L, 2013

Recueil des travaux de lInstitut dtudes byzantines L, 2013

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DOI: 10.2298/ZRVI1350075D

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Supported by broader sighting at economic, social and other vital historic structures
of Sardis in Early byzantine period, partly by digressions at relevant singularities of
the contemporary urban order itself, the paper tries to suggest a new interpretation of
economic and other circumstances which in 459. led to signing an agreement between
ekdikos and builders of Sardis.
Keywords: Sardis, Early Byzantium, sardian agreement, fifth century, byzantine
economy.

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, cursus completes
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22
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,
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26
15 .
, , , ,
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. 20 ,
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28
Foss, Sardis, 106 .

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CT 10.22.1, 10.22.2. ,
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374. ,
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fabricae,
; Jones, LRE, 835.
30
, , .
, .

. , ,
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32
SI, no. 167; EP, c. 20;
,
,
(Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture, ed. J. Edmondson A. Keith,
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(CT 14.10.2, 14.10.3).
33
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34
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. , ,
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, (Jones, LRE, 863).
36
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39
CT 15.1.15, 15.1.17, 15.1.18, 15. 1. 34; Jones, 736737, 758; Foss, Sardis 2122;
,
, , , .
(CT 15.1.18, 15.1.32,
15.1.33).
,
(CT 15.1.17, 15.1.21).
40
CT 11.28.9, 11.28.11; Jones, LRE, 837, 846; Foss, Sardis, 50.
,
. 320. .
, ,
. 393.
, .
.
41
II , 100.000 . M. Rostovtzeff,
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III .
4 , . , 1 800 700 . , ,
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( )
( ). ,
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44
Foss, Sardis 21, 41.
45
Sardis Gymn., 3843; Foss, Sardis, 41; , , 318.
III, 2 000 , .
, (Foss, Sardis 29).
46
(Foss, Sardis, 22, 37).
47
Foss, Sardis, 4247; BASOR 154 (1959) 2227, 157 (1960) 2228, 166 (1962) 1519, 174 (1964)
1924; Sardis Exc. 7688, 158174. ,

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, .
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49
Foss, Sardis, 21, 4243; BASOR 166 (1962) 3945, 186 (1967) 2831; 191 (1968) 1622;
. ,
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2.
50
Foss, Sardis, 42, 44; BASOR 177 (1965) 1419;
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51
/
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collation lustralis) (munera); 3)

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, .
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54
., IV ,
, (Jones, LRE, 859).
,
, .
(Ibid, 323, 722).
55
, . ,
, ,
. .
, , .
,
.
(Libanii Opera, vol. III, 29; cf. Downey, Antioch, 419422). M,

Codex Iustinianus, ed. P. Krger, Berlin 1929, 4.59.1, 4.59.2 (: CJ); Jones, LRE, 735, 826, 859.
56

, , IV . ,
,
,
. Jones, LRE, 859, 861; Waltzing, Corporations, vol. II, 259267, 271284, 358392.

 : V

93

, , .
, ,
,
, ,
. .57 ,
, 337.
( , , ,
, , , ),
( ), , , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , -, ,
.
,
.58
,

. .
,

,
, ( ).

,
. ,
juridicas Aegypti
. ,
,
.
,

,
, ,
10.000 .59
, ,
,
57
Jones, LRE, 736, 859860; Downey, Antioch, 373379, 404409;
,
;
(Lib. Opera, vol.
III, 26.2021, 33.3537, 46.1923). ,
369. (prosecutio animalium)
(CT 11.10.1).
58
CT 13.4.2; cf. Waltizng, Corporations, vol. II, 114116, 133134, 172173.
59
Catalogue of the Greek and Latin Papyri in the John Rylands Library, Volume IV: Documents
of the Ptolemaic, Roman and Byzantine Periods, ed. E. Turner, Manchester 1938, no. 654 (: JRP).
IV . (Jones, LRE, 861); cf. R. Bagnall, Egypt in Late Antiquity, New
Jersey 1993, 4243. Alston, City, 6067,207214, 193195, 262268.

