corrosive. “To offset the effect of corrosion an additonal thickness of see (ver the acl eslgned coss-sectional area) is generally recommended In many cireumstanoes| factory applied epoxy coatings on pls work saifactortyagsnst corrosion These ‘coatings are not easly damaged by ple ding Concrete enssserment of sel ples in most corrosive zones lo protect spans corosan, Tollowing ae some general facts abou see pes: ‘Usual length: 15m to 60m (50 to 2008) Usual oad 300 KN to 1200 KN (67 kip t0 265 kip)496 chapter?) Ale Foundations Advantages a Ey o handle with respect wo cutoff and extension fo the desired length «©. Can penetrate hard ayers such as dense gravel and sft os 4. High londcarrying capacity Disadvantage 2: Relatively cost 1 High evel of noise during pile driving 4. Hopes may be damaged or deleted from the vertical daring driving ‘through har ayes or past major obstructions ‘ible 1:44 Conon HP Seton won te Ute Sates (61 Unis) Seefem ‘wean HP 2055, HP 300% 194 x12 ‘rom x 6 ios om m2 os iss a 113 mas na Wa ‘mt at So xe on Ff ie mn 8 rd 2s 2 8112 Taso Plo and Ther Stuur! Cnrctratcs 495, {ible 1.3 Connon Hil Section wed the Unie States Engh Units) Sait Tees =z SE oa seg RSE neem _ Sen BE. omit seen HEF ence ae nee e & as Ros x8 Pe ee went 48 <8 MSR 8 ise wie ste BY ue Bas BB & Rhee xa Bo MS RR weutth : ce Babs a Fr 3 2 3S i 3 a ee ee Ilo rzr sncestyerie ah Stolp Sac, SoS ethoww SS SF SS = a Sas mR = is Boom oe = BOR» th Bk ie ae oh = & Bos te & aR see o & Be He ae ae ae am ed & & oe Be wee oe = os = ae Be Sos OG SB oe bs 8 ch Bs om Bs oso 369496 Chapter 1T_ le Founsaone Figure 11.2. Steal a splicing of Hpi by wine: () pn of pipe ile by vel (6) ples Fie by sol sad bal (8) fa ring pt oe ps (heomes ering pont of pipe le Concrete Piles Concrete ples may be vied ata to basic categories) precast piles ad (2) cast ‘si ples Precast pies canbe prepared by wing ordinary reinforcement, ad hey ‘an be square or octagonal in cross secon. (See Figure 11.3) Reinforcement i provided to enable the ple to resist he bending moment developed during pekp land transportation the vert load, athe bending moment caused by & ater toad. The piles ae caso desired engi and cored before Ung transported othe worksites Some soneal facts about concrete piles aes allows: + Unuattengeh 10m to 15 m (08 $0.0) {Una tnd 3001 to 3000 EN (6 kip 675 kip)112. Typev of Plead Tel Structural Chrctarstce 497 nie ung nt Figure 113. ect pies wth oxseny esoxcemeat + Advantages: Can besubjected to hard diag 1 Corresion esant © Can be easly combined + Deadantges 1 Dificuit to achieve proper euttt 2 Ditout to tanspor conerete superstructure Precast piles can alto be prestesie bythe use of highstrength see pre suresing cables. The ultimate’ strength of these cables is about 1800 MN} 260%). During casting of the pls, the cables are petesioned to about 300 to T0 NIN/m(=130 to 190 ksi). and concrete is poured around them. After uring the cable are eat, producing s compressive free onthe ple section, Table 113 gives additonal information about prestressed coneet ples with square abd ‘octagonal ers soctions ‘Some general acts about precast prestressed piles ae as allows: Usual length: 10 m1 45 m Gf 10 1508) 4 Maximum enh: 60 m (20011) {Maximum loud 700 RN to 8800 UN (170 kip to 1800 ki) “The advantages and disadvantages ae the same as those of precast piles ‘Catia, or cain places ate bul by making hole inthe round and then filing it with concrete Various types of cas-inplace concrete piles are currenty ‘sed in construction and most of them have ben patented by tei mansfatarers “These piles may be divided into two broad eateries. (3) cased and () unease. Both ypes may have a pedestal at the botor. Cased pile are made by driving a ste casing nto the ground wit the help of 1 mandrel placed ise the esig. When the pil reaches the proper depth the ‘mandrel is withdrawn andthe essing i filed with concrete. Figures 11a, 1.40, 14, and 1-td show some examples of eased ples without pedestal Figure 114498 Chapter ste Foundations Table 11.34 Typical Pretec Cont Fin Use (S Uni) ‘won ening zee aewet Mmbecstenane “Scan sion aro a 5 we oie art ste dee Shes mS % Ge mje oes wis 4 33ers Sse wm 6 «7489 oe os ne S ioe Sot tow. ot ie os tate) tae ss i 0 woo 1558 ia ss of i ios let S See yew rs hia by done oe ito m iss ise ae S39 ass ios ones o 8 ati tao sion aot sa OR ts ras ss Sa oS me Ve Seok 2683 S88 I et il fro ‘shows a cate pile wit pedestal The pedestals an expanded concrete bul thats formed by dropping a hammeron fest concrete Some general facts about cased cast-inplce ples ae as follows: Usual length m 0 15 m (15 ft 508) Maximum length 30 m to 40m (100 to 130) ‘Usual load: 200 KN to 500 EN (4S kp to 115 kp) Approximate maximum load: 800K (180 kp) Advantages Relay cheap 1 Allow for inseetion before pouring concrete Easy toextend112 Typer fe and Tha Siuctrl Carat 499 Table 12.36 TypinPrestesed Cones Pe In Use (English Unis) cose Se cc a es os ee Step Taper Fe } ] sion Meat Pe Coed e | J terete || y cee | aera | S73ete0 U U cvnmencnen || mpc Fo) "Reel yeoman Meine cr || an (feumeisaraon [S| Gobe0m (opr Seog smeaom 2] OOH toon S ea a Figure 118 Caines const pis{500 copter Pe Foundations + Disadvantages: Ditficult to splie ater coosreting 1 Thin casings may be damaged during driving + Allowabie load On = AL Ad (12) where A, = area ros section of tes! fea of rss section of oncrete of = allowable stress of ste! 49. allowable stress of concrete Figures 1141 and 114 sre two types of uncased ple one with pedestal and the other without The ances pies are mace by fit ding the casing othe deed ‘pth and then fing with fresh concrete The exing then radaly witha, Following are some general facts about uneatedeastn-plac conte ple Usual ength:5 m0 15 m (151050) Maximum length 30m to 40m (104 to 130) ‘Usual oad: 300 KN 0 00 kN (67 kip to 13 ip) ‘Approximate maxintm loa 700KN (160 kip) ‘Advantage: 2 Initaly economic 1. Can be finshed at any elevation + Disadvantages 1. Voids may be create if concrete i placed repay 1 Ditcult to spice after conreting &;lnsotsois the sides ofthe hoe may cave in. squeting he concrete + Allowable os n= Ade a3) where ‘Agi area of 10s section of concrete ‘© llowabe tess of conctete Timber Ptes Timber piles are tcee ‘ranks that have had their brasches and bark carey ‘rimmed of The maximum length of mos tier ple 10 fo 201 (30 to688).70 qualify for use asa pile, the Umber should be saight sound, and without any de fects Ta American Society of Cv Engineers" Manual of Pacice, No.1? (199), ‘vided tnber pls into three cases 1 Glas pies cary beavy loads The minimum diameter of the but shouk! be 386mm (itn), 2. Class 8 piles are used to carry medium losd, The minimum butt diameter ‘should 82308 t0 330mm (121013). . 23. Class € piles ae used in temporary construction work. They an be used pet ‘manendy for stvetures when the enie pile below the water able Them ‘mum but diameter shouldbe 305mm (2 i). 'n aay case, a ple tip should not hae diameter less than 150 mm (in).112 Taso Pes nd Thr Stal haracersce 504 ‘Timber piles cannot withstand hard diving sess: therefore, the pile capacity is generally ited, See shoes may be used to avoid damage athe ple tip (bottom). ‘Te tops of umber piles may also be camaged during the deving operation. The crushing ofthe wooden fibers caused by the pact ofthe hammer i fefered 10 a8 Dreomaing To avoid damage tothe opal the ile ametal band ora ap may e sed Splicing of timber piles should be avoided, particularly When they ae ex. peste to cary a tense load ora lateral bad, However, if ping is necessary, it fan be done by using pipe sleeves (se Figure 1.5) or metal soaps and bol (2 Figure 11.36). The length ofthe sleeve sould beat est ve ties the diameter of the pile. The butting ends should be cut square so that ful contact ea be main- fained. The spiced portions shouldbe eareflly wimaed so tha hey tig 0 {he inside ofthe pe seve Inthe case of metal strap and bots the buting ens Should alo be cut square The sides ofthe spliced portion shouldbe trimmed plane forputing the straps oa “Timber ples can stay undamaged indeftnitey i they are surrounded by eat sated soll However, a marine envionment timber piles are sje oat by ‘atous organiza snd canbe damaged extensively n'a few months When loeted above the water able the pies are subject to attack by insects The lie ofthe ples ‘maybe increased by treating them wih preservatives suchas creosote. ‘Tre allowable load-carrying capacity of wooden piles is a ™ Ashe au where ‘Ay = average area of eos section ofthe pil f= allowable stress onthe timber it be hh 4 ey tis “= y \ ill Foore 118. Spisegot tic pn set estes) ot @ ® Inca apsan bots502 Craptr 11 Pe Foundations 11.3 ‘The following allowable szeses are for pessuretrested round timber piles made from Pacific Coast Doupins fir and Southern pine wied in bydraulic stratus (ASCE, 1995): Paci Coast Douglas Fir ‘Compression parallel to grain: 6:04 MN (875 lin’) ‘Bending: 1.7 N/a? (1700 bin.) Horizontal shear: 046 MN/a (35 Ijin) (Compression perpendicular to grain: L31 MN (190 bf Southern Pine ‘Comnression parallel to rain: 5.7 MN/m? (825 fin?) Bending: 1.4 N/m! (1650 ia?) erizontl sear: 062 MN (50 bin) CCompeesion perpendicular to ran: él MN? (205 bn?) ‘The usual length of wooden ples