/LQWHOOHFWXDOLVPHGH0DOHEUDQFKH

SDU
(PLOH%RXWURX[

$UWLFOHSXEOLpGDQVOD5HYXHGHPpWDSK\VLTXHHWGH0RUDOH


$ODLQ%ODFKDLU#DFQDQF\PHW]IU
&OLTXH]VXUOHOLHQFLGHVVXVSRXUVLJQDOHUGHVHUUHXUV

(PLOH%RXWURX[/LQWHOOHFWXDOLVPHGH0DOHEUDQFKH

>@/DSKLORVRSKLHGH0DOHEUDQFKHHVWHVVHQWLHOOHPHQWLQWHOOHFWXDOLVWH&HGLVFLSOH
GH 'HVFDUWHV QDERUGH DXFXQH UHFKHUFKH TXLO QH VHQJDJH j UHMHWHU WRXWH QRWLRQ
GpSRXUYXHGpYLGHQFHUDWLRQQHOOH([FHSWHWLOOHVYpULWpVGHODIRL"'pOLEpUpPHQWLODIDLW
GH OD UDLVRQ OH SULQFLSH QRQ VHXOHPHQW GH WRXWH VFLHQFH PDLV GH OD PRUDOH HW GH OD
UHOLJLRQPrPH/DUHOLJLRQSRXUOXLQHVWTXXQHIRUPHDGDSWpHjODFRQGLWLRQKXPDLQH
GHODPpWDSK\VLTXH
1RXV YR\RQV HQ 'LHX WRXW FH TXH QRXV FRQQDLVVRQV YpULWDEOHPHQW FRQQDvWUH OH
PRQGHFHVWOHFRQFHYRLUSDUUDSSRUWjOpWHQGXHLQWHOOLJLEOHTXLUpVLGHHQ'LHXPrPH
FHVWOHUpGXLUHHQpOpPHQWVPDWKpPDWLTXHV'LHXFKH]0DOHEUDQFKHHVWWRXWHOXPLqUH
WRXWHYpULWpWRXWRUGUHFHVWjGLUHTXLOFRQWHQWHXQLYHUVHOOHPHQWHWDEVROXPHQWFHWWH
UDLVRQSDUIDLWHTXLFRPPHVHFRQGHSHUVRQQHGHOD7ULQLWpHVWVRQHVVHQFHPrPH
5LHQ GH SOXV FHUWDLQ TXH OH FDUDFWqUH LQWHOOHFWXDOLVWH GH OD SKLORVRSKLH GH
0DOHEUDQFKH 0DLV LO HVW LQWpUHVVDQW GH VH GHPDQGHU TXHOOH HVW DX MXVWH OD QDWXUH GH
FHWWHLQWHOOLJHQFHGHFHWWHUDLVRQjODTXHOOHVDQVUHVWULFWLRQ0DOHEUDQFKHVRXPHWWRXWHV
FKRVHVHW'LHXOXLPrPH


0DOHEUDQFKHSRVHHQSULQFLSHTXHFRQQDvWUHOHPRQGHPDWpULHOFHVWHQH[SOLTXHU
WRXWHVOHVSDUWLHVHWWRXVOHVSKpQRPqQHVSDUOHVVHXOHVORLVGHODPpFDQLTXHFHVWjGLUH
SDU OD VHXOH LGpH PDWKpPDWLTXH GH OpWHQGXH 4XH VXLWLO GH ODSSOLFDWLRQ GH FHWWH
PD[LPH"
8QH SUHPLqUH FRQVpTXHQFH FHVW TXH OH[LVWHQFH GH FHV IRUPHV SDUWLFXOLqUHV GH
OpWHQGXH TXH QRXV DSSHORQV OHV FRUSV HVW DEVROXPHQW LQGpPRQWUDEOH /HV
PDWKpPDWLTXHV QDGPHWWHQW TXH OXQLYHUVHO 0DOHEUDQFKH UHFRQQDvW GpFODUH GpPRQWUH
TXH OH[LVWHQFH >@ GHV FRUSV HVW LQGpPRQWUDEOH 0DLV LO DIILUPH QRQ PRLQV
FDWpJRULTXHPHQW TXH OHV FRUSV H[LVWHQW 1RXV HQ VRPPHV DVVXUpV GLWLO SDU OD
UpYpODWLRQ
(QSDUODQWDLQVLLOOLPLWHYLVLEOHPHQWODSRUWpHGHODUDLVRQFRPPHIDFXOWpGHYRLU
OHV FKRVHV GDQV OHXUV DUFKpW\SHV PDWKpPDWLTXHV (W ORQ SRXUUDLW VH GHPDQGHU VL HQ
GHKRUV GH OD FRQQDLVVDQFH UDWLRQQHOOH LO QDGPHW SDV OH[LVWHQFH GXQH FRQQDLVVDQFH
SURSUHPHQWP\VWLTXH0DLVLOVDJLWGHVDYRLUTXHOOHLGpHLOVHIDLWDXMXVWHGH'LHXHWGH
VHVUpYpODWLRQV
2U FHVW XQH PD[LPH HVVHQWLHOOH GH OD SKLORVRSKLH GH 0DOHEUDQFKH TXH 'LHX HQ
WRXW FH TXLO IDLW VXLW OHV YRLHV OHV SOXV VLPSOHV DJLVVDQW SDU Oj HQ FRQIRUPLWp DYHF OD
UDLVRQ 1RXV GHYRQV GRQF FURLUH HQ YHUWX GH QRWUH UDLVRQ PrPH TXH OH[LVWHQFH GHV
FRUSVGRQWODUpYpODWLRQQRXVLQIRUPHQHVWSDVXQHFUpDWLRQDEVROXPHQWQRXYHOOHPDLV
VHUDWWDFKHGHTXHOTXHPDQLqUHjODQDWXUHGHVHVVHQFHVVLELHQTXHGDQVOpWXGHGHV
SKpQRPqQHVVHQVLEOHVOHVSOXVSDUWLFXOLHUVLOUHVWHOpJLWLPHHWQpFHVVDLUHGHSRXUVXLYUH
GHVH[SOLFDWLRQVPpFDQLTXHV

