genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light Reflection of Light ‘When a ray of light after incidenting on a boundary separating two media comes back into the same media, then this phenomenon, is called reflection of light. | Nomal aneitent Reflected ry Boundary Tote: After reflection velocity, wavelength and frequency of light remains same but intensity decreases. O Tflight ray incident normally on a surface, after reflection it retraces the path. i {light rays, after reflection or refraction, actually meets at a point then real image is formed and if they appears to meet virtual image is formed. deer vu Real and virtual images Plane Mirror ‘The image formed by a plane mirror is virtual, erect, laterally inverted, equal in size that of the object and at a distance equal to the distance of the object in front of the mirror.genius PHYSICS 2 Reflection of Light (@ Deviation : Deviation produced by a plane mirror and by two inclined plane mirrors. 5208020 * Note : WF two plane mirrors are inclined to each other at go», the emergent ray is anti- parallel to incident ray, if it suffers one reflection from each. Whatever be the angle toincidence. (2) Rotation : If a plane mirror is rotated in the plane of incidence through angle 6 by keeping the incident ray fixed, the reflected ray tumed through an angle 28. other at an angle 6, then number of images (n) formed of an object which is kept betwoen them. @ n= (2- 1)3 i 2. = even integer GI 8 = odd integer then there are two possibilities (a) Object is placed symmetrically (b) Object is placed asymmetrically [wore : 0 If @= o® i.e. mirrors are parallel to each other so n= co i. infinite images will be formed, 360 O Fe= 90, n= 0 on op ore=pn- a placed). (4) Other important informations 4 (nothing is said object is supposed to be symmetricallygenius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 3 (@ When the object moves with speed u towards (or away) from the plane mirror then image also moves toward (or away) with speed u. But relative speed of image wvr.t. object is 2u. (i) When mirror moves towards the stationary object with speed u, the image will move with o | (aii) A man of height h requires a murror of length at least equal to h/2, to see his own complete image. iv) To see complete wall behind himself a person requires a plane mirror of at least one third the height of wall. Itshould be noted that person is standing in the middle of the room, ‘The refection fama denser medi causes an ada pe ekange af Nor Bath change ofa wie vefleton em Weebserve number oftrragesin athickplg fant oft econ iri. Bd fox — Brihestimane ™ ‘= Tofind the locaton of an abject fromm iniined plane mirror, you have to see the perpenchcular distance of the object from the Example:1 A plane mirror makes an angle of 30: with horizontal, If a vertical ray strikes the mirror, find the angle between mirror and reflected ray @ 30° ©) a © bo @ 90 Solution :(©) Since angle between mirror and normal is oo" and reflected ray (RR) makes an angle of 3o° with the normal so required angle will be 6 = 60" 22 weeExample: 2 Solution :(@) Example: 3 Solution :(©) Example: 4 Solution :(a) Example: 5 Solution :(0) Example: 6 Solution :(0) genius PHYSICS 4 Reflection of Light Two vertical plane mirrors are inclined at an angle of 60° with each other. A ray of light travelling horizontally is reflected first from one mirror and then from the other. The resultant devationis @ bo @) 20° © Bo" (@) 240° Byusing S=Gs-26) = J=360 260 =240" ‘A person is in a room whose ceiling and two adjacent walls are mirrors. How many images are formed tame 20021 @s m6 or @s8 The walls will act as two mirrors inclined to each other at go" and so sill form 2° —1~3 images of the person. Now these images with object (Person) will act as objects for the ceiling mirror and so ceiling wall form 4 images as shown. Therefore total number of images formed =3+4=7 [Note : © The person will see onlysiximages of himself Ch, I... . B) A ray of light makes an angle of 10° with the horizontal above it and strikes a plane mirror which is inclined at an angle @ to the horizontal. The angle ¢ for which the reflected ray becomes vertical is @ © so © 8 @ 200° Fromfigure Ver 8+0+10=90 é = 6-40" Fre taxi A ray of light incident on the first mirror parallel to the second and is reflected from the second mirror parallel to first mirror. The angle between two mirrors is @ x (b) 60° Or From geometry of figure 940+0=180" @ = 6-60" AA point object is placed mid-way between two plane mirrors distance ‘a’ apart. The plane mirror forms an infinite number of images due to multiple reflection. The distance between the nth order image formed in the two mirrors is @na @) na © na/2 @maSolution :(a) Example: 8 Solution :(©) Example: 9 Solution :(0) genius PHYSICS be a Reflection of Light 5 oxler monde 5 ‘mage image onder tn ff Pee ale fa fF —32— sea From above figure it can be proved that seperation between nth order image formed in the two mirrors = ana ‘Two plane mirrors P and Q are aligned parallel to each other, as shown in the figure. A light ray is incident at an angle of @ at a point just inside one end of 4. The plane of incidence coincides with the plane of the figure. The maximum number of times the ray undergoes reflections (including the first one) before it emerges out is 1 Tend —__ 1 a ——_ “ Trend q jee © Wtene C (@) None of these Suppose n = Total number of reflection light ray undergoes before exist out. x =Horizontal distance travelled by light ray in one reflection, @ So ne = ne ‘Tino A plane miro and person are moving towards each other with same wloctyv. Then the velocity ofthe image is @e & » Ox @” If mirror would be at rest, then velocity of image should be 2v. but due to the motion of mirror, velocity of image will be 20 +0 = 2. A ray reflected successively from two plane mirrors inclined at a certain angle undergoes a deviation of 300. The number of images observable are @ x20 a Or @3 Byusing 5 = (360-26) = 300 - 360-26 360 = @= 20", Hence number ofimages = 2° Solution = (a) ‘Asmall plane mirror placed at the centre of a spherical screen of radius R.A beam of light is falling on the mirror. Ifthe mirror makes n revolution. per second, the speed of light on the screen after reflection fromthe mirror will be @ amr ( ome ot @ a ‘When plane mirror rotates through an angle 6, the reflected ray rotates through an angle 29. So spot on the screen will make an revolution per second «+, Speed of light on screen v = aR = 2n(2n)R = 4mRgenius PHYSICS G Reflection of Light ‘Awatch shows time as 3: 25 when seen through a mirror, time appeared will be txemr 997, EMER: @ 8:35 ® 9:35 © 1% @) 8:25 Solution :(a) For solving this type of problems remember Actual time = 21: 60 - given time So here Actual time = 11 : 60 ~ 3: 25 4, 20 Peon ney ‘When a plane mirror is placed horizontally on a level ground at a distance of 6o m from the foot of a tower, the top of the tower and its image in the mirror subtend an angle of go at the eye. The height of the tower will be Icemris84l @ gom @) 6om © 90m @ wom Formthe figure itis lear that A= tin 5° =h=6om (Curved Mirror CConverges the ight rays Diverges the light rays (2) Some definitions : G) Pole (P) : Mid point of the mirror Gi) Centre of curvature(C)__: Centre of the sphere of which the mirror is a part. Gi) Radius of curvature(R) : Distance between pole and oantre of curvature, (Renee =—VEy Reamer = #26; Rove =) (iv) Principle axis : Aline passing through Pand C. (v) Foous F) : An image point on principle axis for which objectis at (vi) Focal length (f) : Distance between Pand F.genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 7 (vii) Relation between fand R : (Foste = “VE 5 fsmes = + VE fume = 00) (viii) Power : The converging or diverging ability of mirror (i) Aperture Effective diameter of light reflecting area. Intanstyefimagox Arse pertre™ (%) Focal plane : Aplane passing from focus and perpendicular to principle axis. (2 Rules of image formation and sign convention : Rule(i) Rule (ii) Rule (iii) \ —¥. \ —¥. -\ ~S PX (Q Sign conventions : Gall distances are measured from the pole. reidentay (di Distanoes measured in the direction of incident rays are taken as positive while in the direction opposite of incident rays are taken negative. (ii) Distances above the principle axis are taken positive and ainorortent™ - below the principle axis are taken negative. Note £0 Same sign convention are also valid for lenses. Use following sign while solving the problem: Concave mirror amma Convex mirror Real image (u > f) Virtual image (u< f) Distance of object use usa wos Distance of image voa- vat vot Focal length fo- fo- fot Height of object Ont O44 Ose Height of image rs- Ist Ist Radiusofcurvature = R > - Ro- Rot ‘Magnification m>- mo+ motgenius PHYSICS B Reflection of Light (4 Position, size and nature of image formed by the spherical mirror Mirror] Locationofthe | Location ofthe ] Magnification, Nature object image Size of the image Erect [inverted (@) Concave | Atninity Mbastev=— [m << 3] Real inverted ieuse diminished ‘Avay fom conte [Between f and f|m | ie A [fev a,magnified | Real inverted curvature and | centre of curvature focus : >of Feucof Atfocusieu=f |Atininityle v=|m=e,magnifiel | Real inverted Between pole and [o>u m>amagnified | virtual erect focus u < "Convex Atiniiniy te = |AtwaSTe, 07s, ciminished | — virtual erat ‘Anywhere between | Between pole and infityand pole | focus m--fu 1 Byusing 5 asf I mS inverted.) ‘A convex mirror has a focal length f. A real object is placed at a distance fin front ofit from. the pole produces an image at sR Te-Sem legative sign indicates that image is (@) Infinity &) Ff © f/2 @ lity 11,1 ys Byung Sat PTT HRT ‘Two objects A and B when placed one after another infront of a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm from images of same size. Size of object 4 is four times that of B. If object 4 is placed at a distance of 50 cm from the mirror, what should be the distance of B from the mirror (@ 10cm (b) 20cm © 30am @ 4ocm Tf lu Op fou, 1 Byusing G- FTO, fou, PT A square of side 3.cm is placed at a distance of 25 cm from a concave mirror of focal length, 20 cn. The centre of the square is at the axis of the mirror and the plane is normal to the axis, The area enclosed by the image of the wire isSolution :(a) Example: 36 Solution :(a) Example: 37 Solution :(©) Example: 8 Solution :(0) Example: 39 Solution :(b) Example: 20 genius PHYSICS 4 2Reflection of Light (@ 4em= (b) 6em= © some (@) 36cm Byusing m? a where m Hence from given values m=—10_ and 4, = 9em? “0-F 35) 3 Aconvex minror of focal length x0 cmis placed in water. The rftactve index of water is 4/3. ‘that wal be the focal length ofthe miror in water @ som (b) 4o/3em © 30/4am @ None of these No change in focal length, because f depends only pon radius ofcunature R. A candle flame 3 om is placed at distance of 3 m from a wall. How far from wall must a concave mirror be placed in order that it may form an image of flame 9 cm high on the wall @ 250m @) 20an © 4500n @ 650m Let the mirror be placed at a distance x from wall Byusing I_-v 6-9 -bx) Ji 28 2-45 =~ 450m. a OU as Tay TAS 0 a wo ‘A concave mizvor of focal length 200 cm is used to obtain the image of the sun which subtends an angle of a0. The diameter ofthe image of the sun ill be @ e74cm @) o.87em © o435an (@) s00an Diameter of image ofsun d= fe __ mageot = so a a~100-(F) ~ o-20-(2) a0 J 180 3 = d-08tem ‘A thin rod of length f / 3lies along the axis of a concave mirror of focal length f. One end of its magnified image touches an end of the rod. The length of the image is tmp PETs9951 @r oy © of @ Ifend 4 of rod acts an object for mirror then it s image will be A’ and if u = 2f- ot 3 yr, S14 anasto concave mirror is placed on a horizontal table with its axis directed vertically upwards. Let O be the pole of the mirror and C its centre of curvature. A point object is placed at C. It has areal image, also located at C. Ifthe mirror is now filled with water, the image will begenius PHYSICS Reflection of Lighta3 (@ Real, and will remain at © (b) Real, and located at a point between Cando (© Virtual and located ata point between C and 0 (4) Real, and located at a point between, Cando cf obec efor Solution :(@) os ject siti corra ‘An object is placed infront of a convex mirror at a distance of so cm. A plane mirror is introduced covering the lower half of the convex mirror. Ifthe distance between the object and plane mirror is 20 om, itis found that there is no parallel between the images formed by two mirrors. Radius of urvatire of mitor val be @ sen san © Bom (@ 18cm Solution : (b) ‘Since there is no parallel, it means that both images (By plane mirror ‘and convex mirror) coinciding each other. According to property of plane mirror it will form image at a distance of 30 cm behind it. Hence for convexminru=-50cn, v=+i00n object —goemiez0 2m Aconvergent 1 ncident on a convex muror so as to converge to a distance 22cm fom the pole ofthe mior. An inverted image ofthe same size is formed coincident with the virtual object. What is the focal length ofthe mirror @ 24cm (b) x2cm ©) ban @)_ 3c Solution :(c) Here object and image are at the same position so this position must be centre of curvature Rexam =f-% Pra 2. Alight bulbis placed between tw mavors (plane) inclined at an angle of Go». Number of images formed are INCERT 980; CPT 1996, 97; SCRA 1994; ALIMS 1997; RFIT 1999; AIEEE 2003; Orissa JEE 2003; MP PET 004] @=2 os Os @egenius PHYSICS 14 Reflection of Light 2. Two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle of 72° . The number of images of a point object placed between them vallbe GCET (rage & med. }:999; BCECE 2003] @2 3 O4 @s 3. To get three images of a single object, one should have two plane mirrors at an angle of IATEEE 2003] @ x () @ © 90° @) 10° 4. Ammoflength hrequires amimor oflength atleast equal to, to see his own complete image bar Per 2003} @t On ot @h 5. Two plane mirrors are at 45’ to each other. If an object is placed between them then the number of images will be [axe PIT 200; @s5 ®) 9 O7 @s 6. — Anobjectis at a distance of o.5rnin front of a plane murror. Distance between the object and image is [cpm 2002] @ osm @) um © osm @ asm 7. Ammnnas towards anarorataspeed asnys. Thespeedoftheinmgereatvetb themmnss RET 1995; KeralaPer 3003} @ asm © some © s5m" @ om 8. The light reflected bya plane mirror mayforma real image IKCET (Engg, & Med.) 2002) (@) Ifthe rays meident on the mirror are diverging (b) If the rays incident on the minor are comerging (©) Ifthe object is