Proceedings of Ninth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering August 2-8, 1988, Tokyo-Kyoto, JAPAN (Vel) 43-12 ANALYSIS OF GRAVEL DRAIN AGAINST LIQUEFACTION ITS APPLICATION TO DESIGN Kateuni MATSUBARA, Masaya MIHARA and Mitsuru TSUITA Technical Research Institute, HAZAMA~GUMI, LTD, Saitama, Japan To establish the design technique of the gravel drain method in which the well-resistance of the drain was considered, the authors developed the analysis program where the drain had finite permeability and confirmed the applicability Of the program, by vibration model tests. Also from the parametric study by the analysis program, the nonograns on maximum pore water pressure ratio and Grainage were proposed. Tt turned cut that the factors of the drain slenderess ratio and the Grain-sand perneability ratio vere important in predicting the pore pressure during earthquakes by the paranetric studies. rerRoDucrion The use of the gravel drain method which generates low vibration and noise during construction work is recently drawing attention as a measure against Liquefaction of the ground during earthquakes. When designing gravel drains for certain ground conditions, it is necessary to determine the intervals of gravel Graig having @ certain diameter. This interval se often determined by using the design nomogram proposed by Seed and Booker (Ref.1). However, this nonogran is prepared on the aseumption that the excess pore water pressure at the boundary on ‘the gravel drain side is zero (permeability of drain (s considered as infinite). Consequently, this seens to evaluate the excess pore water pressure slightly less than thet of more realistic models which consider the finite permeability of gravel drains. Because of this, analyses considering the vell-resistance of gravel drain are being made of late (Refs.2/3). The authors have developed the analysis program ANPORE considering the permeability of gravel drain and have confirmed its effectiveness by model tests for gravel drains. In addition, Parametric studies using the analysis program were conducted, the maximum excess Pore water pressure ratio and Greinage vere rearranged with respect to non- Gimensional persneters, end nomograms for practical use were prepared. [BASIC EQUATIONS OF PROGRAM AXPORE ax EXTRACTION OF NON-DIMENSIONAL PARAMETERS Basic Equation If only one gravel drain ia considerd among many geavel dvaina, then an axieymetric model as shown in Fig. 1 can be created, Ne assune that the pore water flow follows Darey's law without considering the coupling of soil par~ ficles with water and sand layers and gravel Grains are isotropic and -249homogeneous. Then the behavior of the pore vater can be expressed by the fornulee shown below because of the continuity of the pore water. ss | (sang Layer portion) #s ke (2,1 304 33) peas (Sa +e SF + St) BEBE a atte. (rain portion) osrse ] fa (ay, 1 30 4 34) 30 Fir (+4 $F + $B) = SE @ fon the other hand, the initial condition end boundary conditions can be given by the following formslae: 7 (angtial condition) For all r,z at tO: ulr,2,0)=0 (Boundary conditions) For all rz at 290: ule,0,t)=0 Por all ryt at 2-Hei(rya;t)0 ) + For all 2yt at rbrgilby2,t)=0 For all yt at rearH(O,2;t)"0 (7) Fig.1 Analytical Model antral condition during surtnguskey, Areoettictent of permeability of sand layers” kgieoetficient of permeability of creinaget voline compreseiblity of mans aye, aygr voluae Conpressibility of decile Generation function iy of ncese voce wath pressure i based on the formule given By benlbe et l~ Refs Sir'ana poq/ot ie given by the foldowing equations B= He (ome ( $2 ooe( $F] Posea -B moet ® 67 $n the present calculations), Nj ‘Number of ners, e:msterial constant (#=: cycles until excess pore water pressure ratio under undrained condition reaches Bguivalent nunber of cycles, tg: Bffective duration tine of earthquake, 1.0,Ngg? avis Effective overburden pressure (ov'ar*z ). JCTION_OF NON-DIMENSIONAL PARAMETERS Now, coordinate transformation of a=r/e, f=2/%, t/t, and @=0/aw" axe nade for Dg. (1) to (8) for making them non~ Qinensional. For the and layer portion, the folloing formula at 13.74 b/a is obtained from gs. (1), (3)and (5). Bent [BS SE a (FBS) BF [nee Ee) oe )] pb) for a nan gn a1+ BE) m0 foal 8 BE (Bice)motor aiee on the other hand, for the drain portion, the formila below is obtained at Oars from Bye. (2),(3),(S) and(7). Boe [Bb Biel EB) aE oe ing) or x8 2+ BE thd fra Kioennarerates Also, the following formula is held portion and sand layer portion: Eas Suen am B Joa Jon as the boundary condition between drain 1-250From the above Bys.(9) to (13), the following #ix non-dimensional paraneters will affect the solutions of this boundary velue problen+ BRS cy @ following six ae However, these forms will be slightly changed here and paremeters will be adopted as final non-dinensinel pareneters: That is, Teelty/a?)