(PLOH%RXWURX[/LQWHOOHFWXDOLVPHGH0DOHEUDQFKH

8QH VHFRQGH FRQVpTXHQFH GH OD FRQFHSWLRQ PDWKpPDWLTXH GH OXQLYHUV FHVW
OLPSRVVLELOLWpGHFRQFHYRLUXQUDSSRUWGLQIOXHQFHHQWUHOHVPRXYHPHQWVGHVFRUSVHW
OHVVHQWLPHQWVTXLGDQVQRWUHkPHFRUUHVSRQGHQWjFHVPRXYHPHQWV
'XQHPDQLqUHJpQpUDOHXQHFUpDWXUHQHSHXWDJLUGDQVXQHPHVXUHTXHOFRQTXHVXU
XQHDXWUHFUpDWXUH(QHIIHWOHVDFFLGHQWVFKH]OHVrWUHVUpHOVQHVRQWSDVVpSDUDEOHVGHV
VXEVWDQFHVHWPRGLILHUODVXEVWDQFHFHVWFUpHURXDQpDQWLU2Uj'LHXVHXOLODSSDUWLHQW
GHFUpHURXGDQpDQWLU7RXWHSXLVVDQFHGRQFTXHOOHVH[HUFHVXUOHVVXEVWDQFHVRXVXU
OHVDFFLGHQWVDSSDUWLHQWH[FOXVLYHPHQWj'LHX
&RPPH GDLOOHXUV OpWHQGXH HW OH VHQWLPHQW VRQW FKRVHV HQWLqUHPHQW GLIIpUHQWHV
WRXWH WHQWDWLYH GH[SOLTXHU OHV SKpQRPqQHV GH OXQ SDU OHV SKpQRPqQHV GH ODXWUH HVW
IUDSSpH GH VWpULOLWp /pWHQGXH HW OH VHQWLPHQW FRH[LVWHQW GXQH PDQLqUH SXUHPHQW
FRQWLQJHQWH HW VLO \ D FRUUHVSRQGDQFH HQWUH OHV PRGLILFDWLRQV GH OXQ HW OHV
PRGLILFDWLRQV GH ODXWUH FH QH SHXW rWUH TXHQ YHUWX GXQ OLEUH GpFUHW GH 'LHX /HV
PRGLILFDWLRQVGHVVXEVWDQFHVVSLULWXHOOHHWFRUSRUHOOHQHSHXYHQWrWUHFDXVHVYpULWDEOHV
OHVXQHVGHVDXWUHVOHVHXOQRPTXLFRQYLHQQHDXU{OHTXHOOHVUHPSOLVVHQWHVWFHOXLGHV
FDXVHVRFFDVLRQQHOOHV
>@0DOHEUDQFKHSDUFHWWHWKpRULHSDUDLWOLPLWHUXQHIRLVGHSOXVODSRUWpHGHVRQ
LQWHOOHFWXDOLVPH 4XH VRQW FHV FDXVHV TXL QH VRQW SRLQW FDXVHV VLQRQ OH GpJXLVHPHQW
GXQ FRQWLQXHO PLUDFOH" 9RLFL GHX[ KRUORJHV VDQV FRPPXQLFDWLRQ HQWUH HOOHV TXL
QpDQPRLQVVRQWWRXMRXUVGDFFRUG&HVWDSSDUHPPHQWTXXQJpQLHLQYLVLEOHHQSRXVVH
FRQWLQXHOOHPHQWOHVDLJXLOOHV
$LQVL DWRQ VRXYHQW LQWHUSUpWp QRWDPPHQW HQ $OOHPDJQH OD WKpRULH GHV FDXVHV
RFFDVLRQQHOOHV 0DLV LO VHPEOH TXHQ OHQWHQGDQW GH OD VRUWH RQ HQ DLW PpFRQQX OD
VLJQLILFDWLRQ 4XH YRXGUDLW GLUH OH PRW FDXVH DSSOLTXp j XQ SKpQRPqQH TXL VHUDLW
VDQVOLHQDXFXQDYHFFHOXLTXHORQDSSHOOHVRQHIIHW"6L0DOHEUDQFKHHQWHQGDLWVHQWHQLU
DX V\VWqPH TXH ORQ GpQRPPH RFFDVLRQDOLVPH SRXUTXRL QH VHVWLO SDV FRQWHQWp GX
WHUPHRFFDVLRQ"
,O\DHQUpDOLWpGHX[SDUWLHVGDQVVDGRFWULQHOXQHQpJDWLYHODXWUHSRVLWLYH1XOOH
FKRVH FUppH QH SHXW rWUH FDXVH DX VHQV SOHLQ GX PRW DX VHQV GH SXLVVDQFH FUpDWULFH
SDUFHTXHODFUpDWLRQHVWOHSULYLOqJHGH'LHX0DLVRQSHXWFRQFHYRLUXQHFDXVHVLQRQ
FUpDWULFHGXPRLQVGpWHUPLQDQWHFHVWjGLUHSURYRTXDQWHQIDLWGXQHIDoRQFRQVWDQWH
ODSSDULWLRQGXQFHUWDLQSKpQRPqQHHWFHVWOjSUpFLVpPHQWOHJHQUHGHFDXVDOLWpTXH
0DOHEUDQFKHDWWULEXHDX[FUpDWXUHV
'XQH SDUW QRV VHQWLPHQWV VRQW DEVROXPHQW LUUpGXFWLEOHV j QRV SHUFHSWLRQV
LQWHOOHFWXHOOHVWRXWGHPrPHTXHOH[LVWHQFHGHVFRUSVHVWDEVROXPHQWLUUpGXFWLEOHjOHXU
HVVHQFH'RFWULQHFDSLWDOHGDQVODSHQVpHGH0DOHEUDQFKHFDUHOOHGpFRXYUHOHUUHXUGH
6SLQR]DTXLSODoDQWDXVHLQPrPHGH'LHXOHILQLDYHFOLQILQLRXDQpDQWLWOHILQLRX
UXLQHODSHUIHFWLRQGLYLQH
'DXWUHSDUWHQPrPHWHPSVTXHSDUVDSXLVVDQFHGLVWLQFWHGHVRQHQWHQGHPHQW
'LHXFUpDGHVFKRVHVILQLHVLOpWDEOLWHQWUHHOOHVGHVUDSSRUWVSUpFLVHWFRQVWDQWVJUkFH
DX[TXHOVWRXWVHSDVVHFRPPHVLWHOSKpQRPqQHDYDLWODSURSULpWpGHQJHQGUHUGHFDXVHU
YpULWDEOHPHQWWHODXWUHSKpQRPqQH
6LGRQFLOQH[LVWHSDVGH1DWXUHWHOOHTXHVHODILJXUDLHQWOHVSDwHQVSRXUTXLFpWDLW
XQHGLYLQLWpGRXpHGHSXLVVDQFHHIIHFWLYHLOH[LVWHYpULWDEOHPHQWGHVFDXVHVQDWXUHOOHV