placed veryclose to the mirror (@ Under no circumstances: 9. Amanis sBo.omtall and his eyes are 10 om below the top of his head. In order to see his entire height right from. ‘pe to head, he uses a plane marror kept ata distance of m from hirn. The minimum length ofthe plane mirror requredis Emp Pm 1993; DPmT 2001] @ Boom @®) soem © B50n @ swan 40. Asmall objectis placed 10 erninfront of a plane minror. If you stand behind the object 30 an from the object and lok atts image, the distance focused for your eve wall be @ Goem @® 200m © sm @ Boem 44, Twoplane mitzors are at right angles to eachother. Aman stands between themand combs his hair th his right dand. In howmanyof the images val he be seen using his night hand @ None ws ez @s ‘Amanruns towerds miror at aspeed of asm/s. Whats the speed of his image [cBsEPmr 2000] @ sms © asm/s © sms @ sms 33. Arayoflightis imidenting normellyon a plane mirror. The angle of reflection wall be tmp Per 2000] ee ® oo (© Willnotberefiected —(@) None of 34. Aplane mibror produves a magnification of Uap pmr/PEr 1997) @ -1 ® +2 (© Zero @ Between 0 ate 45. Whena plane miroris rotated through an angle 6, then the reflected ray tums through the angle 26, then the size of theimage Ump PAT 1996] (@ Isdoubled (® Ishalved (© Rennins the same @ Becomes mnfnite 36. What should be the angle between two plane mirrors so that whatever be the angle of incidence, the incident ray and the reflected raysfrom the two marrors be parallel to eachother @ be ® so © a @ ww 27 Rayoptcs is valid, when charactenstic dimensions are Lease Pmt 1994] (@ Ofthe same order as the wavelength of light (&) Muchsmnller than the wavelength oflight (© Ofthe order of one malinmeter (@ Much Larger than the wevelength flight 8. _Itis desired to photograph the image of an object placed at a distance of 3m from the plane mirror. The camera ‘wbach is ata distance of 4.5m from the marr should be focussed fora distance of @ am @® asm © om @ 25mgenius PHYSICS Reflection of Lighta5 ‘Two plane mirrors are parallel to each other an spaced 20 om apart. An object is kept in between them at agem fromA. Cutof the follovang at which point an image is not formed in marror A (distance measured frommirror A) @ ascem ®) 2san © asm @ sson => 23. 24. ‘Two plane mirrors A and B are aligned parallel to each other, as shown inthe figure. A light rays incident at an, angle of 30° ata point just inside one end of A. The plane of inaidence coincides wath the plane of the figure. The maxnamnmumber of times the ray undergoes reflections (including the fist one) before it emerges outs a @s a ® » edn . Ox re @x A point source of light B is placed at a distance Z in front of the centre of a mirror of width d hung verticallyon a. ‘wall. Aman walls in front ofthe mimror along a line parallel to the mirror at adistance af ffomit as shown, The greatest distance over which he can see the image ofthe light source inthe mirrors @ diz od Oa @ a ‘The figure shows two rays A and B beng reflected bya mirror and going as A’ and B’. The mirror is @ Plane ® conewe © Comex (@) Maybe anyspherical mirror ‘Anobjectisiniiallyata distance of soo cm froma plane mirror. I the ‘Sony's, then after 6. the distance between the object and st mage val be @ foam @ uoan © xan @ agan ‘Anobject placed in front of a plane mirror is displaced by 0.4m along straight line at an angle of 3o° to mirror plane. The change in the distance between the object and is image is @ ozom @® o.gom © o25m @ oBom Array of light travels from A to B with uniform speed. On its way itis reflected by the surface 22°. The path followed bythe rayto take least time is @2 Me Os @4 Apoint objec 0 is placed between two plan mirrors as shownis fig. The bymarror M, fromit are @ 2mm Brim 8mm (&) 2mm Brn 28mm (© 2mm Br, 22mmgenius PHYSICS 16 Reflection of Light @ 2mm Br, Bm ‘plane mirror is placed at the bottomof the tank containing a liquid of refractive index ye .P is asmmall object ata height h above the mizor. An observer O-vertically above P outside the liquid see P ana st image inthe mairor. ‘The apparent distance between these two wal be @ wm oF 2 L @ 2h ont of @ afr+4) ne side ofa gas slab srered os shown, A rayf ight sinadent on te tbr ade at angle of madence 1245" . Refractive index of glass is given as 45. The dewation of the ray of light from its initial path when it comes out of the slabis Ow @) Be Om @ If an object moves towards a plane mirror with a speed v at an angle @ "tw the perpendicular i the Plane of the mirror, find the relative velocity between the object and the image @e oO» © reo @ sina Figure shows a cubical room ABCD val the wall CD as a plane matror. Each side ofthe room is smn. We place a camera at the midpoint of the wall AB. At what distance should the camera be focussed to photograph an abject placed at @ asm ® am © om @ More than 6m lam Reflection of igh at spherical sface aL eo 33. ez Aman having height 67m, want to see fil height in mavor. Theyobeerve mmage of ambeight erect then used mor is [eKcer 20041 Q comeave Comex © Plane @ None of An object of length 6am is placed on the principal as of a concave mirror of focal length Fata distance of 4f The Tength ofthe amage wall be [mp PET 2003] @ zo @® zo © 4am @ sem ‘Convergence of concave mirror can be decreased by dipping in Iarmc 2003] @ Water @ on © ph @ None of these Inanexperiment of find the focal length of a concave marror a graphs drawm between the magnitudes of u and v. ‘The graph lools like ~~ “} 4 o! of! a! \40. an 4 43. 44. 45. 46. a7. 48. 49. genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light17 “Anobject aserhighis placed ata distance of oan froma concave minor of radius of cwvature 30cm The size of theamages| [nvP 20031 @ saan ® ssn © séan @ zsan ‘Adinanished virtual image can be formed onlyin Uap pmr 2002] @ Plaeminor (@) Aconcave minor (© Acomexmirer @ Conse parabolic minor ‘A point objects placed ata distance of 3o en ffoma convex minor of focal length 3oom. The image wil fomnat [TEPMER 2002, (@) Infity (&) Foaws © Pole @s om Debind the mirror |. The focal length ofa convexmanroris 20 cmits radivs of curvature will be imprmr 200s) @ wan (®) 20cm © xan @ goon ‘A-concave minor of focal length a5 cm forms an image having twice the linear dimensions of the object. The positon of the objoct whem the smage is virtual wal be @ 225an @®) 75an © xan @ 4son Under which of the following conditions will a convex mirror of focal length f produce an image that is erect, damnshed and wrtual [amu (ange) 2008] (© Olin y our —— @) Onlywbenu=f © onlvwbenu 3 © Forall values of @ For w ‘An object som tall is placed 1m froma concave spherical mizror which has a radius of curvature of 20 cm. The size of the mage ss tmp rerig93] @ oasan ® ogpan © ossan @ o600n' ‘Avirtual image three times the sizeof the object is obtained with a concave matror of radius of curvature 36 em. ‘The distance of the object fromthe mumroris @ sam ® zon © won @ 2am CGivena point source of light, which ofthe following can produce a parallel beamof light lcrmrag7al (@ Comexmiror (&) Concave miror © Concave lens (@) ‘Two plane marors inclined at an angle of So Acomexmirroris used to formthe image of an object. Then which ofthe fllowang statements is wrong, (@) The images lies between the pole and the focus (b) ‘The image is diminished in size (©) The images is erect (@ Theimage is real ‘Aboystands staghtinffont of amimor ata distance of 3m away omit. He ses his erect mage whose height i} Sofas real height. The more is wsingis @ Planeminor (®) Comexminor (© Concave miror @ Plano- For the largest distance ofthe image froma concave mitror of focal length soem, the object should be kept at @ won (B) Infinite © sm @ Goan A dentist ues a smell mirror that ges a magnification of 4 when itis held 0.60 om froma tooth. The radius of ccavature ofthe mroris (2 asoam(eone) @ oBen(concare) (© 260em (concave) @ 08 om A dice is placed with its one edge parallel to the principal xcs between the principal focus and the centre of the curvature ofa concave nazror. Then the image has the shape of @ Cube @) cuboid (© Banelshaped @ Spherical Sea64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. oon genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light19 ‘A short linear object of length his along the as of a concave miror of focal lenath Fat a distance u formthe pole ofthe mirror. The size of the mage is approxmatelyequal to [rr 988; Bx 2003) of » (4) © (5) @ (5) ‘A point object is moving on the prinapal zs ofa concave maror of focal length 24cm towards the maror. When itis ata distance of Goa fom the marr, its wloatyis gary sec. Whatis the veloatyof the image at that instant (@ senrysec towards the mior © 4 on/sec towards the manor (© sense awayfromthe minor @ onysec away fromthe minor A convex mizzor of focal length 20 cm forms an image which is half of the sizeof the object. The distance of the object fromthe marroris @ won ® 200m © sm @ ssom Acconcave mirror is used to focus the image of a flower on a nearby well x20 cm from the flower. Ifa lateral ‘magnification of 36is desired, the distance of the lower fromthe mirror should be @ Ban ® som © Boem @ som A thinred of somlength is kept along the anus ofa concave mirror of 0 cm focal length such that its image is real ‘and magnified anv one end touches the rod. ts magnification wll be @2 we Os @4 luminous objec s placed 20 om from surface of a convex mirror and a plane mavor is set so that virtual images formed in two marrors coincide. If plane mirror is ata distance of 2 om from object, then focal length of convex @ sm @® wan © 2am @ goon Arear mirror ofa yehicleis cylindrical having radius of curvature 20 cm. The length of are of curved surface is also soc. If the eye of diver is assumed to be at large distance, from the marzo, then the field of wewin radians @ os ws 2 @4 Avehicle has a driving mirror of focal length 30 om, Another vehicle of dimension 2x 4%1.75m° is 9m away ‘fromthe mavor of first vehicle. Position ofthe second vehicle as seen inthe marro of first vehicle ss @ xan T x ©) 600m sh © sean @ gan ‘cube of side amis plaed in font ofa concave mao focal length sm vathits face P ata distance of 3m and face Q ata distance of 5m fromthe mazor. The distance between the image of face P and Q and height of mages, ofP and Qare @ am om osm mp ©) o5mam o2sm i © 5m osm an = @ 025m an osm ‘Aconcave maror ofradiw of cutature 60 emis placed atthe bottom, of 20 (om. the miror faces upwards with its ans vertical. Solar light fells nommellyon the surface of weter and the image oftte nis formed. , = {ten ahh ober ina th tans ofthe imag fmt ice of ter a @ soem @® wan © tsanabowe @75 am below Aconcave miror forms an image ofthe sun at a distance of sa.cm fromit (@) The radius of curvature ofthis mirroris 6c (b) To we itas ashawng mirror, it must be held ata distance of @-s0 om fromthe face (© Ianobjectis keptata distance of s20m fromit, the image formed wall be of the same size as the object, @ Allthe above a altematives are comect75 genius PHYSICS 20 Reflection of Light ‘Asm piece of vare bent into an shape with upright and honzontal portions of equal lengths is placed with the ‘pomzontal portion along the eas of the concave marror whose radius of curvature is 40 om. If the bend is 2 an. ‘from the pole of the narror, then the rato ofthe lengths ofthe images of the upright ani honzantal portions of the varess @u2 ® 32 © us @ 2 4s the postion of an object (u) reflected froma concave mirrors varied, the position ofthe image (v) also varies. Byletting the u changes fromoto + the graph between v versus u willbe 78. concave maror hes a focal length 20 an. The distance between the two positions ofthe object for wbich the smmage size is double ofthe abject size is @ =an ® 4oan © swan @ oan ‘79. concave maror of focal lenth so cm and a convex mamor of focal length 35 am are placed facing each other 40 cam apart. A post objects plaoed between the marors,on their common aes and a5 fromthe concave MIzor. Find the postion and nature ofthe image produced bythe successive reflections, fst at concave maor and then atconvexmammor @ zon @ gam © ben @ Ban Answer Sheet ( ‘Assignments aos 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 we me 5 ZO efe ee ce b b bb e¢ b ba be bd dc b EO ee ee ee d[a b be c b ae d boa dec de dd bd ee ee ee ee bla dc aa bbe ec d da b bd ec b bd db Si 6 63 64 6 66 8 OB Me ale b dec a aaa ba de b baaof >» Refraction of Light PHYSICS Reflection of Light 21 genius Shell's law ‘The ratio of sine of the angle of incidence to the angle of refraction (7) is a constant called refractive index ie, 21 < p (aconstant). For two media, Snell's law can be written as , 4, = 42 = 58% Fer ta ar > fy xsin’= yy xsinr Le. jisin6 = constant Alsoin vector form : Refractive Index xit =m xi) ‘Refractive index ofa modumis Wht characteristic which decides speed of Ightin Tei a scalar, uit less and dimensionless quantity £2) Types :Itis of following two types ‘Absolute refractive index Relative refractive index @ When light waves from air to any transparent medium then Ri. of medium wrt. air is called it's absolute R1 ac Haatamn = (@ Some absolute RT. @ Vien light travels fom medium @ to medium (>) then RI. of medium (2) wrt. medium (a) is called its 42% (where v, and v, are the ra speed of light in medium 1and respectively). Gi) Some relative RI (@) When light enters from _water_to_glass relative RIL ke. 144genius PHYSICS 22 Reflection of Light 3129 Haven =152, ace =1 = 1.0003 21 Whats 0 Cauchy equation: = Ae Go Gant > Ars He < Hid 1 © Ifa light ray travels from medium (1) tomedium (2), then yp = (2) Dependence of Refractive index (@ Nature of the media of incidenoe and refraction, (@ Colour of light or wavelength of light. (i) Temperature of the media : Refractive index decreases with the increase in temperature. (Q Principle of reversibility of light and refraction through several media : ‘Principle of reversibility ‘Refraction through several media melden cy ® ® 1 ; ial 1a XaHs x34 = 1 Refraction Through a Glass Slab and Optical Path (@ Lateral shift ‘The refracting surfaces of a glass slab are parallel to each other. When a light ray passes through a glass slab it is refracted twice at the two parallel faces and finally emerges out parallel to it's incident direction i.e. the ray undergoes no deviation 6 = o. The angle of emergence (6) is equal to the angle of incidence (i) ‘The Lateral shift of the ray is the perpendicular distance between the incident and the emergent ray, and it is given by MN=tsecrsin(i- 1) Normal shift Normal shift 00° 1, so optical path length (ja) is always greater than the geometrical path length (x). Real and Apparent Depth Tf object and cbsarver are situated in different medium then due to refraction, object appears to be displaced from it’s real position. There are two possible conditions. (@ When objectis in denser medium and observer is, in rarer medium, (@ Object is in rarer medium and observer is in denser medium. i { 13 > kala ° Gia Real depth >Apparent depth that's why a coin at the bottom of bucket (full of water) appears to be raised) et Real depth < Apparent depth that's why high flying aeroplane appears to be higher than its actual height. ca sti a=n-H=(1-1)s neta 454.8 (a Forvater w= $a (Shift for water 4, For glass Shift for glass d,genius PHYSICS ‘24 Reflection of Light ‘Note: Ifa beaker contains various immisible liquids as shown then K Apparent depth of bottom = 21.4 2.4.33. a A Ma Ms Heaton 4 uc (in case of two liquids if a = a than 1 Ae Total Internal Reflection ‘When a ray of light goes from denser to rarer medium it bends away from the normal and as the angle of incidenoe in denser medium increases, the angle of refraction in rarer medium also increases and at a certain angle, angle of refraction becomes 90°, this angle of incidence is called caitical angle (C). ‘When Angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle than light ray comes bacle in to the same medium after reflection from interface. This phenomenon is called Total internal reflection (TIR). Important formula» =cosee C; where > aeeallonaes Note: When alight ray travels from denser to rarer medium, then deviation ofthe ray is 5=9-20>5—> max whend— min =C 16. Suge = - 20); Cr critical angle TOR (2) Dependence of critical angle @ Colour of light (or wavelength of light) : Critical angle depends upon wavelength as ache sinc z (2) Ag> Ay 2Ca> Cy (Sin c=1_- #2. 