(K,/rmyg)t time factors Memyg/Mygt volume compressibility eetsor Sohaligs ratle of SoetelSient of perneubinity Wia/2es ‘stenderness zotio Of drain; fvajb : drain diameter to effective dianster ratioy ratio be~ fween eguivelent cycle number and the number of eyeles ureill Seda ‘pore pres sure ratio reaches 1 MODEL TEST OF GRAVEL, DRAIN AND ITS ANALYSIS Queline of Hodel test In order to review the effectiveness of the gravel drain Measures against liquefaction and the validity of analysis method mentioned above, nodel tests were conductad on the gravel drain-sand eysten, Outline of the model used in the test and the location of instruments installed are shown in Fig. 2, Ae shovn in the figure, a cylindricel specinen 375 mm in diameter and 2000 ma high was made in the special soi) container for shear mode vibration having a circular section. Quarrying (grain size 2,0-10.0nn) was used as crushed stone for gravel drain, and Toyoura Send vas used for the sand layer portion. Water was first poured to a certain level in the container and sand was then Groped from the top by water-pluviation method. The sand was compacted by tanper every 12.5en nigh. For the drain portion, a vinyl chloride pipe with an inside diameter of 10 con was installed, crushed stone was placed inside the pipe to # proper height ,end then the pipe wae raised completely. Instrunents used vere ten pore pressure eters, five acceleroneters and four éisplacenent meters. They were installed for each 25 cm of depth. The tests were conducted for both the case with sand layer only without the drain and the case with the gravel drain inctalled, The relative density Dr of respective send layer was 62% without drain and 75% with drain, Also, the submerged unit weight 7? calculated from the specific weight of goll particles of Toyoura Sand and the dry density during compaction was 0,98 tf/m® in both the cases. soil container fe spore pressure meter i iacceleration meter Liassplscenent meter @) pt a Wit OH | | Jet | ponte ae Liam Lint : Ry i os1 238 iy 20° + fas) to) 98 ig.3 Shouts Pore Pressure ig.2 Bxperinental Model and Location of Instrumente "7"? Pte eatin) m-251vib, wie Zn ye 0.6 0.08; Beal ae bee Geol te Bead bas pas Bony as SSS ot & a Osrare i ° istaie i? estas Kee ow) fae (a) Bt () pz (eo) Bs we, 5 a io 1.9 Solid Line : Experiment Baal Ba roten Zine + Gnlealeeion Boa ers dare Bi & i iged Bicess Pore Hater Pressure Mee (with drain) ae Te specimen thus producted vas placed on a shaking table and shaken in the horizontal direction. The excitation frequency wee 2 Hz and duration of excitaq ion was 6 sec. A sine wave vas used as the input motion for the excitation, and the value of peak acceleration wae 90 gal without drain and 87 gal with drain. Experimental Result and ite Anslysie As test results, the time histories of the excess pore water pressure at pi and p$ without érain were shown in Fig. 3 . And time histories of the excess pore water pressure at pl, p2, pS and p? with drain were shown in Fig. 4, The tine histories of the excess pore water pressure indi~ cated actually showed the vibrating characteristics, but the histories were taken from envelope Lines of the peak values at each tine. where there was no drain, ‘the excess pore pressure at pl reached the maximum value at the end of the ox citation and its value was 0.085 kgf/en? . Also, maximum value of 0.085 kgf/cn’ was obtained at the end of the excitation at ps. At both pl and p5, the excess pore water pressure ratio u/av', was about 0.9 end this state was close to Liguefaction. on the other hand, where there vas a drain, the maximum value of excess pore water pressure was about 0.010 kgf/en? and the excess pore water pressure ratio was about 0.1 to 0.2 at pl, p2, pS, and p? . According to this, the rise in excess pore water pressure at pl and pS in the case with drain was limited to about 148 of that in the case without drain. This means that gravel drains were effective against liquefaction. Also, where theze wae no drain, more than 10 seconds were needed for the excess pore water pressure dissipation after the elapse of 6 seconds of the excitation . On the other hand, when gravel drain vas installed, the excess pore water pressure was quickly dissipated sbout 6 seconds efter the’ beginning of the excitation. This is considered to be also one of ef- fects of gravel drains. progeen Mizone tonsa Cote Saute nathon eaplaines previously. the aloes Tin" Tacter are tnaicaced op aie Stanan tines’ ie ign Seed fr toe ingot daca Seed in’ the calecations are fae soetiiolanes ot gamsebiliey of the sand lagers EEo.ot cnveco, vaosffictene of gorsensitiey ot gravel. doin grd-b enfuees one conpetclasiiey of Soin Sank Lopes and! gavel arains mn 73.0017 weTeey Ser andrained sorlfion, oquvatane sabes of Cices of lnpoe notions tegeliy ord Tet Teedee apeee vier salccleted