i Sm to 18 m (15 1050). The maximum length i about 30m to 4 (100 ft to 130). The ust load eared by wooden piles 300 KN 1 50 RN (67 kip to 11S kip) Composite Pies “The upperand lower portions of compeste pile are made of dllerent materials For ‘eample.compste ples may bemadc of sel und conctet ribet snd coneree ‘Steel-and concrete ples consist of lower portion of sel snd an upper portion of ‘eastinplce concrete This typeof ple used when the length ofthe ple requied for adequate bearing exceeds the eapscity of simple castinplae concrete ples. Timberand-concrete ples wually const ofa lower portion of timber pile Blow the permanent wate fable and an upper portion of coneret (nny ese, fering prope ents betwen two die materials iil a for tat reason com poste ples ae not widely used Estimating Pile Length Selecting the type of ple to be used and estimating its necessary length ae fay liu tasks that requte good judgment. In addition to being broken dove into the clssifiestion piven in Seton 112, piles canbe died ila three major cate. ‘sores, depending oa thelr lengths and the mechanisms of lo trate tothe si {@) point bearing pies, (b) fio piles, and (c) compaction pl Point Bearing Piles I soitborng recon establish the presence ofbedock or rcklike mater a site ‘win resonable dept, ples can be extendedto the rock surface (Se Figure 1.) Tn this eae, the late opacity of the ples depends entirely onthe loading a Pasty ofthe underying materia, the ples are eles po bering ples In mos ‘of hase aes, the neces length ofthe le eon be fry wel exabishe,a ® a, 4 4 + we ¢ e ey | se pt] [Tae pl] [tage te Ree i f 2-4, ea, ama « = dea ofpeoncn © ‘Figure 1.8) and (2) Poa tease pi: () ion pee ‘Intend of bedrock, aay compact and hard statu of soli encountered aca eessnable depth piles canbe extended few meters into the hard tate (See Figure 11h) Pies vith pees cane castacted onthe bed ofthe hard stratum, and the ultimate ple oad maybe expressed as 2.=0,+0, sy where (0, ~ load carried athe pie post (0, = load cared by skin ricion developed atthe side of the pile caused by shear- sngresitance between te vit andthe pile) 10, is very small. 2-2, as) 1m this cae the required pile length may be entimated secratey if proper subsoil exploration records are avalible Friction Piles ‘When no layer of rock or roeklike materi is present ata reasonable depth at ase, point beariag ples become very long and uneconomical. In this ype of subs pes fe riven though the softer material to bpected depts (See gure 1.6) The ul timate oad afte piles nay be expressed by Eq. (115) However ithe valve of 2, Isrelatively small, then or ayy “These ples ara calle fiction ples, because most oftheir resistance is derived from skin fetion. However the term fon ple used often ip the508 Chapter 1? Pe Foundations 14 erature, is & misnomer fn ‘caused by adhesion, “The lengths of friction pies depend on the shear suength ofthe si the ap ‘lied oad and the ple si To determine the necessary lenge of these piles an en. Bineer needs a good understanding of soi-pile interaction, good jument, ad fxperience Theoret prosedures for ealulatng the lo-besring capacity of ples are presented ater inthe chapter. layey sols the resistance to applied load i also Compaction Piles Under ceriinsrcumstances. piles are driven in granular soils to achieve proper ‘compaction of soil closet the ground surtice, These ples are clled compaction piles The lengths of compaction piles depend on factors such ss (a) the relative Gensity ofthe sol before compaction, (b the desied relative density of the sil after compaction. and (c) the requzed depth of compaction. These ples ae gen- rally short: however, some field tests ate necesry to determine reasonable length. Installation of Piles ‘Most ples ate driven int the ground by means of hammer or sbratory avers In Special ercumstances, pes ext aso be inserted by Jeing or porn angering THE ‘ypes of harmer used for le diving include (a) the dop hammer. () the Sagle- sting ai oF seas hammer) the double acting and leet ai or steam hams ‘mer and () the deel hammer Inte ving operation, ap tached othe top ihe ple cushion may be wed between the ple ad the cap. Te cshion ha he lect of edcing the impact force and spreading it over a lange ine: however, he {eof the cushion optonal.A hammer cshion pled onthe pl cap The hash ‘mer drops onthe custen ‘Figure 1, istrates various hammers A érop bammer (see Figure 1.73) s ‘ised bya winch an allowed to drop from a certain eight Ie the oldest ype ‘ot hammer used for ple diving The mein disadvantage of the drop hammer Slow rae of blows The principle of he singe-sting ato steam hammer shown Jn Figure 1.76 The suing pst. or ams raised by ar oF seam prestre and then drops by gravity. Figure I Te shows the operation ofthe double ating ad der fetal aor steam hummer Ale or steam i used both fo ase he rim and to pith {downward thereby increasing the impact velocity ofthe ram. The diel hammer (Gee Figure 1.74) conse esentilly of s ram, an anil lock and uel nection system, First the ramis used an felis injected near the anvil Thea the raise leased. When the ram drop it compeeses the air-fuel mixture, which ignites This tion. in eect, pushes the pile downward and raises ‘he ram. Diesel hammers ‘Work well under hard driving conditions In soft sal, he downward movement of {he pile is ater large andthe upward overeat ofthe eam small This fe ntl may fot beslicent to pte the at Tuel trae the ram may have to beL_ o ‘gure 1.7. Peeing equipoen(a drop Bammer) Sapleaing sorters ‘The principles of operation of a vibratory ile driver are shown n Fight 1.7. ‘This ever costs exentaly of two counterotating weighs The horizontal so ponents ofthe ential fore generated a a result of ating masses cance! each father. A& a rel sinusoidal cymamic vertal fre ie produced on the pl and hips drive the pile downward Figee 11 fsa photograph of wbratory ple diver. Figure 1.8 shows apie Akiving operation nthe fel “ting ehnigue that is rometimes ved in pile ving when the pile needs to penetrate a thin layer of hard sll (such as sand and gravel) overlying layer of ‘sles Te this tecigue water is discharged atthe pl point by meats of pipe 504075 mm (2 to 3in} in diameter to wash and loosen the snd and gravel Pes ven a ab angle to the vertical, spiel 14 020, ae ferred to as bauer piles Batter ples ae used in up piles when higher latefaloud-bearing co pacity te required. Pe also may be advanced by pail sugering, wih owe? Sugers (Gee Chapter 2) uted to predsil oles pat ofthe was. The pie can then De inserted into the holes and driven tothe desired dept Piles may be divided into two categories based on the nature oftheir pace ments displacement piles an nondsplcement piles Driven piles are dspace ‘ment piles, because they move some scl ately hence, there ia tendeney for114 Ieasion of Pies 807 Figure 118. pitesvng oes inthe el (Contry of ECS, srry of inches, Kore ensication of sil surrounding them. Concrete piles and closed-ended pipe piles are high-dsplacement ples However, tel Hrpiles dplace less si later. Elly ding driving s they at low-daplacement piles Tn contrat, bored ples are fondaplacement pies because thir Placement eaures very lite change inthe Fat of sres nthe rll508 Chapter 17 Pe Foundations 11.5 Load Transfer Mechanism ‘Tae lond transfer mechanism fom api tothe sie commplicated To understand, onside ape of length 2s shows a Figure 1 93 The lod on he ple sadly Increased from zo to Q, a at he ground wurface. Par of ths load wil be ceited bythe side tion developed slong the sha, ® » Soa a smo) — + aa a1 F “11.6: 118 EquaonforEmimatiog Pile Copeciy 509 the pile. Now, how are Q, znd Q; elated to the total load? IF measurements ace made to obtain the load cased by the ple hah, Q.y at any dep heals oF the variation found wil be tke that shown neurve' of igure 1199 The coal restance per unitare at sy depth maybe determined 80.) mua where p = perimeter ofthe cross section of the ple Figure 11, shows the vai ‘on of fy with dept, the lord ( a the ground sutace i gradually neease, maximum fitonal resistance along the ile shaft wil be fly mabiized when the relative displacement between the soll nd the pl about Sto 10mm (02 1003 in).espectve ef the pile size and length L. However, the masimm pont esitance Qs = Q, wl ot be ‘obilized unl the tipo the ile has moved abou 10 t0 25% ofthe pile width (or meter). (The lower limi applies to driven pies and the upper lint to bored piles). ‘Atulimate loud (Figure 113 and carve 2a Fite 11.95), Qio) = Qu Thus a-0 faa ans) and @-9, ‘The preceding explanation indiates that Q, (or the unit ski tion, along the pile Shas developed ata muck smaller ple dsplacenen compared hte point Fetinane Op ‘At aia lod the fire race in he sol at he le ip (a bering capacity future caused by 0.) He hat ehown in Figure 11. Note ha ple foundations ae deep foundations ané that the si fas mast na punching meade setae re viously in Figures 3 e and 33, That ga iagulr Zor, developed tthe pl whichis posh downward without producing any exer visible sip surface. Incense sands ands elayey soi a radial shea gone, I, may pay develop Hens. he Toad placement carves of pls wl rene thee showin Figure Te Equations for Estimating Pile Capacity ‘The ulate load-carrying capacity Q, ofa pile is given