42"? (fortwomedia) (@) For TIR from boundary of two Rip Hp AR vR media i> sin? AE kp (a Nature of the pair of media : Greater the refractive indexclessor will be the critical angle. (2) For (glass- ait) pait + Coys = 2° (b) For (water-ait) pait Cay, = 49° (© For (diamond-air) pair — Crimea = 24°genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 25 (Gi) Temperature : With temperature rise refractive index of the material decreases therefore titical angle increases. (2) Examples of total internal reflection (TIR) @ ad Earth, aairage: anopticlidision an desers ooning: Anoptial son neo} (@ Brilliance of diamond : Due to repeated intemal reflections diamond sparldes. (ii) Optical fibre : Optical fibres consist of many long high quality composite glass/quartz fibres. Each fibre consists of a core and cladding. The refractive index of the material of the oore (ya) ishigher than that of the dadding (1). ‘When the light is incident on one end of the fibre at a small angle, the light passes inside, undergoes repeated total intemal reflections along the fibre and finally comes out. The angle of Incidence is alwaye larger than the critical angle of the core material with respect to its adding. Even ifthe fibres bent, the light can easily travel through along the fibre A bundle of optical fibres can be used as a ‘light pipe’ in medical and optical examination. It _ Cstding, can also be used for optical signal transmission, Optical bres have also been used for transmitting and reosiving electrical signals which are converted to light by suitable transducers. ob Gv) Field of vision of fish (or swimmer) : A fish (diver) inside the water can see the whole world through a cone with, (@) Apexangle= 2C= 98" (©) Radius of base r = tan = 2 (© Area of base A= wy 3 Prete OFor water w= 4507 3h and 4-20, (¥) Porro prism : A right angled isosceles prism, which is used in periscopes or binoculars. This used to deviate light rays through 90” and 180° and also to erect the image.Example: + Solution: (©) Example: 2 ‘Solution: (b) Example: 3 Solution: (©) Example: 4 Solution: (4) Example: 5 ‘Solution: (b) genius PHYSICS 26 Reflection of Light A beam of monochromatic blue light of wavelength 4200 A in air travels in water (u=4/3). Its wavelength in water will be (@ 28004 (b) S6004 © sso @ 40004 1 - wad = 4-314 On a glass plate alight wave is incident at an angle of 6o». Ifthe reflected and the refracted waves are mutually perpendicular, the refractive index of material is tm POT 994; Haryana CEE 19961 5 1 8 a © @F sin _ sin60° _ Ser oe ‘snr sn30” Velocityof light in glass whose refractive index with respect to airs usis 2% 10%m/s and in certain liquid the velocity of light found to be 250x10%m/s. The refractive index of the liquid with respect to aris erm a9; me PET/PMT 1988] @ 0.64 (b) 0.80 © 120 @ 144 nels M > 212 vO By A ray of light passes through four transparent media with refractive indices /4-#4, ly, 4d 4 35 shown in the figure. The surfaces of all media are parallel. If the emergent ray CD is parallel to the incident ray AB, we must have @ a4 ©) a= Hs O m= @ w= For successive refraction through difference media usin = constant. Here as gis same in the two extreme media. Hence 4 = 44 A ray of light is incident at the glass—water interface at an angle i, it emerges finally parallel to the surface of water, then the value of 14, would be @ G/asini (b) x sini fy mals © 43 ar @: nh For ghss water interface ,, «8% ..g) and For vaterair interface, , = 207 di)Example: 6 ‘Solution: (b) Example: 7 ‘Solution: (b) Example: 8 ‘Solution: (b) Example: 9 Solution: (©) Example: 30 Solution: (©) genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 27 1 My Xe Hye sinh Hy = ‘The ratio of thickness of plates of two transparent mediums 4 and B is 6 : 4. If light takes equal time in passing through them, then refractive index of B with respect to A will be (@) 14 (b) a5 © @ 133 Byusing t= & Arayof light passes from vacuum into a medium of refractive index 1 the angle of incidence is found to be twice the angle of refraction, Then the angle of incidence is (@ cos'(u/2) (b) 2eos(u/2) ©) Asin *(u) @ sin (u!2) sin2r _ 2sinrcosr TERTtOST (sin29= 2sinBcose) Byusing we = > w= SP - 2 rear(f) arin} AA ray of light falls on the surface of a spherical glass paper weight making an angle a with. the normal and is refracted in the medium at an angle #. The angle of deviation of the emergent ray from the direction of the incident ray is @ @-p) © 2-2) © @-p)2 @ @+p) From figure it is clear that AQBC is an isosceles triangle, ile la tN Hence ZOGB = pf and emergent angle is a ‘Also sum of two in terior angles =exterior angle a" > 5=(a- f)+(a- p)=2la- p) \S °) rectangular slab of refractive index sus placed over another slab of refractive index 3, both, slabs being identical in dimensions. Ifa coins placed below the lower slab, for what value of jill the coin appear to be placed atthe interface between the slabs when viewed fom the @ 16 me © as @2s rer) ‘coin is kept at bottom of an empty beaker. A travelling microscope is focussed on the coin from top, now water poured in Bealer upto height of 20 cn. By what distance and in which direction should the mictoscope be moved to bing the coin again infos (@ socmup ward (b) toandownward (@ 2scmupwards — @) 25 an down wards 10a Sem ‘When water is poured inthe beaker. Coin appears to shift bya distance d= 4 = 1?Example: 1 ‘Solution: (b) Example: 32 Solution: (©) Example: 33 Solution: (4) Example: 34 Solution: (@) PHYSICS 28 Reflection of Light Hence to bring the coil again in focus, the microscope should be moved by 2.5 cm in upward direction. genius Consider the situation shown in figure. Water (« = 3) is filled in a breaker upto a height of zoom, A plane mor fied a a height of 5 cn fom the surface of water. Distance of image from the mirror after reflection from t of an object © at the bottom of the beaker is @ 5am () 25am Fromfigure itis clear that object appears to beraised by 12cm (2 Sem) @ 10cm © 75cm Hence distance between mirror and = 5 +75 =12.5em So final image will be formed at 12.5 cm behind the plane mir. 10. ‘The wavelength of light in two liquids‘ and 'y is 2500 A and 7000 &, then the critical angle of relative toy wall be (a) 60° (b) 45° © 30 @ 15° fa A, 3500 1 '=30° sinC= = 37 p09 7" A light ray from air is incident (as showm in figure) at one end of a glass fiber (refractive index .= 115) making an incidence angle of 60» on the lateral surface, so that it undergoes a total intemal election, How much tine would tae to traverse the straight fiber of length akm lorissasEE 20021 @ 3.33 usec a ) 6.67 usec © serrusec @ 3.85 usec ‘When total intemal reflection just takes place from lateral surface then i =C ive. C= 60" 12 noe From =u Hence time taken by light traverse some distance in medium t= Jebaw) ate = 385 p80 3x10 A glass prism of refractive index 15 is immersed in water (y.= 4/3). A light beam incident normally on the face AB is totally reflected to reach the face BC if @ sina>819 2a (b) 2/3C = sng >sinC = sne>Example: 35 Solution: (b,<) Example: 36 Solution: (a) Example: 37 Solution: (©) genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 29 1 8 snd> sno >$ 2 me> se = ne > ‘When light is incident on a medium at angle i and refracted into a second medium at an angler, the graph of sin vs sin ris as shown in the graph. From this, one can conclude that, (@ Velocity of light in the second medium is 1.73 times the velocity oflight in the I medium (b) Velocity of light in the I medium is 1.73 times the velocity in the Il medium (© The critical angle for the two media is given bysin i, @ sins, = AM > yey AY Also ftom w= > snc=—1+__ 3 snc- 4-4 anc ‘acy Denver ata WB A beam of light consisting of red, green and blue colours is incident om a right angled prism. ‘The refractive indices of the material of the prism for the above red, green and blue wavelength are 1.30, 1.44and 1.47respectively. The prism will (@ Separate part of red colour from the green and the blue | = —| From graph ten30° = colours = (b) Separate part of the blue colour from the red and green | = colours (©) Separate all the colours from one another (@ Not separate even partially any colour from the other two colowrs At face AB, i = 050 r = 0, i, no refraction will take place. So light will be incident on face AC at an angle of incidence of 45°. The face AC will not transmit the light for which i> 8, te, sini > sind or aind5°> (1p) te, > JF(e1.41) ‘ Now a8 pip <4 while 4; and jy >, so red will be transmitted through the face AC while green and blue will be reflected. So the > prism will separate red colour from green and blue. ‘An air bubble in a glass slab (j1=11.5) is 6 cm deep when viewed from. one face and 4 cm deep when viewed from the opposite face, The thickness of the glass plate is @ s00n (6) 6670m © san (@) None of these Let thickness of slab be t and distance of air bubble from one side is x [cen gaa ‘When viewed fromside (a): 1.5 = == x =Sem a [+ fae | © sides |—x—-!" side When viewed fromside (2): 15-979 15-8 Stetsem iagenius PHYSICS go Reflection of Light (One face of a rectangular glass plate 6 cm thick is silvered. An object held 8 cm in front of the first face, forms an image 12cm behind the silvered face. The refractive index ofthe glass is @ o4 ) 08 ©w @ 16 Solution :(c) From figure thickness of glass plate t = 6 cm. too ‘Let be the apparent position of the silvered surface. ¥ ‘According to property of plane mirror cme | EME mage x4+8=2046-1 => x=5cm ; t 6 tom} { foo ho Fe BH eS A ray of lights incident on a glass sphere of refractive index 9/2. What should be the angle of incidence so that the ray Which enters the sphere doesn't come out ofthe sphere @ (3) & w(3) © 9 Ray doesn't come out from the sphere means TIR takes place. Hence fromfigure Z4BO= ZOAB = C 1 2 L us 13 nC= 1-2 “ae “3 ApplyingSnellsLawata epee yes ‘The image of point P when viewed from top of the slabs will be (a) 20cmaboveP (b) ascmaboweP (©) 2.0cmbelowP (d) 1cmaboveP ‘Solution: (4) The two slabs will shift the image a distance o taxft-tper(e R)asieton Seto " 6 atsn ‘Therefore, final image will be 1.cm above point P. Pe Ream Refraction From Curved Surface —— 14, = Refractive index of the medium from which light rays are coming (from object. sa = Refractive index of the medium in which light rays are entering.genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light g1 u=Distanoe of object, v = Distance of image, R = Radius of curvature Refraction formula aA = #2__ 1 (use sign convention while solving the problem) [Note 10 Real image forms on the side of a refracting surface that is opposite to the object, and virtual image forms on the same side as the object. G Lateral (Transverse) magnification m 3 =m, a Specific Example Ima thin spherical fish bowl of radius 10 cm filled with water of refractive index 4/3 there is a small fish at a distance of 4 cm from the centre C as showm in figure. Where will the image of fish appears, if seen ftomE (@ 520m @) 72cm © 42cm @ 32cm a ‘Solution :(a) By using 4. 4 = vio BEY em eee» On putting values v= -5.2em Lens Lens is a transparent medium bounded by two refracting surfaces, such that at least one surface is spherical. (2) Type of lenses Convexlens (Converges the lightrays) _| _ Concave lens (Diverges the light rays) \ f Pr otr ef. Double convex Plano convex Concavo convex Double concave Plane concave Convexo concave Thickat middle Thin at middle Te forms real and virtual images both Te forms only virtual images (2) Some definitions optical ans = (@ Optical centre (0) : A point for a given lens through which light ray passes undeviated (Light ray passes undeviated through optical centre). CC - Centre of cunature, Ry R.