Graphic History of Architecture #*@eo¢éeeeeeee#e8e¢ée. ponn MANSORIDGEEGYPT THE ARCHAIC | THE OLD KINGDOM. e@hitsts THE MIDDL Epes PERIOD Inter- KINGDOM €.3200 B.C. 2980 2789 2680 2565 2420 2 58 nai 1991 ee fe Union of Upper Capital: Memphis and Lower Egyp Capital: Heliopolis ‘The Age of the Pyramids — > CASPIAN ie a@. ¥ ee, SEA Alexandriz : J ) PERSIA _ GULINTRODUCTION THE NEW KINGDOM | THE LATE PERI XVIHI XIX XX XXI = 1570 1314 1197 1085 671-663 5 The Egyptian Empire Assyrian in Asia and Nubia invasion Capital : Thebes Egypt was a narrow strip of highly productive soil, 8 to 12 miles wide, along the banks of the Nile, about one-fifth of the area of England and Wales. From pre-dynastic times sun- dried mud bricks were used for houses, but these have not survived: timber was scarce and hence arches were built without centering. There was however an abundance of limestone, sandstone and granite. The planning of irrigation canals and fields, necessitated by the annual inundations of the Nile, demanded a system of geometry (Gk land measuring). Believing in a life after death, the Egyptians thought that the body should be preserved in a lasting tomb; this became a geometric construction of great solidity and permanence. Measurement The Right Angle The ‘Egyptian Triangle’ ‘Temples a, with columns, pane and massive, hi eeered external wallsEGYPT Pit graves in desert cemetries: Pit graves transformed into Walls of — Beginning sand heap A surrounded by tombs by brick lining and flat sun-dried of stone circle of stones B over grave C wooden or arched brick roofs brick masonry \, LY t \, ty : rt 473 THE STEP PYRAMID, Saqqara, THE PYRAMID OF MEDUM, Dynasties I-IV Dynasty III: Section looking west Section looking west, reconstructed Built by Imhotep, architect to 1 Centre core. 2 Successive layers added, at about - King Zoser. 75°, each of local stone and cased with limestone. — 1 Begun as a mastaba-tomb. 2-5 ‘Then 3 Enlargement of the pyramid. 4 Steps filled in successively enlarged, in limestone.Set —_ with a facing of limestone. 5 The tomb chamber — within a complex of buildings (p.18) | Stones on sledges. pulled up long earth ramps The Rocker; pulleys were unknown Suggested methods of hauling and lifting stonesPYRAMIDS of Cephren, Flat stone Step pyramid, ‘The bent pyramid, Dahshur — Pyramic eae : tomb Saqqara 4 Giza or mastaba ee ae : eee . - 707 ~~ nasty II] | 2680 Dynasty IV__ 2565 B.C. 0 section through King’s Chamber y Subterranean Chamber Vg aint lwe Area: I 2°I acres 755°88 rany Temple THE GREAT PYRAMID, GIZA ‘Tomb of King Cheops, Dynasty IV Built of local stone on a core of rock with casing blocks of Tura limestone. Constructed of some 2,300,000 stone blocks, each weighing approximately 25 tons. It 1s probable that for a period of twenty years 100,000 men were levied annually, during the three months’ inundation of the Nile (July to October), for transporting stone. Also about 4,000 permanent skilled masons and attendant labourers were employedEGYP | THE OLD KINGDOM THE MIDDLE KINGDOM Dynasties I-VI, 2780-2258 B.c. - Dynasties XI-XII, 2134-1786 The Age of the Pyramids The Step Pyramid, Saqqara, set within a complex of buildings < of local stone faced EC, with limestone 9 el Built by |l ) . Imhotep for!) King Zoser, ( reconstructed) The great Pyramid Funerary ‘T’emple of Cheops, f Mentuhotep I, eir-el-Bahari (reconstructed), Dynasty XI Giza, Dynasty