by the equation 20,40, cas) where 0, = load-arying capacity ofthe pile point 1, = tctional resistance (ekin tition) derived from the soil-ile inerface (86 Figue 11.10) [Numerous published suds cover the deteemizaion ofthe values of Oy and, Excellent reviews of many of there nvextations have been povided by Vis (177 Meyetbot (1976, and Coyle and Case (1981), These studies afford an sight int the problem of determining the timate ple cacyeee al Se wa TIP oocyte | hu TO a, 5 hg ofeosnca Pe Point Bearing Copssity, 0, The timate bearing capacity of shallow foundations was dscised in Chapter 3. According to Teranghis equations, | = 13EN. + gM, + 04yBN, (Cor shallow iquare foundations) 4 1SEN, + gh +03yBN, (Cor shallow een foundations) Simiatythe general beating capacity equation for shallow foundations was given | in Chapter for veri loading) ae Gs = ONE ANF + DDN Fae ‘ence.n general theultimate oa-bearing capacity may be exprested a y= ONE aN + YBN (39) where NP,1V5, and Ns ae the bearing capacity factors that inci the necesary t Shope and dep xtors Pile foundations are deep However, the ultimate rexitance pr unit tea deve. ‘ped atthe ile ti. gy- may be expressed by sx equation similar infovn to (1.10) . hough the values of 7.27, and N3willebange The notation wed inthis ebpter foe the wid ofa piles D Hee sbstituing D for Bin £4 (1.10) ges, d= = CNS + 4NG + DN} aun)116 Euston fr Etiating Mle Capscty 519 Because the width D of piles relarvly small. she term yDN may be dropped from the right sie ofthe preceding equation without introducing a serous ero thus we have a eNt tay quay Note thatthe term hasbeen cepaced by io Eq. (1.12).t sia effeive ves- ‘ea stese Ths he point bearing of ple = Ay = ALENE + aIND), aus) of pile tip abesion ofthe sol supporting the ile tip ‘ni point restance 4 = fective vertal tess atte level ofthe pile Sip NEN} = the bearing expacity factors Frictional Resistance, Q, “The frictional, or ki, esitance ofa ile may be writen a8 = 2 pare cg) where P= perimeter of the pile section AL fnerementa pile length over which p and fare taken tobe cont = uni tion Fesitanee at ay depth < ‘Te various methods for estimating Q, and, ate dscussed inthe next sever c= ‘ions Itneed tobe reemphasized tha inthe filo ul mobization ofthe point resstance(Q,) the ple Up must go hough a diplacement of 10.0 25% ofthe pile sid or dnt. Allowable Load, ‘Alter the total ultinate load-carrying capaci ofa pleas been determined by sum- ‘ming the pot bearing capacity and the ional (o ski} restanes, a reatone factor ofstety shoul be usd fo obtain tke otal allowable lead fe each pe, ot 2 n= 8 where Qq4= allowable load ‘Step 2. Average the vals (ga) between the pl tip andBD above the pile sion the pth e-d-e-F ung the minimum path ad ignoring minor peak depressionsPowe 1417 Duck method Sup 3. Caste at aa) ye 1G 4,0 BE, «1309, «35, ‘where p, = atmosphere pressure (=100 kN/nor 200 ff?) ‘DeRuiter and Besingen (1973) secanmended the following ales fork for san: + L0for OCR (overconsoiaton ratio) + OT for OCR = 2104 Natingha and Smermann (175) and Sehnertmasn (978) recom senda the folowing ltestip franc p= RRA, w sp, a3)526 chapter 19 Pte Foundations In this equation -R, = seduction factor, which s fonction of the undesined shear strength Rj = Lor eleticone penetrometer, = 0.6 for mechanical cone penetrometer ‘The interpolated values of R, with «provided by Schmermann (1978 areas follows: 11,12 Frictional Resistance (Q,) in Sand ‘According to Ee (1.14. thefritona resistance 0. 3p als ‘The uot rietonlressance, shard to estimate In making an estimation off sv rl rportant factors mus be kept in ind 4 The sature of he pl instalation, For even ples in sand the vibration caused using ple diving helps density the sil around the ple The zone ofsand den sileation may be a much as 25 mes the ple ameter, ia the sand surrounding the lle, 2 Ithas been observe that the nature of aration of fin the feds approximately sasshown in Figure 1.18 The uni shia fcsoninereses with depth more or ss 7 De LU igre 11.18. Uni ional resstance for isin san1112 Priors Restance (2) in Sand 525 linearly toa depth of Lad remain constant there The magituée of the cicl depth may be 151 20 pile diameters A cnseevatve estimate would be v=1sp (as ‘3.At similar depths, the unit skin fiction ia loose sand is higher fo 8 bigh- isplscement ple compared with low-dplacement pile. 4. Atsimlar depts bored, or etd ples wll ave alowerunitskin rion com pared with den pies. “Ting into account the precoding factors we can give the following appro sate relationship fr fee Figure 11.18) Pore = 0101 (1138) andtfore = L't0L, 139) 3 Selle friction angie In rea the magitue of K varies with depts approximately equ tthe Rankine passive earth pressure coe cen. Kathe topo the pe and may bees ‘han theatres pressure soetficien. Kata greater depth Based on preset aval ble results the allowing average aes OFK sre ecommmendedor useing (11.38) SRT 1 sng’ 9K, = U5 a) “The values of (rom varios investigations appear oe inthe range tom 0.4! 08s Cope nd Castelo (1581) in conjunction wi the materi presented in See tion 1.10, proposed that = fuple = (KD tan8)pL 190) swhere = average effective overburden pressure = soil-ple rion angle = 084" ‘The lateral earth pressure coefcient K, which was determined from fil observa- ‘ons shown in Figute 1119. Thus if thet faut is red, Q,= Koztan(086')pL quay{526 Chapter 11 le Foundations Figure 11.19 varaton otk Se L/D (deem (Coie and Caste 58) Correlation with Standard Penetration Test Results “Meyertot (1996) indicated that the average nit frictional resitance, fy fo high displacement deven pes may be obtained frm average corrected standard pene tration resistance values a8 fy * 002.(F) au) average value of standard penetration sesistance mosphere presse (=100 kN/m or 200 If) Forlow-displacement éiven piles fa 0017,(Re) aus) Thus = pf cua Correlation with Cone Penetration Test Resuts In Section 11.11, the Duteb method for calultng pile tip capac Penetation test els was dseribed. fn conjunction wi sing il Tingham and Sehmertpann (1975) an Schmestmans (1978) provided corelations1112 Fredonl Resistance (Qin Sand 527 Stenson 97 None nten 1975) Setmennan coy cng nt Srna (975) gure 11.24. Vion of with embednnt at for piles ie oad mechani cone penetrometer {or estimating 0, sng the tional esistance (obtained during cone penetra- tion test According to this method + fea «sy “The variations of wit 2D fr else cone and mechanical cone penetrometers ste shown n Figures 11.20 and 1121, espectvely We have ,= Sp(AL)f = Ee(SL)e‘f, 4s)11.13 Frictional (Skin) Resistance in Clay Estimating the ritonal (or skin esstance of pls in lai amos aiff task as estimating that in sand (see Section 1112) de tothe presence of several variables that eanot easily be quantified. Several methods for obtaining the unt froma stance of ples are deserted inthe bteratre We exaine some a them Rex A Method ‘This method, proposed by Vijyvergiya and Fact (1972), is besed onthe assump- ion thatthe displacement of soi caused by ple driving rests in a passive lateral Pressure at any depth and tha the average unit shin vestance Su = NG+ 26) ausn where 1% = mean etfecsive veri sres forthe ene embed length 6, = mean undesned shear sength (= 9) ‘The value of changes wth the depth of penetration fhe ple (See Tbe 1.7) Tha, the total ition resistance may be calculated ss = pif Care shoud be taken in biasing the values of 7 and, in layered soi, Figure 11.22 hips explain the reason, Figure 1.224 shows pile penetrating three layers of cay. According to Fagure 11.225, the mean vale of e's Cele * Cans te dE, Table 12.7 Vsiaton of ith pleembedmest Engh. Cetin 8 7 35 0 aes 8 200, » ons s O12 a oun ” ono a Duo1118. Fiona (Ste Reston inclay 529 dae T io ah ° Figure 11.22. pletion of method in yee it Silay, Figure 1.22 shows the plot ofthe variation of ettetive stress wth depth ‘The mean efetve stress is Apt Ant Ast Aut Art Ay az = aay) where Ay, Ay Ay... = areas of the verti eetve stress diagrams, a Method ‘According tothe @ method, the unit skin resistance in dlayey wils canbe rpre= sented by the equation fey 4) tre = empl aden ao: Teapot vrtnof heal tas Sevinme is thecer bev eeie ten pretonete Sieg ssa y Rasp st Mary G08 Wh he O=3heAt satpal is B Method ‘When piles are driven into saturated clays the pre water peste inthe 0 around the pls inceass The excess pore water essen nommally consolidated clays may befourtosixtimes<, However withina noah ors, thispresnre gradual dsptesChapter 11 Plo Foundations 12 a anc on ep 8) ws 30 a ee Figure 1123 Vinton ofa with oz Hence the tnt tonal resistance fr the ile canbe determined onthe bsiofthe etetve sess paneer the ey ina remolded state (0) Ths at any depth f= pei, (sy) where = vertical effective res B= Kandy cus) (9h = drained reton angle of remolded clay [R= earth prostate cothicint CConservatvely the mapnitad of Kis the earth pressure coefficient a et, oF K=1 singe (lornormalyconsotidsted clays) (1158) and K=(1~singy)VOER (Cor oveconslidatedclays) (154) where OCR = oreronsolidation ratio. ‘Combining Eqs (1151, (1152), (1.3), and (11.4), for momallyconsl- dated clas yields J (= sing) undies (uss) nd for overconslidated cys, J = (1 singn)tan 6; VOCR 0; ass) With the vale of determined, the toa tina estan