(PLOH%RXWURX[/LQWHOOHFWXDOLVPHGH0DOHEUDQFKH

GHVORLVQDWXUHOOHVHWJpQpUDOHVLQWURGXLVDQWORUGUHFODQVODSRUWLRQGHOrWUHTXLpFKDSSH
jODJpRPpWULH
>@ 'HV FDXVHV FRQoXHV FRPPH VLPSOHV DQWpFpGHQWV FRQVWDQWV QRQ FRPPH
SXLVVDQFHVJpQpUDWULFHVHWFUpDWULFHVWHOOHHVWODWKqVHGH0DOHEUDQFKH2QQHVDXUDLWOD
FRQIRQGUHDYHFFHOOHGXPLUDFOHFRQWLQXHOHWGHODYRORQWpDUELWUDLUH
(QFHVHQVQRVVHQVDWLRQVELHQTXHOOHVQHQRXVLQVWUXLVHQWjDXFXQGHJUpGHOD
QDWXUH LQWULQVqTXH GHV rWUHV QRXV IRXUQLVVHQW QpDQPRLQV GH YpULWDEOHV FRQQDLVVDQFHV
&DUHOOHVQRXVLQIRUPHQWGHVFKRVHVTXLVRQWXWLOHVjODFRQVHUYDWLRQGHQRWUHYLH'LHX
HQHIIHWFHVWjGLUHORUGUHYHXWTXHOHVORLVGHOXQLRQGHOkPHHWGXFRUSVVRLHQWWUqV
VLPSOHV SDUWDQW WUqV JpQpUDOHV HW DLQVL ODYHUWLVVHPHQW TXH QRXV GRQQHQW QRV VHQV
WRXFKDQWOHFDUDFWqUHXWLOHRXQXLVLEOHGHVREMHWVjQRWUHpJDUGHVWDVVH]VUSRXUTXH
QRXVQD\RQVEHVRLQTXH[FHSWLRQQHOOHPHQWGHOHUHFWLILHURXG\VXSSOpHUSDUOXVDJHGH
QRWUHUDLVRQ'XQHPDQLqUHJpQpUDOHOHVMXJHPHQWVQDWXUHOVTXHQRXVIRUPRQVGDSUqV
ODGLFWpHGHQRVVHQVUHSUpVHQWHQWILGqOHPHQWOHVORLVGHODQDWXUH
/H[SpULHQFH HVW DLQVL SRXU OD FRQQDLVVDQFH GHV FKRVHV PDWpULHOOHV XQH VRXUFH
OpJLWLPHHWQpFHVVDLUHGLQIRUPDWLRQHWODVFLHQFHSK\VLTXHQHVWDXWUHFKRVHTXHOHIIRUW
GHOLQWHOOLJHQFHSRXUDFFRUGHUODFHUWLWXGHGHOH[SpULHQFHDYHFOpYLGHQFHGHODUDLVRQ
&HQHVWSDVWRXW/DUDLVRQHOOHPrPHYDDXGHYDQWGHOH[SpULHQFHHWGpPRQWUHOD
UpDOLWp HW OD YDOHXU GH FHV ORLV TXL GDQV OD QDWXUH OLPLWHQW j GHV HIIHWV SDUWLFXOLHUV
OXQLYHUVHOPpFDQLVPHPDWKpPDWLTXH2QDFUXjWRUWVHORQ0DOHEUDQFKHTXHOHPSORL
GHV SULQFLSHV PpFDQLTXHV HQ SK\VLTXH H[FOXDLW OHV FDXVHV ILQDOHV 6L OH PRQGH VH
FRQVHUYHSDUODVHXOHDFWLRQPpFDQLTXHGHVHVSDUWLHVOHVXQHVVXUOHVDXWUHVFHVWTXLOD
pWp FRQVWUXLW SDU XQ DUFKLWHFWH TXL SUpYR\DLW OD VpULH LQILQLH GHV HIIHWV GH WRXWH FDXVH
GRQQpH/H&UpDWHXUDHPSOR\pOHVYRLHVOHVSOXVVLPSOHVHWOHVSOXVVUHVSRXUSDUYHQLU
jVRQEXW,ODHQRXWUHGDQVOHVrWUHVYLYDQWVWHOOHPHQWDMXVWpOLQILQLWpGHSDUWLHVGRQW
LOVVHFRPSRVHQWTXLOVSXLVVHQWLQGpILQLPHQWSURGXLUHGHVrWUHVVHPEODEOHVjHX[6L
GRQFODQDWXUHQHVWSDVHOOHPrPHSXLVVDQFHHWVDJHVVHHOOHWpPRLJQHGHOXQLRQGHOD
VDJHVVHHWGHODSXLVVDQFHDYHFOHQWHQGHPHQWJpRPpWULTXHGDQVOHSULQFLSHFUpDWHXUTXL
ODIDLWrWUHHWVHFRQVHUYHU
/D FRQVLGpUDWLRQ GHV ORLV QDWXUHOOHV DLQVL pWDEOLHV SDU 'LHX GDQV OH PRQGH GHV
FKRVHVFRQWLQJHQWHVHVWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWLQGLVSHQVDEOH>@HQPDWLqUHPRUDOH6L'LHX
QDYDLW SDV FUpp GH WHOOHV ORLV QRWUH UHVSRQVDELOLWp GDQV OHV DFWHV TXH QRXV
DFFRPSOLVVRQVVHOLPLWHUDLWjFHVDFWHVPrPHVOHVVXLWHVQHQRXVFRQFHUQHUDLHQWSDV
0DLV'LHXDVLELHQOLpGDQVODQDWXUHOHVHIIHWVDX[FDXVHVTXHYRXORLUODFDXVHFHVW
YRXORLU OHIIHW 4XHOOH QHVW SDV GqV ORUV OD PDOLJQLWp GH OKRPPH TXL DFFRPSOLW XQH
DFWLRQ GRQW OHV VXLWHV GRLYHQW rWUH GpWHVWDEOHV &HW KRPPH DEXVDQW GHV ORLV SDU
OHVTXHOOHV'LHXVHVWOLpREOLJH'LHXjUpDOLVHUXQHXYUHGLQLTXLWp5LHQQHVWSOXVVDFUp
TXHODSXLVVDQFHULHQQHVWSOXVGLYLQ&HVWGRQFXQYpULWDEOHVDFULOqJHTXHGHPSOR\HUOD
SXLVVDQFHjSURGXLUHOHPDO&HVWDVVHUYLUODPDMHVWpGLYLQHjODPpFKDQFHWpKXPDLQH