IV Pyramid of 4 Neferirkara . Pyramid of Ne-user-ra Pyramids of Abu Sir (reconstructed), Dynasty VCOMPARATIVE BUILDINGS & PLANS THE NEW KINGDOM THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD Dynasties YEMIT- XA, J 5 go-1085 B.C. 332-30 BC. The Age of the great Temples Revival of ‘Temples Mortuary ‘lemple of Amon, Deir-el-Bahari (reconstructed), Dynasty XVIII Designed by Senmut and S built for Queen Hatshepsut ty i The Temple of Horus, Edfu, 237-212 B.C. Begun by Ptolemy II] ‘The Great ‘Temple of Amon, Karnak, Dynasties XVITI-X ANI (Foundations Dynasty XT) The Temple - of Amon, Luxor, Dynasties X VITI-XIX Begun by Amenhotep III and added to by Rameses II ‘The Temple of Hathor, Dendera, Ist cent. B.C. Temple of Seti 1, Abydos, Dynasty ALX "hh ) Great l’emple, Abu Simbel, Nubia, i. Dynasty NIX. Built for Rameses II St Paul’s, London = L ‘ Plans and buildings in black drawn to the same scale a a aHGYP | THE TEMPLE OF KHONSU, KARNAK . Dynasties XX -X XT 1 Avenue of sphinxes 2 Pylons (Gk: a gateway) Open courtyard with colonnade 4 Hypostyle hall (Gk: resting on pillars), beyond which only the king and priests might enter 5 ‘he sanctuary 6 Hall and store rooms | r A garden shrine from a painting a. of Amenhotep III, Island of Elephantine, in a tomb, Thebes, Dynasty XIX Dynasty XVIII (Destroyed a.p. 1822)TEMPLES /\ | nei { O AAA T f : > A bd a yoy = vad P yy ARR TRUS! A Bl; ¢ i he U . é OF — i wd Z Ad i , / 3807 | | Mh — GREAT TEMPLE OF AMON, KARNAK Built of sandstone Begun Dynasty XII 1-4 Dynasty XVIII 5 ay AX 6 Ptolemaic period 7 Temple of Rameses III, Dyy@sty XX 8 Temple of Khonsu, Dynast a 0 PXX-NXXI I | } 7 Hypostyle hall, a-a hall filled with sand and roof-slabs lowered S into position al dnl i [ | — J, “ Fine ry OR od KA o‘Temple-tomb, Deir-el-Bahari Poftico, Valley ‘Temple built of granite: Rock-hewn tomb, Pyramid of Cephren, Giza. i - Beni- Hasan, | Dynasty IV Dynasty VII Dynasty XIX COLUMN & BEAM PROTO-DORIC COLUMNS ; | Temple, i | Pyramid =» | of Sahura, Abusi r , OS eS —S | | Temple of Isis, Ramesseum, Thebes ¢ Dhilae Dynasty V Dynasty ATX Al ee Dynasty V . Ptolemaic LOTUS COLUMNS PALM COLUMNS ; . ~ Brick arch, Vault of damp mud bricks laid in el ‘Asaseef, Thebes slanted courses without centeringCOLUMN BEAM & ARCH sb benicar oar necage closed a buds in aisles | ( ih The ¢ | Co con caer f Amon, | oraek. Hype Hall, Mortuary Chapel of Ne-user-ra, Abusir pyrex = oe Dynasty ALA ot ee ‘COLUMNS Temple of Hathor, Denderah, | Ten Fle of sic oe _ Philae Pislsugie. Prolemaic HA'THOR - HEADED COLUMNS - ee “COMPOSITE. - Corbelled-stone ee Co tomb, Aa Ri is Temple -tomb DeiselBehar Tenn» of Seti I; A ee i - Dynasty | AL 2WESTERN ASIA Assur ASSY RIAN EMPIRE PERSIA A >: Second PERSIAN oman __ Sassanid Sumerian city kingdoms ald Greek os LO eleucid Period Empire | ¢. 4000 B.C. 2900 aa 1275 750 612-538 330 en A.D.226 641 SUMERIAN CITY KINGDOMS Civilization in Western Asia began with city kingdoms in the rich alluvial plain between the lower ‘Tigris and the Euphrates, an area about that of Wales (Map p. 14). "Tower- temples or ziggurats were the centre of city life. “There was no stone and little timber but clay was moulded into sun-dried brick. Buildings were faced with kiln-baked bricks, sparingly owing to lack of fuel. ASSY RIA Assyria was set on a high tableland of lime-stone, harder rock & alabaster, but the Assyrians continued to use