~ Radu of curveturegenius PHYSICS 32 Reflection of Light Gi) Principle focus Firstprinciple focus ‘Second principle focus ~~ — | fe | a —} A Note: Second principle focusis the principle focus of thelens. © When medium on two sides of lensis same then| | #1. © If medium on two sides of lens are not same then the ratio of two focal lengths Ala aa Wj Wi (ii) Focal length (f): Distance of second principle focus from optical oantre is called focal length Secanes > POSItIVE, fancane —>DOGALIVE, fotne > © (iv) Aperture : Effective diameter of light transmitting area is called aperture. Intensity of image ce (Aperture)? (¥) Power of lens (P) : Means the ability of a lens to converge the light rays. Unit of power is Diopter (D). Pan 1 ps postive, Panne > 20818 Prune > 280. * Feo)” Fleny! “ees hero Thick lens ~ lens (\ prplel Pig het (2) Image formation bylens Lens Location of ] Location of the Nature of image the object image Magnificatio | _Real Erect n Grtual | “Thiverted CORNER ‘Atinfinity ‘Atiowsie. veh mel Real Inverted ie use diminished ‘Awayfrom af | Between fand of mel Real Tnverted i> ie feveof diminished es fegenius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 33 Axor u=ap | Asie W=2p me Red inverted same size Belveen fand # | Avaytiom fle el Red inverted iepeusof o> 2 magnified Aefoous Rhinityieve= | m=@ Red inverted teusf magnified Between optical | At adistance m>1 Virtual Beat centeand | greaterthanthatof | magnified focus,uu Concave ‘eintinky | Atoous i mal Vatual Erect jews diminished j\ Taywhere | Between optical rai Vatual Beat FAA | between infinity | centre and focus diminished and optical centte Nets: Minimum distance between an cbjact and it's real image formed by a convex lens is af, Q Maximum image distance for concave lens is it’s focal length. (4) Lens maker's formula The relation between f, 44 Ri and R. is Inown as lens maker's formula and it is Plano convexlens Rea R=-R R \ f (u-D } for w=15,f (Lens ina liquid Focal length of lens in a liquid (can be determined by the following formula = ote 3 (Lens is supposed to be made of glass). [Note 10 Focal length of a glas lens (= 1 Sis fin air then inside the water it's focal length is af. © Iniquids focal length of lens increases (1) and it’s power decreases (1). (© Opposite behaviour of a lensgenius PHYSICS 34 Reflection of Light In general refractive index of lens (j1;) > refractive index of medium surroundingit (1). > pos Me < pos = pow fo a7 (7) Lens formula and magnification of lens 5 12 (use sign convention) (i) Magnification : The ratio of the size of the image to the size of objact is called magnification. @Lens formula I (a) Transverse magnification : m = 2 use sign convention while solving the problem) (b) Longitudinal magnification 20 A (© Areal magnification : For very small object 4) , (A= Area ofimage, A, = Area of object) +H (8) Relation between object and image speed If an object move with constant speed (V,) towards a convex lens from infinity to focus, the 4 ) " i, (2) Focal length of convexlens by displacement method (@ For two different positions of lens two images (Jj end J,)of an object is formed at the same location. ~~ Focal length_of— the dens i ~~ 4” where m, = and m, = Yow o 0 mage will move slower in the beginning and then faster. Also Gi) Size of object o= JEgenius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 35 (20) Cutting of lens (@ Asymmetric lens is cut along optical axis in two equal parts. Intensity of image formed by each part will be same as that of complete lens. (@) Asymmetric lens is cut along principle axis in two equal parts. Intensity of image formed by each part will be less compared as that of complete lens (aperture of each part is + times that cof complete lens) (2) Combina’ (@ Fora systen P=A+R, 4% m= my xm3 xm3 x (Gi) In case when two thin Jans are in contact : Combination will behave asa lens, which have more power of lesser focal length. Lett pe Ah ond PeR FAR th (ii) IF two lens of equal focal length but of opposite nature are in contact then combination will behave as a plane glass plate and Ryetavon = © Gv) When two lenses are placed co-avially ata distance d from each other then equivalent focal length (F). (a0) Silvering of lens Gnsslvering the surface ofthe ln it behaves as a mirror. The focal length ofthe slvered lens is 1-241. where 4 = focal length oflens from which refraction taltes place (twios) Ju = focal length of mirror from which reflection takes place. (@ Plano convexis silvered DQ} LEgenius PHYSICS 36 Reflection of Light R R Ju Fafin ay 90 Fe Sn Gi Double convexlensissilvered R R Since f= A= Sor-—* au-D fh ote: © Similar results can be obtained for concave lensas- (ag) Defects in lens (@ Chromatic aberration : Image of a white object is coloured and blurred because (henos f) of lens is different for different colours. This defect is called chromatic aberration. bey > Hn S0 a> Sy Mathematically chromatic aberration =fa~ Sv = of, = Dispersion power oflens. {f= Focal length for mean colour = Fafy Removal : To remove this defect i.e. for Achromatism we use two or more lenses in contact in place of single lens. ‘Mathematically condition of Achromatism is : ate 0 or ayfy = orf [Net Component lenses of an achromatic doublet cemented by canada blasam because it is transparent and has a refractive index.almost equal to the refractive ofthe glass. (W Spherical aberration : Inability of a lens to form the point image of a point object on the axis is called Spherical aberration. In this defect all the rays passing through a lens are not focussed at a single point and the image of a point object on the avs is blurred. Marpmaliays Removal : A simple method to reduce spherical aberration is to use a stop before and infront of the lens. (but this method reduoes the intensity of the image as most of the light is cutoff). Also by using plano-convexlens, using two lenses separated by distance d= F - F, using crossed lens.genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 37 [iste © Marginal rays : The ays farthest from the principal axis. Paraxdal rays : The rays close to the principal axis. © Spherical aberration can be reduced by either stopping paraxdal rays or marginal rays, which can be done by using a Grcular annular mask over the lens. © Parabolic mirrors are free from spherical aberration. Ci) Coma : When the pont objet is placed away from the principle axis and the mage is received on a scresn perpendicular to the axis, the shape of the images like a comet. This defect is called Coma. Itrefers to spreading of a point object in a plane 1 to principle axis. Removal : It can be reduoed by properly designing radii of curvature of the lens surfaoss. It can also be reduoad by appropriate stops placed at appropriate distanoes from the lens. (iv) Curvature : For a point objact placed off the avis, the image is spread both along and perpendicular to the principal axis. The best image is, in general, obtained not on a plane but on a curved surface. This defactis known as Curvature. Removal : Astigmatism or the curvature may be reduoed by using proper stops placed at proper locations along the axis. (¥) Distortion : When extended objects are imaged, different portions of the object are in general at different distances from the axis. The magnification is not the same for all portions of the extended object. As a resulta line object is not imaged into a line but into a curve. Object (vi) Astigmatism: The spreading of image (of a point object placed away from the principal axis) along the principal axis is called Astigmatism. Concepts © Ifa sphere ofradiusR made of material ofrefractive index 14 isplaced in a medium ofrefractive index 44, Then ifthe betepactt act 4) fromthe pole the real image formed s equidistant fromthe sphere. ‘©The lens doublets used in telescope are achromatic fo"v..!*.efed colours, while these used in camera are achromatic for &genius PHYSICS 38 Reflection of Light ‘let and green colours. The reason for this is that our eye 1s most senative between blue and red colours, whale the photographic plates are most sensitive between violet and green colours. ‘= Position of optical centre Equiconvex and equiconcave Exactly at centre oflens Convexo-cancave and concave-convex Outside the glass posttion Plano convex and plano concave (On the pole of curved surface = Composite lens : fa lensisrmade of several materials then Number ofimnages formed = Number ofrmaterials used Herero. ofimmages= 5 Example Example: 38 Solution: (4) Example: 39 Solution: (@) Example: 20 Solution: (@) Example: 24 ‘thin lens focal length 4 and its aperture has diameter d. It forms an image of intensity 7. Now the central part of the aperture upto diameter d/2is blocked by an opaque paper. The focal length and image intensity wall change to Samat I 3f anal 31 @ fant 5 @ fand > © Fands @fadz Centre part of the aperture up to diameter 4 is blocked ie. hii area is blocked (a 2) nn ing = 24, A ty An = ra 3 TA Focal length doesn't depend upon aperture. ‘The power of a thin convex lens (14 =1.5) is + 5.0 D. When it is placed in a liquid of refractive index , 14, then it behaves as a concave lens of local length 100 cm. The refractive index of the liquid 14 willbe = r-3r a @ 5/3 ) 4/3 o8 @s/4 fi altel Hy 15 tit Bj a where a, = 4 and m= 200m using F-= Pe by = te 5 -100 15-1 ) MO ts wa5i3 me ‘A double convex lens made of a material of refractive index 1g and having a focal length of x0 cmis immersed in liquid of refractive index 3.0. The lens will behave as IxceRr 9731 (@ Diverging lens of focal length 10 em (b) Diverging lens of focal length 20 / 3 an (©) Converging lens offocallength 10/3em (4) Converging lens of focal length 30 an Gi ol Sf Byusing f° oT > $0 = fi=-lOem (Le. diverginglens) Figure given below shows a beam of light converging at point P. When a concave lens of focal length 26 cm is introduced in the path of the beam at a place O show by dotted line, the beam converges at a distance x from the lens. The value x will be equal to (@ 22cm (b) 24cmSolution: (4) Example: 22 Solution: (@) Example: 23 ‘Solution: (b) Example: 24 ‘Solution: (b) Example: 25 genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 39 © san @ 48cm From the figure shown itis clear that ~~ Forlens :u=12emand v fs: 1 rota \yer * Byusing = a vou 16 x #12 a f * * tee | ‘A convex lens of focal length 4o cm is an contact with a concave lens of focal length 25 cm. ‘The power of combination is (a) -15D (b) - 65D © +65D (@) +6.67D pyusing Let sh. YUN EE F ya = F=-70 om, hence P 3 ‘A combination of two thin lenses with focal lengths fj and f, respectively forms an image of distant object at distance 60 om when lenses are in contact. The position of this image shifts by 30 cm towards the combination when two lenses are separated by 20 cm. The corresponding values of fj and fy are [anms 19951 (@ 30cm,-6oem —(b) 20em,-30GM_ ©) ASEM,-20cm (A) 42. cm, - ssom Initially F = 60 cm (Focal length of combination) tliat Henabywing 5+ $43 >t 1ijaia Finally by wing B= tog o = 1.10 i) Th Fromequations @) and (i) ff = - 600 Fromequation@) ff +f; = -10 i) ‘Also difference of focal lengths can written as fi -fy= +h) -4ih =fi-f=50 ay From(ii)< Gv) fi = 20 and fy = -30 {A thin double convex lens has radii of curvature each of magnitude 4o cm and is made of glass with refractive index 2.65. Its focal length is nearly (@) 20cm @) sem © san @ soan R 4 Byung fe Es = f= apps BD Teme atom AA spherical surface of radius of curvature R separates air (refractive index 1.0) from glass (refractive index 1.5). The centre of curvature is in the glass. A point object P placed in air is found to have a real image Q in the glass. The line PQ cuts the surface at a point O and PO= 09. The distance PO is equal toSolution: (@) Example: 26 ‘Solution: (b) Example: 27 Solution: (4) Example: 28 Solution: (@) Example: 29 Solution: (@) genius PHYSICS 40 Reflection of Light Imp Pmt 1994; Haryana CEE 19961 @ 5k @ 3k © 2R @ 15k syusing MA Haat Where j4=1, j_=15, u=-OP, v=00 2 { @ Hence 15__1 15-1 5 15,10 ~ ‘ OD =O HR) > OP=5R ‘The distance between an object and the screen is 100 cm. A lens produces an image on the screen when placed at either of the positions 4o cm apart. The power of the lens is (a) 3D (b) sD © 2D @ oD Dew Byung f= = fe Hence power p= 100. _ 100 Fem) 3 Shown in figure here is a convergent lens placed inside a cll filled with a liquid. The lens has focal length +20 cm when in air and its material has refractive index 1.50. If the liquid has refractive index 1.60, the focal length of the system is (a) +80cm (b) - 80cm = © -24em @ -100em | Eh sens Liquid FRR BF Aconcave lens of focal length 2 om placed in contact witha plane mitror acts as a (a) Convex mirror of focal length 10 an (b) Concave mirror of focal length 40cm (© Concave mirror of focal length 60 om @ Concave mirror of focal length 10 cm 1 erent Vv (After silvering concave lens behave as convex mirror) A candle placed 25 cm from a lens, forms an image on a screen placed 75 cm on the other end of the lens. The focal length and type ofthe lens should be @) +18:75cmand convex lens (b) ~ 28.75cm and concave lens (© +2025 emand convex lens @) ~ 20.25 0m and concave lens In concave lens, image is always formed on the same side of the object. Hence the given lens isaconvexlens for which u=- acm, v=75cm. A198]Example: 30 Solution: (©) Example: 33 Solution: (@) Example: 32 Solution: (@) Example: 33 Solution: (©) Example: 34 Solution: (@) genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 42 riaisia _ Byusng Ge t-b = be aay cag = fetabirsom ‘A convex lens forms a real image of an object for its two different positions on a screen. If height of the image in both the cases be 8 cm and 2cm, then height of the object is kCET Cmgz,/mea.) = @ 36cm (b) Ban © 4an @ 20n Byusing O= ih = => O= \8x2=4em ‘Aconvex lens produces a real image m times the size of the object. What will be the distance of the object fromthe lens [omen 2002] @ (#y my @an m= here -m= mat Byusing m= 77 here Are in }s ‘An air bubble in a glass sphere having 4 cm diameter appears 1.cm from surface nearest to eye when looked along diameter. If, j, =1.5 the distance of bubble from refracting surface is (@) 22cm Byusing © 28am Mh tah vou & where u=?, v=-a0m, m=15, j= 15 sue \ ‘The sun's diameter is 1.4x10°m and its distance from the earthis 10''m. The diameter ofits image, formed bya convex lens of focal length 2m wall be (a) 0.7em (b) r4cm © 28cm (@) Zerm (i.e. point image) From figure ml D_ 10% 2x1.4«10% ao 8 a gr 28m ‘Two point light sources are 24 cm apart. Where should a convex lens of focal length 9cm be put in between them from one source so that the images of both the sources are formed at the same place (@ 6em () gem © wen @ a5em ‘The given condition will be satisfied only fone source (S_ placed on one side such that u . ities beyond the focus), If 5, is the object forlens then If 5 is the object forlens then,genius PHYSICS 42 Reflection of Light Fromequation ( and (i) Litt si, 4 >< aaw Onsolving the equation x = 18 em ,6em Example: 35 There is an equiconvex glass lens with radius of each face as R and 4, = 3/2 and «ss, = 413 If thore is water in object space and airin image space, then the focal lengthis > x7 24x +108 =0 @R MR © 3R/2 @R Solution: (€) Consider the refraction of the first surface i.e, refraction from rarer medium to denser medium Mah My ( Bow y Now consider the refraction at the second surface of the lens i« refraction from denser medium to rarer medium. Blue errs ‘A luminous object is placed at a distance of 30 cm from the convex lens of focal length 20 cm. On the other side of the lens. At what distance from the lens