94

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,
;
,
, .60
, VI ,
, , .61

, ,
.62
459.
,
,
, 459.
()
.63 ,

. ,
. , ,
, .
. ,
. . .
,
. ,
.
60
, . ,
, ,
. Gregorii Nysseni Opera, vol. 82 (Opera ascetica et Epistulae), ed. G. Pasquali,
Leyden 2002, ep. 25 (: Greg. Ep.).
61
Sancti Symeonis Junioris Vita, PG, vol. 862, c. 11; E. Zanini, Technology and Ideas: Architects
and Master-builders in the Early Byzantine World, Tech. Tr, 394, 397.
62

.
(
),
. ,
The Syriac
Chronicle Known as that of Zachariah of Mitylene, ed. F. Hamilton E. Brooks, London 1899, 7.6 (:
Zach. Chron);
,
Ioanni Moschi Pratum Spirituale, PG 873, c.37; Jones, LRE 846, 859, 863.
63
XVIII . (SI, no. 18); , (Recueil des inscriptions grecques-chrtiennes d`Asie Mineure, vol. I, ed. H. Grgoire, Amsterdam 1968, no. 322).

 : V

95

a ()64 ()65 ()66 ()67 .68 .69

, ()70 .
SI, no. 18, ln.1; . ,
cautio iuratoria, .
A. Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, vol. 43, Philadelphia 1991, 384.
65
SI, no. 18, ln.1;
: , , , , , , ,
, , . Waltzing, Corporations, vol. I, 183184, vol. II 114115,
133135, 172. . , ,
,
. W. Buckler, Labour Disputes in the Province of Asia, Anatolian Studies Presented
to Sir William Mitchell Ramsay, ed. W. Buckler W. Calder, Manchester 1923, 3645 (: Buckler,
Disputes).
,
. (R. Ousterhout, Master Builders
of Byzantium, Princeton 2008, 42, 44, 51, 5457; : Ousterhout, Builders).
66
SI, no. 18, ln.1; Waltzing, Corporations,
vol. I, 5355, 340; Libannii Opera, vol. XI (Epistola), 1049, 1242, 1408; Historia Arcana, Procopii Opera
Omnia, vol. III, ed. J. Haury, Leipzig 1963, 28.1; Ousterhout, Builders, 56.
Das Eparchenbuch
Leons des Weisen, ed. J. Koder, Wien 1991, 22.1, 22.2, 22,3 (: Epar.); Ousterhout, op. cit., 44, 52, 54.
Ibid,
44, 55. .
, . ,
(
, ), .
. P. Garnsey, An Association of Builders in Late
Antique Sardis, Cities, Peasants and Food in Classical Antiquity Essays in Social and Economic History,
Cambridge 1998., 79 ( : Garnsey, Association). ,
. ,
. , (Foss, Sardis, 6, 19).
,
, , .
67
.
68
,
, , .
, , ,
. Foss, Sardis, 1920; Jones, LRE, 735, 859; Garnsey, Association, 7984.
, ,
,

. ,

(Waltzing, Corporations, vol I. 165187, 243274, 289317, vol. II
156171, 358364).
69
SI, no. 18, ln. 37; () ,
() . ,
27. a 459. (SI, 42).
, PN, .
70
SI, no. 18, ln. 8; ()
,
, ( ).
.
64

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()
().
( ), () () ()
()71 . ()
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()72 (), .
.

. , ,
() ()73
,
() ().74
:
, ,
.
(juridicas Aegypti),
. (JRP, no. 654) K ,
defensor civitatis. ()
. ().
Magistiranus j
.
.
451, (F. Millar, A Greek Roman Empire:
Power and Belief Under Theodosius II 408450, London 20062007, 192).
,
.
71
SI, no. 18, ln. 13;
(Epar. 22.1, 22.2, 22.4).
72
SI, no. 18, ln. 16; , , ,

, . (Outershout, Builders, 4951).
73
SI, no. 18, ln. 1720; ()
() , () . ,
dominus, (
), (
), imperator.
,
. , ,
.
74
SI, no. 18, ln. 23;
, 50 ,
, 60,
( ,
25, 50 ) EP, c. 19. ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
. ,

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a ()75
(),
(= )
( ),
(= ),
;
a ()
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, (= )
() () ()
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,

() ;
,
() ; ,
, ;
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,
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), ()
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, .
( ),
. ,
, ,
. (Greg. Ep., ep. 25). , ,
5 . , ,
. , 7 ,
(Jones, LRE, 859).
, 4
, 8 (Zach. Chron, 7.6).
,
.
,
(JRP, vol. IV, no. 539582, 604652).
. , , ,
, ( ),
(Ousterhout, Builders, 49, 54).
75
SI, no. 18, ln. 24, 31, 38; , ,
, ,
. ,
, . (artifex)
/ (ergolabus) 483. (CJ 8.10.12).
, , ,
(Epar, 22.2, 22.4; Ousterhout, Builders 46, 52).

