HIGHWAY BRIDGES 16 la 1) Culvert in trench on unyielding subgrade, or culvert yn, , tren, ied 5 yielding foundation. p=WH : | } (2) *Culvert untrenched on unyielding foundation (such x, ek 4 iles). ce (1.920.878) for H>1.7B os "59 BW (eK—1) for H1.7B where A ta | 18) i where P=the unit pressure in pounds per square foot (Pa) due to earth bac | ;dth in feet (m) of trench, or in case there is no trench, the a B=wi width of the culvert. Hedepth in feet (m) of W effective weight per cu be taken as 70 percent, or 83 percen with above stated provisions. e=2 7182818=base of natural logarithms, abstract number. {ill over culvert. bic foot (N/m?) of fill material, which ma tof actual weight in accordana 1.2.3.-LIVE LOAD ‘The live load shall consist hicles, cars and pedestrians. of the weight of the applied moving load of we 4,2.4—-OVERLOAD PROVISION The following provision for overload shall appl 20 (M 18) and HS 20 (MS 18) loadings. Provision for infrequent heavy loads shall be made by app’ lane 2n Hor HS (M or MS) truck as specified, incrett: without concurrent loading of any other lanes. ‘Combined dead, live and im wiases resulting from such loading shall not be greater th allowable stresses prescribed herein. The overload shall apply to structure affected, except the roadway deck.** y to all loadings except the # ing in any single lying ae] 1,2.5-HIGHWAY LOADINGS ( (A) General struc ‘The highway live loadin; : cantdental y gs on the roadways of bridges or incider tures shall consist of standard trucks or of Tane loads vetfich are equivalent HS ee systems of loading are provided, the H (M) loading* and H(M) loadings ©” Be Corresponding HS (MS) loadings being heavier the? (B) H (M) Loadings The H (M . consist es Dycadings are illustrated in Figures 1.2.54 and 1,2.6B. e trick oF the corresponding lane loading. TH? # ghey a) st LLB have been derived from Towa Engineering pxveritiye ‘temal Loeds on Closed Conduits i the H# son Marston, Dir ecu peettOn: Director, February 19, 1930. structures, the roadway deck plate and stitfensng a — sn nese on seacemeste aa) DESIGN 3.25 are designated H (M 7 Joading* tons (metric to: fe followed by @ numb: . in tons I ns indicati zoes cw 10) 6,000 105: (2648) 380 : waoeae (a ise) 6000 Les: (7 38) coo tes. coe am) wio44 (M9) i) 16,000 Bs. (72 8) (4267 =) HT OF | 3 oad fo aE gm 53} —-—— —eaw} "(3.048 m) CLEARANCE AND ogo ane wioTH é (10m) 085 . stanoaro H (M) L as “In the deni * detgn of inberflonee and ontop a ks (exe 6A of timberfloore and orthotropi® 61 Ts fonds of (000 pounds ine 32 of curb. load ing, one ax {iat om axle oud of 24,000 pounds (108 kN) oF .219 m) apart may be used, whichever 1 wheels shall be ®t18 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 125 (c) HS (MS) Loadings ‘The HS (MS) loadings are illustrated in Figures 1.2.5B and 1.2.56 consist of a tractor truck with semi-trailer or of the corresponding ‘ane ey ing, The HS (MS) loadings are designated by the letters HS (MS) follow, load. ing. imber indicating the gross weight in tons (metric tons) of the ed by fuck, The variable axle spacing has been introduced inorder that the spa Ufaxies may approximate more closely the tractor trailers now in fae Giriable spacing also provides a more satisfactory loading for continuous spans, in that heavy axle loads may be so placed on adjoining spans eet produce maximum negative moments. (D) Classes of Loadings Highway loadings shall be of five classes: H 20 (M 18), H 15 (M13,5), H 10 (M 9), HS 20 (MS 18), and HS 15 (MS 13.5). Loadings H 15 (M 13.5) and 10 (M 9) are 75 percent and 50 percent, respectively, of loading H 20 (M 18), Loading HS 15 (MS 13.5) is 75 percent of loading HS 20 (MS (18). If 10 aN) FOR MOMENT? FOR SHEAR [AR FOOT (9.4 kW/m) OF LOAD LANE 20-44 (B18) LOADING NS 20-44 (MB 18) LOADING on) FoR wowenT® and FF CONCENTRATED LOAD: 7 on youn UNIFORM LOAD 480 LBS. PER LINEAR FOOT (7 KN/m) OF LOAD LANE LoaDiNe 8) LOADING " Ms (40 8m) FOR MOMENTS mi | | concentmareo Loap-|2:000 FoR tnzan 13,000 UNIFORM LOAD 320 LBS. PER LINEAR FOOT (A7AN/m) OF LOAD LANE LL EM HIO-94 (M9) LonDING 100 LANE AND HO (M8) LAME LOADINOS FIGURE 1.2.68 on " ae tional conde of contin 1e 1.2.0(0) whieh PO" 49 Additional concentseeg enous #PADE involving lane londing reter to Arti1.2.5 DESIGN 19 ) joadings of weights other than those desi ignated are desired, the , they shall be obtained by proportionately changing th (i obtain and the corresponding Being the weights shown for both the stan- © 1us.20-44 (MS 18) 8,000 LBS. (36 KN) 32,000 LBs! (1444N) 32000 LBS." (144 KN) 818-44 (MS 13.8) 6,000 LBS. (27 KN) 24,000 LBS. (108 kN) 24,000 LBS. 2 3| ie, 3 _»__4 (108 aN) ap —— es} — — - Ve VARIABLE SPACINO-14 FEET SPACING TO BE USED 1S THAT WHICH 10-0" (3.048) LEARANCE, AND (OAD LANE WITH PRODUCES MAXINUM STRESSES le {.610m) 880") STANDARD HS (MS) TRUCKS FIGURE 1.2.5C ji for H20 (M | in ic steel decks (excluding transverse be ) fe 20 | te ae of mde Doo tn Tee IN) ee 4 etapa et | ‘Bed "Tet (1.219 m) apart may 2 pounds vichever produces the re stress, tor la dei te 14 to be 1 foot (.805 ™) | (Bee noo slab design, the ‘enter line of wheels shall be assumes Art.1.3.2(B)) | ) from