a convex mirror of radius of curvature 10 com be placed in order to have an upright image of the object coincident with it lexse PMT 1998; TEPMER 2004, 20021 @ s20n (b) 300m © soem @) 6oan Libs tol sve com ‘The final image will coincide the object, iflight ray falls normally on convex mirror as shovm, From figure its seen clear that reparation between lens and mirror is 60 - 10 = 50cm. Forlens n= 30 em, f= 20cm sence bywsing 5 = pears ‘A.conex lens of local length 30 cm and a concave lens of 10 cm focal length are placed so as to have the same axis. Ifa parallel beam of light falling on convex lens leaves concave lens as a parallel ‘beam, then the distance between two lenses will be @ 4ocm () 300m © 20am (@) som According to figure the combination behaves as plane glass plate (e., F=«) Hence byusing $genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 43 Prism Prism is a transparent medium bounded by refracting surfaces, such that the incident surface (on which light ray is incidenting) and emergent surface (from which light rays emerges) are plane and non parallel ‘Commonly used prism : gael Rightange pm nightanged sons (2) Refraction through a prism i — Angle of incidence, e - Angle of emergence, _ \ ‘A~ Angle of prism or refracting angle of prism, Aentnandite=4+5 1 sir — angle of refractions Angle of ‘For surface AC = S21; For surface AB y= S272 ary sine (2) Deviation through a prism. For thin prism 6 = (4-1). Also deviation is different for different colour light €.9. itp < jy 80 5g < dy. And Hine > Hccoven 80 Sp > Se ‘Maximum deviation ‘Minimum deviation observed if In this condition of maximum deviation | @) Refracted ray inside the prisms parallel to the base Ai=90°, =C %=A-C and from ofthe prism Snel’s law _on emergent _ surface 4genius PHYSICS 44 Reflection of Light (@ Normal incidence ona prism ‘flight ray incident normally on any surface of prism as shown, and r . A Inanyof the aboweaaseuse y= and $=1-A (4 Grazing emergence and TIR through a prism ‘When a light ray falls on one surface of prism, itis not necessary that it will ext out from the prism, It may or may not be exit out as shown below Normal incidence Grazingincidence Ray—1: Generalemergerce acest pccoseca ‘Ray- 2 Gratingemergence Azcmad Bays ecoseca Ray-3 TR “A> Cand > coseca A = angle of prismand C = Cntical angle for the matenal of the prism, Bay-2 [aT Ted ct. (9 Dispersion through a prism ‘ay—1: Generalemergence Aeseand wecorecta/) Ray-2 Graing emergence Anseand a corectA/) Ray-3 TR “A> 2c and, (o> coset) [Now + 9 For the condition of grazing emergence, Minimum angle of incidence ‘The splitting of white light into it’s constituent colours is called dispersion of light.genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 45 (@ Angular dispersion (@ ) : Angular separation between extreme colours ic. 0 = 5, 5p = (ty ~mg)A . It depends upon jand A. Gi) Dispersive power (a) ond wate vo «fi, fat) = It depends only upon the material of the prism i.e. wand it doesn't depends upon angle of prism A Note 1a Remember oer > comm (6) Combination of prisms ‘Two prisms (made of crown and flint material) are combined to get either dispersion only or deviation only. Dispersion without deviation (chromatic combination) | Deviation without dispersion (Achromatic combination) Fit 4, GD On aD (o5- a's) Gi) Guy = ot - 2) Scattering of Light ‘Molecules of a medium after absorbing incoming light radiations, emits them in all direction. This phenomenon is called Scattering. (2) According to scientist Rayleigh : Intensity of scattered light 7 (2) Some phenomenon based on scattering: (i) Sky looks blue dus to scattering. (di At the time of sunrise or sunset it looks reddish. (ii) Danger signals are made from red, (g) Elastic scattering : When the wavelength of radiation remains unchanged, the scattering is called clastic. (4 Inelastic scattering (Raman's effect) : Under specific condition, light can also suffer inelastic sattering from molecules in which it's wavelength changes. Rainbow Rainbow is formed due to the dispersion of light suffering refraction and TIR in the droplets present in the atmosphere.PHYSICS 46 Reflection of Light genius (@ Primary rainbow : (i) Two refraction and one TIR. (ii) Innermost are is violet and outermost is red. (i) Subtends an angle of 42° at the eye of the observer. (iv) More bright (@ Secondary rainbow : () Two refraction and two TIR. (ii) Innermest arc is red and outermost is violet. (ii) Tt subtends an angle of 52 5°at the eye. (iv) Comparatively less bright. Colours Cours defined asthe sensation received bythe eye (one cells ofthe ey) duet ight coming fom object. (@) Types of colours ‘Spectral colours Colours of pigment and dyes Geen Yalow) cyan, ret (s) creentsy oranges) shew Bet) shew) Rae mageta(s) Rash wet (5) Gra) @ Complementary colows : @ Complementary colows : Green and magenta ‘yellow and mauve Blue and yellow Red and green Red and cyan Blue and orange Gi) Combination : i) Combination : Green +1ed + blue ="White Yellow + red + blue =Black Blue + yellow = White Blue + orange =Black Red +cyan Red + green =Black Green +magenta = White Yellow + mauve =Black (2) Colours of object : The perception of a colour by eye depends on the nature of object and the light incident on it. Colours of opaque Object Colours of transparent object (@ Due to selective reflection. ‘@ Due to selective transmission. (Gi) Arose appears red in white light because itreflects red colour and absorbs all remaining colours. @ A red glass appears red because it absorbs all colours, except red which it transmits. Gi When yellow light fais on a bunch of flowers, then yellow and white lowers looks yellow. Other flowers looks black. ‘GH When we look on objects through a green glass or geen filter then green and white objects will appear geen while other black, te? A hot object will emit light of that colour only which it has observed whan it was nextgenius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 47 Spectrum ‘The ordered arrangements of radiations aocording to wavelengths or frequencies is called Spectrum. Spectrum can be divided in two parts (D Emission spectrum and (I) Absorption spectrum. (@ Emission spectrum : han light emitted by a self luminous object is dispersed by a prism to get the spectrum, the spactrum is called emission spactra. ‘Continuous emission Line emission spectrum: Band emission spectrum spectrum @_It consists of continuously | G)Itconsist of distinct bright ines. | (ii) It consist of district bright varying wavelengths in a definite bands. wavelength range. Gi) It is produced by solids, liquids | (i) It is produced by an excited | diy It is produced by an and highly compressed gases heated | source in atomic state. excited soutce in molecular to high temperature, state. Gii)e.g. Light from the sun, filament | (i) e.g. Spectrum of excited | (ii) e.g. Spectra of molecular of incandescent bulb, candle flame | helium, mercury vapours, sodium | #,, CO, NH, etc. ete. ‘vapours or atomic hydrogen. INIA | TMA (2 Absorption spectrum : When white light passes through a semi-transparent solid, or liquid or gas, it’s spectrum contains certain dark lines or bands, such spectrum is called absorption spectrum (of the substance through which light is passed). (@ Substanoss in atomic state produoss line absorption spectra, Polyatomic substanoes such as Hz, CO and KMni0 , produces band absorption spectrum. (i) Absorption spectra of sodium vapour have two (yellow lines) wavelengths D,(s890 4) and D3($896 4) ote : © Ifa substance emits spectral lines at high temperature then it absorbs the same lines at low temperature, This is Kirchof?’s law. (@ Fraunhoffer's ‘The oentral part (photosphere) of the sun is very hot and emits all possible wavelengths of the visible light. However, the outer part (chromosphere) consists of vapours of different elements. When the light emitted from the photosphere passes through the chromosphere, oartain wavelengths are absorbed. Henoe, in the spectrum of sunlight a large number of dark lines are seen called Fraunhoffer lines. (@ The prominent lines in the yellow part of the visible spectrum were labelled as D-lines, those in blue part as F-lines and in red part as Cline. (i) From the study of Fraunhoffe’s lines the presence of various elements in the sun’s atmosphere can be identified e.g. abundance of hydrogen and helium. (4 Spectrometer : A spectrometer is used for obtaining pure spectrum of a source in laboratory and calculation of j.of material of prism and of a transparent liquid.genius PHYSICS 48 Reflection of Light It consists of three parts : Collimator which provides a parallel beam of light; Prism Table for holding the prism and Telescope for observing the spectrum and making measurements on it ‘The telescope is first set for parallel rays and then collimator is set for parallel rays. When prism is set in minimum deviation position, the spectrum seen is pure spectrum. Angle of prism (A and angle of minimum deviation (6,) are measured and j. of material of prism is calculated using prism formula, For of a transparent liquid, we take a hollow prism with thin glass sides. Fill it with the liquid and measure (6,) and A of liquid prism. sof liquid is calculated using prism formula. (5) Direct vision spectroscope : It is an instrument used to observe pure spectrum. It produces dispersion without deviation with the help of n crown prisms and (1-1) flint prisms alternately arranged in a tabular structure. For nodeviation (1) A= @r-1) (ut! Concepts = When aray ofuhite light passes through a glass prismred light is deviated les than blue lig ‘© Forahallowprism A#0 but 5 =0 , © fen opaque coloured object or crystal is crushed to fine pousder it will pear whate (in sun light) asit wall loses property of selective reflection. = Our-eyeis most sensitive to that part at the spectrum which lies between the F line (sky green) one the C-line (red) of hydrogen equal to the refractive index for the D line (yellow) of sodium. Hence for the dispersive pawer, the _fallowing formula sinternationally accepted « = Ha=2 = Scrretimes a part of prism is oven and we kesp on thinking whether haw should we proceed ? To solve such problems first complete the prism then solve asthe problems of prism are solved = Some other typesofprism et £ Oo @D’ Example: 36 When light rays are incident on a prism at an angle of 45°, the minimum deviation is obtained. Ifrefractive index ofthe material of prismis 7 , then the angle of prism will be @ 30° ) 40° © so @ 60° ‘Solution: (@) 30° > 4=60° Example: 37 Angle of minimum deviation for a prism of refractive index 15 is equal to the angle of prism, ‘The angle of prismis (cos 41° = 0.75)Solution: (©) Example: 38 Solution: (©) Example: 39 Solution: (@) Example: 40 Solution: (©) Example: 41 Solution: (4) Example: 42 genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 49 @) 6 ) ae @ a A+A Givn 5,=4, then by using p= 2 a4 2eos4 nd mg 7 {ana= 2a siseter4oosee4 ca’ Asa Angle of glass prism is 60: and refractive index of the material of the prism is 1.414,then ‘what will be the angle of incidence, so that ray should pass symmetrically through prism, (a) 3862 (b) 35°35 ©) 4° @ sve incident ray and emergent ray are symmetrical in the cure, when prism is in minimum deviation position. Hence in condition a 4 . . se Bip oats pS) ace seems ‘ ‘A prism (= 1 5)has the refracting angle of 30°. The deviation of a monochromatic ray incident normally on its one surface will be (sin 48 °36'= 0.75) (@ 3838 (b) 20°30) © & @) 202 Byusing w= SY o1.5 = 2, ans = 0.15 1 = 48°36 Also from 5 =1- A =95 = 48°36'-30" = 18°36" ‘Angle of a prism is 30° and its refractive index is J and one of the surface is silvered. At vwihat angle of incidence, a ray should be incident on one surface so that after reflection from, the silvered surface, it retraces its path @ @b) 60° © @ at This is the case when light rayis falling normally an second surface. ‘The refracting angle of prism is A and refractive index of material of prism is cot 4 The angle of minimum deviations (@ 180° -34 (b) 180° +24 © 9-4 @ — 180°-24 A+6, Atby A gts, sin a atts coed sin z Byusing > cot a my 2afo0-4)-( 42%) 0 A ray of light passes through an equilateral glass prism in such a manner that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence and each of these angles is equal to 3/4 of the angle ofthe prism. The angle of deviation is @ = @) 30° © @ 30°Solution: (4) Example: 43 Solution: (©) Example: 44 Solution: (@) Example: 45 Solution: (©) Solution: (4) Example: 47 genius PHYSICS ‘50 Reflection of Light Given that A = 60° and t= 3x60 = 45° a Byusingi+e=A+5 = 45445 =60+5 >65 = 30° POR is a right angled prism with other angles as 60° and 30°, Refractive index of prism is 15, PQ has a thin layer of liquid. Light falls normally on the face PR. For total intemal reflection, maximum refractive index of liquid is @ 14 ) 13 © x2 @ 26 For TIR atPQ @ Spray = (4 DA= (5-04? = 2° S tat = Sai * 5 uinoe = He> DA +180 ~ 2 Example: Aray of light is incident to the hypotenuse of a right-angled prism Ger beveling paral to thy baserinside th prom Hf ei the rahaete nee He material of the prism, the maximum value of the base angle for which light is totally 2° #080 -2x) reflected fom the hypotenuse is [eamcer Seal @ w(t) oy ww(2) © en(t @ oo(4) x ii 7 Z If = maximum value of vase angle for which light s totally reflected from hypotenuse. 