2016

UNIVERSE THEORY

Sanjay Nagar
Sr. DSTE/Signal
10/7/2016

1. (Elementary particles)
2. (Elementary Forces)
3.

(Standard Model)

4. (Antimatter)
5. (Negative Matter)
6. , ,
7. (Black Hole)
8. (Dark Matter and Dark Energy)
(Death of Universe)

9.

,
,

Atom

1803

1827 1905

1911 ,

1932

30

, ,

, , , ,

, ,

 (
, )

, ?

,
(eV)
1

) , (Spin)

0( )
1 (360 )
2 180

(360 ) ,
1/2

1/2

0,1,2

(Exclusion Principal)
,,
,
,
,

- ,

, ,

, -

(0,1,2) - (

- (Force Carrying Particle) , -(

) -

, - ,
(Exclusion Principal) - ,
,

(Virtual Particle)
(particle detector) -
0,1,2
- (virtual)

1.

, ,

Interferometer Space Antenna)

2016

2. : ,

(Laser

(1

40 ) ,

3.

, ,

, ,

: ,

1/2 0,1,2

1967 1967

1 (Massive Vector Bosan)

W+,W-,Z0 ,

100

(spontaneous symmetry breaking) ,

), ,

, 37 37

 37 !
- 100 GeV , ( )
W+,W- W0

, -
,
(particle accelerator) W+,W- W0 100 GeV 10

1979

1983 CERN
CERN
4.

1984

(, )
,

, (Confinement)

(, ) ,
(++=)
+ )

( )
( +

, + ,

(asymptotic freedom) ,

(large particleaccelerators)
:

- ,

(Grand Unified Theory-GUT) ,

, !

 (GUT) :

(Grand Unified Theory)

,
-

,
!

,

1967

-

,

GUT 1/2

, ( )

GeV (Particle Acclerator) GeV

GeV

( -

(uncertainty principle)

1 (1 30 )

1 30 1

(1 31 )

- (Anti-Proton)

- (Anti-Neutron)

- (Anti-Quark)

(Large Particle Acclerator)

/ - (Particle/Anti-Particel Pair)

- (Antiquark)

!

(

GUT ( -

? ?

C(Charge ), P(Parity -
C

2.

P ( )

3.

1956

) T(Time -)

1.

CP

K-

1964

CP (

CPT
,

, T

T ,

T ,

GUT

(Standard Model)

(Grand Unified Theory)

1970

20

(1977), (1995) (2000)

(Standard Model)

,
CP (Strong CP Problem) (hierarchy

problem)

( )

(Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking),

(Hypothetical Particle), (Extra Dimension) (Supersymmetry)

Model)

(Exotic Model)

(Neutrino oscillations)

1960 1967

( -
- )

(Standard

W Z ( )

- ,

1.
2.

(Standard Model) 1/2 12

(fermions) - (spin-statistics theorem)

(Pauli exclusion principle) ()

(, ,,

, , ) (

, ,, )

+23

13

(color confinement)

, ( )

(baryons)

() (hadrons)

: ,
(

:

, ) -

()
,

, -

-



,

,
, :

W+, W Z : ( ) , Z W
W

W +1 1

- Z

, ,
1964

, , ,

W Z

, -
W Z

,
,)

CERN

(Standard Model)

,
CP

, , -

(Standard Model) (Theory of General Relativity)

( ) ( (During Big Bang),

(Event Horizons of Black Hole))

1.

(Standard Model) :

(Standard Model)

2. :

3.

(Standard Model)

73%

120

(Standard Model)

(Standard Model)

4.- :

4% 96% 24 %

(Standard Model)

(Standard Model)

(Standard Model)

(Standard Model) (Particle Colliders)

(Standard Model)

114 GeV/c2 157 GeV/c2 , 185 GeV/c2 250 GeV/c2 CERN

(LHC) LHC

(Standard Model)

(Standard Model)

(Standard Model) ,

1. (Hierarchy Problem) :

(Standard Model) (spontaneous symmetry breaking)

(Standard Model)

( )

(Quantum Correction)

(unnatural)

2.
CP :

(Standard Model) CP

CP

(
) (unnatural)

3. :

(Standard Model)

(Standard Model)

(Supersymmetry),

(Minimul Supersymmetric Standard Model)

(Next to Minimul Supersymmetric Standard Model)

,
(String Theory)

M (M Theory)
(Extra Dimensions)

(String Theory) ,
(Theory Of Everything)

(Dark Matter):

6
1928
,

(Theoritical Physics) ,

(Dark Matter)

Missing mass problem

1933

400

(Missing mass problem) 1970

,
,

90-99

90

,
,

: (Wave) (wavelength)
(frequency)

(Sound waves) (wavelength) ,

(Sound

waves)
(wavelength) (wavelength)

(Blue shift)
(red shift) ,

1. :

2. :

(
)

(Dark Matter)
?