face of curb.HIGHWAY BRIDGES 20 (E) Designation of Loadings ‘The policy of affixing the year to loadings to identify them with the publication of the 1944 edition in the following mann H10 Loading, 1944 Edition shall be designated . Was instit ler: ite ++ Ho. H15 Loading, 1944 Edition shall be designated His4 dane 4) H20 Loading, 1944 Edition shall be designated . es 20-48 3 H15S12 Loading, 1944 Edition shall be designated | HS1544 (4g 19°) H20-$16 Loading, 1944 Edition shall be designated ... . .HS20-4 i : 4 (MS 1 The affix remains unchanged until such time as the loading specitntnn revised. The same policy for identification shall be applied, for future ree. ence, to loadings previously adopted by the American Association of Stat Highway and Transportation Officials. (F) Minimum Loading For trunk highways, or for other highways which carry, or which may carry, heavy truck traffic, the minimum live load shall be the HS 15 (MS 13.5) designated herein. (G) Interstate Highway Bridge Loadings Bridges supporting Interstate highways shall be designed for HS 20-44 (MS 18), Loading or an Alternate Military Loading of two axles four feet (1,219m) apart with each axle weighing 24,000 pounds (108KN), whichever produces the greatest stress, 1.2,6—-TRAFFIC LANES The lane loading or standard truck shall be assumed to occupy a width of ten feet (3.048m). These loads shall be placed in 12-foot (4.658m) wide design traffic lanes spaced across the entire bridge roadway width, in numbers and positions 7 guired to produce the maximum stress in the member under consideration. Roadway width shall be the distance between curbs, Fractional parts of desi lanes shall not be used. Roadway widths from 20 to 24 feet (6.096 to 7.315m) shall have two design lanes each equal to one-half the roadway width. all be The lane loadings or standard trucks having a 10-foot (3.048m) width sh aaa. i ie assumed to occupy any position within their individual design traffic lane, *! will produce the maximum stress, 1.2.7-STANDARD TRUCKS AND LANE LOADS ‘The wheel spacing, weight distrit. +; tandard Ham! HS (Mor MS) tag, Meight distribution, and clearance of the stand2" cop "erponding ae Pile be shown in Figures 1.2.5A and 1.2.5 h it a traffic lane combinesc adits shall consist of a uniform load per linear foot (9) tine case of continwit 4 single concentrated load (or two concentrate 3s Produce maximon® SPais—see Article 1.2.8(C), so placed on the §P&y be Considered as uniformly dee, concensrated load and uniform, 1 a at normal to the center line cf ra over a 10-foot (3.048m)4.2.7 DESIGN 21 ror the computation of moments and Parsee Bor mic shears, di shall be used as indicated in Figure 1.2.5B. The ee Sots shaged when the stresses are primarily bending stress ‘oncentrated loads shall be ied loads shall be used when the stresses are pianists ete earing stresses. Note: The system of lane loads here defi ° oo fined (and i ope hee! loads of the truck. moments and shears than that based wpjendix B shows the truck train loadings o| the corresponding lane loadings. gs of the 1935 Specifications of AASHO and in 1944 the HS series of trucks were devel comesponding 1935 truck preceded and Mslinaed cog aie Canis Seen na so of the the basic truck. trucks weighing % as much as 1.2.8-APPLICATION OF LOADINGS (A) Traffic Lane Units In computing stresses, each 10-foot (3,048 m) lane loading or si 5 . 1g or single stan- dard truck shall be considered as a unit, and fractional load lane wi fractional trucks shall not be used. ae (B) Number and Position, Traffic Lane Units ‘The number and position of the lane loadings or truck loadings shall be as specified in Article 1.2.6 and, whether lane loading or truck loading, shall be such as to produce maximum stress, subject to the reduction specified in Article 1.2.9. (C) Lane Loadings—Continuous Spans 1.2.5B shall be modified as follows for ‘The lane loadings shown in Figure c the design of continuous spans. The lane loadings shall consist of the loads shown in Figure 1.2.5B and in addition thereto another concentrated load o| equal weight shall be placed jn one other span in the series in such Position i to produce maximum negative ne gment, For maximum positive Moms I only one concentrated load shall ibe used per lane, combined with 25 a + i ent. spans loaded uniformly as requ jred to produce maximum moment us or discontinu- per lane (D) Loading for Maximum Stress 10 be used, and be the loadin whether the spans be sim ar arora s. The maximum trucks shall be varied between the ous, as may be necessary to produce maximuy be placed i imum For continuous spans, only one 8 and placed £° . ing, t The type of loading, whether lane Joading or truck loadings (0 ich pro- "simple or continuous, sh loading vpendix A duces the maximum stress. ate span ‘cing for HS (MS) show which loading controls for ae cafe S} limits to produce stresses, . be continuo For continuous spans, the lane loading shall Dresses, and the cones in such P' load or loads as specified in paragr@Ph (©) sh k to produce maximum stresses: andord HM) oF HS ns) uk Ps as to P Shall be considered on the struc Positive and negative moments.