0-2) ‘= minimum value of angle of incidence an hypotenuse for Tf wto-s)-eacs toa "(*) If the refractive indices of crown glass for red, yellow and violet colours are 25140, 1.5170 and 1.5348 respectively and for flint glass these are 1.6424, 1.6499 and 1.6852 respectively, then the dispersive powers for crown and flint glass are respectivelySolution: (@) Example: 48 Solution: (@) genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 51 (a) 0.034 and 0.064 (b) 0.064 and 0.034 (c) Looand 0.064 (d) 0.034and 10 _ sea iy _ 15318-15140 - Cs170-1) 6852 - 1.6434 1.6499 -1 = 0.034 and = 0.064 Flint glass prism is joined by a crovm glass prism to produce dispersion without deviation. ‘The refractive indices of these for mean rays are 1.602 and 1500 respectively. Angle of prismof fint prisms 10», then the angle of prism for crown prism will be @ 12°24 @ 124 © 124° Oz For dispersion without deviation Ac e=D A 0602-1) gry gye oerg Bp" Head? 10" C50d= 4 7 471704" 1224 Peace) ‘Solution : (4) ‘Solution : (4) ‘An achromatic prism is made by crown glass prism (4; =19°) and flint glass prism (4p =6°) If 4, = 15 and "4, = 1.66 , then resultant deviation for red coloured ray will be @ row & 5 © 0.96 @ 335° For achromatic combination w= p= [4 ~ 4,)4le = Ls, - 1414p > Le Ale +4 Ae = Ley Alc +14 Alp = 1.5% 19 $61.66 = 38.5 Resultant deviation 5 = (lu, - DAle +14, -DAlp Ale +144 Alp ~ (Ac +A,) = 38.5- 019 +6)=13.5° ‘at an angle of 60° on a pnsm of whch the retracung angle ot pnsm is 30m The refractive index of material ofpsma ll be @ (b) NF @©2 @ 3 Bywingi+e=A+4 > 60 +e =30+30 =e Hence ray will emerge out normallyso by using the formula int _ in60 fat _ sng - and an30 uegenius PHYSICS ‘52 Reflection of Light /\ Optical Instruments Human Eye (a) Eye lens : Over all behaves as a convex lens of =1 437 (@ Retina : Real and inverted image of an object, obtained at retina, brain senseiit erect. (@ Yellow spot : Itis the most sensitive par, the image formed at yellow spot is brightest. (4) Blind spot : Opticnerves goes to brain through blind spot. It is not sensitive for ight. (Ciliary muscles ~ Eye lens is fixed between these muscles. Its both radius of curvature can be changed by applying pressure on it through ciliary muscles. (6 Power of accomodation : The ability of eye to see near objects as well as far objects is called power of accomodation. Note: When welook distant objects, the eye is relaxed and it's focal length is largest. () Range of vision : For healthy eye it is 25 cm (near point) to « (far point). Anormal eye can see the objects clearly, only if they are ata distance greater than 25 om. This distances called Least distance of distinct vision and is represented by D. (B) Persistence of vision : Is 1/30 sec. i.e. if time interval between two consecutive light pulses is lesser than 0.1 sec, eye cannot distinguish them separately. () Binocular vision : The seeing with two eyesis called binocular vision. (ao) Resolving limit : The minimum angular displacement between two objects, so that they are just resolved is called resolving limit. For eye itis 1° = (&) .PHYSICS genius Reflection of Light 53, Specifie Example ‘A person wishes to distinguish between two pillars located at a distances of 11 Km, What should be the minimum, distance between the pillars. ‘Solution : As the limit of resolution of eye is (a) 1y a 1 e(t) > 4 (1) * >) Tie >) (11) Defects in eye 180 Zt d>32m Myopia (short sightness) Hypermetropia (long sightness) @ Distant objects are not seen clearly but nearer @ Distant objects are seen clearly but nearer object objects are clearly visible, are not clearly visible. (GD Image formed before the retina. (i Image formed behind the retina. ) (Gi Far point comes closer. | ee (Gi) Near point moves away (Gi Reasons = (@) Focal length or radii of curvature of lens reduced or power of lens increases. (b) Distance between eye lens and retina increases. Gi Reasons = (a) Focal length or radii of curvature of lens increases or power of lens decreases. (b) Distance between eye lens and retina decreases. (W) Removal : By using a concave lens of suitable focal length, (W) Removal : By using a convex lens (a Focal length: (a) A person can see upto distance x wants to see 0, 50 focal length of used lens f = —x =— (defected far point) (b) Aperson can see upto distance ‘wants to see distance y (y >x) y so f= f = Gai Focal length: (a) Aperson cannot see before distance —d wants to see the object place at distance + D aD © Sap Presbyopia : In this defect both near and far objects are not dearly visible. It is an old age disease and it is due to the loosing power of accommodation. It can be removed by using bifocal Astigmatism : In this defect eye cannot see Microscope horizontal and vertical lines clearly, simultaneously. It is due to imperfect spherical nature of eye lens. This defect can be removed by using cylindrical lens (Torric lenses).genius PHYSICS 154 Reflection of Light Itis an optical instrument used to see very small cbjects. It's magnifying power is given by m= Virud ange with instrument (8) ‘Visud age when objec isplaced at least distance of ditinct vision @ (2) Simple miscroscope @ Itis a single convex lens of lesser focal length. A (Gi Also called magnifying glass or reading lens. ital ii) Magnification’s, when final image is formed at D "™’°™!!""* fi and e(i.e. mp and mz) 5 1 = mo=(1+2) and m, ). Rete mae man = C Tflensis kept ata distance a from the eye then mp =1+: D-a (2) Compound microscope @ Consist of two converging lenses called objective and eye lens. GH) Faye > Serjectm an (Gnete) ayunee > amet eyrcim (ii) Final image is magnified, virtual and inverted. iv) tp =Distance of objact from objective (0), vq = Distance of image (4'B} formed by objective from objective, 1, = Distance of 4B" from eye Jens, us = Distance of final image from eye lens, f, = Focal length of objective, fe = Focal length of eye - (2)--2 2 og EO o® Length of the tube (i.e. distance between two lenses) ‘When final imageis formedatD; —L, = »5 +u, ‘When final imagesis formed ato; Le=vs +/. (Donot use sign convention while solving the problems)genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 55 If objective and eye lens are interchanged, practically there is no change in magnification, (@ Resolving limit and resolving power : In reference to a microscope, the minimum. distance between two lines at which they are just distinct is called Resolving limit (RL) and it’s reciprocal is called Resolving power (RP) 4 _2usind el RL = og nde = AEC SRP eZ wef} A= Wavelength of light used to illuminate the object, ~ objective 1:= Refractive index of the medium between object and objective, = Half angle of the cone of light from the point object, jin @ = Numerical aperture. Note: Electron microscope: electron beam (2 # 1.4) is used in it soit’s RP. is approx 000 times more than that of ordinary microscope (4 = 5000 4) Telescope By telescope distant objacts are seen. (2 Astronomical telescope (@ Used to see heavenly bodies. GH) Sesjecine > Sor 204 etm > aye» (ii) Intermediate image is real, inverted and small. iv) Final image is virtual, inverted and small. (¥) Magnification : mp = At +4) and m, (wi) Length : Ly =f +u, (2 Terrestrial telescope (i Used to see far off object on the earth. (Gi Tt consists of three converging lens : objective, eye lens and erecting lens. (i) Tes final image is virtual erect and smaller. (iv) Magnification fgenius PHYSICS 156 Reflection of Light fD FD (w)Length: Ly = +4f4u, =f +4f +: and La=f+4f +s, (9 Galilean telescope n we P tony @ It is alsoa terrestrial telescope but of much smaller field of view. | p Gi) Objectiveis a converging lens while eye lens is diverging lens. | °~ (ii) Magnification : m, = Af -4) and m, =-& (iv) Length: £, =f -u, and L, (4 Resolving limit and resolving power ‘Smallest angular separations (dé between two distant objects, whose images are separated in the telescope is called resolving limit. So resolving limit ae = 1724 Lia and resolving power (RP)= 4 = —S— lots :Minimum separation (d) batwesn objets, so they can just resolved by a telescope is ~ > RP. 4 where a = aperture of cbjectve, d= ip where r= distance of object from telescope, (5)Binocular {F two telescopes are mounted parallel to each other so that an object can be seen by both the eves simultaneously, the arrangement is called ‘binocular. In a binocular, the length of each tubeis reduced by using a set of totally reflecting prisms wich provided intense, erect image free from lateral inversion. Through a ‘binocular we get two images of the same cbject from different angles at same time. Their superposition gives the peroeption of depth also along with length and breadth, i.e, binocular vision gives proper three-dimensional (3D) image.genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 57 Concepts = Asmagnyfng power is negative, the image seen in astronomical telescope is truly inverted, i, left is turned right tuith ypade down srrultanecusly. However, as mast ofthe astronomical objects are symmetrical tis inversion does not affect the observations. Objective and eye lens ofatelescope are interchanged, it will not behave asarmicroscepe but abject pears very sal Inatelescope iffeld and eye lenses are interchanged magnification will change rom (f/f) tole /f) ey tt wal change frominto s/n) wll become (/r) times ofits val va. © Asmagnyfcation for normal setting as (f/f. $0 to have large magnification, f, must be as large as practically ‘possibleandf, sail Thisiswhy ina telescope, objective 1s of large focal lenath utile eye piece of sal. = Inatelescope, aperture of the feld lens is made as large as practically possible to increase its resolving power as resoluing paver of a telescope (D/A). Large aperture of abjective also helps in improving the brightness of Image by gathering mere light fram distant object. However, increases aberrations particularly spherical For atelescope with increase in length ofthe tube, magnification decreases. ™ Incase ofatelescope ifobject and inal image are at infirity then = 4 4 4 4 If we are given four conver lenses hang focal lenaths fi > f.> > fi. For malong a geod telescope and microscope. We choose the following lenses respectively. Telescope f,(0), f,(@) Microscape f,(0),f,(e) © Ifa parrot is siting on the objective of a large telescape and we look towards (or take a photograph)of distant ‘stronarical object (say moon) through it, the parrot will not be seen but the intensity ofthe image wall be slightly reduced as the parrot will act as obstruction to light and wall reduce the aperture ofthe objective. \ Example:1 Aman can see the objects upto a distance of one metre from his eyes. For correcting his eye sight so that he can see an object at infinity, he requires a lens whose power is or ‘Aman can see upto 100 cm of the distant object. The power of the lens required to see far objects will be Lar Px 1993, 2003) @ +05D @) 40D © +20D @ -20D cece trp =—s0oen, so poweroftsins P= 8. 10 Solution: (4) Example:2 Aman ansee clearly up to 3metres, Prescribe a lens for his spectacles so that he can see clearly upto sametres 2) (@ -3/4D Solutions®) Byusing f= s =f -to Example: ‘The diameter ofthe eye-ball of normal eeis about 25 cm. The power ofthe eye lens varies from (@) 2Dt wD () qoDeD = © gDwBD @ 44D to 40 DSolution: (4) Example: 4 Solution: (@) Example: 5 Solution: (@) Example: 6 Solution: (4) Example: 7 Solution: (a) genius PHYSICS 158 Reflection of Light ‘An eye sees distant objects with full relaxation so Iss? == ‘The resolution limit of eye is 1 minute. At a distance of r from the eye, two persons stand vith lateral separation of gmetre For the two persons tobe just resolved bythe male ee, rsi (a) 10km (b) a5km (© 20km @ 30km LY (1) # > ea a) “(eee fl aon 3 wigs 2 2h awkm ace ‘Two points separated by a distance of 0.1 mm can just be resolved in a microscope when a light of wavelength 6000 A is used. If the light of wavelength 4800 A is used this limit of resolution becomes From figure @ six turseai (@ 0.08 mm () oaomm. © oaamm (@) 0.06mm Ly A, 0.1 _ 6000 rasingresolinglinit (RLJea = SD» A 01 _ 6000. Byunngrembinghmt (RL) > FO «A = De Ja compound microscope, the focal lengts of two lenses are. cn and 6.25 cm an object is placed at 2 cm form objective and the final image is formed at 25 cm from eye lens. The distance between the two lenses is > (RL); =008mm- teamczr (ea (@ 6.00em @) 775em © 9.25em (@) st00cm Itis given that f, =15 0m, f. = 6.25cm,ue=20m When final image is formed at least distance of distinct vision, length of the tube ‘The focal lengths of the objective and the eye-piece of a compound microscope are 2.0 cm aud 20 cm respectively, The distance between the objective and the eye pits i 2,0 om. ‘The final image formed by the eye-piece is at infinity. The two lenses are thin. The distances in om of the object and the image produced by the objective measured from the objective Jens are respectively [rr-JEE9951 (@) 24and 12.0 (b) 24and 15.0 (© 23and 12.0 @ 23 and ‘em, f,=3em, L,=15em $f 3 15a0,43 3 v,e1em. also % The focal lengths of the objective and eye-lens of a microscope are 1 cm and 5 om respectively. Ifthe magnifying power for the relaxed eye is 4g, then the length of the tube is @ 30cm (b) s5am © 35cm @ vemSolution: (©) Example: 9 ‘Solution: (b) Example: 30 Solution: (@) Example: 1 Solution: (©) Example: 32 Solution: (4) Example: 33 ‘Solution: (b) ae BHI? Isao Example: 34 ‘Solution: (b) genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 59 Given that f, = Lem, f= Sem,ma= 45 Lam fof) oy gs « nz 1925 Tf 1S If the focal lengths of objective and eye lens of a microscope are 1,2cm and 3m respectively and the object is put 1.25 cm away from the objective lens and the final image is formed at ‘infinity, then magnifying power of the microscope is Byusing m, = L=15em @ 0 @) 200 © 0 (@) 400 Given that J, =1.2em, f, = 3em,u, =1.25em D 12 By using m, Pon --—2 Fe Me TT a-1D ‘The magnifying power of an astronomical telescope is 8 and the distance between the two lenses is 54cm. The focal length of eye lens and objective lens will be respectively tm warr 1993; cPmT s998 @ 6emand 48om —(b) 4Bemand 6am ©) Bamand 6gan 4) 64emand Bam Given that m,=8 and 1, =54 4 and L=f,+f, weget Byrsing| mal = em and f= 48cm. If an object subtend angle of * at eye when seen through telescope having objective and eyepiece of focal length ‘om Tespectively than angle subtend by image at eye piece will be @ 6 © @w Bf Byusing = = yusing 2-7 ‘The focal lengths of the lenses of an astronomical telescope are 50 cm and 5 cm. The length. of the telescope when the image is formed atthe least distance of distinct vision is @ 45am (b) s5em © an @ San Byusing Ly =f, +1 em ‘ony 6 ‘The diameter of moon is 3.510" bn and its distance from the earth is 3 8x10" in If itis seen through a telescope whose focal length for objective and eye lens are 4m and 10 cm respectively, then the angle subtended by the moon on the eye will be approximately as (by 20" Ox @ The angle subtended by the moon on the objective of _ telescope 23.107 rad 35 2 pau = p= ax 35X10? , 180 , 90 a7? é se A telescope has an objective lens of 10 cm diameter and is situated at a distance one ‘Kilometre from two objects. The minimum distance between these two objects, which can be resolved by the telescope, when the mean wavelength of light is 5000 A, is ofthe order of @ osm @) sm © smm @ sem Suppose minimum distance between objects is and their distance from telescope is r. Resolving limit YO) «6.1107 (9000 «10. a 'm = 6.1mm Hence, It’s orderis « 5mm.genius PHYSICS Go Reflection of Light Baumple:s5 A compound microscope has a magnifying power o. The focal length of eyepiece 8 5 ye atthe least om. the to distance of distinct vsion. The magnification produced by the objective will be @+s ®) -5 © +6 @-6 Solution (b) Magnification produced by compound microscope m = D 142 ( f ) ‘Tricky Example 1: Amanis looking at a small object placed at his least distance of distinct vision. Without tas positon an hat ofthe object he pus simple microscope of magnifying power 30 and juste the clear image again. The angular magnification obtained is @ 25 @® 0.0 © 50 @ 20 Solution :(4) Angular magnificatio 425 > where m, =? and m, 6 >30=-m,x6 >m, ‘Since image and object are at the same position, ze Y= 1 = Angular magnification =2 Tricky Example 2: A compound microscope is used to enlarge an object kept at a distance 0.03 from its objective which consists of several convex lenses in contact and has focal length 0.02m. Ifa lens of focal length 0.4m is removed from the objective, then by what distance the eye-piece of the microscope must be moved to refocus the image @ 25cm (b) 6m © assem (@) gem Solution :(4) If initially the objective (focal length F,) forms the image at distance v. then Nowas incase oflenses incontact L=-1yyty 2140 ERAS AE So ifone of the lens is remo ve, the focal length of the remaining lens system 1 2 FR ET em ‘This lens will form the image of same object ata distance v, such that v, So to refocus the image, eye-piece must be moved by the same distance through wihich the image formed by the objective has shifted i.e. 15 - 6 = cm. Assignment “Human eye Bo, Near and fr point of human eye are LeaMcer ced) 1995; MY VET 200s Rha CECE a004] (@) 25cmand infinite (b) spcmand sooem © 2semand sem @ o om and Son 81. Adefective eye cannot see close objects clearly because their image is formed Lup PET 2003) (@) Ontheeye lens (b) Between eye lens and retina (© Ontheretina @ Beyond retina83. 