98

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( )76 ()77 () .78

() ,
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.

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, :
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e , ,
.
76
SI, no. 18, ln. 47;
, . ,
, .
77
SI, no. 18, ln. 49;
, , II
VI , . , . .
78
SI, no. 18, ln. 54;
, ; ,
,
, .
79
SI, no. 18, ln. 58; .

 : V

99

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e ,
, ,

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80
. . , ,
20
,
(Jones, LRE, 860; Garnsey,
Association, 86).
81
Foss, Sardis, 6, 1920.
( ),
. , .

100

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,
.
. .
/
I
( 483), IX
( , ).
, ,
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, 459. 483.
,
. ,
,
459. 483.

, , ,

. ,

,
,
.



,
(de aedificiis privatis).83 .
82
Garnsey, Association, 8486.
.
, .
, .
83
CJ 8.10.12. , ,
. (CJ 8.10.1),
(224) (CJ 8.10.3),
(245) (CJ 8.10.4),
(290) (CJ 8.10.5), I (321)
(CJ 8.10.6.), (326)
(CT 15.1.4), (362)
(CT 15.1.10), (365)
(CT 15.10.14), (365)
(CT 15.1.16), I (389)

 : V

101

,
. ,

. 483.
,
.
,

. ( I )

I
.

,
,

(I ).84
,

- 12 85
(II ),
100 (IV ).86 ,

. , , ,
,
(sic),
(CT 15.1.25), (393)
(CT 15.1.30), (394)
, (398)
, (398) (CT
15.1.39), (406) (CT 15.1.44), (406)
(CT 15.1.45), (406)
(CT 15.1.46), II (409)
(CT 15.1.47), (412) ()
(CT 15.1.50), (423)
, (CJ 8.10.11).
84
CJ 8.10.12.1; ,

, .

(I, III IV ).
85
CJ 8.10.12.2;
-, 12 .
(II ).
86
CJ 8.10.12.4; ,
100 ,
. 12 , , ( 10 ,
6 ). ,
(II, III IV ).

102

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, (sic). ,
,
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, ,
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(sic).87

. ,
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,
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(VII ). ,
(ergolabus) (artifex) (sic),
, ,
, ;
,
. ,

,
.

. ,
, (
),
(IX ).88 I
87
, , (
), ,
; , , . , , ,
,
(CJ 8.10.12.7). ,
,

.
(CJ 8.10.12.8).
88

. 12
, . (CJ 8.10.12.3) (solarium)
10 (
); , .
10 , .
15 , (
), (
). 10

 : V

103

(convent illicito),
,
, ,

( ), ;
, ,
,
.89


( 483), ,
:
1)
;
2)
, ;
3) (operis novi
nuntitatio) ,
,
, ;
4)
;
5) - ;
6) ;
7) ,
;
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9) ,
,
;
10) ,
.
/ ,
. (CJ 8.10.12.5) ,
; ,
6 , 7 ,
, .
(CJ 8.10.12.6).
89
CJ 4.59.2
(monopolis) , ,
.
, 470. (CJ
4.59.1).

104

L (2013) 75111

,
483,
459. , ,
,
,
. , ,
,
, , ,
, .
,
/ .
, 483.

Operis novi nuntiatio. Opus novum ,
,
, (
).
.
( , )
,
, (
) (Operis novi
nuntiatio), .
, ,
. ,
.
,
.
,
.
-,
.90 ,
,
.
Operis novi nuntiatio
,
531.
.91 ,
90
Operis novi nuntiatio
(pass.): H. Burckhard, Die Operis novi nuntiatio, Erlangen 1871; A. Beling, Die Gemeinrechtliche Geltung
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(DJ 31.1, 39.1).
91
CJ 8.10.13;
W. Holmes, The Age of Justinian and Theodora. A History of the Sixth

 : V

105

,
,
,
opus novum .92
,
459,
483,
.
(
-),
, , V
VI . ,
,
.
,

( ),
( ),
. ,
,
,
. , ,

( ).
(
),
(
, ). ,
483.
, . 483,
,
, .
,
,
,
.
Century, London 1912, vol. I, 4250; E. Zanini, Technology and Ideas: Architects and Master-builders in
the Early Byzantine World, Tech. Tr., 381405; J. Crow, The Infrastructure of a Great City. Earth, Walls
and Water in Late Antique Constantinople, op. cit., 251 285; C. Diehl, Justinien et la civilization byzantine au Vie sicle, Paris 1901, 537543; D. Claude, 4984, 97137, 161195; cf. R. Santangeli Valenzani,
Public and Private Building Activity in Late Antique Rome, 436449.
92
CJ 8.10.4.