venules with caapect'to thw’ thes history of elttiny tothe sanaiee of thu pococasiey twat cendcted pEeviovsly- 1-252According to the results of comperison between the calculated values and ‘the experimental values in the case with the gravel drain (Fig.4), the calculated values agree fairly well with the experimental values, thereby indicating good adaptability of the analysis procran explained in this report. PARAMETRIC STUDY USING AXPORE bie excuted parametric studies using AMPORE whose validity was indicated. The excess pore water pressure ratio wes deternined from the average obtained by weighting excess pore water pressure with area of the sand layer portion at each Gopth. Also, the maximum value in tine history of the ratio averaged in the ver~ tical direction wae defined ag the maxinun excess pore water pressure ratio, and he neximum excess pore pressure ratio (eyg,/ gv!Jav and drainage Q were som Gimensionized with respect to non-dinensinal parameters previously extracted in order to prepare practical nonograns. The dreinage Q which was difined on the Giposite surface was arranged by non-Ginensinal drainage Q/(ratkgtg). Of the six independent parancters previcusly explained, the volune compressibility ratio memyq/My_ wes found to only slightly affect ‘the results of calculations, and so the'Femiining five parameters were readjusted, Sone of the results of caluculations are shown in Fig.5(a) to Pig.5(£). When the perneability coefficient ratio Krky/k, is about 1000 and the slenderness ratio e#/2a ie abost 10 in the present’ report, the reaults of calculations are almost the sane as the results obtained by Seed and Booker. The coeffitient of permeability ratio K therefore was fixed to 500, and the calculations were made for the case where Ngg/t = 1, 2 and 3 and the slenderness ratio of drain, N*H/2a (0 and 30. Rigo, volume compressibility will not be constant when the excess pore water pressure ratio incresses and the deformation tends to increase suddenly when the ‘excess pore water pressure ratio is close to 0.8 to 0.7 in liquefaction test. 3 cause of this, only values up to 0.6 were indicated for the maximum excess pore water pressure ratio (Unae/o¥" )av- Finally, it should"Be noted that the results of the present calculations should not be applied to the case where a structure ig located above the ground, and particularly where the permeability resistance of gravel mat and so forth cannot be neglected, ‘concuuston ‘The following effective results were recognized from the above-mentioned studies: 2, BY non-dimensionizing the basic equations of the program AKPORE, the five parameters that govern the pore pressure of the drain-sand systen were extracted. Those paransters were tine factor;Tg, ratio of permeability;k, drain slenderness ratiowN, ratio between drain dianetér and effective dlaneterym, and ratio between equivalent cycle number and cycle number to be necessary for pore pressure ratio 0 amount to 1.078,0/%- 2. The results calculated using AXPORE were conpared with the experimental résults in the pore pressure tine histories and good agreement was obtained, Zt was recognized that the analysis progran AXPORE wae able to eveluate the excess pore water pressure distribution in gravel drain and gurrounding eandy deposits ith high accuracy. 3. By comparing Seed and Booker's nomograms with those obtained here by parametric studies, it turned out that difference between Seed and ocke:'s results and the recults of the authors was distinct when the elenderess ratio of 1-253Srerene ae os ree Tarr oT Ts Oe () g/L adh Kate Ce) vqitn2 we. kes 8 ; w : a * raw A ~ wv Sa Canina ean roses (2) ated tea kos (Eras oan este Fig. Nonographs of Maxinun Pore Pressure Ratio and Drainage gravel Grain wee Large or the permeability ratio between dvain and sand was Srall. ACKNOWLEDGMENT ‘his report vas prepared as a part of Joint research on earthquake-resisting foundation impravenant vork being carried out by the Minsetry of Construction. We fare gratefull to Me. Y, Koga, Head of Soll Dynamics Devision, Dr. B. Taniguchi, Head of Planning Devision, and 42, 0, Matsuo, Senior Researcher of Soil Dynamics Devision, for beneficial discussion. REPERENCES 1. Seeg, HB. and Sooker, J.R,, Stabilization of Potentially Liquefiable Sand Deposits Using Gravel Drains, Proc. ASCE, GT, pp.787-768, 1977 2. Tanaka, ¥., Kokuayo, 7., Esashi Y. ané Matsui T., Practical Design Method on the stability of Soil Deposits inprovee with Gravel Piles (in Japanese), Electric Power Civil Engineering, No.196, pp.46-55, 1965 3. Tai, 8, and Koizumi, X., Estimation of Earthquake Induced Excess Pore Water Blessure for Gravel Drains, Proc. of the Seventh Japan Earthquake Engineering Symposium, pp.679-664, 1965 4, Deklba, 'P., Seed, HB, and Chan, C. Ks, Sand Liquefaction in Large-Scale Sinple Shear Tests, Proc.ASCE, GT9, pp.909-927, 1976 l-254