may be evaluated = ¥paLcanta 1138 Poin Bering Cxpsny of Pes Rasing on Rock 634 Figure 1124 Vinson a! wih pres inlay IO0EN/a oe 200) Correlation with Cone Penetration Test Results ‘Nottingham and Schmertmann (1975) and Schmertmana (1978) foun the corel ‘ion frunit skin cuon ineay (with 6 = 0) tobe fake cas The variation of with the fictional resistance fisshown n Figure 11.24-Ths, Q,* Sfp(AL) « Be/fp(SL) (138) Point Bearing Capacity of Piles Resting on Rock Sometimes ples are driven to an underying layer of rock. n such cases, the engi- ‘eer must evaluate the bearing capacity ofthe Fock. The wlimate unit pot ress- tance in rock (Goodman 1980) is approxiately = aN 2) cs) where Ngo tans + 612) 1, = unconfined comnpresion eng of rock = drained angle of rition532 Chapter 17 Pe Foundaone en ee : Tae aT ee acces on ee = “Sandstone 70-140 10:000-2 Limestone 30-40 { = fe ieee | = es ‘Shale 33-70, -so00--10.000 =e oo Grnie —rap-210 2000-30100 ii) Bow | car eee ‘The unconfined compression sength af oc can be determined by laboratory tests | ‘on rock specimens collected during Geld investigntion. However, extreme couion shouldbe used in obtaining the proper value of q, because laboratory specimens ‘sally ae stalin ameter As the siameterof the specimen incteses the uncon, lined compression srength decreases—a phenomenon refered to asthe sae eet For specimens Ings than about (3) im dameter the vale of, temas ppcoximately constant There appears tobe 3 fourfold to fivefold reduction of the ‘magnitude of 9, n this process The sale effect in rock is eased primany by tan, domly distributed large and sll ractures and ako by propessie plus slg ‘We splines Hence, we always recommend that een um ‘Thble 118 ls some representative values of (aboratry) unconfined com pression lengths of rock. Representative valuzs ofthe rack fiction angle gare ‘ven in Tbe 119 ‘A actor of aft of a lest 3 shouldbe used lo determine the allowable point. bearing capaty of piles Ths, acaren(Ne t Wie asi) ‘A coneete ile is 0 (L) long and 16 in. 16in. in exos section, The plein etabedded in sand for which = 1101b/f° and’ = 30" Cae the point ond, by using 1 Meyerhofs method (Section 1.7) Bb. Vese's method (Section 113). Use J, = 6 Janbu’s method (Secon 11.9), Use n= 90° 501144 Poin Boing Capo of ee Rating on Rack 839 Solution Pata From Bg. (1115), resent pee ow aeanoe 0 (EHS ae) sa ss = 0 anm5)¢9( 16x16 ex ) nan tee ra ep cvs cnanaaeiniae 0, y= oo = a[ 220888] Ford = 30" aI, = $0 the value of Ni about 36 Table 1). 20 a= (Sete) 8 ety sos ‘From Eq. (11.31) with e' = 0. 0, = Aa'N, aa ($b) (UE aon = ony ee 4 Determine the ftional restance,Q, Use Eqs (11.14), (11.38), and (11.39) ‘Given: = L3 and d= 084 ‘Using the rer of Example 111 and Part of hie problem, estimate thea Towable ladcarryng capacity ofthe pte. Given: FS534 Chaptertt Pie Foundations ‘Solution Porta From Eq (113), 4 satis) a0 From Eq (1L38),at z= 0,05 = 0,80 f= 0.Apa _ 19.00, 1000 ate = L'= 208, oye ae © 22k f= Katan 8 = (13)(22)fan(O8 X30) = 1273 k(t Thos, = (2222(axiHJan + aam(ox = 679 +2037 = 2.6 Kip Port 2." 2,40, Average value of Q, from Example 1. is S645 +2347 + 1199 1stkip = Yio e2me) « soasnip Example 11.3 For the pile described in Example 111, estimate the Qu sing Coyle and (Castells method [Sections 11.10 and, 21.1),Solution From Bes (1133) and (1141), 2. = 2, + 0,= NA, + Kata (0849 2444 + 81.62 = 32602 kip 2 _ 32602 Que Rs a askip . Example 11 ‘A dive pipe pile in cay i shown in Figur 1.258, The pipe as ameter of tm anda wall thickness of 6.5 ‘a. Catelte the net point bearing spac Use Ea (1.19). 1 Catala the kinrestance (1) by using Eas (119) an (1150) (a tbo), (@)by using (1.57) (A method) and G) by wing Eg. (11.51) (B meta). Fora ay layers = 30" The top 10 m of lay normally consolidated. ‘The bottom clay layer has an OCR 02. Estimate the ret allowable pile capacity, Use PS = 4 Solution ‘The ares of cos section ofthe pil, nsudng the sol inside the pli outside d- (0.406)? = 01295 Part Celeulaonof Net Point Bearing Capacity From Ey. (11.9), y= Aay= AN E60 (01295)(9)(100) = 11685 KN536 chapter 11 Pe Foundations Ere a Taunt, = aN P| (gemma “Vat [aR # : : Jers \ aa 269 ‘Figure 1128, stnatio the oa bearing caps o diner pipe ple Port: Celestion of Skin Resistance (21) Using Bas (119) and (HSU) we have 0, = Sae,pAL ‘The variation of vert eiectve sess with depth fs shown in Figure 11.25% Now the following table an be prepared: leas + canta eseylae = (0892015) + (09)(30)(8) + (0725}(100) (20) % 0.406) = 21368(2) From Ba. 1147 fe = AG + 2). Nowthe average value of it Say (1O) + (20) _ (309(40) + (100)(20) ay 7 2 ‘To chun the average value of 7, the diagram for vera eetve ‘om with depths pote in Figure 25h From Eq (LAH), Aut At Ay. 205 + 55238 + 4577 5 Ah As, B52 038 2497 6 agi From able 17, the magited of is 0.136.50 Re = pl = w(0406)(30)4514) = ITA 2)-Te top layer of cay (10m) i nreallyconoited, a dy £5 0-5, from Bq, (11.55), we have eee = -mancnan(2 Sime, foe 2 = 5-10 m fog) = (1 = in 309 (100 30 Fors 10-30m tom Ea (1156), Sue (0 Sin dian VOR, eo =2, : froy= = Sea os 2228) = ae ® 2. Peat 5) + faa) + fos(20) = (9)(0406){(13){5) + B19)(S) + (9343) 20)] = 26704N Parte: Calelation of Net Utinate Caps, O, Webave any = 2 28 ry538 Onset 17 le Foundtione Thos .=0,+ 0, 11655 + 2178» 0455 i ad a 2055 say . 7 Erample 15 ‘A cont pl 30 mm % 305 m in cro eon sien oa depth Bm ‘om te pundits n strated cy LA sunny fhe oot {etna vetoes ane fom acon pnetas s ellowt Per nent 6 03s ep 256 20 on Estimate the fictional resistance O, forthe ile. ‘Solution . ‘We eas prepare the following table: (Minty gue 120 Tus, O.= Balh.p(AL) = 901EN Pile Load Tests In most age projects specific numberof load tests most be conducted on ies The ‘ima reason the urea of prediction methods The vertical and lateral oa Seating capacity of spl canbe tested inthe ed. ute 11.25 shows a shemaleananyate540 © “w Figure 1126 (Conia (c) pot fond aps tl stern) plot oond pai setsetement iagram ofthe pe loa arrangement for esting ava compresion inthe ed The load is appie fo the pil by ahyraulc jack. Step loads are spied to hep and sutficent imei allowed 10 elapse afer each ond so thst a sal amount of sete iment ocurs The settlement ofthe ies eared by dl gauges Ti amount ood tobe applied foreach sep wil ary depending o ea bung codes Mest bling codes require that each tp ood be about ont fourth ofthe proposed working fond “Te load test shoul be cried out tat es ttl load of two times the proposed ‘working load. Mtr the desred pile loud is eaced, the leis gradually unloaded gure 1.26 shows a pile load test in progress ‘igure 11.26 shows a foad-setiement diagram obtained trom field loading and unloading For any Toad Q, the net pil settlement can be calculate ws fo lows: When = 21, Net settlement, sw = 5c) ~ 50) When Q = Qh Netsetement, ay fe) ~San where “So elsicsettlement ofthe ple itself total setemeat “These values of Qcan be poten a graph aga the corresponding net setlemest, suas 28 shown i Fut 11264 The lima laa of the pecan thet be deterned| fiom the graph Pile seulement may incest wih esd to certain pint beyond whi the foad-stlement curve becomes vera The load corresponding f the point whee1115 PleLood Tats 844 the cure of vers Sq besomes veri the ultimate load, Qo he pili i shown by cure Tin Fgure 1.260 In many eases the lat sfage ofthe load Setiment curve almest near showing a age degree of setemet fo eal ‘ement of load thsi showa by eure 2inthe gure The ukmate load, Q, for suck 3 «ase determined fom the point of the carve of @ vests whee thi step linear portion tars ‘The lad text procedure just described requies the application of step loads othe piles andthe measurement of setemet ad is aie ond controled est “Another tchaigue used fora pile load tet ete constant rato penetration et, wherein the load onthe piles coninoously created io maintnin contact at of Penetration, which can vary fom 0.25 025 mm/min (D01 to in/mia) Tas est ‘Bvesalod-sstlement pot similar fo that abtine from the lad-controled est, Another ipe of ple load test ple loading in which an incremental load re peately applied snd removed. In order to cand! a load test on pes tis importan to take ito account the time ape after the end of driving (ZOD). When ies are driven into soft lay soe. tain zone surrounding the clay becomes remolded ce compresed, as showa in Figure 11.274 This rests in reduction of wndrained shear strength cy (awe 11.270) Wi tme, the los of undrained shear strength spatially or uly feganed. ‘The time lapse mey tang om 3010 60 dye zone around pile driven at ty (0) Nats of vriaon of nied ser srg (tine aroend pledrven to setiasy42 chopter Pil Foundatone 11.16 For piles driven in clave (dense to very dens) saturated fine sand, ean ation pose, Negative pore water pressre if developed during pile diving wl Gisipae over ne, esting in reduction in pil eapacty with ime afr the dv lng opetation is completed. At the same tine excess ore water pressure may be aeverated in contatve fine sands during ple driving The excess pre water pres fre il dspate over fie which wil esl in greater pile copa ‘Several empirical felaoashipshave been developed to predict changes in ile capacity wth ine. Fo farther informatio, eaders may rele to Skov and Denver (es), Guang Yo (1988), nd Sink 1996. Comparison