5HFKGHOD99,&IeFODLUFLVVHPHQWV(QWUHWLHQVVXUOD0pWDSK\VLTXH,9
(QWUHWLHQVVXUOD0pWDSK\VLTXH;,9

(QWUHWLHQVVXUOD0pWDSK\VLTXH9,,




(PLOH%RXWURX[/LQWHOOHFWXDOLVPHGH0DOHEUDQFKH

)RUIDLW PRQVWUXHX[ SRVVLEOH WRXWHIRLV JUkFH j OD OLDLVRQ GHV FDXVHV HW GHV HIIHWV TXH
'LHXDpWDEOLHGDQVODQDWXUH
(QILQLOLPSRUWHGHUHPDUTXHUTXHOHOLEUHDUELWUHGHOKRPPHGDQVODSKLORVRSKLH
GH 0DOHEUDQFKH HVW SDU H[FHOOHQFH FKRVH LUUpGXFWLEOH DX PpFDQLVPH HW TXH
QpDQPRLQVLOHVWjODIRLVWUqVUpHOHWLQWHOOLJLEOHGDQVXQHFHUWDLQHPHVXUH
5LHQ QH VHUDLW SOXV FRQWUDLUH j OD SHQVpH GH 0DOHEUDQFKH TXH GH UpGXLUH OH OLEUH
DUELWUH KXPDLQ j QrWUH TXXQH LOOXVLRQ SXLVTXH GDQV XQ WHO V\VWqPH 'LHX VHUDLW OXL
PrPH ODXWHXU GHV SLUHV DFWLRQV FRPPLVHV SDU OHV KRPPHV ,QH[SOLFDEOH SDU OLGpH GH
OpWHQGXHLQWHOOLJLEOHOHOLEUHDUELWUHQHQHVWSDVPRLQVXQrWUHYpULWDEOH,OFRQVLVWHGDQV
OD IDFXOWp GREpLU RX GHUpVLVWHUjOLQFOLQDWLRQQDWXUHOOHYHUVOHELHQTXLHVWOHIRQGGH
QRWUH YRORQWp (W QRXV QXVRQV SDV PRLQV GH QRWUH OLEUH DUELWUH HQ REpLVVDQW TXHQ
GpVREpLVVDQWSXLVTXHQRXVDYRQVODIDFXOWpGHGpVREpLU
6LOHOLEUHDUELWUHHVWjODIRLVUpHOHWLUUpGXFWLEOHDXPpFDQLVPHVHQVXLWLOTXLOVRLW
LQLQWHOOLJLEOH"2QQHVDXUDLWVHORQ0DOHEUDQFKHODVVLPLOHUDXKDVDUGRXDXFDSULFH,O
QHVHGpWHUPLQHSDVVDQVUDLVRQHWODUDLVRQjODTXHOOHLODGKqUHHVWODFRQVLGpUDWLRQGX
ELHQOXLPrPH0DLVODQDWXUHRIIUDQWjOKRPPHGHVELHQVSDUWLFXOLHUVOKRPPHDFHWWH
SXLVVDQFHDXOLHXGHQHUHFKHUFKHUFHVELHQVVHFRQGDLUHVTXHGDQVOHXUUDSSRUWDXELHQ
XQLYHUVHOG\DUUrWHUVDYRORQWpHWGHOHVFRQVLGpUHUFRPPHGHVELHQVDEVROXVHWGHVILQV
HQVRL,OSHXWGDQVVRQDPRXUVXEVWLWXHUODFUpDWXUHDX&UpDWHXU0DLVFHVWSDUFHTXLO
HVW FDSDEOH GDLPHU 'LHX TXLO SHXW PHWWUH j VD SODFH GHV LGROHV (W DLQVLMXVTXH GDQV
OXVDJH FRXSDEOH TXH OKRPPH >@ IDLW GH VRQ OLEUH DUELWUH VRQ DFWLRQ FRQVHUYH XQ
UDSSRUW j ORUGUH HW j OLQWHOOLJHQFH WDQGLV TXH SDU XQ MXVWH HPSORL GH FH PrPH OLEUH
DUELWUHLOVHIDLWHQYpULWpOHFROODERUDWHXUGH'LHX
,OHVWGRQFFHUWDLQHQFHTXLFRQFHUQHODFRQQDLVVDQFHGHODQDWXUHHWGHOKRPPH
TXHOLQWHOOHFWXDOLVPHGH0DOHEUDQFKHQHVWSDVERUQpjFHWWHYXHFODLUHHWGLVWLQFWHGHV
FKRVHVTXHORQREWLHQWHQOHVFRQWHPSODQWGDQVOHXUVPRGqOHVPDWKpPDWLTXHVLODGPHW
XQHLQWHOOLJHQFHUHODWLYHGXFRQWLQJHQWHQWDQWTXHFRQWLQJHQWLOVpODUJLWDYHFOrWUHOXL
PrPHGHPDQLqUHjDSHUFHYRLUOLQILQLHSXLVVDQFHGLYLQHVDQVWRXWHIRLVODLVVHUGHSODFH
DXKDVDUGRXjORKOLGRQWOH[LVWHQFHVHUDLWODQpJDWLRQGX'LHXYLYDQW


