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Normally, mathematical definitions for a dynamic system are given with reference to an analytical syodel of the system, for example, a state-space model. In that context the system and ite analytical model are synonymous. In reality, however, an analytical model, or any a iel for that manner, isan idealization of the actual system. Analytical properties that are Id be associated with the model rather than lied to and the output responses are established and results that are derived, wou! the actual system, whereas the excitations are app! meaured from the actual system. This distinction should be clearly recognized. Analytical models are very useful in predicting the dynamic behavior (response) of @ system when it is subjected to a certain excitation (input). For example, vibration is @ utilization, and effective control require dynamic phenomenon and its analysis, practical g yood understanding of the vibrating system. A recommended way to control a dyr aoe is through the use of a suitable model of the system. A model may be employed for designing a mechatronic system for proper performance. In the context of preclit al models are commonly used to develop test specifications ing, for example, analytic Tied to the exciter, and to study dynamic effects and interactions heir interfaces. In product qualification by and the input signal app! in the test object, the excitation system, and amnalysis, a suitable analytical model of the product replaces the test specimen. In process 1ay be employed to develop the necessary control, a dynamic model of the actual process n control schemes. This is known as model-based cont 2.1.1.1 System Response an imposed disturbance can be expressed in either 1 (amplitude and phase es the solution of a set of The response of an analytical model to he time-domain (response value versus time) or in the frequency do versus frequency). The time-domain response generally involve ysis is done with a set of transfer functions, differential equations. The frequency domain a that is the ratio output/input in the Laplace transform (“s") form. We shall see that mi admittance, impedance, and transmissibility are convenient transfer-function representations ibility is important in vibration isolation, and mechanical impedance seful in tasks such as cutting, joining, and assembly that employ robots. Experimental determination of transfer function (ie. frequency Jomain experimental —ie., testing for natural “modes” of response—of For example, transmis modeling) is often used in modal testn; a mechanical system. This requires imposing forces on the system he system must be designed to limit both the forces transmitted from response (motion). Th the system to the foundation, and the motions transmitted from the support structure to tion characteristics of the system can bility. We hhanical .d. measuring its the main system. 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