(Massive Astrophysical Compact
(Massive
Halo Object ) (WIMP-Weakly Interacting Massive Particle

- - (Particle Physicists)
-

, -

(MACHO)

()

(Brown Dwarf) : -


,

(Black Holes):

1. :

, %
2. (Gravitional Lensing) :

? ?

3. (Rotating Star):

(WIMP)
- - (Weakly Interactive
Massive Particles

, , !

:

.

(Absolute Zero) ,

(AMANDA Antarctica Muon and Neutrino Detector Array) ,

,

&

 (Dark Matter)

(The Big Bang Theory)

1950

, (The Big Bang)

- (Dopler Effect)

(Red Shift) (

,
( ) ( )
:

-



-

: ,

M

1.

2.

3.

0.1 0.01

(WIMP) , (MACHO)

90%

, ,

- ,

- ,

 (Dark Energy):

( )

(The Big Bang Theory)

1990

, ,

(Type 1A)

1

(Standard Lamppost or

Standard Candles)

(Dopler
Effect) (Red Shift)

(Dark Energy) (Dark Energy)

, (Anti-Matter) (Dark Matter))

(Cosmological Constant)

blunder)

,
(biggest

,
(

10

74% 76% , 20% 22% 4 % 4% ,

) ()

( )

( )

(cosmological constant)

, ,

(cosmological constant) ?

(cosmological constant)

( ) (virtual)

( ) ,

! 10120

1 120 ! ! !

(,
, , , )

(4% ) 24

( )

1. (Big Crunch) :

2. (

) :

, ,

3. - (Big Rip):

(Big Bang)

, , ,

 (Anti matter):
()

1.

= +

2.

E=mc2 (E= , m =

1930

, c = )

1932

(Cosmic Rays)

1950 (Bevatron accelerator)

- ,

(Particle Acclerator)

- ()

E=mc2
) 511

(2* 938MeV)

(Antimatter) ?

E=mc2
E=mc
=mc2 (
E

- (Axiom)
,
,

(Dirac Sea) ,

() =

+ (

,

===========================================================
(1). , ,

(2)

N , , -
14
C >14N + e +e
19
Ne >19F + e+ + e

,
- ,

?:

(Anti-Universe)

10

1.

2.

, ,

?
?

( ), (

, .C(Charge ), P(Parity -

) T(Time -)

1.

C :

2.

P : (

)

T :

3.

(Science Fiction)

, ,

( C

) )

( P

) )

? P

, , , ,

( )
,

!(The God must have made mistake!)1

? ,

1960

( )

P C

, CP

1964
CP

CP

1964
CP
CP

K-

CP

1980

,
CP

,
,
CP

! CP

, P

, CP

, ( )

CPT

, , , !

 CPT

CPT

CPT

,
,

! ,
Big Bang

(Antimatter) ::

11

, ,

(PET)

E=mc2

91016 J/Kg 10,000,000,000

4.2106 J/kg
?

10,000 100

(Law of conservation of energy) (First Law of
Thermodynamics)

, ,
E=mc2
1%

100%

/ ( / 50%
)

1.

2.

3.

.
CERN

- ,

(1010)

50%

( ) !

100 % ,

( )
?

CERN

300
1000 16

(Penning Trap)

(Electrode):

( ) ( )
( ) (Potential) ,

2006 10 2500 25

1999

62.5

(Particle Accelerator )

 (Black Hole) ?:

12
(Black Hole)

18

(Black Hole) 1967

(Space and

Time)

1679

- (

/ (Space and Time)

1915
4 - ,

, (Space) ,

(4 : , , )

Horizon)

(Schwarzschild radius)

(Central Singularity)

(Event

3 ,

700,000 (axis)

, (ring)

(Ergosphere)

(Supermassive Black Hole)

1.
2.
3.

( )

( ?,

1.

2.

(Super Massive Black Hole)

(Stellar Mass)

()

(Neutral)

:
13

Event-Horizon ) ?