,,


,OQRXVHVWLQWHUGLWGHUDPHQHUODQDWXUHWHOOHTXHQRXVODYR\RQVERUQpHILQLHHW
LPSDUIDLWH j OpWHQGXH LQWHOOLJLEOH SXLVTXH FHWWH pWHQGXH UpVLGH HQ 'LHX PrPH HW
TXDLQVLODUpGXFWLRQGHQRWUHPRQGHjOpWHQGXHLQWHOOLJLEOHLQWURGXLUDLWHQ'LHXOHILQLHW
OLPSHUIHFWLRQ0DLVSRXUTXLVHSODFHUDLWDXSRLQWGHYXHGH'LHXOXLPrPHQ\DXUDLWLO
SDV OLHX GH SHQVHU TXH WRXWH GLVFRQWLQXLWp GDQV OREMHW GH VRQ LQWHOOLJHQFH pWDQW
LPSRVVLEOHOH[LVWHQFHVHQVLEOHOHFRQWLQJHQWHWOHOLEUHGRLYHQWILQDOHPHQWVHUpVRXGUH
SDUXQHDQDO\VHTXLQRXVGpSDVVHHQQpFHVVLWpPDWKpPDWLTXH
8QH WHOOH LQGXFWLRQ VHUDLW HQ FRQWUDGLFWLRQ IRUPHOOH DYHF OHV SULQFLSHV OHV SOXV
DYpUpVGHODSKLORVRSKLHGH0DOHEUDQFKH
&HUWHVOHVUDSSRUWVGHJUDQGHXUTXLVRQWODPDWLqUHGHVPDWKpPDWLTXHVVXEVLVWHQW
HQ 'LHX PrPH HW HQ 'LHX WRXW HVW XQ 0DLV VL QRXV VRPPHV DVVXUpV GH SDUOHU
FRQYHQDEOHPHQW GH 'LHX HQ DIILUPDQW VRQ XQLWp QRXV QH SRXYRQV SUpWHQGUH QRXV