106

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L (2013) 75111

Marko Drakovi

(Institute for Byzantine Studies of the SASA, Belgrade)

SOME REMARKS ON ECONOMIC HISTORY OF BYZANTINE SARDIS

IN THE 5TH CENTURY
The paper tries to give another interpretation of the economic, social and other
relative circumstances that led to signing of a famous treaty between defensor and
builders of Sardis in 459. The paper begins with survey of local history of Sardis
during early byzantine epoch. Then comes overiew of the city`s known contemporary
institutions. After this, the work gives functional survey of the economic branches
in contemporary Sardis, known from the written and material sources metal
craftsmanship (both state fabrica of arms an private establishments), cloth and food
dealers, main trading streets, but most extensively the rich building activity, especially
public building. After this, the paper recalls many relevant singularities from the
history of early byzantine artisan builders and their collegia, including ways of their
engagement, pay, privileges and relations with other craftsman groups. The paper
then gives an extensive comment on treaty of 459, concentrating on technical term
meaning and all the particulars that could be observed without ambiguity.
After this remarks and functional digressions, the work comes to the most
intriguing question of the treaty what actually happened, which economic and
social events made defensor of Sardis to make this treaty. The document explicitly
says that building artisans of Sardis left their works unfinished, obstructed their
employers and even drove some of them away. Very intriguing is the passage
which anticipates the possibility that employer hires new builders, and that these
artisans also obstruct and drive away the employer. C. Foss explained all of this as
a kind of builders` strike, aimed at getting higher work prices. The obstacle for this
hypothesis is the fact that treaty doesn`t hint any price increase, on contrary, and
that it`s almost impossible to prove existence of any sort of proscribed builders`
service prices in early byzantine period. P. Garnsey highlighted that 9th passage
of Zeno`s constitution (483) mentions symptoms of builders` obstruction very
similar to those in the Sardis treaty leaving the buildings unfinished and direct
obstructing of the employers and later-employed colleagues. Garnsey supposes that
sardian and constantinopolitan builders had very similar motifes for this behavior,
which I certainly have to agree with. But, Garnsay supposes that this motif was a
smiple fraud to take the money from employer and then go away permanently
from him (to espace from him, to say). The obstacle for this interpretation lies in
the fact that both treaty of 459 and constitution of 483 clearly show that builders
didn`t go away from their employers after receiving pay, on contrary, they show that
builders stayed on their employer`s building sites and obstructed employers from
there. For unknown reasons, first eight passages of Zeno`s constitution on private
buildings had not been considered for explaining of the builder`s behavour, despite
the fact that they directly and precisely describe and explain the circusmtances that
led to builder`s obstructions. Namely, first eight passages (especially 1st, 2nd, 4th,
7th and 8th) elaborate that many people, suspective and jealous of their neighbours`

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new building projects, like to forbid their neighbours to continue with building,
declaring that neighbour has damaged his private or public space, by violating the
laws regarding free space between two private buildings or regarding maximal
height of building. As passages of constitution clearly say, this situation leads to
long ligitations and induces builders to stop their work; moreover, this situation
induces first-employed builders to obstruct their colleagues who try to continue
and complete their job. Emperor clearly asserts that continuation of works can be
accomplished by shortening ligitation of this cases, and by legal forcing of newhired builders to finish the buildings. Is it quite clear that the whole constitution
describes conseqences of operis novi nuntiatio right of every citizen (especially
the neighbour) to stop any building project by simple verbal declaring that it, in
some concrete way, violates his own or public space. As it is widely known, usage
of this right led to many ligiations and builder`s abandon of work through roman
history, especially during reign of Justinian. As treaty of Sardis and Zeno`s building
constitution mention the same symptoms of builder`s obstruction, I think there
is enough possibility that operis novis nuntiatio was the main cause of builder`s
behaviour in Sardis too. Operis novi nuntiatio obligated the builders, before all
others, to stop their work; the fear of legal consequences of violating nuntiatio and
the neighbour`s influence could induce first-hired builders to stop later-hired ones
in their continuing the work, or even to drive persistent employers away. In such
situation, when this complications lasted too long, defensor of Sardis could call to
work those builders whose empleyers have obtained some official permissions to
continue with work.