Disk)

(Dark

Wave)

- ((Space Time Fabric) (Gravitational

(event horizon) ,
/ ) ,

( /

,
?

(Quantum Gravity)

, !

(Wormhole)

(bridge)

1974

(glow)

?:
14

, ,

, ,

, ,


nebula)

(Planetary

1.4 (1.4

1.4

(Sudden Collapse)

,
10

(Black Hole)

(Super Massive)
: 1.4

:1.4

,
: 4

(Supermassive Blackhole)

,

,
?

( . 1)

10
930

, , X ,

(Electromagnetic Radiation) ,

(wavelength)
X

(Radio Wave)

, X
,

, X X

1: ,

100

10

1600

100 10

1:

100

28,000
======================================

:
,

X (Gama rays)
X

(Ultraviolet)

(infrared)

 (String Theory):

(Theory of Everything)

?
?

?
?

?

,
(natural philosophy)

(algebra) (Geometry)



(Calculus) ( (Leibniz)

14 )
, ,

,
,

(Theoritical) /

(Observation/Experimental)

,


Philosophi
Philosophi Naturalis Principia
Mathematica ( Mathematical Principles of Natural
Natur Philosophy, )

,
1456,1531 1607
1758 ,
( ),
(ellipse) ,
,

,

,

!
,
Philosophi Naturalis Principia Mathematica ,

 (String Theory):

18 19

,

,
20 , 1905 -1915
,
,

, .
, , ,

-
() ( ) ,

,
:
1. :


2.
,
3.

, ,
- ,


- ,

1911 ,

 (String Theory) :

:
,

, -


1803

:
1897 1900

1905
- ,

1911 ,

 1924 (Louis de Broglie)

,



1932 30





(Standard Model)


:
1. :
, ,
-
2. : (Uncertainty Principle)
- ,
, ,



,
! (God does not play dice)!

, ,
: (Superposition)


(Observer Effect)


,
, ,


?

,
3. : (Quantum Entanglement)
, ( , ,
, )
, ( )
,,
, -

4. :
(Standard Model)

 (Standard Model)
(Standard Model) ,


20 1970
(1977), (1995) (2000)

(Spontaneous
Symmetry Breaking)
1960 1967
( -- )
(Standard Model)

(Standard Model) :

W Z ( )
1973-74 ,


: ,

1.
(Standard Model) 1/2 12
(fermions) - (spin-statistics
theorem) (Pauli exclusion principle) (
) () (anti-particle)
(, ,, , , ) ( ,
, , ,, )

(color
confinement), , ( )
() (hadrons) (baryons)
,

: ,

( , )

2.
,


, :
1.

2.

W+, W Z : ( )

3.
4.

: ,

:

,
,




, (Black Hole)

,
( )
(Singularity)
( infinity)

!

, ,

!

 : // :
, ,
, ,

- :
( )
, ,




,


!

, ,
, (Superposition)
(Superposition) (Superposition)

 , , ,, (The Big
Bang),

1. 2. 3. , 4.- 5.-
6.

:

( 0 dimension object)
(microscope) (Loop of String)
, ,

,

,

(Standard Model)

1.

2.

3.

4.

- ?

5. - ?
?

:


, 10

-33

[10

-33

32 1] ::

(Worldsheet)

,

,

,
,

2 ,

)
(

,
( infinity) ,

(perturbation theory)

,
,

(perturbation theory)

, (set of approximation schemes),

(perturbation theory) - -(quantum
(quantum mechanical amplitudes)
,

-
-(quantum mechanical amplitudes)

 (exponentially)
( )
- -

:
, 1970




,

( ) (Space)

(mass) ,

(Tension) (Special

Relativity)

:

,

,

, ,
,

() ,

,
,

, (Space-Time) 26 25 (3
) 1 26 ,
26
,
26
, ( imaginary number : -1
)

 (Tachyon) , ,
,
,

(Frquency Spectrum) -2 , (0 ) ,


,

/
( )

, ,

/ 26

26

,
(Kaluza-Klein Idea) (SuperSymettry)

1920 -
(Th.
Kaluza) (Oskar Klein)

,
,
, - ,
, - -



, -
, 2 , 2( ) 1
( - ) -
/ ,
,


,

(Supesymmetry)

(Supersymmetry)
1960 - (particle-acclerator) , 1970
()
- ( )



,

, ,

 ,
,

,


-
(GUT)* - ,
(GUT)* ( Grand
Unification Symmetry)
- (particle accelerators) (hierarchy
problem)# , (supersymmetric unified theory)


, -

(hierarchy problem)# (Supersymmetry) (GUT)
, (GUT)*
,

(imaginary mass) (Tachyon) 26 ,

, -

********************************************************

* (Grand Unifiation Theory): ,

# (hierarchy problem):

(Coupling constant)

1/137

1/10^6

1/10^39

?
, ,
GeV 10 19 GeV , W Z

- 100 GeV !
?
?