(PLOH%RXWURX[/LQWHOOHFWXDOLVPHGH0DOHEUDQFKH

DXWUHV KRPPHV HPEUDVVHU GXQ UHJDUG WRXWHV VHV SHUIHFWLRQV 1RXV GHYRQV OHV
FRQVLGpUHU LVROpPHQW VL QRXV YRXORQV QRXV OHV UHSUpVHQWHU DXWDQW TXLO QRXV HVW
SRVVLEOHVHORQOHXUQDWXUHSURSUHHWGDQVOHXULQILQLWp(WQRXVGHYRQVDIILUPHUGH'LHX
WRXWHV OHV SHUIHFWLRQV TXL VRQW GLJQHV GH OXL HQFRUH TXH QRXV QH SXLVVLRQV MDPDLV
SDUYHQLU j YRLU FHV SHUIHFWLRQV GDQV OHXU SpQpWUDWLRQ PXWXHOOH HW GDQV OHXU XQLWp
HVVHQWLHOOH
2UHQ'LHXUpVLGHQpFHVVDLUHPHQWORUGUHHWORQSRXUUDLWSUHVTXHGLUHTXHORUGUH
FHVW 'LHX PrPH 0DLV ORUGUH FRQWLHQW RXWUH OHV >@ UDSSRUWV GH JUDQGHXU TXL VRQW
OREMHW GHV PDWKpPDWLTXHV OHV UDSSRUWV GH SHUIHFWLRQ SURSUHPHQW GLWH TXL VRQW OD
PDWLqUHGHODPRUDOH7HOOHUDSSRUWGHYDOHXUHQYHUWXGXTXHOOHELHQGHOkPHGRLWrWUH
SUpIpUp j FHOXL GX FRUSV OD YLH GXQ KRPPH j FHOOH GXQ DQLPDO &HVW Oj XQ JHQUH GH
YpULWpV TXL QH VH SHXW UDPHQHU j OD YpULWp PDWKpPDWLTXH HW TXL QHQ D SDV PRLQV VRQ
IRQGHPHQWHQ'LHX
,O \ D SOXV &RPPH LO FRQYLHQW j QRWUH IDLEOHVVH GH FRQVLGpUHU VpSDUpPHQW GHV
DWWULEXWVTXLHQ'LHXVRQWLQVpSDUDEOHVDLQVLQRXVFRPSUHQGURQVPLHX[ODVLJQLILFDWLRQ
GHVYpULWpVPDWKpPDWLTXHVHWGHVYpULWpVPRUDOHVHQOHVFRPSDUDQWHQWUHHOOHVTXDQWDX
U{OHTXHOOHVMRXHQWUHVSHFWLYHPHQWGDQVQRWUHYLH2UHQFHVHQV0DOHEUDQFKHQKpVLWH
SDVjSURIHVVHUTXHODFRQVLGpUDWLRQGHVYpULWpVPRUDOHVHVWSOXVQpFHVVDLUHHQFRUHTXH
FHOOHGHVYpULWpVPDWKpPDWLTXHV-HQHPHSODLVSRLQWGLWOH9HUEHGLYLQjOkPHUHFXHLOOLH
TXLOLQWHUURJHMHQHPHSODLVSRLQWDX[TXHVWLRQVTXLQHYRQWSDVjKRQRUHUODVDJHVVHGH
PRQ3qUH&RPPHMHVXLVODYLHGHVHVSULWVDXVVLELHQTXHOHXUOXPLqUHMDLPHEHDXFRXS
PLHX[ OHXU HQVHLJQHU OHV YpULWpV TXL QRXUULVVHQW OkPH HW TXL HQPrPHWHPSVTXHOOHV
pFODLUHQWOHVSULWSpQqWUHQWDJLWHQWHWDQLPHQWOHFXU4XDQGMHVXLVYHQXVXUODWHUUH
SRXULQVWUXLUHOHVKRPPHVMHQHOHXUDLSRLQWDSSULVODJpRPpWULHODVWURQRPLHQLWRXW
FHTXHOHVVDYDQWVIRQWJORLUHGHVDYRLU/DOXPLqUHTXHMHUpSDQGVYRORQWLHUVFHVWXQH
OXPLqUH TXL pFKDXIIH OD YRORQWp HW TXL SURGXLW ODPRXU GH 'LHX -H SpQqWUH HW MpFODLUH
WRXVOHVHVSULWV0DLVTXHVHUWjXQGpPRQGHVDYRLUTXHGHX[HWGHX[IRQWTXDWUHRXGH
FRQQDvWUH OH UDSSRUW GH OD FLUFRQIpUHQFH GXQ FHUFOH j VRQ GLDPqWUH" 6LO HQ HVW SOXV
VDYDQWLOQHQHVWSDVSOXVVDJH
'DQVOHGpYHORSSHPHQWGHFHWWHSHQVpH0DOHEUDQFKHHQYLHQWjOLPLWHUOHFRQWHQX
GHODYpULWpSURSUHPHQWGLWHDX[UDSSRUWVGHJUDQGHXUHWjUpVHUYHUOHPRWRUGUHSRXU
OHV UDSSRUWV GH SHUIHFWLRQ (W LO PHW ORUGUH DXGHVVXV GH OD YpULWp -H QH VXLV SDV
VHXOHPHQWGLWOH9HUEHODYpULWppWHUQHOOHPDLVHQFRUHORUGUHLPPXDEOHHWQpFHVVDLUH
&RPPH YpULWp MpFODLUH FHX[ TXL PH FRQVXOWHQW SRXU GHYHQLU SOXV VDYDQWV FRPPH
RUGUHMHUqJOHFHX[TXLPHVXLYHQWSRXUGHYHQLUSOXVSDUIDLWV2UWXGRLVEHDXFRXSSOXV
FRQWHPSOHUODEHDXWpGHORUGUHTXHOpYLGHQFHGHODYpULWpFDUVLODEHDXWpGHORUGUHWH
JDJQHOHFXUHOOHWHUHQGUDSDUIDLW0DLVTXRLTXHOpYLGHQFHGHODYpULWppFODLUHOHVSULW
HOOHQHWHGpOLYUHUDSDVGHWHV>@PLVqUHV9HX[WXrWUHVHPEODEOHDX[LPSLHVTXLPH
FRQWHPSOHQW DYHF SODLVLU ORUVTXH MH OHV pFODLUH GH OD OXPLqUH GH OD YpULWp HW TXL RQW
KRUUHXUGHPRLORUVTXHMHOHVUHSUHQGVHWTXHMHOHVFRQGDPQHSDUODPDQLIHVWDWLRQGH
ORUGUH"
'H WHOOHV H[KRUWDWLRQV QH VRQW SDV UDUHV FKH] 0DOHEUDQFKH ,O VHUDLW WRXW j IDLW
FRQWUDLUHjVDSHQVpHGHVXSSRVHUTXHSDUFHWWHGLVWLQFWLRQLOVHSURSRVHGLQWURGXLUHHQ
'LHXTXHOTXHSULQFLSHLUUDWLRQQHO1XOGRXWHDXFRQWUDLUHTXHFHTXLODSSHOOHORUGUHQH