sun-dried and kiln-baked bricks. Palaces of warrior-kings were built on large platforms of brick 30-50 feet high. Lower courses of walls were faced with slabs of alabaster g-12 feet high and carved with bas-reliefs or covered with plaster and painted with bright colour. ‘The arch was constructed for gateways, vaults and drains. SECOND BABYLONIAN EMPIRE Nebuchadnezzar (604-561 B.c.) rebuilt Babylon to a regular plan described in Le Histories by Herodotus (484-406 B.c.). Buildings were of kiln-baked brick and bitumen. | PERSIAN EMPIRE Palaces were built at the capital city of Susa, at Pasargadae and Persepolis, being constructed of stone which was abundant in Persia; whilst raised platforms and glazed coloured bricks were adapted from the Assyrians; also influences from Babylon, Syria and Egypt. SECOND PERSIAN—SASSANID—EMPIRE The capital city at Ctesiphon. Buildings were erected of kiln- baked brick, vaults and the earliest domes being built over square compartments, developed by the Byzantines. , sR Ci PTT TTT Stilus, scale and plan of King Gudea of Lagash, ¢.2350 B.C. The Ziggurat, Ur (restored), ¢.2350 B.C.INTRODUCTION - ASSYRIA ———— init i : "| | 4 Sa TY Gaba South-east gateway A GvcelemelekeXen ol@rekererexeroms PALACE OF SAGON II KHORSABAD (restored) 772-705 B.C. Both the platform, about 50 ft high and 25 acres in extent, and the palace built of sun- We dried brick and faced Brick drain” under palace with kiln-baked brick — built without centering 25WESTERN ASIA — BABYLON ant co a st ge! ue Ly : - , ea. wie : io. AVERT YA'S 4 WRAL 7 *~ (eee ery AA zs ee a ——, : et ' alee ta at ys Ng ete THE CITY OF BABYLON (reconstructed), ee ee : . as rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar, =a ‘ ee | Go 604-561 B.c., during the Second as a = ae Babylonian Empire. ag Palace Pith Described in The Histories of Flerodotust o “Hanging Gardens’ a a i ve do map He = ~. ra ea c 1h DEC a Oe gt eee Is We — s) A \ N Temple a Tower Mard ukPERSIA ay . ae a ead Tniy vi ra = > wt : —" I ewer We Di Palace a eg. ue “tea “ wriL I , me on — ; . y yj a mh ag ) dari us ?ro oyikee verkes PALACES OF PERSEPOLIS. ~ (reconstructed ), Built by Darius (521-485 B.c.) and Xerxes (485 -465 B.C.) Built on a platform 1500 ft by 1000 ft in area, and 40 ft above the plain, part solid rock, part large blocks of stone, without mortar, held by metal cramps. Buildings constructed of sun-dried brick and faced with glazed bricks Columns of stone and flat roofs of cedar wood ‘= 7 , i aaa At CeCe ee he * se i y =° gy a F é > ale pa lala hen ee Cr Ce een Gace Ean rf . ) ON i Assyrian pavilion motits adopted by the PersiansWESTERN ASIA VAULTS & = Brick vaulting Bricks were laid to form a base A; against an end wall B wedge-shaped bricks were fixed with mortar C. To ensure adherence these were often laid in sloping courses D. An arch was constructed with little or no centering to complete the vault E. To facilitate work and to reduce pressure, vaults (and domes) had a high oval profile F. When completed vaults were often re-inforced by a second or more courses of brick G. Sassanid Persian buildings, vaults and domes were constructed of kiln-baked bricks laid with a mortar of lime and sand The Persians built domes with little or no centering. A dome is an arched construction both vertically & | The Persians were the first to erect horizontally : each ring of brick or stone once closed _ circular domes on square plans with in cannot fall if it rests adequately on the ring below _ four angular corbelled semi-domes se ee a O The Palace, Serbistan (exterior restored), ¢. A.D.350‘DOMES - SECOND PERSIAN EMPIRE s, Ctesiphon, 6th cent. A.D. .D.4.50 ed), cA zabad (exterior re The Palace, FirouGREEK AEGEAN HELLENIC , First Minoan—Crete Olympiad Archaic period 1500 1184 Establishment of Greek city-states along the Mediterranean and Black Sea €. 