26
, 26
10 , (GUT) -

, (localised
system) , (nonvanishing)
(zero-point energy)
( )

( )
(Supersymmetry)

(consistency condition) - 26 10
(supergravity)


,

,



(l00p)
( end points) ,





1.

,

I:

2.

IIA :

3.

IIB:

4.

HO(SO(32)):

5.

HE (E8 x E8):

( )
( )

I
,

( )
10
, (gauge) (gauge)
, W Z ,
(gauge) I
( ) 10 - (spece-time) ,
, 10
1 - (parity symmetry) , -
(parity symmetry)

10 1 SO(32) ,
,

SU(3), SU(2) U(1)
4 10
10
10
4

IIA IIB
IIA IIB 1 (
) IIA
IIB ,

4


A B


- (left movers) (right movers)


II

26

10

? 26 16 , 10
10 26 ,
16

16

, SO(32)

, 1 (

) E(8)xE(8)
1 10 -

- (Parity Symmetry)

SO(32)

IIA

IIB

(Heterotic)HO

SO(32)

(Heterotic)HE

E(8) x E(8)

E(8) x E(8) SO(32)
( I) 10 - 4
, -

, IIB IIA
10 - , 4 -

4
-

: M

, I, IIA, IIB

(dualities) (Duality

Transformation)


(Dual)

, (weak and strong coupling)

, ,

T- (TDuality)

,
R

, 2R

()

(winding number)

(momentum mode)

R

R Lst2/R Lst

Lst2/R

T- (T-duality) T- IIA IIB

IIA IIB ,

T-
mode)

(momentum

( winding mode )

(Strong and Weak Coupling)

(Coupling Constant) ?

(Newtons Constant)

,
,

-

,

(dilation)

(exchange)

S-

S-

(series)

S-

IIB

: I

SO(32)

?
T-

()

S-

p- D-

p (brane)

(membrane )

()

2 ( ) ,

p- ,
,

10 9

, p=1 p-

p- D- D
D

T-

D-
(black hole) ,

11

11 - 7

4 -

11 10

 10

11

10

11

, 11


M

: M

(dual)
T- (T -Duality) R
(compatified) 1/R

(

) IIA IIB T-
, SO(32) E(8) x E(8) T-
S- (S- Duality) (Strong Coupling Limit)
(Weak Coupling Limit) SO(32) I

10 S-
SO(32) 1 ,

I

D- D- SO(32)
(worldsheet) , I D ,
(weakly coupled heterotic string) 10 S-
IIB IIB

S- IIB

IIB

IIB D-

1997 IIA E8xE8 M
( )

,



M 11 (Supergravity) (membrane
) 5- ? 11 M 10

(torus)* ,
11

10
IIA
M- IIA , IIB ?
11
- (massless gauge fields)
M- IIA D- , IIA

10 IIA

IIA

D0-

D2-

5-

D4-

5-

NS 5-

D6 D8- D6 -Kaluza Klein Monopole

11
D8 M

 M
11
9
()

9+1

E8
10

E8 x E8 E8 x E8

11

M- 11-D

:
(Theory of general relativity) (Black
Hole)
- (Event Horizon)
-
, (mass), (charge)
(Angular momentum)


,
, (Hawking Radiation)
-

- (quantum gravity) ,

- (Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula )

dM=K dA
A =
K =

M =

M (energy at rest) , - (Thermodynamics)
dE= T dS T=4k [k ]
S=A/4 (Andrew Strominger)
(Cumrin Vafa)

D-

D-
5- , 1- 1-

(Torus) ,
,

: ?

()


: ?

?
? , ,
?


?


,

, , ,

By convention there is color,

By convention sweetness,
By convention bitterness,
But in reality there are atoms and space.
,
,
,

( 400)
1900

?

.



-

(Atom) () ?
(atomon) !

, ,

(p+) (n) !

?

1
30 99.999999999999%

/ -
10-18

,
! ( ?)

