1. “Workers who deal with the public may be subject to violent behat ELEMENT 1 : WORKPLACE HAZARDS and RISK CONTROLS Give the meaning of work-related violence. @ How to write the answer: Work — related violence is a term where in the violence results from the types of work a person was engaged with which includes the worker whom mostly affected where dealing to the different member of the public. 2. Identify reasons why a member of the public may behave violently towards a worker. © How to write the answer: The following are the reasons why the public might behave violently towards a worker: - Member of the public was not given enough attention to his/her inquiry; ~ Sometimes workers have rude approach to the member of the public; - Member of the public might be under the influence of alcohol or drugs; - Visible appearance of the worker to the member of the public or without any barrier or protection of the worker, - Misunderstanding between the worker and the member of the public; ~ The position the worker is holding; ~ Nature of the work, ie. Cash Collector; = The location where the worker was been assigned; and - The time or schedule of work. ~ Work being alone without any support (write any 6) v— Procedures for lone workin; Develop Procedures for lone working where there is more chances of violence (write any 8 to gain 8 marks) 4. Identify EIGHT hazards that can cause slips and trips. 4 (8) ‘How to write the answer: Hazards that can cause slips and trips are: = Poorly maintained surfaces = Uneven surface * Damaged floor tiles, pot holes, debris ete = Lack of warning/signages of ramps, slopes, kerbs, sharp tum and steps etc. * Poor lighting "Poor floor design like steep slop * Poor housekeeping * Slippery surfaces caused by water, oils and mud etc. * General obstructions i.e. trailing cables, pipes and ducts "Inappropriate footwear 5. Forthe hazards identified above, outline measures that can be used to control the risk. ® ‘How to write the answer: ‘The measures that can be used to control the risk of slip and trip are: — Lighting Provide adequate lighting in the area — No hole/pits 19©. = 6. Identify precautions that should be considered to prevent accidents to children who may be tempted to gain access to a construction site. ®) How to write the answer: ‘The precautions that should be considered to prevent accidents to children who may be tempted to gain access to a construction site are: © Perimeter fencing to keep children away from the construction hazards © Provide appropriate waming signs mentioning children not allowed. © Keep entrances locked/guarded. © Install CCTY, alarms and lighting. © Deploy security staff at all entrances. ‘© Barricade and cover excavations, open trenches and confined spaces. ‘© Ensure construction machinery and equipments are away from the site and park in designated areas and remove keys from it. o. Ensure entry is restricted to high risk equipments ic. cranes etc. © Ensure electrical tools and equipments are left switched off and energy isolated and secured. © Emergency contacts are displayed in order to deal with any emergencies. Identify the main hazards that may be present during the demolition of a building. (8) How to write the answer: ‘The main hazards associated with demolition work include: — Working at height — Uneven ground — Falling debris, masonry and premature collapse; — Use of explosives; — Contact with noise and vibration from equipment such as pneumatic drills and heavy plant, — Presence of dust which might possibly include asbestos; Presence of flammable substances or hazardous materials from previous uses of the building; 219. Outline the control measures to reduce the riskto workers required to undertake repair work ona fragile roof. (8) How to write the answer: — Initial assessment Initial a sessment of the work to be done to find out risk and probable control measure. — Fall protection ‘Requirement of the type of fall protection system. — Safe means of access A safe system of access to be established. — Prevention of falling materials and tools ‘Means of prevention of falling materials and tools has to be managed. — Barricading Exclusion of the public with the help of barricade and signages from areas where they might be at risk. — Physical fitness Worker should be physically fit. — Training ‘Training on working at height to be given — Supervision Having high risk continuous supervision would be required. 10. Identify EIGHT safe working practices that should be considered to reduce the risk when using a mobile tower scaffold (8) How to write the answer: ‘The safe working practices that should be considered to reduce the risk when using a mobile tower 23or Never move the equipment with the platform in the raised position Conduct training and competent supervision 12, “A.3 meter deep trench has to be dugacross a car park”. (a)Identify hazards associated with the work. (10) (b)Outline control measures that could be implemented to reduce the risk (10) How to write the answer: (a) The hazards associated with the work are: J Disturbance to the buried service — electrical/gas/water mains / drains / sewers ete. J People falling in. 10 Materials falling in. 0 Collapse of sides and cave-ins. 5 Collapse of adjacent structures. 10 Flooding and water ingress. 1 Hazardous Gases / Vapours present 1 Lack of oxygen and Asphyxiation. ) Uncontrolled movement of plant and vehicles Insufficient access and egress 1 Exposure from biological agents presence (b) Control measures that should be taken as per the hazards are: — Buried service Inquire first to the local government/concemed authority/local authority about the location of the buried services within the workplace, — Digging method Digging with manual procedure if underground services are expected. 