2000 O Ww oO 8 Mycenaean c¢.82e Homer .582 Pythagoras ¢.c10 e3 Syracuse | 1! 100 milesINTRODUCTION HELLENISTIC 492-479 444-429 334-323 146 31 B.C. War Ascendancy Alexander the Great Greece with of Athens King of Macedon a Roman Persia 431 — 404 province Peloponnesian War 323 Euclid 283 429/8 Plato 347 384 Aristotle 3 32 Macedonia 33.4 | s a *Maracanda ~~ V : ~. Arbela 331 | tT}. <> Saas po oe Baby ne Cee ey ih es usa, : route of —— ree : a ~ a3 ersepois 33 330 Alexander Egypt miles $7 bp 250 The Empire of Alexander the Great The Aegean Period. 1 No records survive of the Minoan sea-kings of Crete except remains of palaces, e.g. Cnossus. 2 The Mycenaeans built massive citadels with Cyclopean masonry and domed tholos tombs on the mainland. The Aegean civilization tell before the Homeric Greeks. The Hellenic Period. “The Greeks called themselves Hellenes (Hellas was called Graecia by the Romans).’They formed numerous small city states in which primitive houses surrounded a citadel and later a temple built on an acropolis or upper city. National unity was achieved by pan-Hellenic festivals held at Olympia, Delphi, Argos and Corinth every few years. The Hellenistic Period began with the Empire created by Alexander the Great when many new cities were founded with monumental buildings. The Greek temple developed from the Mycenaean megaron built of sun-dried brick, stone and timber to house a deity and to be looked at from senda not to contain a congregation within. The arch was known to the Grecks, but they based their temples on the colin & beam. hese developed from the 6th-4th centuries B.c., each with its own ratios of proport- ions established by experience. Columns were often placed closer than necessary to support the entablature in orderto create a repetitive rhythm of solids and voids. Optical refinements displaying an appearance of vitality and strength have been measured in a number of them. Many architects wrote treatises about their buildings, cited by Vitruvius (1st cent. B.c.) who classified their plans and proportions.CNOSSUS, CRETE — c.1800-1600 B.C. The Palace” of King Minos (restored), ¢.1800-1600 B.C, 1 The King and Queen’s apartments 2 Great staircase 3 Hall of the Colonnade 4 Hall of the Double Axes 5 Queen’s Megaron or Hall 6 Construction: A timber framework B sun-dried brick or rubble masonry C gypsum slabs or D_ plaster painted with frescoes E plinth and floor of gypsum or limestone F ceiling beams 7 Cypress columns ; - (Homer) MSCORED) ¢.1.400-1 200 B.C. imestone ridge above the A Wall from 24 to 274t Z” wide ascribed to the He palace built of timber W framework, sun-dried : bricks and columns of wood iMegateway 2 Greater propylacum 3 Lesser propylacum emeén’s Megaron or Great Hall 5 The women’s HallTHE AEGEAN MYCENAE (restored), ¢.1350 B.C. The citadel palace of Agamemnon, Cyclopean walls of boulders weighing 5 to 6 tons were eased into alignment on pebbles MYCENAE, The Treasury