(PLOH%RXWURX[/LQWHOOHFWXDOLVPHGH0DOHEUDQFKH

VRLWLFLPrPHODYpULWpODSOXVKDXWHODFKRVHLQWHOOLJLEOHSDUH[FHOOHQFH6LSRXUQRWUH
UDLVRQ ORUGUH GH ODPRXU HVW PRLQV pYLGHQW TXH ORUGUH GH OD JpRPpWULH HW SDUDvW
GLVWLQFW GH ORUGUH GH OD YpULWp FHVW TXHQ FHWWH YLH QRWUH UDLVRQ HVW WRXUQpH YHUV OD
PDWLqUH HW VXMHWWH j OHUUHXU 8QH UDLVRQ SOXV SXLVVDQWH HWSOXVGURLWHDSHUFHYUDLW GDQV
ORUGUHPRUDOODVRXUFHGHORUGUHJpRPpWULTXH
(WVLPDLQWHQDQWORQVHUHVVRXYLHQWTXHFHTXH0DOHEUDQFKHVRXVOHVQRPVGH
FDXVHV RFFDVLRQQHOOHV FDXVHV QDWXUHOOHV ORLV QDWXUHOOHV QDWXUH GLVWLQJXH GHV
GpWHUPLQDWLRQVPDWKpPDWLTXHVUHSRVHHQGHUQLqUHDQDO\VHVXUODSXLVVDQFHHWODVDJHVVH
GH'LHXFHVWjGLUHVXU'LHXHQWDQWTXRUGUHHWQRQVXU'LHXHQWDQWTXHSULQFLSHGH
OpWHQGXH LQWHOOLJLEOH RQ FRQFOXUD TXH OHV UHODWLRQV FRQWLQJHQWHV TXL H[LVWHQW HQWUH OHV
FUpDWXUHV ORLQ GrWUH PRLQV LQWHOOLJLEOHV TXH OHV UHODWLRQV GHV HVVHQFHV PDWKpPDWLTXHV
UHOqYHQWGLUHFWHPHQWGXSULQFLSHPrPHGHODUDLVRQHWGHOLQWHOOLJLELOLWp


,,,


4XDQGRQSUHQGSRXUDFFRUGpTXHWRXWLQWHOOHFWXDOLVPHYpULWDEOHHWHQSDUWLFXOLHU
OLQWHOOHFWXDOLVPHGH0DOHEUDQFKHFRQVLVWHjQHWHQLUSRXULQWHOOLJLEOHVTXHOHVPDQLqUHV
GrWUHUpGXFWLEOHVjGHVGpWHUPLQDWLRQVPDWKpPDWLTXHVRQHVWDPHQpjXQHFRQFOXVLRQ
pWUDQJH 0DOHEUDQFKH DSUqV DYRLUFpOpEUpDYHFHQWKRXVLDVPHOLQWHOOLJHQFHDSUqVQRXV
DYRLUPRQWUpOKRPPHDGPLVjYRLUHQ'LHXPrPHOHVUDLVRQVLQWHOOLJLEOHVGHVFKRVHV
HQ VHUDLW DUULYp VXFFHVVLYHPHQW j UHMHWHU GX GRPDLQH GH OLQWHOOLJLELOLWp OHV H[LVWHQFHV
FRUSRUHOOHV OHV UDSSRUWV HQWUH OHV FRUSV HW OHV HVSULWV OHV UHODWLRQV PXWXHOOHV GHV
SKpQRPqQHVGHODQDWXUHHQJpQpUDOOHVSULQFLSHVGH>@ODPRUDOHODSXLVVDQFHHWOD
VDJHVVH GLYLQH OHV FRQGLWLRQV VXSUrPHV GH OD SHUIHFWLRQ &H V\VWqPH TXL VDQQRQFH
FRPPH HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW LQWHOOHFWXDOLVWH DERXWLUDLW j GLVWLQJXHU UDGLFDOHPHQW GDQV OHV
FKRVHVOHVVHQFHHWOH[LVWHQFHHWjUpVHUYHUOLQWHOOLJLELOLWpSRXUODSUHPLqUHWDQGLVTXHOD
VHFRQGH UHOqYHUDLW XQLTXHPHQW GH OD FUR\DQFH HW GH OD UpYpODWLRQ $LQVL HQ MXJH SDU
H[HPSOH.XQR)LVFKHUTXLUpGXLW0DOHEUDQFKHDXU{OHGHFKDvQRQLQWHUPpGLDLUHHQWUH
'HVFDUWHV HW 6SLQR]D SDUFH TXLO QH YRLW GDQV WRXW FH TXL VH UDWWDFKH j OD WKpRULH GHV
FDXVHVRFFDVLRQQHOOHVDXWUHFKRVHTXHGHVUpVLGXVTXH0DOHEUDQFKHQDSDVVXRXQD
SDVRVpUpGXLUHDX[SULQFLSHVGHOLQWHOOHFWXDOLVPH
0DLVFHWWHLQWHUSUpWDWLRQGHODGRFWULQHGH0DOHEUDQFKHHVWLQILGqOH0DOHEUDQFKH
QH VDXUDLW DGPHWWUH TXH OLQWHOOLJHQFH ODLVVH HQ GHKRUV GHOOH XQH SDUWLH TXHOFRQTXH GH
OrWUH j SOXV IRUWH UDLVRQ OD SDUWLH OD SOXV UHOHYpH (Q UpDOLWp LO FRQoRLW OLQWHOOLJHQFH
FRPPH FRPSRUWDQW GHV GHJUpV HW WDQGLV TXLO WLHQW OH[LVWHQFH GX FRQWLQJHQW OHV
UDSSRUWV HQWUH OkPH HW OH FRUSV OHV SULQFLSHV GX PRQGH PRUDO HW UHOLJLHX[ SRXU
DEVROXPHQW LQGpPRQWUDEOHV DX UHJDUG GH OHQWHQGHPHQW PDWKpPDWLTXH LO YRLW FHV
PrPHV UpDOLWpV FRQIRUPHV j XQH SOXV KDXWH VDJHVVH LQWHOOLJLEOHV SRXU XQH LQWHOOLJHQFH
VXSpULHXUH /D UHOLJLRQ PrPH HVW VHORQ OXL ODSOXVSDUIDLWHGHVpYLGHQFHVUDWLRQQHOOHV
SRXUXQHUDLVRQLQILQLPHQWSDUIDLWH
/HV\VWqPHGH0DOHEUDQFKHSRVHGRQFGHYDQWQRXVXQJUDYHSUREOqPH