of Theory with Field Load Test Results Details of many field studies seated 10 the estimation of the ultimate foad- carrying capacity of various types of ples ate avilable i the teratare In some ses the resuls agree Zeasonably well with the theoretical predictions, and Is thers they vary widely. The ancrepancy between theory and flld-ext sents ‘may be atributed to factors such as improper interpretation of subsolproper- ties incorrect theoretical assumption erroneous acquisition of felts esis, nd oer fetors ‘We saw ffom Example 1.1 that, for similar sil properties the timate point load Q, can vary over 400% or more depending cn which theory and equ fon are ved’ Alo, rom the eaeultion of part (a ofthe example tin eany see that in mot cass fr long piles embedded in sand the limiting point resstance ‘(Eq 11.17) controls che uit point reitance gy ‘isu et al (1989) reported the resus of 28 aia load tests performed by the US Army Engincering Distt (St. Lous) on impac-driven Hepes and pipe piles in send during the construction ofthe New Lock snd Dam No.2 on the Mie $Sssipp: River The results of load tests om four ofthe ples are summarized in able 11.10, Bria and his colleagues made a statistical snaiss to determine the ratio of ‘theoretical timate loud o measured ultimate load. The ess of this analy ate summarized in Table 1.1 forthe plugged case (See Figure 1.10) Note that per fect predcion would have a mean ofa standard deviation of and cet ‘of variation of. The table indestes that no method gave a perfect prediction |eneral,Q, was overestimated and, was underestimated. Again. Shows the ‘evant in predicting the load-bearing capacity of ples. abe 11.10, Pe Loud Te Ree 2, Fists Pleeype tamer ts) oth os) PNT Venal wl HPWxT) Newil S38 wax “as Be Mex 13s17 tote Seeman of Pie 549 2 —_2._ ae CopemdCuseis 238 13 OS ONO aah Ome ‘ty BemdaneTicke 179 U2 0590 oat ‘ane Meyetio((191) 43127 OS aa Ome Apdo) "ta to aos) asso ae Lessons rom the preceding cate staies and others valle the literate show that previous experience and good practical judgment, along with knowl ‘ge of theoretical developments are required to design safe ple foundations, ‘A%17. Elastic Settlement of Piles The total settlement of pile under a vertical working load Qyisgiven by = 54) + Sen a) (116) where a) eatcetement of pile 5) = setement of ple atred by the loud at the ile ip ‘oy = setlement of ple enssed9y the load trated slong the ple shat 1 the pile material is sumed tobe elastic the defoomation ofthe pile shaft can be evaluated in aeordance withthe fundamental priciples of mechanics of me tern a (255% £0.) ae 169) TARE (us) where (rp = load caries he ple point under working led contion (Or = load cae ty stoma skin) estan oder working load condition ‘Ap = soa eros ection of ile 2 length of ple = modulus of elestcityof the ple materi “Te magnitude of wil depend on the nature ofthe distribution ofthe uni rion (ski) resistance along te pile shat If the dstibution of isuniform or paraboic fs shown in Figures 11.28 and 1128, then ¢ = 0. However, fora tangle di ‘bution off (gue 1128) themagaitude of Es about 067 (ese, 1977,44 Chapter 11 Pie Foundations { , | snes. cease | wi Tsong ie pile sha ‘The settlement of pile caused bythe ond cried at the le point maybe ex | pressed inthe frm 56 FE Blo cuss) where D = width or diameter of pile fl ‘gy = pot load per uit area atthe pile point = Qug/ Ay | 1B, = modulis of elasticity of silat or below the pile point 1H, = Poisson's aio of sot RSS intense ftetor = 085 esi (1977) also proposed e sem-empirial method for abt tude ofthe setlement of gy, Hisequation hese y= timate point resistance of he ple C, = anempiial eoefcient Representative values of C, for various soi a given a Table 11.12. H “The settlement ofa le caused by the fod erie by the ple shaft given by 2 relation similar to Eq. (11.68), namely, se Bye Bs 1) were p= perimeter ofthe ple L embedded engi of ple y= intuence actor1137 Blase Satementt Pies 545 Table 1.12 ‘ypc ale of Cram Eg, (65) Tipectecl _—_—engle Bondi \Gensetolos) 012-008 009-08 hy(sttoron) 02-008 Sitfdeme oles) 008-008 05-012 ‘io Design of Pl Foundations’ Wy AS Vs in [NCHRP Sys of Highway Pace, Tssprtaion Research Board 197 Rept by pemision [Note that the tem Qu/pl in Eg (1.6) i the average value of falong the pile Shaft The itaence aco, fy his simple empl [i tnn2roas/E quer ‘esi (1977) alo proposed simple emp relation sitar to Eq, (1165) Sew In this equation, C, ~ in empire constant = (055 + 016VE7D)C_(L68) "The valet of C, for une in Eg (11-65) may be entimated fom Table 1.12. imple 17.6 Tb net witing nd on pretend const pile 2 og tal bs a ste aN Teles open nage wih = 356 mn Ts a0) Sls sare cates 30 toe voc ed capt Sosece mgs 2 wins nos ie a * fod oA sia Tible 1 fo D =~ 356m, ibe area file on ston A, pence? Qo = Sit = 350 = 124 8+ a@eso)c2n) “(01045 mF) (Ex 1) fe546 Ohepta 17 le Foundations rom Eq. (11.68), 25) assyos) ‘Again, rom Fa, (1.65, vo-(2)(2)o +o-[aanan | atein)¢ eee @ Se Sant Sen He) 335-4155 +08 196mm ow 11.18 Laterally Loaded Piles ‘A vertical pile resists s lateral load by motilrng patie restr in the sol sur rounding it (See Figure I-Le) The degree of dvtrbution a thesis reaction de. ends on (3) the sifines ofthe pl, (b) the stiffness of he soi ad theft of the end of the pil In genes ltraly loaded pls san be divided into two major ‘atogries: (1) short or ripples and (2) long of elati iles igues 11.298 and 11.290 show the nature of the vation ofthe ple defecuon apd the dstribution of the moment and shear force along the ple lenath when the pile ir subjected to at ral lnding. We next summarize the curent seutons or tealy loaded ple, Etaste Solution ‘A general method for determining moments and displacements of a vertcal ple ‘ombedded ina granular roi and subjected to lateral lod and moment the ground surface was givea by Matiock and Reese (1960). Consider apie of length etb- jected to a Intra force Qy and a moment M atthe proved surface (z~ 0) a8 Shown in Figure 11.30, Fg 1130 shows the peneral defected shape othe ple andthe sol resistance caused by the applied lad and the moment, ‘According oa simpler Winkler® model, an elastic mem soll in thi as) canbe replaced by a seres of infinitely close independent elastic springs Based on this assumption, _ B(eN/m or yt) oS mor) cum11.18 Lata Losded Pe 647 tein tar Hoaut AS any Dae en ee an, q Figure 1128 wae cont ge ” Giatgunene cae afm , « o Se Figo 11.20 (a) ater loaed pi (0) so resin om pile ated by ae (st coaventions for depncenent Spe. moment Shean seasonmodulus of subgrade reaction = pressure on sot f= deflection “The subgrade mosuly for granular sols aa depth zis defined ae oy any where y= constant of modulus of horizontal subgrade esction, "Refetng to Figure 11.30b and using the theory of beams on aa elastic fou Gaton, we can wee ee un were = mot daca the pe ates i, omen tnd ce Bed on Wier’ mode ponte cars “The signin Eq (1173) is nepatne because the sol reaction is inthe rection oppor site that of he ple deletion ‘Combing Eqs (1172) and (1.73 gives te ES ks =0 1%) "The solution of Eg (1.74) result the folowing expression: Pile Detection at Any Depth (x(2)) a5) (76) Moment of ile at Any Depth.) WG) = AaOel + Baby eo)1118 Lava Looded ee 549 ‘hear Farce on ile at Any Depth [¥(2)] Yoo) = Ages ME a7) Slt Reaction t Any Depth (1 sed cae cam) vee AB a BoA Bo An Bo Ar 0 Bye oie characte length of the spl stem 2 (2190) ‘yas been defined in Eq, (11.71) ‘When L& ST; the ile isconsiere to bes long pile For L = 27 the pl ison sidered to be a rig pie Table 11.13 geste vas othe coeficens fr long ples {LT » 5) in Bas (1.75 through (1179). Note that inthe fst column of the abe, zo8 casy isthe nondimensooa depth, ‘The postive sign conventions for x2), #2). Me(2), Vile) and pe) a sumed in the deivatons tp Table 1.13 ae shown in Figure 11.300 gue 13, shows the variation ofA, By, Aq, and By for various vals of L/T = Zura tind ‘es that, when L/P is peatr thn abot Ste coefiient onchange which c ‘tue of ong ples on. ‘Calculating the eharactertic length 7 for the pile requires suming proper ‘alu fy, Table 3114 ives some representative vais ‘Elastic solos sla to howe given in Ee 1.75 through 11.79 for pies ‘embedded in cohesive sol wer developed by Davison ané Gil (963). Their equa: 28 get cus 2) = AG + BET M2) = ALOR + BM, cits)550 Ghepter 17 ie Foundations Table 11.18 Coctfsentsor Log Pies, = mt ZA AAA OR OOO ‘bo -205 Leas aa00 a0 oom 1a —179 1000 wand aw a1 22% “iam Gln O58 02m Lass “14s Lomo nom nies 2 22 “tas Give 0956 04 18-15% 0999 “ooas nas 03 is “1% 3m 0906 ase Lie 14s O98 “aos Laas 04 Lye Tiss 9 wo are tm “L381 oer “aon aan 0s ieee “isms asp O76 aR? OaD “L38} O94 Cas? aaa Gs ise “lase se 06m “oss? On “Lise om “adsl asst 07 13s “1397 O05 0885-057 og 10 099 02% “aaa 08 Laie 1386 Gee O48 0577 Os ose sie “02m —Oase 09 tse “15s ass 0392-0577 Oa “ose OMS 0312 —aaas 10 ume “Lipy omar 029s nos 364 “aM? ORD nash —3et 12093 “toy 76? 