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Chapter 2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding
Chapter 2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding
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Bonding Models
Simple bonding models assume that the total bonding results from the
sum of two forces: an attractive force (FA ) and a repulsive (FR).
1/14/2011
Bonding
Primary bonding:
Ionic (transfer of valence electrons)
Covalent (sharing of valence electrons, directional)
Metallic (delocalization of valence electrons)
Secondary or van der Waals Bonding:
(Common, but weaker than primary bonding)
Dipole-dipole
H-bonds
Polar molecule-induced dipole
Fluctuating dipole (weakest)
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Ionic Bonding
Cl
( = 3.0)
Ionic Bonding
z1 z2 e 2
EA =
4 o r
Since z1 = +1 for Na+ and z2 = -1 for Cl-
EA =
e2
4 o r
A
r
No, there is also repulsive energy (e.g. steric repulsion, e-e repulsion)
ER =
B
rn
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Ionic Bonding
E
ER =
B
rn
r
Bond
energy
EA =
A
r
,-2
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Covalent Bonding
Molecular orbitals
Sharing of electrons
Why do some atoms want to share electrons?
1s
Example1: H2
1s
Atomic orbitals
H
H
Example2: CH4
C: has 4 valence e,
needs 4 more
H: has 1 valence e,
needs 1 more
CH 4
H
Electronegativities
are same or comparable.
3
H
34
- $ )!5
shared electrons
from carbon atom
H
shared electrons
from hydrogen
atoms
0
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2p
2s
1s
Atomic Orbitals
an s-orbital
px
pz
py
y
x
sp3 hybridization for C in CH4
Hybridization
1s + 2p = sp2-orbitals
1s + 1p = sp-orbitals
1s + 3p = sp3-orbitals
60
y
60
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% ionic character
The covalent bond is directional.
The number of covalent bonds that is possible for a
particular atom is determined by the number of valence
electrons.
Most bonds between two different types of atoms are
somewhere in between ionic and covalent. Very few
compounds exhibit pure ionic or covalent bonding.
% ionic character ={1 exp[0.25( A
B ) 2 ]} 100
j = electronegativity of atom j
Example problem
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Metallic Bonding
Arises from a sea of donated valence electrons
Fixed ion cores (nuclei
and inner electrons)
sea of electrons
34
- $ ))5
Metallic Bonding
Metallic bonding is found in the periodic table for Group IA and IIA
elements.
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3 8
3 -
3 8
3 -
-ex: polymer
Hydrogen bonding
H
H
H
O H
H
10
1/14/2011
Nonpolar
(e.g. atom)
polar
secondary
bonding
Fluctuating dipoles
Constant vibrational motion can cause distortions of
electrical symmetry
<=
$
8
3
3 8
3 -
$
$
3 8
3 Adapted from Fig. 2.13, Callister 6e.
SUMMARY: BONDING
Type
Ionic
Covalent
Metallic
Secondary
Bond Energy
Large!
Variable
large-Diamond
small-Bismuth
Variable
large-Tungsten
small-Mercury
smallest
Comments
Nondirectional (ceramics)
Directional
(semiconductors, ceramics
polymer chains)
Nondirectional (metals)
Directional
inter-chain (polymer)
inter-molecular
11
1/14/2011
- 75
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5/
-8
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7 3
-7
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3
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4?
-8B
0
12
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>?
5?
- 75 (
3 4
3 4
@?
3
(
(
> ?C
?
-8
7 3
-7
4
-
?
-
, 3
, 3
3 -=
3 -=
6 8
3
3
3 -
8=
-8
3
3
3
/
?
3 -3
/
?
-
:
D .
-8
- /
- ?
6
3
0
:
13