84, 85, 86. 87. 8. 90. on. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 61 Retina of eve acts ike... of camera farme 20031 (sites @® Film © las @ None of ‘Aperson who can see things most clearly at a distance of 10 cm. Requires spectacles to enable himto se clearly things at distance of 30a. What shouldbe the focal length of the spectacles tx 20031 @ ssem(concae) © asom(omex) © won @eo ‘An astronaut is looking down on eatthis surface froma space shuttle at an altitude of 400 km, Assuming that the astronauts pupil diameter is 5mm and the wavelength of visible light is S00 nm. ‘The astronaut will be able to resolve linear object of the size of about tanms 20031 @ osm © 5m © =m @ som Aperson wes ales of power + 3D to normalise sion, Near point of hypermetropic eye is [cvmr 20031 (@ am @ 266m © 2m @ 06m The separation betyeen two microcopic particles measured P, and Ps by two deren hts of waeenath 20004 and 3000 4 respectively, then [areze 20031 @ Po © Px @ == ‘Aman wearing glasses of focal length +m can clearlysee beyond sm (@ ifheis farsighted (B) fhe is nearsighted (© Ifhiswsionis norm —(@) In each of these cases ‘The near point of a person is 50 cm and the far point is 2.5mm. The spectacles required for reading purpose and for seeing distance are respectively @ #0-(3)p w 4{)-20 © -204(3)0 @ ()ps20333. a4. 225. 326. 27. 29. 333. 334. 335. genius PHYSICS 64 Reflection of Light ‘Aman, wearing glasses of power +2D can read cleanly a book placed at a distance of 4o om from the eye. The power of the lens required so that he can ead at asem fromthe eye is @ +asp @®) +40D © +358D @ +30D ‘person can see clearly between am and 2. His corrective lenses should be (2 Bifocals with power -o.g0 and additional +350 (8) Bifocals with power -10D and additional +30D (© Concave vathpower 20D (@ Comexvath power os ‘While reading the book.a man keeps the page at a distance of 2.5em frombis eye. He wants to read the book by holding the page at 25 cn. What is the nature of spectacles one should advice him to use to completely cure his evencht (@ Convexclens of focal length 25cm (®) Concave lens of focal length agem (© Convexclens of focal length 25am (@ Concave lens of fecal length 2.5m ‘The blades of rotating fan can not be distinguished fromeach other due to @ Paallex (®) Powerofaccommpdation (©) Persistenceof vision () Binocular ‘Aperture of the human eye is 2mm, Assuring the mean wevelength of light to be sooo A, the angular resolution, Inatof the eye is nearly @ 2mnuces ( aminute © ogmirute @ ssmnutes If there had been one eye ofthe man, then, (@ Image ofthe object would have been inverted (B) Visible region would have decreased, (© Image would have not been seen three dimensional @ Wad Oboth ‘Aman can see the object between ago and. gocm, He uses the lens to see the far objects Then due to the lens ‘used, the near point wall be at 10 @ Bon ®) geen © asm @ Bon |. Apresbyopic patient has near point aso amtand far point as 40m. The optic power forthe corrective lens for seeing distant objects is @ #D ) 4D © 25D @) o2sD ‘Arman svizmmang under dar water is unable to see clearly because @) The size ofthe aperture decreases () Thesize ofthe aperture increases (©) The focal length of eye lens increases (@) The focal length of eye lens decreases . The distance betveen retina and eye-lens in anormal eve is 20 cn. The accommndated power of eye lens range fom @ 45D tod ©) sD to sad © wx @ sven ‘If the eye is taken as a spherical ball of radius crn, the range of accommodated focal length of eye-lens is (@) 185ante 20cm ) zoom 28an (© xs6ento 25am @) 26 om to A person cannot read printed matter within 200 cm from his eye. The power of the correcting lens required to read at 20cm roms eveif the distance between the eye lens and the correcting lens is 2arnis| @ 48D () s2sp © 425D @ 4ssD A student having ~15D spectacles uses a lens of focal length sam as a simple microscope to read minute scale divisions in the laboratory: The least distance of distinct vision vathout glasses is 20 cm for the student. The ‘meamammegnifyng power he gets wath spectacles onis @e 9 Os @4 Microscope |)336. 337. 338. 339. 343. a4. 345. 146. 347. 148. 349. genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 65 Ina compound microscope the objectoff and eyepiece off are placed at distance suchthat equals [xerala PT 3004] @ £48 © 6-6 (© Muchgeaterthanforf @ Neod mot depend either value of focal Jens Ina simple microscope, ifthe final images located at infty thenits megnifyngpoweris _«[eRMTa985; MPFMT3004] a > t f oF o2 of of Ina simple microscope, ifthe final image is located at 25 cm from the eye placed close to the lens, then the magnifying powers tave 20031 a 2s t L @% © 16% o£ @ fn ‘The maximum magnification that can be obtained with a convex lens of focal length 2.5 om is (the least distance of distinct sion 25am) bar Per 2003} @ » ) oa © tas @Ou Ina compound microscope, the imtermediate mage is Uirr-sEx (screening) 2000; AIEEE 20031 (@) Virtual erect and magnified © Real, erect and maguiied (© Real, inverted and magnified (@ Virtual, erect and reduced ‘Acompound microscope has two lenses. The magnifiing power of one is Sand the combined magni power is 100. The magnifying power of the other lens is [kerala PmT 2002] @ » ® > oO» @ 25 Wavelength of light used in an optical instrument are 4, =4000 and 2, = 5000 A, then ratio of their respective resolving power (corresponding to 4, and 4, )is IATEEE 2002] @ s6:35 © 93 © as @ 54 ‘The angular magnification ofa simple microscope can be increased by increasing lorissa sex 20021 (@) Focal length of lens (D) Size of object (© Aperture of lens (@) Power of lens ‘The magnification produced by the objective lens and the eye lens of a compound microscope are 25 and 6 respectively. The magnifying power ofthis microscopes Uacanipal MEE 1995; DPT 2003] @ » os © @ @ ‘The length ofthe compound microscope is 1407. The magnifiing ower for relaed eyes 25 Ifthe focal lengthof eye lens is scm, then the object distance for objective lens will be [pb. PMT 2002) (@) 18am @) 15an © 2aan @ 240n ‘The mmgfing power of simple microscope i 6 The focal length of it lens in metres wl be, fleas distance of disunctwsionis asan {tare Par 200s] (@ 05 () 0.06 © 025 @) oz Relative difference of focal lengths of objective anu eye lens in the microscope and telescopeis given as [nx CET Ged) 20011 @ itis equalimboth (® Itismpreintelescope (©) Itis mpreinmicroscope (@) It may be nwreinanyone ‘Three objective focal lengths (f:) and two eye piece focal lengths (f) are available fora compound microscope. By combaning these two, the magnification of microscope wall be mevanmam when. tnemr 2003] @ £8 W fos © fandfrothaemmll @ fof If the red light is replaced by blue light illuminating the object in a microscope the resolving power of the microscope twee 200%)354. 355. 356. (@) Decreases unchanged (W) Ineresses }- Incase ofa simple microscope, the object is placed at (@ Focus fofthe comexlens (b) Apositionbetweenfand of (6) Beyond 3 the lens and f Ina compound microscope cross-wires are fod atthe point (©) Where the image is formed by the objective (© Where the focal point ofthe objective lies PHYSICS 66 Reflection of Light @ Reneins genius (© Gets halved luPseat 2000] @ Between [EAMCET (Engg) 2000] (B) Where the image is formed by the eye-pieoe (@ Where the focal point ofthe eyepiece ies ‘The length ofthe tube of a microscope is 40 om. The focal lengths of the objective and eye lenses are o.sem and som. The magnifying power of the microscope is about @s Os imp Pmr 2000) © 16 @ s0 Least distance of distinct wsion is 25cm. Magnifying power of imple microscope of focal length Somis, @ ¥5 os The objective of acompound microscopes essentially (© Aconcavelens of small focal length and small aperture aperture © Convexens oflange focal length and large aperture aperture Forrelaved eye, the magnafiing power of microscope is @ xk aD Aperson usinga lens asa simple microscope sees an @ Inverted virtual omege (© Upnght wrtual image “Te focal length ofthe objective lens of a compound microscope is (2) Equalto the focal lngth ofits eye piece (© Greater than the focal length of eve piece LEAMCET (Engg) 1995; Pb. PIT 1999] © ¥6 @6 Isena 1998] (©) Convex lens of smal focal length and large (@ Convexclens of small focal length and small [case rmrig98] gD Mex(-2) © Be @® ( 2) (b) Inverted real magnified image (@ Upnebtreal magnified image [arms 1998] [cpmr i985, mNR 1986; MP PET 997) (B) Less than the focal length of ee piece (@ Anyofthe above three |. To produce magnified erectimage ofa far objec, we wll be required along wath a convexlens, is tn 1983; me PAT 1996) @ A conave (© Aplane mirror ‘An object placed 20 cin front ofa lens has an image 20 cm behind the lens. What is the power of the lens (in (@ Avothercomvexlens _(b) Concave lens dicptres) @ 15 @® 30 Resolving power of amicroscope depends upon (2) The focal length and aperture ofthe eye lens eyelens (©) The apertures ofthe objective and the eye lens object If the focal length ofthe objective lens is increased then bar em 19951 © -150 @ +50 Imp FET 19951 (B) The focal lengths of the objective and the (@ The vevelength of light illuminating the Emp Pm 9941 (©) Magnifiing power of microscope wil increase but that of telescope vall decrease (&) Magnifiang power of microscope and telescope both wall increase (© Magnifying power of microscope and telescope both wall deceasegenius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 67 (@ Magnifying power of microscope wil decrease but thatof telescope wiln-rease 362. ifincompound microscope m, and mm, be the linear magnification ofthe objective lens and eye lens respectively, ‘then magnifying power of the compound microscope wall be {cPMT 1985; KCET1994) © mom © farm © mtmyl2 @ mom, 163. ‘The magnifying power of a microscope with an objective of 5mm focal length is 400. The length of its tube is 20 om. Then the focal length of the eye-piece is (tp Pm 1991) @ 20cm (@) s60em © 25am @) oacm 164. Inacompound microscope, if the objective produces an image J» and the eye piece produces an image Je, then ime Pet s901 (@) J.is wrtual but/.is real (b) J,is real but/.is virtual (© JandJ. are both real @ LandJ, are oth arta 65, Inanelectron microscope ifthe potential is increased frm. 20 kV to 8k; the reolung power ofthe microscope vallchange frome to comrss8s, 9 @ Ria ®) OR @ R/2 166. When the length of a microscope tube increases, its magnifying power DANR 1986) (@) Decreases (b) Increases (©) Does not change @) May 467. Anclectronmiascope superior to anoptic microscope fermr i984] (@) Having better resolving power (b) Beingeasyto handle (© Loweost (@ Quickness of observation 168. Inacompound microscope magnification will be large, if the focal length of the eye piece is [cpm 1984) (@) Large () Smaller (© Equaltothatofobjective (d) Less than hatofobjectve 69. Anclectron microscope ges beter resolution than optical microscope because term ss831 (@) Electrons are abundant (b) Electrons can be focused nicely, (©) Effective wavelength of electron is small @ None of these 370. Ammisloolingat smi object plaed at his near point, Without altering the positon ofhis ee or the objet, he puts a simple macroscope of magnifiang power SX before his eyes. The angular magnification achieved is @s @ 25 ©: @) o2 api. The focal length of the objective of a compound microscope is, and its distance from the eyepiece is L. The object is placed at distance fromthe objective. For proper working ofthe instrument @r ‘The aperture of the objective lens of a telescope is made large so as to [AIEEE 2003; KCET 2003] (a) _ Increase the magnifying power of the telescope (b) Increase the resolving power of the telescope (©) Make image aberration less @ Focus on distant objects ‘The distance of the moon fromearthis 3.810" Jon. The eye is mst sensitive to light of wavelength ssp A. The ‘separation of two points on the moon that can be resolved bya spo.cm telescope wall be [Amu (ited) 2002] @ sm (b) 60m © mm @ All of the shoe |. To increase both the resolving power and magnifing poner ofa telescope [erala PET 2003; KCET (Engg) 2003] (@) Both the focal length and aperture ofthe objective has to be increased (b) Te focal length ofthe objective has to be increased. (©) The aperture ofthe objective has to be increased, @) The wavelength of lighthas to be decreased )- The focal lengths of the objective and eye lenses ofa telescope are respectively 200en and som. The maximum. _magnifng power of the telescope vall be Our PmT/PEr 1998; TPMER 2001, 2002] @ -4 & - 48 © -6 @ -200 A telescope has an objective of focal length so am and an eye piece of focal length Scr. The least distance of distinct vsion is a5 cr. The telescope i focused for distinct won on a scale 200 cm away. The separation {between the objective and the eye pce is wey “par [kerala PET 2002} @ an ® Goon © non @ 4am . Ina laboratory four convex lenses Z,,1;,J; and L, of focal lengths 2, 4, 6 and Gm respectively are available, ‘Two of these lenses forma telescope of length socm and magnifying power 4. The objective and eye lenses are [m"P PMT 200s] @ 4 O14 © LL @ Lt, Four lenses of focal length + 35 an, + 20 an, + 250 cm and + agp cm are available for making an astronomical telescope. To produce the largest magnification, the focal length of the eye-piece should be [cpm 200s; Ams 2001] @ +15em @® +200n © +1000 @ +25an Ina terrestnal telescope, the focal length of objective is go cm, of inverting ens is Som and of eye lens is Gem. If the final image is at 30cm, then the magnafication val be twemr 2003] @a ® 2 os @ ss “The focal lengths ofthe objective and the eyepiece ofan astronomical telescope are 20 cmand. scmrespectively. If the final image is formed at a distance of 0 crn from the eye piece, find the separation between the lenses for distinct vision [au Gated.) 