of Atreus, 1330-1300 B.C. One of some 40 beehive or tholos tombs on the Greek mainland. Built of corbelling without centering. The door-way flanked by 2 green sandstone half-columns with a relieving triangle aboveStone beams of great span are liable to fracture, therefore columns were placed close together tS TIMBER construction, ¢.620 B.c. | Doric temple of Apollo, Thermum. MARBLE construction, ¢.477-438 B.C. | Wooden entablature and columns The Parthenon, Athens |“ MASONRY ine squared ashlar bedded and jointed without cement Stone left undressed , to avoid damage in transport ~P@®@e@eeee@ee@eeaseaseoeee7eees ®e eeeeee2eee34@eneeneneae1~eseseesese ® @9@eeeV4auaeeeaeeeee4@ea8endeeae2 eee @ S@®eeseeeeVnnreeaev@easnaene02e0e800 @| Frias Lt drawn in black to the same scale x fo 7 S ad i di oe) Ras 7 rad 1 a { tj ; i rrr Ji ting al bts Prttyy eens A TLL 1 i) ae | y TOO bid dds wmegncl om et TTT ” rrr rr) . 4 | Temple oF roe Deal ce ¢.480 B.C. Built of coarse stone faced with marble dust § cement; penned of figures conjectural a= 4 + i? Pe + LJ oh Lo " Ce soe ot PrP UT YT Tir? TYE LIoeereiettie . I ren | (ly +-t++4+-F205 pa) Yr oH zs OTT IiLTIiIiGttrtrttrttrtirrtitittoe ad Per et td ke LD Dh “To | 4 so ae Ili! bho LP sy = Temple ¥ pias Acsina, (> 1 — fo apeen eve seaeeceaiee ; C.490 B.C. The Dorie ‘Temple iH [HE we nce ce ccseel of Athena Alea, Tegea, | 447-432 B.C. s a a C.353 B.C. Ictinus and Callicrates architects, Pheidias | Designed by the sculptor Scopas, the interior master sculptor; built of white marble had 14 Corinthian engaged columns 126 eeeee5ux5#4u0u4<02888e8 8 BERS e eRe ee eee Ba | : ek 8 UL ee | ‘| Ae EET TT be FS, ji sd Sessssensssn/)i" Lk | ‘+= Tonic temple | of Athena Polias, | | Preareiepese’ Wy ——- Priene, ¢.334 B.C. | | of Apollo Bincichis Bassae, eae B.C. architect and sculptor ZY My By Ictinus, architect of the Parthenon, Athens. of the Mausoleum, Halicarnassus, -—— ‘The Corinthian order used for the first time who wrote a book on the temple, since lost. _ Built of fine-grained, brittle grey limestone; All the measurements are in multiples _uetails in marble, roof of thin marble slabs. of the Ionic foot, i.e. 11-587 inches.GREEK & ROMAN y— flutes separated by sharp ‘arrises rts ae C ameter =1 module ri modules. ——-— 23! 7! = 15M 18 Parts— 8! 8-8" Neandria, c.6th cent. B.C. eC yay cee ae Roman e Theseion, Theatre of Athens Marcellus, Rome | Tonic and ~ Corinthian; ; 24 flutes '~ separated Theatre of * Temple of Demeter, Marcellus, es “ Paestum Rome by fillets Thermae of Diocletian, Temple of Aphaia, Aegina Rome CfpitalS angle column a voluteTHE FIVE ORDERS CORINTHIAN COMPO- ‘TUSCAN ) SITE | wos Poe Fe Pe OP ( AEN KO ) it 2 =aé' cs! = 19M 2 ee a The Tholos. the Winds, Epidaurus,) ji Ah Athens, ¢.334 ¢.360 B.C. =m 7 Greek Roman Roman Roman Temple Fortuna Choragic The Pantheon. Arch of Vitruvius Virilis, Rome __ Monument, Athens Rome — Severus, Rome aoe ‘sie : . ee. “ iS i bisa Oh ] 7 wy r se Ilissus, Athens SUUUL C Ke Ks eh utheum, Athens , i) Ree. im i The Fi -— of . Thi — by Vignola The pieun (A.D. 1509-73) Tem, a ‘Athens, y re Temple of Arch of = Fortuna Virilis, Capitals taken Castor and Pollux, ‘Titus, Rome to Rome, 86 B.c. Rome, A.D. 16 Rome, A.D.81—— ast =tympanum ‘a, 4 ~ 2 | distyle in antis “~~ 4 prostyle tetrastyle “Ye a, ™~ peripteral hexastyle ~/* (surrounded e, by columng) peripte ral ~ Sk octastyle oY ‘ / dipteral” ~“octastyle “rows of columns) dipteral decastyle ” Classification of columnan arrangement according to Vitruvius (111, 2)TEMPLE T E DORIC bon, OI » as PO a La Ed 1 #2 s Ss on TN gee a =~595s 5s’ 9 FFs oe & w Svssee coSsshas AZo sue a © OF Ste & yoesoy ee 3a Os SSR 088 Re reen yy See SoSSCEBUY ae & Hrs =UTSags5 See ae BSN 5 of BuiATHENS, Between the Greeks’ defeat of the Persians in 479 B.C. and the Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.) » Athens rose to her zenith; under the leadership of Pericles buildings were erected on the Acropolis: 1 The Parthenon 2 The Propylaea 3 The Erechtheum (restored) 100 A, entrance to the Acropolis, Mnesicles, architect. Built of marble 437-432 B.C. —E PARTHENON, 447-432 B.c. Doric temple 5 dedicated to Athena. Ictinus and Callicrates, architects; J ma hidias, master sculptor. Optical refinements p. 38THE ERECHTHEUM, 420-406 B.c. A. Sanctuary of Athena Polias B. Sanctuaries of Erechtheus and Poseidon Possible architect Mnesicles. The caryatids and column capitals may have been designed by Callimachus, inventor of the Corinthian capital. Built on 4 levels, irregular in plan to preserve places sacred to Athens; built of white marbleGREEK AEGEAN 3 ‘cities’ of TROY 7 II Prehistoric citadel, ¢.2600-2300 B.c. VI Homeric Troy, 1900 B.c.; sacked ¢.1200 B.C. IX The Roman acropolis, ¢.30 B.c.-A.D. 14. The Telesterion or Hall of the Mysteries, Eleusis Plan of selected buildings, Troy II Prehistoric citadel VI Homeric Troy (restored),PLANS, BUILDINGS AND HOUSES HELLENISTIC Dynamic planning Upper citadel, PERGAMUM, C.241-159 B.C. = mm aALQO Pe | an ttf or = = = —— SSS , a? a ay diane — a FE =| =. og f * ae Se a - / : f ‘ r ff Z be # - J / / / > fs | f Pa a SS \\\ The Agora Ne), )) i Bouleuterion or market 7 CR YY or Council Hall, place, Priene ye WY yg Miletus (restored), (restored) = < ¢.175-164 B.C. 0 PS Of 4 XK? @,%% J rs / OD 2 KK % “b @ - ee? A.C 000lUlUL | Nae ly Saree ee ee, | S07 4 SreeyGREEK REFINEMENTS Parthenon, —_— — —_ = Athens | ee ee ee ee 34 3 a a a i i i ie ilies. | | Paestum 28! gil 1 The Parthenon as seen 3 The front with inclined —_— —- axes of columns and with ere SS ee convex stylobate and Porro entablature producing the result seen at I Increase Tens 2@ In 2 Without optical corrections iN Entasis (Gk: distension) designed to counteract the illusion of the outline of 4 column curving inwards / 77 : y " , ® rise of @3. . = 25 in. rise of ie &S an ees 476 In. | | ALS 9 \6 ol = 228’ (fee St ee Exaggerated diagram of _ a | the rising curvature of the stylobate Angle columns look thinner seen dark and inward inclination of the columns against light and are thickened by 1; in. OPTICAL CORRECTIONS, THE PARTHENON, ATHENS Ilo : 8 Modules based on the lower diameter |_4°4 \djameters!_| 2 & 4 +4 Pycnostyle Systyle Diastyle Araeostyle Proportions of height, thickness & distance apart of columns according to Vitruvius (11,3)ORNAMENT ees mi The Tholos, Epidaurus, ¢.360 B.c. by the sculptor-architecS & | Polycleitus the Younger; ~ f ie built of sandstone and marble Wy, : eal Il The Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens, ¢.33.4 B.C. Podium of limestone, upper part white marble, Corinthian order used externally for the first time The Tower of the Winds, Athens, ¢.50 B.C. Clock-tower built of marbleROMAN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC C75 3 B.C. 500 The foundation