10 “owes dae3 “ae ms Caste aaKe (4 Ose “bam hy boss ays Ge “oak Beek “aass “0,97 He 031 om yg “0198 nw m9 ass Ose “OMT “On 1S 020 03% use 0295 nus -—tabo “ants O48 “hs ane 20 ol 046i ees 031 “255 oom “oiss pam ows OLa0 So -oors “oom 22s a3 “ome “now “ous nos aa o2as So ona “ose tom “alos 2m “hae ake dos gor alle $0 “0009 does —no%s dots ome tuo -omnt ons au — 02 From Drifter Foon be Wood W.S Gardner and DIM Greer Copp Eby Mera I Used withthe persion of MeGraw I Book Comps, Table 1.16 Represent Value of so co Dryer moatand Cone wma 65-80 Ned soo Saas Submergedsand Taser o-1090 35-50 Medien soi ie Dene Ssietciaabe Bots where iy By, Ais and Bi are coefficients, tnd cas) The values ofthe costicients A and Bae given ia Figure 1.32 Note that ze cuss)Figure 1131 sional 4,8 Madock and Rees 199, os and Bw (EEmM Aant = ‘The use of Eqs. (11.82) and (11.8) requires knowing the magnitude ofthe characteristic engi, This canbe ealeulate from Eq. (1.84), provided that the fceffcient of the subfrade reaction i known, For sands the eoefcont of thes. trade reaction was given by Eq. (11.71), which showed a linear variation with Sept. However in cohesive soil, the subgrade reaction may be assumed to beep proximately constant with depth. Vesie (1961) proposed the following eqtion to imate the valve off ED e, kas er en cs, Here, E, = madulu of easy of si = pile width (or diameter = Poison’ ratio for the sit Unimate Load Analysis: Broms's Method For laterally loaded ples Brome (195) developed a simplified solution based on the assumptions of (a) sear failure in soll. which isthe ease for short piles, and (@) bending ofthe ple, governed by the patie yield resistance ofthe pl section, ‘which i applicable to Tong ples. Brom solution for ealcalating the ultimate Toad resistance, Quy, f0F short pls Is given in Figure 113. A similar solution for piles embedded in cohesive soli showa ia Figure 11.3% In Figure 11.338, note that 1, = Rankine passive ert pressure cosfcent (+4) 0x0 ‘Simian. ia Figure 11.384, = undrained cohesion = a) 8 Figure 11.34 shows Brome’ analysis of long ple In the Sige the yield mo- ment fr the ile M= 5h 199) where 5 = section maduls ofthe pile section = yield sue ofthe ple material,1138 Lavi Loaded ios 558 a apn LE il il ° scrips ona ay » Figure 11.38, Brems sltos aot aera estan showt les (in sand end inehy In solving given probiem, both cases (Ue, Figure 1133 and Figure 11.34) should bechecked The deflection ofthe ple head (2 = 0) under working loud conitions can be estimated from Figure 1.35. In Figure 1.35a,the te nea be expressed es ie sy ‘The range of for granular sls piven in Table 11.6, Simla in Figure 11356, whlch ior ely he term Xs the horn soi modus and ca be defined as __ peesute (N/m yi) ‘isplacerient (mor in.) «uy inte rm cnet oe (ee uss) Note tha, in Figure 11.35,0, the working nsuy rw ct) 100 09 vinosouvon 8 ‘Uitte samc, 2 ie Fae 1.34 Deon558 Chopter 3? le Founseone a ” Pans 3 WB Figure 196 (Pe withaet £ Toaaing aground eve () Vere 5 ‘ion festa et sal premure % feet Ky Ukionato Load Analysis: Meyerhor®s Method 11995, Meyer offered solutions fo laterally loaded iia ibe ples (See Figure 1.36n) Accord to Meyrbors method «ple can be dened a exible x, ines of pite = £4 < 001 = rele ste of pile» £25 < 001 ase) Where, = average horizontal sll modulus of tasty Piles in Sand For shor (rig) piles in sand, the ulimate load resi begiven as Qaq)* O12yDL Ry = 04 DL where 7 = anit weigh of ri “Ky = resullant net sol pressure coeticient Figure 11366) = limit pressure obtained from pressuremetr tests (se Chapter 2) “Thelin pesire canbe given a¢ 1 ~ O4p.N, tan (fora Menard pressuemetet) (11.96) and = O6p.N, a0 re) (or setboring and ful dsplacemestpressuemetrs) where _N, ~ beating capacity factor (se Table 33) 2 = aimosperi pressre(=100KN/n or 200 byt?) “The maximum moment inthe ple det he lateral oad. Qa is Mou = 0350, gL = M, t 4, (11.90) (1198)1148 Laeay Condes es 559 ” Figure 1137 Vasition of, For long (fesble) piles in san, the timate lateral load, Quy, can Be et- ‘nated from (1195) by substituting an effective length Zo L eve Ley =1 (aig) ‘Tae maximum moment ina exible ile due toa working lateral load Q, applied the ground suraces Maw = O3KO,L & O304L 10) les in Clay The ultimate lateral load applied a the ground surface for short (ig ples embeded in clay ca be sven eo. Qu = O4,K,DL = O4p.DL ano) where 1 = int pessre from pressuremeter tes Ka = nets presur coetient (See Figure 1:37) ‘The fit pressure in clays p= 6e, (fora Menard presuremeter) ui) snd r= Se, (orselttorng and ful displacement presoremeters)( 11105) ‘The maximum bending moment inthe pie doe to Quit Mae O2IQanh = My a. 119) (11109[560 cChaptertt Pe Foundations For long (Nexbl) ples Ea (1.101 canbe wed to estimate Qu by substi tating the effective length Cin pace of L, where by t 1sKe et (11305) “The maximum moment inflexible pile due toa working lateral load Q, applied at ‘he ground surface Mou * O3KHQ,L * 1150gL 11105) Beample 117 Consider a steel H pile (HP 250 $5) 25 m long, embeded full ina granular soil. Assume that ny» 12.000 KN/s The sllowable drplacemest st the the pile is 8mm. Determine the allowable lateral load. Qy Let M, = 0. Us tastisotution Solution From Table 1.1, for an HP 250 > 85 ple, Iy= 123 10°%m# (about he strong ais) andiet £,= 207 NI? From Eq. (11.80), fhe, [ORR raf. (SE PBI 16m ete LT = 25/116 = 21.55 > 5, so the pile isa long one. Because My Fg (.FS) takes the form é ort andi follows that Ate 0,4, = 8mm = O08 mand A, = 2435 (see Table 1.13),50 02008) (207 x 10 (123 x 10-9) a (GAB) (116) = s390kN1718 Later Loséed Pee 561 “This magnitude of Os based on the ling dsplacement conden oy However, the magnitude of O, based on the moment capacity of the ple 80 needs tobe determined. For M, =, (1177) becomes, M2) = AQT According fo Table 1.13, th anil of ty depths 072, ‘The maximum allowable moment that the pile ean cary : Mou _ (9685 % 10° (288000) ale Cammy, ~ AK Because Q,=26824N > S3S9KN, the deflection criteria apply Hes 2, 53916. Bample 118 —— Solve Example 11.7 by Brons's method. Assume that the piles Hexble and is fee headed Let the yield tes ofthe pile material, F, = 248 MN the wit ‘Wight ofsol-y = ISEN/m andthe sll ction angle & = 35° Solution We check fr bending are From Eq (11.9), rom able 1.1 Alo,{862 crapter1T Pe Foundations 11.19 wwe alo)” worone( 3) me - 8688 From Figure 11.34a,for M/D'yK, = 868.8, the magntade of Qcg/K,D'y (ora ‘tee-headed pile with «/D'= 0) tout IA e0 y= 0805-53 )o2sayas) = 15244 Next, we check frpile heed deflection. From Eg (11.91), rn T2000) o Baran ae = (086) (25) = 215 rom Figure 11.354, for nl. = 215,¢/L = 0(ee-hesded pl) thos, = {0.0207 104 (128 30-2 (1.000)2° eS a Hence,Q, = M2 KN (<1S244N). 02k Pile-Driving Formulas ‘Te develop the desrd ludearying cacy. point beating ile mnt penetrate the ease ol layer sufcenty or ave sfen contact with ayer of rock Thisrequite. rent cannot aways be sti by driving ‘oi profes vary. For tht reason, several equations have been developed to calle theultimate capacty of ape during devng These dynamic uations rewisly sed119 PeDrving Formuise 563 inthe fell o determine whether a pile has reached a sattctory bearing vale the predetermined depth. One of the etiest such equatons—commoay erred to 8 the Enginerng News (EN) Record frmua-is derived fromthe wrk-cnesy theory, Thatis Energy imparted by te hammer per blow = ‘pile resistance (penevaton per hammer blow) According tothe EN frmula,the pl resistance ithe timate lad Q, expres as ae te (ou) My weit than ‘ fo é ‘Tne pile penetration is wsually based on the average value obtained from the ast ow ding blows Ta the equations xia for, the flloming value Of € vere recommended For drop hammers, = [254 mmit Sand hare nam c= (Teitsuedhuets ns Forsteam hammers, [25 mit and hare in mm © {otinsonwcinscs [Asa factor of fey FS = 6 wat recomended for estimating the allowable pile ‘apa, Note that for singe- and double sting ammers the tem Wy canbe plced by Eile where E's th efiiency ofthe hammer and the rated energy tthe hammer Th, Els o,- fe (11ic8) ‘The EN formula has been revieed several times over the years and other pleasing formulas a Table 11.15, ‘ave been suggested, Some of them ere tabulated in564 Choptr 17 Pe Foundtons i Table 11.36 Pile Diving Formals Tre Forma ‘| Vodiid Noma ge Bah Wash ww, laid EN formula Te ew, . where "= ecco of ammer | (C= 25am ithe unis of Sanath ae C= DH iifte uaa Saneh we iin, fl 1, = wiht of he pe i 1 cota of estation betwee theraraed eps Siege end doubling mers 07-085 Dies nammere oboe Drop bane or-a9 ‘Bocas orn, ‘Caron amer and concrete ‘les (without cap) a4-05 | ood ston ones piles osetia ‘ooden per oso Misiga Sat Highway Commision formula 38S) y= HW, | S50. Wat whee He = malate masini ated mer eney (bse) | = sticieney of himmar € oti A taco oft oC 6 commended Danis omula (Olona em y Pane oe tere B= elenyofhanmer J y= sed tanonr cory 1 = mould ole of ee { 1 = lean epi ‘Ap = essen ze of the pile tee cou Unto Big as | Eakicontatomeae ena (Ment) Ss foee - aoe 5GE . ‘eval ot sho 024 ee feral te pis Alcor of ty aly ecommenses|138 Pledrving Fomulse 565 Table 1.15 (Contincd) Name Fomale Janis formula ant, 1985) 9, = EH wer acto find) cxansoand) =) ‘Gate's formula (Gates, 1957) Q, ~ eVETIe(0 ~ tog S) 11, in ips then Stes Meakin UG. isintNineeSisinmm.e = 1045, 24, nd Ha B= 098 troop her, = 08 foal othe: enmmes Use tro ey of, New Mekay formal “Tie maximum sires developed on a pile ring the deivng operation canbe es mated trom the pile driving formals peeseated fn Table 1-5 To istate me use the modified EN formals EWah Wet Wy SC Wath In this equations