2000] @ s24an @® a2aen © 243an @ sagem Resolving power of reflecting type telescope increases with twemr 2000] (@) Decrease in wavelength of incident light (b) Increase in wevelength of incident hight (© Inexease in diameter of objective lene (@ None of these A planet is observed by an astronomical refracting telescope having an objective of focal length 36 m and an eye- piece of fcal length acm UNT-3EE 1992; Roorkee 2000) (@) The distance between the objective and the eyepiece is a6.02m (&) ‘The angular magnification ofthe planet is 800398. 399. genius PHYSICS 770 Reflection of Light (© The image ofthe planet is imerted (@ Alloftheabove ‘The astronomical telescope consists of objective and eve-piece. The focal lengthof the objectiveis [AMIS 4998; BHU 2000] (@ Equalte that ofthe eve-piece (©) Greater than that ofthe eye-piece (© Shorter than that ofthe eve-piece (@ Five times shorter than that of the eye piece ‘The diameter of the objective of a telescope is a, the magnifing power is m and wavelength of light is 4. The resolung power ofthe telescope is imp Pmt z000) @ Gaya © Gomya © amy(nzm) @ af(zaam) ‘An astronomical telescope has an angular magnification of magnitule 5 for distant objects. The separation between the objective and the eyepicce is 36 om and final image st formed at infinity. The focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece are respectively Ure see 1989; mP PET 1995; J1PMER 2000] @ samsban @® sean, 20em © sam,6em @ 45 om, -9 A photograph of the moon was taken wath telescope. Later on, it was found that a housefly was siting on the ‘objective lens of the telescope. Inphotograph UxcERT 1970; MP PET 1999] (@) Theimage of housefly will beredued (©) There is a reduction in the intensity of the image (©) Theres anincreace inthe intensityof the image (@ Theimage of the housefly wil be enlarged ‘The magnifying power of a telescope iM. Ifthe focal length of eye piece is doubled, then the magnifying power ‘ll become DearyanaceET 1998] @ am © M2 © aM @ om . The mnsuram magniing power ofa telescope is f the focal length ofits eyelens is halved, the magnifng power val become tae Pm PET 19981) @ m2 © 2 © om @ au |. The inal imagen an astronomical telescope ss Teamcer (inge) 1998] (@) Real and errect (b) Virtual and inverted (© Real and imverted @) Vertual and eect ‘The astronomical telescope as to lenses of focal powers 5D and 20D. Its magnifing power val be [ermrag97] @ # ®» © 20 @ 35 |. Anastronomical telescope of tee fold angular magnification has a length of 44cm. The focal length of the objective S{CBSE PmT 9 @ 4m @® gocm © agom @ 4g00n Atelescope consisting of an objective of focal length x00 am and a single eyes lens of focal length so amis focussed ona distant object in such a way that parallel rays emerge from the eye lens. Ifthe object subtends an angle of =? atthe objective, the angular wadth of the image i UremER 997) @w ® ye ow @ ‘When dizmeter of the aperture ofthe objective of an astronomical telescope is increased, its tmp Pr 1997] (@ Magnifving power is mcreased and resolving power is decreased (©) Magnifng power and resolving power both ae increased (©) Magnifying power remains the same but resolving power is increased (@ Magnifvang power and resolving power both are decreased )- The focal length of objective and eye-piece ofa telescope are 200 cm and scmrespectively. Final image is formed atleast distance of distinct vision. The magnification of telescope is [arer i997] @=» Oey Ox @ 6 A simple telescope, consisting of an objective of focal length 60 cm and single eye lens of focal length 5 cm is focussed ona distant object m such a way that parallel rays comes out from the eye lens. Ifthe object subtends an angle 2 at the objective, the angular widthof the image Icemry79; NCERT 1980; MP PET 1993; JIPMER 997) ow ® 2 Os @ ¥6genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 7. ‘21s, ‘The diameter ofthe objective ofthe telescope is o..metre and wavelength of light is Gooo A. ts resolving power ‘would be approximately bmp Per 19971 @ 132«19*radian 136x10" radian (© 132.10" radian @ 1.36«10° radian 1232, A alilean telescope has objective and eye-piece of focal lengths 200 cm and 2m respectively. The magnifiing power ofthe telesope for normal wsion s Err Par s9961 @ «© © 00 © we @ we 243. Allofite following statements are comecteamept tmanipal mex 19931 (@) The total focal length ofan astronomical telescope isthe sumof the focal lengths ofits two lenses (&) ‘The image formed by the astronomical telescope is always erect because the effect ofthe combination of the ‘twp lenses its divergent (© The magnification of an astronomical telescope can be increased by decreasing the focal length of the eye- Piece (@ ‘The mening power of the refracting typeof astronomical telescope isthe ratio of the focal length ofthe objective to that ofthe eyepiece ‘214. ‘The length ofa telescope is 36 am. The focal lenath ofits lenses can be biker MEE 29951 @ san, 60n © -s00n,- 6an © -s00m- ben @-x0n6 ‘235, The diameter ofthe objective lens of telescope is $0 m and wavelength of light is 6000 4. The limit of resolution oftas telescope vall be Dap Pmt s9941 @ ow3se ©) s03see © o.0bsee @ oagsee ‘236. If tube length of astronomical telescope is sos.m and magnifying power is 20 for normal setting, calculate the focal length of objective [arc 19941 @ som © swan © 2a @ asen 1217. Ratio telescope is wed to see [arc 19941 @ Distant start and planets © Sun and to ‘measure its temperature (© Stars and to measures diameters (4) None of these ‘238. Four lenses with focal lens + s5om and + ss cm are being placed for used as a telescopic objective. The focal Jength of the lens which produces the largest magnafication ath a given eye-pieoe is [cnse Pmrs994] @ -s5em () 4350cm © -50cm @ 50m ‘219. The image of a star (effectively a point source) is made by convergent lens of focal length so om and diameter of aperture 50 om. Ifthe lens is ideal, and the effective wavelength in image formation is taken as $x 10~ cm the diameter of the image formed willbe nearest to UNSEP 19941 @ Zero @® 10% © 1% om 220, To ioe he maging pov of eletcope (f= fl eh ofthe object a Imp Per/emt 1988; mP PmTA993, 941 (@ Jishould be large and should be small (8) J should be smi and f should be large (© frandfbothshould be large (@ fi and f-both should be small 224, The inst ofresolution ofa sno entelescope (4 = 55x17 m) is tev 19931 @ ou @® 03" x @r 222. Inareflecting astronomical telescope, ifthe objective (a spherical miror) is replaced by a parabolic mirror of the same focal length and aperture, then Unr-sEE +9931 (2) The final image val be erect o The lager sage wall be obtained (© The telescope wll gather more light (@ Spherical aberration wll be absentgenius PHYSICS 7a Reflection of Light 233. A planet is observed by an astronomscal refracting telescope having an objective of focal length 16 m and an eyepiece of focal length son Ta-TEE 19991 (@ The distance between the objective andthe eyepiece is Boom (W) The angular magnification ofthe planet is 600 (© The image ofthe planet is imerted (@ The objective is larger than the eyepiece 22g. The average distance between the earth and mpon is 38 610" km. The minimum separation between the tH points on the surface of the moon that can be resolved bya telescope whose objective lens has a diameter of 5m wath 4 = 6ooodis Imp emr i993] @ sésm ® 225m © 90m @ sim ‘225. The focal length of the objective and eye piece ofa telescope are respectively Go am and 30cm. The magnitude of the magnifiing power when the amage is formed at infityis imp FET 1991] @s we On @s 1226. The focal length of an objective of a telescope is 3 metre and diameter a5 am. Assuming for a normal eye, the diameter of the pupilis 3yrmfor ts complete use, the focal length of eye piece must be [mr PET 1989] @ bem ® 43an © 20m @ Goan 1227. An opera glass (Galilean telescope) measures 9 crn from the objective to the eyepiece. The focal length of the objectives s5om.Its magnifying powers tem 1988] @ 25 ® as © 93 @ 04 ‘228, The focal length of objective and eye lens ofa astronomical telescope are respectively 2mand sem, Final mage is formed at (i) least distance of distinct vision (a) mfinity. The magnifying power m both cases willbe IMP PBET/PET 1988] @ 48-40 © -40,- 8 © 40,48 @ - 48,40 ‘229. Anoptical device that enables an observer to see over or around opaque object, i called [crm i986) (@ Microscope (W) Telescope (© Periscope @ Hydrometer 230. The magnifiing power ofa telescope can be increased by [cemr979] G@) Increasing focal length ofthe system, (b) Fitting eye piece of high power (© Fittingeye piece oflowpower (@) Increasing the distance of objects 31, Amacom telescope object isto be made by combining the lenses of fin and cuwn gases. This proper eis [erm s97] (@) Comergent of crown and divergent offint (&) Divergent of crown and comergent of int (© Both divergent @ Both convergent 232. Anobserverlools ata tree ofheight 25m vith a telescope of magnifying power 40. To him, the tree appears teemr 975! (@ sotines taller (® astimes taller (© sotines nearer @ 15 tmes 1233. The magnification produced by an astronomical telescope for nonmal adjustment is 20 and the length of the telescope is 47m, The magnification when the image is formed atleast distance of distinct vision (D = 25077) 5 @u we ©» @ 2 1234. The objective ofa telescope has a focal length of 2m. itis used to wew a 20.0 tall tower 2/on away. What is the height of the mage ofthe tower formed by the objective @ 2mm © 4mm © 6mm @ 8mm 1235. Agiant telescope in an observatoryhas an objective of focal length 19m and an eye-pisce of focal length 20cm. In normal adjustment, the telescope is used to view the mon. Whatis the diamter ofthe amage ofthe moon formed by the objective? The diameter of the moon is 3.510" m and the radius of the lunar orbit round the earth is 38x10'm @ won @® s25em © asem @ snsan ‘236. The aperture ofthe largest telescope in the world is « srretre. If the separation between the moon and the earths =410°/on and the wavelength of the visible light is * 5000 A then the minimum separation between the objects on the surface of the moon which can be just resolved is @ aretre approximately (b) sommetre approximately (©) sometreapproxmately (@) 200 metre approximately 1237. In Galileo's telescope, magnifying power for nommal wsion is 20 and power of eye-piece is ~20 D. Distance ‘between the objective and eye-piece should be238. 239. 240. aan 242, 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. genius PHYSICS Reflection of Light 73 @ soem @®) 9san © soem @ wsom he Jas esol ange by a teesmpe sing objective of aperture Sand light of wavelength = 4000 AW. i iy 1. 1 1 ot © dee © dmnwe The limit ofreahitionofasocmteescope for usb ight of wavelength 6ooo As approimately @ oasorae ox ©) (@) None of theee ‘sneye pig ofa telescope with amagnicaton of sohas a power of 0 dpb. The obectof this tlescop as apowero! @ diopters o2diopters (© soodepters @ sodopters ‘The Yerles Obsertory telescope has a large telescope with objective of diameter of about a.m, Assuming ‘wavelength oflight to be 6% 107m ,the angular distance @ between two stars which can just be resolved is @ aso 0b) 130t07 rad © Zofewont — @ Nw of these ‘A Galilean telescope measures om fromthe objective to the eye-piece. The focal length of the objective is a5em, Its magnifying power is @ 25 © as © 93 @ 04 Forseeinga cricket match, we prefer binoculars to the terrestrial telescope, because (@ Binoculars gie three dimensional view (b) ‘Terrestrial telescope gives inverted image (© Toawid chromatic aberration @ Tohave larger magntication A simple two lens telescope has an objective of focal length go cm and an eye piece of 25.crn, The telescope is [pointed at an object at a very large distance which subtends at an angle of zrrlliradkan on the nalted eye. The eve eared vo thatthe nl wun ge formed tay. The se of he el une formed by the objectives @ sm ® am © osm @ oamm ‘The objective ofa telescope, after focussing for infinatyis talen out and a sit oflength_ is placed inits position. A sharp image ofthe slitis formed by the eyepiece ata certain distance fromit on the other side, The length of this samage is [then magnification of telescope is 1 2 1 L oad we ot @s ‘4n astronomical telescope in normal adjustment receives light from a distant source S. The tube length is now decreased slightly (@) Avirtual image of S wall be formed at a finite distance () No amage val be formed (©) Asmall, real image of S will be formed behind the eye-piece, close to it, (@) Alarge,realirmage of al be formed behind the eve piece, far away fromit A telescope consisting of object dass of power + 2D andl eyeglass of power + 20D is focussed on an object am ‘from the object glass. The final umage is seen wath completely relayed eye. The magnifiang power ofthe telescope @ 2% &) 42 Om @ 492 ‘an astronomical telescope anda Gallean telescope use identical objective lenses. They have the same {eon when otha innrm adjrtmet. Th epi of the atronomacal emp ba afc length (@),"The tube lengths ofthe tw telesopesdifer by (@) The tube lengths of the two telescopes difer by (©) The Gakilean telescope has ashortrtube length (@) The Galilean telescope has a longer tubegenius PHYSICS 74 Reflection of Light aya bl@]>|a]4|4]4|«]@ 99 [#00 wo [oe [as [oes [ase [oes [ae [aor [a bie bre[>lalelelalale 9 [a0 as [as [ae [253 [34 [3s [96 [a7 [ao ala ef>[aladlale[a|b]a 139 [40 50 [ase [ase [259 [asa [o55 [56 [o57 [ast e [> afa{@fafale|b|ola 199 [sb are [am [a | ora [27a [075 [276 [a [ot a|a bafafte{afefa|>|ola 279 [ie 90 [ase [a2 [193 [19a [295 | 296 | 97 [98 bi] > efajafelelalja|ofa