Etruscan of Rome kings 5 Acer ye 3 oe Carthaginians o 1 200 miles mam Roman territory “———' 500 miles Italy at the beginning The Latin conquest of the Roman Republic, of Italy, ithe Rowen Bevcind ¢.500 B.C. 275 B.C. Early Rome, with its Republican magistrates, town-council (senatus) and town-meetings (comitia), by a series of systematic conquests created an Empire round the Mediterranean consisting of different nationalities accepted as allies. The Roman Empire became a fusion of the practical Western idea of one universal society in which all men might live in conformity with Roman law and the Oriental conception of an Emperor-God with a throne-altar demanding a common worship and loyalty. This union between the West and the East was a continual source of weakness and led to the ultimate division of the Empire. The Romans built roads and bridges for swift communication, military camps with a simple set plan (later incorporated in many city-plans) for speed of construction, and government and civic buildings, which were both useful and symbolic of Roman law and order. Greek Hellenic Period 775! 323 429/8 — Plato —347 384 Aristotle 322 34.2-Epicurus-270 326 ?—Zeno-264? (Stoicism) HellenisticINTRODUCTION THE ROMAN EMPIRE D 27 B.C. — A.D. 324 During the Republic kiln-baked bricks and _ stone blocks with or without mortar were _used in building. The invention of concrete revolutionised construction in the Empire. Concrete was used with a facing for protec- tion and a surface finish, & there is a sharp distinction between the art of the engineer constructing arches, vaults and domes and the applied art of decoration with columns and pilasters, marbles and mosaics. : 3y AID 106 —— 43 Cidero Marcus 7ol— Virgil +—i19 Aurelius 65 —Horace-+ 8 167— 180 59—Livy +17 46? Plutarch 120? 203-Plotinus-262 29 ALD. 284 324 394 476 A.D. Julius Augustus Nero Trajan Septimus End Caesar 27 14 59-68 98-117 Severus The capital, Rome, ofthe 106 — 44 Vespasian 192——211 moved to Byzantium Western 69—79 Hadrian by Constantine Empire T7135 306 337 enero poten! Movements of barbarians 394 A.D. The Romans invented all possible variations in the plans of buildings which were copied by later architects. Te Ten Books on Architecture by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, a Roman architect and engineer who lived in the 1st century B.c. was widely read in the Renaissance and later. Bes Christianity the official religion of the Empire. 354 St Augustine 430I 9 2 The Forum Romanum (restored), looking towards the ‘Tabularium Forum and basilica, Silchester, England, ¢.A.D. 50-100 FORUMS, ROME (restored) I Forum Romanum, from ¢.5th century B.c. II Julium, 49B.c.-a.p.14. III Augustus, 28 B.c.-a.D. 14. [IV Vespasian, V Nerva, ¢.A.D. 97. WI Trajan, A.D. 100-117. TEMPLES: 1 Saturn, 44 B.c. 2 Concord, 7 B.c. 3 Venus Genetrix, 49 B.C. 4 Mars Ultor, 14-2 B.c. 5 Minerva, 28 B.c.-a.p. 14. 6 Divus Julius, 8 B.c.-a.D. 14. 7 Castor and Pollux, a.p.6. 8 Peace, A.D. 67-79. 9 Vespasian, A.D.94. 10 Trajan, A.D.100-117. 11 Venus and Rome, a.p. 123-135. 12 Faustina, a.p. 141. 13 Vesta, A.D. 205. BASILICAS: 14 Aemilia, ¢.179 B.c. 15 Julia, 46 B.c. 16 Trajan, A.D. 100-117. 17 Constantine, A.D. 310-313. BUILDINGS: 18 Tabularium, 78 B.c. 19 Curia (Senate House), 49 B.c.-A.D.14.20 House of the Vestal Virgins, ¢.A.D.17.21 Colosseum, A.D. 70-82.2 2 Arch of Septimus Severus, A.D.203. A.D. 67-79.