isthe average pentetion per hammer blow, which can aso be expresed as a1s09) where Sisininches 1N'= numberof hromer blows per inch of penetration Ths, Wat oy 7 a au) Ditterent values of N may be assumed fo a given hammer and pile and Ox ‘may becleulate. The diving ses ./A, ean then be calla foreach valve of N,566 Chapter 3? Ae Foundtone ‘This procedure canbe demonstrated with ast of numerical values Suppose that 8 prestesed concrete pile 0 in length ha tobe driven bya hammer The ple ides ‘measure 1, From Table 11.3 for tis ple A= 100i ‘The weigh ofthe ple ie stars (3922) annycso mt = snp be weight ofthe cp is 067 kip then W, =833 + 067 = 9kip Forthe hammertet Rated energy = 192 kipt = fe = Woh Weight of am = Skip Assume that he hammer efceney O85 ath» = 03. Substituting these val sino Eq. (1.110) yields (O85) (19.2 x 12) ]/5 + (0.3519) 8537, [sees 7 29 Ce u ¢ feo Ny Now the following table can be prepared wa ate ich a 2 es ma 4269 Dae 6 mor tm a0 3 see am 1 63m ar Bo Ms7 inka 0 31 mS Both the number of hammer bows per inch ad the tres canbe plotted in 2 {raph ashown in Figoe 1138 I such curve i prepred.the mmber ef blows pet Fecha pile penetration corresponding tothe allowsble ie-ving sss ea ely be cetermined ‘Actual driving stresses in wooden piles ae lite to about 07, Similar. for concrete and steel piles, driving sres ate linited t9 about 6 and O8Sf, respectively. Tn most eases wooden piles are diver with 9 hammer energy of less than (69 kNm (nS kip. Driving resistances are Kimied mostly to-4 105 Blows pet inch of pile penetration. For concrete andes! pls the usual vales of are 8 snd 121 Id respectivelyz 8D Lab We Rigwesiae Meso veos Tee of worn Example 11.9 = ‘Aprecastconerete ple 12. x In in cos section deve by a hammer. Given Maximum rated hammer energy = 30 kip tt Hammer efiency = 08 Weight of ram = 7S kip Pie ogth = 80 (Coettent of etiution = 04 ‘eight of pile cap = S30 E93 x 10h? ‘Number of blows for ls in. of penetration = & Estimate the allowable pile capacity by the ‘2 Modifled EN formula (use F3 = 6) {Danis formula (se FS ~ 4) Gates formula (2 FS = 3) soa me EWeh Wat 0, weenie +p = (#2) yt) + 50 = 1259015 # 1255p1120 sop (08)(20 x 12pm) 75 + (04)20255) 7 Troi Ts ass ~ TKD a =F worn 2.» ge se rm ar Use E, = 3 x 1 ie Fit _ [Oawx wa Ewe = 066i, 2H Fa a2 « 12)( SP sph (08)(50% 12) Ts 0366 a Pant = a7 kip 24 = 8 roanip Parte 2, = aVEH(b ~ log) = 27V ORV HII — log )] = 252 ip 282 y= 7 ~ sani . Pile Capacity For Vibration-Driven Piles Regier te ae 112) ere dee ety ie tion Ui As mentioned there the diver esently consis of two oo weiss The plitude ofthe centrifuga ving force generated Gy 8 wbrtory ammer can be given as B= meu? uy) where = tot escent rotating mass ‘= distance between the center of each rotating mass and the center of rotation (OF operating cele frequency1120 Pe Copecy For ivaton Oren Ps 569 Vibratory bammers typically ice an iolated. bias weight that can cange from 40 40 EN. The bss weight isolated fom erin by springs 0 itact a 8 ‘et downward load helping the driving elficeney by increasing he penet sion rate ofthe ple “Tae use of vibratory ile drivers began in the erly 190s Installing piles with vibratory drivers produce ese nose and damage tthe ple compared with impact “sting However, beeaee of limited understanding ofthe relationships between ‘the load the rate of penetration andthe bearig capi of ple, thi method has ‘ot gine popularity inthe United States ‘Vibratory pile drives are patented Some examples are the Bodine Resonant river (BRD), the Vibro Driver ofthe MeKienan-Tery Corporation, an the Vibro Driver ofthe LB Foster Company. Davison (1970) povided a eatonsip fr es. timating the lima pile capacity in gral So ‘slit 046(t) + 984m) 7 OA) = Gls) = (Semen) FAR) ce In English wits S(t, + 220005 2.00) = RO A aun) (oft) + Cc Bayete) FH) horsepower detivered tothe ple Sal ate of pile penetration loess 7 = eequeny,ia He “The ls factor S, fr variostypesof granular soils lls (Bowles, 1996) (Closed-End Pipe Piles + Loose sand0.244 % 10°? /epte (0.008 yee) {Medium dens sand: 0:762 x 10"? mjeyele (OOI2S epee) + Densesant: 2438 % 107 mjeyele (0008 eye) Helle + Loose san: -0.213 x 10" mjeyle(~0.0007feyele) 1 Medium dense send: 0.2 % 10" meyele (DOI25 eyle) + Dense sand: 2134 > 10" ney (07 feel) |n 2000, Feng and Deschamps provided the following relationship forthe li mate expaciy of ibrodsven ples in graular sil a= 286-21) te co 18 x 108% VOOR570 cropter 11 Pe Foundations 1.21 czntfugl free bis wee final rate of ile penetration peed of light [8 % 10° m/min (591 x 10° /n)) (OCR = overconslidton ratio ‘Lz = embedded tngth of le = plleength| Bample 11.10 = (Consider 2 20-m-ong ste! ple ven by a Bodine Resonant Driver (Secon HP 310% 125) in a medium dense sand I H, = 350 horsepower, ty = 00018 m5, and f ~ 115 He, caeulae the ubimate le apie O, Solution From Bq (11.112), O746HH, + 980, oar For an HP pile in mediom dense sand 5, ~ 0.762 10° mjeyee. So 0, = 20E)G5) + (9800016) ~ oooié + (are x 10) (1I5) e = 29muN ” Negative Skin Friction [Negative skin tition i a downward drag force exerted ona pie by the soi sur ‘ounding it Such a fore can exist under the following conitions among eer 4. If fil of clay soil is placed over a granular soil ayer into which pil is i= ‘er the il wl gradually consolidate. The consolation process wil exerts ‘owoward drag force on the pile (see Figute 11.39) during the period of ‘eonsaidation. 2 Half granular soli placed over aerosol cnx. shown in Figure 11398, ‘twlinduce the process of consbdatin inthe clay ayer ad tus exert a down sad dragon the pile ‘3 Loverng ofthe water table wil increase the vertical eetve stress on the sil tay depth, which wil ince consolidation setlemeat i lay I ple o> ‘ited inthe clay yer, it il be subjected toa downward drag fore In some cass the downward drag force may be excessive and cause founda- ion fare. This section outlines two tentative methods forthe calclton of 284" lve skin tion,° gure 1139 Neguive sin tion Ciay Fil over Granular Sol (Figure 11.392) Smile to the 9 method presente in Seton 1.13, the negative (downward) skin “sre on the ple f= Kagan uns) where (= cath preasrecolfseat = Ky = 1 ~ sin Hence the tots dowaward drag fore on pile ype = (Morrocan ME aay ‘whore Hy = height ofthe fil Ihe fi above the water table, the effective unit ‘weighty, should bo replaced bythe moist unit weight. Granular Sol Fl over Cay (Figure 11.96) In this case the evidence inlet the negative kin stesso the pile may exist, ffom ¢~ Oto ~ Ly, which itelerred to asthe neubal dep (See Vesie 197 1p. 28-25) The natal depth maybe given as (Bowes 1982) aa 25M 1H) 28 aay 2 where andy’ = elective unt weights ofthe fil and the underlying cay layes, respectively.572 Craptr 11 Pie Foundations For endearing piles, the neutral depth may be assumed tobe located at the pile tip (Le, £, = L = Ht) nce ie vale of Lis determined the dowaveard drag fore is obtained in the following manner The uni negative skin ieuon at any dept trom 2"= Oto = Lye f= Kaiten cuts) where Ko Kyat ~sing! = ilps ye Fa dsb yay» Hokey wae us) 1 ee soit andthe fl are above the water table the effective unit weights should be replaced by mois unt weighs Iasome ete te ples canbe coated wih bitumen inthe downdsag zane to void this peoblem. A limited number af ease sted of negative skin toni avaiabe in the sure, Bjerrum ea. (1969) reported montoring the downdrap force ona tex ple Sorengain he harbor of Ose, Norway (noted a pile Gin the onginal popes) The study of Bjerrum tal (196) was als duced by Wong and Tes (1995) i teas of ‘he pile being driven ro bedrock a Om Figare La shows the sol profi and the pile Wong and Teh extimated the fllonng quenties. + Pi Moist unit weight. 97 = 16 kN Saturated unit weight, yyy = 183 N/m? se z 185 ~ 981 = 86RN im? snd A= 13m + Clay: K° tan = 022 Saturated effective unit weighty’ = 19 ~ 981 = 919kN/m* + Pile L's 40m “Thus, the maximum downdeag force on the pile canbe estimated from {Eq (11.19). Since in this case the ples s point bearing ple. the magnitude of Lie 2imand Eipy (1908) = (BK any, 2 + (13 ~ yyy) + Hee122 Group Etiseney 573 Al ein ile 8) vet : \ moon) [PP Cay ” » Figure 11.40. Nepaive sti icon ona lente harbor of 85, Norwoy [Base on Brame (195) aa Wong on Ta (195) ve er xasyom2( 082) + (699 x1 gay + SE OHEHORD =asis ‘Te measred vale ofthe maximum Q, was about 2500 XN (Figure 11.40). which ‘sin good agreement withthe elelated value Group Piles 11.22 Group Efficiency In most cases piles are used in groups, shown in Figure 11.4, to transit she structural oad tothe soi ple cap isconstruted over group pec The cap ean be ‘in contac wth the ground, a in most ees (eee Figure 1.4), oF wel above the ‘round, as inthe cae offshore patorms (se Figure 1141). ‘Determining the lad betrng expat af group ples exremaly complicated nd bas not yt been ly resolved. When the ples te placed cae to eachother. 