9RLU0pGLDWLRQVFKUpWLHQQHV7URLVLqPHPpGLDWLRQ

(PLOH%RXWURX[/LQWHOOHFWXDOLVPHGH0DOHEUDQFKH

(WDQW GRQQpH OLPSRVVLELOLWp GH UpGXLUH j OLQWHOOLJLEOH PDWKpPDWLTXH XQH SDUWLH

FRQVLGpUDEOH GHV FKRVHV TXH QRXV WHQRQV SRXU GHV UpDOLWpV WHOOHV TXH OH[LVWHQFH GX
PRQGHPDWpULHOHWOHVYpULWpVPRUDOHVHWUHOLJLHXVHVGHX[SDUWLVVRQWSRVVLEOHVRXWHQWHU
GHGpPRQWUHUTXHFHVpOpPHQWVUpIUDFWDLUHVQHSRVVqGHQWDXFXQHUpDOLWpHIIHFWLYHHWQH
VRQW TXH GHV IDQW{PHV GH QRWUH LPDJLQDWLRQ RX VH GHPDQGHU VL OLQWHOOLJHQFH
PDWKpPDWLTXH HVW ELHQ WRXWH OLQWHOOLJHQFH VL OLQWHOOLJHQFH QH FRPSRUWHUDLW SDV GHV
PRGHV GH SHQVHU HW GH FRPSUHQGUH DQDORJXHV PDLV VXSpULHXUV j OD GpPRQVWUDWLRQ
PDWKpPDWLTXH
'H FHWWHDOWHUQDWLYH0DOHEUDQFKHDGRSWHOHVHFRQGWHUPH,O\HVWFRQGXLWSDUOH
VRXFLGHVYpULWpVUHOLJLHXVHVHWGHVFRQGLWLRQVGHODYLHQDWXUHOOHOHTXHOFKH]OXLYDGH
SDLUDYHFOHFXOWHGHODVFLHQFH&pGDWLOHQUDLVRQQDQWDLQVLjGHVPRELOHVpWUDQJHUVjOD
SKLORVRSKLHHWjODUDLVRQ"
>@ 6DYRQVQRXV GDYDQFH MXVTXR YD OD UDLVRQ" (Q SRXYRQVQRXV D SULRUL
GpWHUPLQHUGpQRPEUHUGpOLPLWHUOHVFDWpJRULHV"6RPPHVQRXVHQPHVXUHGHFRQVWLWXHU
XQHMXVWHWKpRULHGHODUDLVRQGHVDQDWXUHHWGHVDSRUWpHHQFRQVLGpUDQWVLPSOHPHQW
FHWWH IDFXOWp HQ HOOHPrPHHWHQIDLVDQWDEVWUDFWLRQGXWUDYDLOTXHOOHDFFRPSOLW GDQV
VRQ FRPPHUFH DYHF OHV UpDOLWpV DYHF OD YLH SRXU VDLVLU FHV REMHWV HW SRXU OHV
FRPSUHQGUH"
'HVFDUWHVQHWHQDLWSDVODUDLVRQKXPDLQHSRXUXQHFKRVHWRXWHIDLWHHQQRXVGRQW
QRXV QDXULRQV TXj QRXV VHUYLU FRPPH GXQ RXWLO ,O SUHVFULYDLW j OKRPPH FRPPH
WkFKHHVVHQWLHOOHGHFXOWLYHUVDUDLVRQFHVWjGLUHGHODGpYHORSSHUGHODUHQGUHVRXSOH
ODUJHGURLWHHWIHUPHGHWHOOHVRUWHTXHOOHSXLVVHMXJHUVDLQHPHQWWRXVOHVREMHWVTXHOV
TXLOV VRLHQW TXL VRIIUHQW j HOOH (W LO DMRXWDLW TXH SRXU FXOWLYHU VD UDLVRQ LO HVW
QpFHVVDLUHGHQRXUULUVRQHVSULWGHVFRQQDLVVDQFHVTXHQRXVIRXUQLVVHQWHWOHVVFLHQFHVHW
OH[SpULHQFHGHODYLH0DOHEUDQFKHDMRXWHODUHOLJLRQFRPPHODIRUPHSDUH[FHOOHQFHGH
ODYLHPRUDOH(QFHODLODVXLYLODPpWKRGHGH'HVFDUWHVMXVTXDXERXW,OVHVWSURSRVp
FRPPH3DVFDOGpJDOHUVRQHVSULWDX[FKRVHVHWQRQGHPHVXUHUOHVFKRVHVjODFDSDFLWp
GHVRQHVSULW
(PLOH%RXWURX[