( )

( ) :
1. 6
2.

3.




,
/

 :
1?

(antimatter particle)

,

,

,



- ,

, ! ?, ? , ?


- , -

( bubble chamber )
,
- ,
-
,

( () ) u
, - - ,
e+ )



,

: /, / / ( - )

, , (+1) (-1)
, (colour charge)

20
, 1995

1964

, (James Joyce ) (Finnegans Wake)
Three quarks for Muster Mark!
2/3 -1/3 ,
(+1, -1) ,

?

( )

K ,

, 1974
(Stanford Linear Accelerator Center SLAC)
(Brookhaven National Laboratory)

( ) ( )
1977 , ()
1995
20

 ,
,


,
:

(uud)
(ddu)

( )

(q) (q bar)
(pion +) ,
-()
(K)
( )

 ( )

?
,

(uud)

(kinetic)
(kinetic) (potential)

E = mc2

:
2?

1.
2.

?
1?

(e ) , () ()
() ,


(

?
: 3000

(Lepton decay) ?
,
,

:
1.

- ,

2.

-
-

3.

- , - -
, - -

- +1 , - -1
0

- +1 , - - -1
0

- +1 , - - -1 0
,

:


- ,

 :
?

:

,
,
? / ? ,
, , ?

(interaction)

(decay) (inhalition)

, ! , , , , ..


?


, (force) (interaction)
(Force Carrier
Partilces) (force)

? ?
?

, (exchange)

, ,
-

, -
, , -


,

,


?

, , -
/ , /

- (Electro-Magnetism)

-
- -
- -
( )

 - () , X , ,

(c) , c 300,000,000 /

- (residual electro-magnetism)

-
,
?
:
-
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! , ?

 :
?
,
-
,

,
?
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?

 (Strong Nuclear Force)

(colour charge) -

,
( -, -- --!)
- - - -

-
- , (colour-charge neutral)

(Colour Charge)

-
- -

-
,
-
?

- ,
, ; , -
- - -, - - - -
-, - , -
, (conserved)
- - ,
,
:
,

(Quark confinement)

- - ( ) ( )

( ) ( - )
4 ( ) ( ) - ud(
) uddd( ) ,
(Colour Force Field)
-

,
-
--

,
/ ( - )

: -
,
-

 (Residual Strong Nuclear Force)

, -
!
? ?
!
- ()

 :


-

(Weak Nuclear Force)

(Stable matter) ( ) ,

( ) ,
(decay)

:

(flavor)
(flavor) , (flavor)
(flavor) (charged weak nuclear interaction)
; Z

(flavor) , ,
,

 , (flavour)
-
W+, W-, Z W Z
- (Electroweak)

(Electroweak)

(10-18 ) 30 (310-17 )
- 1/10,000 (10-15 )

-

W/Z
W Z ,

(Graviton)


!
,
,

 :



, ;

,
,
,

, (1/3 2/3 )

:

: 2/3 1/3 ,

: -
-

:

0, 1/2, 1, 3/2

 (Pauli Exclusion Principle)

(Chemical Reaction)



,

, (1/2, 3/2,)

, (0, 1, 2).
( )

,
,
(Supercooled Helium) ,
(superliquid state)
( zero viscosity ) (Surface

Tension)

 : (Particle
Decay and Annihilation)
(Particle Decay)

?

,

, ,

 - (Radio Activity)

( X Ray)
19 (Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen)
, X (X Ray)

,

x

- (Radio Activity)

-
: ( ), (), ()

(2 2 )

238 :
238 4,460,000,000
, , 10 (Probability)
?
238 238.0508 (234.0436 ) (4.0026
) 0.0046
?

: ?

1.

2.

(Probability) ?

3.

, ?

,
,

, ( )

( )
,

 - (Half Life)

,
!

(Missing Mass)

0.0046
:

( ) ,

 - (Particle Decay Mediators)

,


?

,




W
; -

-
(virtual particles)

(Virtual Particles)
-

-

(Uncertanity Priciple)

, -

, -

 :


, W ( )


0
: qq (q q ) ,
-

: cc(c c )

W+/W

: (Particle
Anhilation)

- ,

(particle anhilation) (particle decay)


(virtual partilces)

-
( ,W/Z ,)
(force carrier partilcles)
( - Particle Acclerators CERN)

,
() + ( ) ()

 (Bubble Chamber)

,
,

(udd) (uud), - (Neutron

(Neutron Beta Decay)
(
)

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