2574 Chapt 31 le Foundations eda tt Pon fad ape dt l vies HS ~ (AN \ WY reasonable sumption & thal theres rarsmited bythe pls tothe el wil oveap (See Fre 1c) reducing he lend earing expe othe ples Leal he pes in ‘foup should be spaced so thatthe load ering espacio the group isnot le that the sum othe bearing capacity ofthe ndvidual ples I practi he minim center \ocerter ile specing d825D andi oduay tuations actly about 310330.1122 Group Etcancy 878 ‘Te etficiency ofthe loadearing capacity Of group pile may be defined as oS cum here 3 = proupeticency ‘= obimate load-bearing capeiy ofeach ple without the group effet aay scr ener ws s sinplfed nat oti the ov cf cine oem ples party sn Posipe lease expe th Stent ign ala Depen on th oping wit te pup eps ay none oftwo mye) ota lees wthdmenson By bo) mtd “Sipe ple tor a eck te col say are Gane Nore prcitints ofthe cow exten of bled 2) ti! yd #90, and ‘fae ™ average unit frictional resistance.) Similarly, for each pile acting individually, ASSoec fom Soi he y= 2 = Sali tm = 2) + ADIL a From Eq. (1112) if the centersocenter spacing ds large enough. > 1 I that case the ples wll ebave as individual pes Thos in practioiy = 1 bes 5m = 92 Qe andity = then yy = FO. “There are several other equtions lke Eq, (11.122) for calculating the group fieneyof ion ples Some of hese are given in Table 11.16. Figure 1142 shows the tration ofthe group efficiency fora 3% 3 group pile in sand (Kishida ad Meyerho, 1965) Ian be sen tha, fr oose and medium Sands the maguitode ofthe grup eiiiency can be ager han unity. This due p> ‘mailto the cenifcation of sand surrounding the ile576 Oheptr 11 Pi Foundotions 11.23 Table 1.8 Equations for Group Eten of Frion Pes Cmte y==[ where en) Los Anges Group Action ainn Se Keoney equation (Sele ana Keeney 848) Figure 1142 Vai tho of ein of pe ¢ 2 soupsia sand Based ‘Rte ae Meyer 1948) Ultimate Capacity of Group Piles in Saturated Clay Figure 11.8 shows group plein saturated clay: Using the gure, one can eximate the ultimate load-bearing capacity of group piles inthe folowing manner Step 1. Determine SQ, = nyn(Q, + 0,)-Fom Ee (11.19), 2, = Alun) ‘where ey) = undrinedcobesion of the aya he pil tp1123 Ubinas copecy of Grou sin Sousa ly tgouppiesincby ‘Also rom Eg (1150, OS opadl 8, ‘7 Figure 1149 Usimate caps 3.0. = minl9Ajeup) + Zopeydl] cus) ‘Step 2. Determine theultimate capacity by wssuming thatthe ples inte group fe ara block with dimensions L, B, % Le The skin resistance fhe Boake BppsAL = 22by+ Bodl he pot earn xpaity: Aste= Agua NE = LeBeeayN? cca Obtain the value of te bearing capacity factor N? from Figure 11.44 “Thus the ultimate load i EQ." Blow NEAEAL,+ Bade —— 1142 Sep 3. Compare the vals obaned from Eqs (11328) and (11.124), The lowe ofthe 40 values Qe,578 cnater Pe Foundations Figure 1144 Vessian tN with LB, 2981/8, Brample 11.11 ‘he section ofa 3% 4 group ple in layered satorated lay i showin igure 1148. The piles are aque In cross section (1 in 1d i) The center-t-center Spacing dso the ples ie 35 in. Determine the owable load-bearing capacity of the pile group, Use FS = 4. Note thatthe groundvater able coincides with the sound surface. 2 Solution From Ea. (11.123), 0, = mim 9Ayen + Poses * Pela) From Fgize 11.45, cyp)= 10S01b/ and eq) = ITS Figure 1.45. Group pect Syeres sata cay1125 mate Copa oF Group hes in Stated Cay 579 Inthe top lays, the average vale of elective sess ne(8 2 ‘Sita. fr the bottom ayer, urn «sa a= 03 cua) ngth of embedment of pilet re Le In tunis, 0960 Ne Som) = cu)11.25 1128 Conolsatin Stlamantof Grou Pee 581 ‘where gis in KN and Band L, rein and (en) 55, (0) Sima the group pile settlement is slated to the cone penetration resistance by the formula Su SE (1339 where q, = average cone penetration esistance within he seat of setlement (Note {hatin Eg (11130,allquamites re expressed in consent units) Consolidation Settlement of Group Piles “The consolidation settlement of poup plein clay can be estimate by wing the 2 aves dtibtion method. Te calculation involves the following steps (see Fire 11.48) Figure 1.46. Copel eileen of group pesCChpter 1 Pe Foundavone Siep I. Letthe depth of embedinent of the piles be The prop is subjectod 104 total load of Q, Ifthe pie caps below the orignal grown face. Q, equals he fora load a the superstructure onthe ples the effective weight of sit sbove the group pile removed by ex Siep2. Assume that the lod Q, i transite to the si begining at a depth [€ ZL/3 trom the top ofthe pleas shown in the figure. The load Q, Spreads owt slong two vertical ines to one horizatal line from thi depth. Lines a” and are the two 1 Hes. Step. Cakulate the ictese i elective sess caused a the middle of each Solllayer bythe load Q, The ormulais 0; sy "Brae, +e where ‘= increase in effective esa the mle of 1, = length and width, respectively ofthe pla £5 distance from: = O10 the midlet the clay layer For example. in Figure 11.46, or layer 2s, = Li for Iyer 3,2 = Tt dePband for layer oe’ = ft fo te Note, omen. hat thre will be no inezese in sressin ela ayer becaue iabove the horzontl plane (2 = 0) from which the stress dstbution to the sol ‘Step 4 Caleulate the consolidation setlement ofeach layer caused by the in ‘rested stress The formulae sson= [PEE cus) where sy © consolidation setlement of yee ‘Sey, = change of vid ratio caused by the increas in srs in ayer 16m. The ple ‘sembedded in a snd having 7 = 117 1/f and 6! = 37, The allowable ‘Working oad 180 kip. 1110 kip re contrbued by the ftonal satance1586 chaotr 17 Ale Foundations ~ ‘and 10 kip age from the pola toad, determine the elastic setlement ofthe pile Given: E, = 3% 10" Tovin®£, ~ 5 10 bin’. = O38.and é = 057 (Es. (163). 11.13 Soh Probie 1.12 wih the fowing length of ple = 12 mile eros section = (0318 m x 0.05 alowable working lond = 338 KN contribution of tonal, resstance to wodking lead = 240 KN, ~ 2 1PkN/m , = 300008, 2a, = O3.andé = 06 (Eq. (1183)) 1114 8.3m long conret ple ig 305 mm % 305 mum in eos section andi lly ‘erabedded in sand depost I'm, = 9200 N/a he moment at ground lve, 1M, = Oe stowable displacement of ile head = 12m: E, = 21% 10° NJ tnd Frcs 2000 KN, eleulate the allowable Inera oad, Oat the round lve, Use the late sltion method. LILAS Soe Problem 1118 by Brom's metho. Assume that the ple is exible and fee headed. Let the soil unt weight, y = 16 KN/m* the sl ition angle, = 30nd the yield sess ofthe pile material Fy = 21 MN/m™ LAG A see! Hele (ection HPIS x 10 is dives by a harsmer. The maximum fd hammer enery 40 hips, the weight of the tam i 12 Kip. and the length of the pile 90. Also. we have coeflilent of restitution = 035, ‘weight ofthe pile cap = 24 ip. haromer efficiency = 085, numberof blows {or the ost nch of penetration = 10 and E, = 30 X HP Ibn Estimate the pile pact sing Eq (01108). Take FS 117 Soke Problem It6 sing the medtied EN formula (See Table 1.5) Use Ba4 11.18 Solve Problem 1.16 using the Danis formula (See Table 11.15) Use FS = 3 HL19 Figure 11.39% shows a pile Let L= 207m, D (ple diameter) ~ 450 mm, Hy = 41 yp = I75N/ro sed diy 25". Determie the tora downward dag {force onthe ile Assume thatthe fils eated above the water table and that 2 Obie 1.29 Redo Problem 1119 assuming hat the water table coincides with the top of the fill and tat yg = 198 KN/m theater quantis re ‘what would be the dowawara drag force onthe ple? Assume & 1124 Refer to Figure 11396, Le L = 6016 Yn = 1050/10 Yatyy ‘Sa = 281, ~ 12 fy and D (pile diameter) = 18 i. The wer table coin S825 with the top ofthe ela ayer: Determine the ttn downward da force ‘on the ple Assume 3" = 0,Probiens $87 11.22 The plan of group pile (con pile in sand is sbown in Figure PH1.22-The piles are eitcular in eros section and have an ouside lameterof 460 mm, ‘The cener-o-enterspaigsof the piles (2) ae 920m, Determine the ef ciency of pile group 2 using Ea. (11.12) ‘using the Los Angles Group Action equation (able 1.16) 11.23 Refer to Problem 11.2. IF the cenertccenter pl spacings te increased to 120 mm what willbe the group efficiencies? (Sole pars sand) 1.24 The plan of a group pile shown in Figure P1122 Assume that the piles are embedded in a satursted homogeneous ay having a, = 988 AN Given ‘iaseter of ples (0) = 4mm, ceterto-senter spacing of ils = 700m, td length of piles ~ 18m Find the allowable eadeatying capacity ofthe Pile group. Use FS = 3.(Wote: Yo = UBKN/m andthe promdmater tbl is Tecate at a depth of 23m below the ground surface) 1125 Redo Problem 1.24 with the following: enterto-center spacing of ples = Sin, length of piles = 4515 D % 12 cy = B80 1/0, ye = 1228/09, and FS. ~ 3. (Nove: The ground water table colaides with the ground ssrfoce) 11.26 The scion of 34 groupie ina layered strated cy shown in Figure IL26.The piles are sguate in ros section (L4 in. x 1 in). The centerto- ‘enter spacing) af he ples 40m, Determine the allowable load-besting ‘apectyof the ple group, Use FS = 4 11.27 Figure P1127 shows group pl inca. Determine the consolidation sete ‘ment ofthe group. Use the method of estate te average elective nese588 Crp 17 File Foundetione Sumter 91828 Figure P1127 References Amrian Petroleum Institute (AP). Recommended Prati of Peon, Designing. and ‘Consracton of Fed Offshore Porm Report No. APLRE-A, Dla 11599, Amin Set of Cl Engines (199), Taner Pes and Contant Timber Man alo racic Na.17-Arerica Sone f Cl Engines New Yrk. Amerian Sct of Cl Engineers (133). Derg of Pile oundnons esc! Engineer ng and Design Oxides ax Adapted fom te US Army Carpe of Engines No Ameen Sey of Chi Eaginesr: New York. jum Janne ad Ege (190) "Redon of kin Friction op Stel let 10 Rock Procredige Seventh Ineraonl Confrence on Soll Meant and Fs {anon Engng Meco CAs NOL2 9p. 2730,