2513. Identify welfare and work environment requirements that should be provided ina workplace. (8) Howto write the answer: The following are the welfare and work environment requirements that should be provided in the workplace; WELFARE, a. First—aid elinie, b. Clean drinking water ©. Face and hand Washing facilities, 4. Work dress Changing facilities, ©. Break period Rest facilities, £ Clean mess hall or eating facilities, g. Food storage facilities WORK ENVIRONMENT: a. Well lit work area, b. Well ventilated work area, If possible temperature control provision 4. Shade provision if working in open area 14, Outline precautions that are necessary to prevent falls of persons and falling materials from an independent tied scaffold 6 How to write the answer: The necessary precautions to prevent falls of persons and falling materials from an independent tied scaffold are: — Gaps in the platform ‘No wide gaps and holes more than 1 inch between platform boards. 27i? Around the independent scaffold there should be an available physical barrier or signage to inform the pedestrian that work at heights is on-going. — Scaffold erection Scaffold should be erected by the competent scaffold operatives under competent supervision. — Scaffold material Scaffold should have a sound materials without any damage and deformity. 15. Outline the inspection requirements for an independent tied scaffold. Q Howto write the answer: The inspection requirements for an independent tied scaffold are — Before first time use Inspection must be done before first time use — After any alteration Inspection must be done after any alteration — After 7 days Inspection must be done after 7 days 29Vel ls lights and alarm should be of sound condition, © Removal of stored materials from pathways, © Control of the possible accumulation of stored materials on leading access. 1 Foot bridge for the pedestrians, Separate rout for pedestrians, © Security/traffic controller to guide the movement of vehicles and 2. Identify THREE control measures to segregate pedestrians and vehicles in the workplace. (3) How to write the answer: The control measures to segregate pedestrians and moving vehicles in the workplace are the provision. i N © Hard barrication with concrete blocks or metal pipe, © Provision of traffic enforcers on critical areas, © Sufficient illumination to the workplace where pedestrians are accessing with Sufficient signage should be in-place, 3. Outline reasons why a vehicle may not be able to stop effectively. @) How to write the answer: ee ‘The reasons why a vehicle may not be able to stop effectively are — Surface Possibility of the ground to be wet with any spillage such as oil, grease, or accumulation of dust. Poor maintenance of the vehicle where the possibilities are there were leakage from the brake fluid line, brake pad or dise were wom out or damaged and needed to be 31ELEMENT 3: MUSCULOSKELETAL HAZARDS and RISK CONTROLS @) 1. Give the meaning of the term “ergonomics, Howto write the answer: Ergonomics is the study of the relationship between man, equipment and environment. It is commonly the interface between them. Body position in relation to the use of machinery 0 Harmful repetitive work 0 Manual handling 2. Identify the possible risks to health that may be caused by the poor ergonomic design of display screen equipment (DSE) workstations. 8) Howto write the answer! ‘The possible risks to health that may be caused by the poor ergonomic design of display screen equipment (DSE) workstations are: Visual problems — due to excess of brightness. Mental stress and fatigue Facial dermatitis and radiation 0 Work related upper limb disorder (WRULD) — carpal tunnel syndrome and tendinitis etc. Pain, Lack of joint movement and Soft tissue swelling. 3. Identify the main factors to be considered in an ergonomic assessment of a display screen equipment workstation. (14) How to write the answer: 334 Identify the features of a chair to ensure it is suitable for use at a DSE baw) workstation (4) How to write the answer: ‘The features of a chair to ensure it is suitable for use at a DSE workstation are: 1 Height should be adjustable, 1 Amnrest should be available, 1 Base of the chair should have 5 spoke, 0 Wheels should be freely mobile, Back rest should conform to the structure of the users back, © The materials used should not be too hard and too soft and of good standard 5. “Aworker is manually loading boxes of components onto metal shelves”. (a) Identify FOUR types of injury that the worker could suffer while carrying out this activity. (4) (b) Identify factors in relation to the task that will increase the risk of injury. (4) How to write the answer: (a) The types of injuries that the worker could suffer while carrying out this activity are 0. Trapped nerves. U. Muscle strains. (Disc injury and Hemias. Sprains and strains (ligaments and tendons). (1 Fractures, lacerations and bruising. 1) WRULDs. - work related upper limb disorders (b) The factors in relation to the task that will increase the risk of injury are: Being held at a distance from the trunk? 35,Some other possible answers: © Hydrogen gas: h Ventilation, fire equipment, no smoking and signage. 0 Sulphuric acid: Protective clothing, spillage procedure, first@iid and emergency procedure. = © Charging, Arcing and Electricity: Insulated tools, safe charging procedures and isolation. © Fire and explosion: Ventilation, safe charging procedures, training, fire protection and prevention measures and supervision, Vehicles sti ig people, Vehicles striking but ig, plant_or_ equipment: designated traffic routes, segregation, warning devices and signage, adequate lighting and flagmen. 9 Overturning and overloading. speed restrictions, SWL, secure and fasten loads properly, no elevated load and regular maintenance. Outline EIGHT precautions that should be taken when leaving a Fork-lift tuck unattended. (8) EIGHT precautions that should be taken when leaving a Fork-lift truck unattended are: — Level surface 37Precautions that may be needed to reduce the risk to pedestrians in areas where forklift trucks operates are the provision of (Speed restriction of the equipment, ) Equipment is regularly maintained, Pre-use checks initiated by the user/operator, 0 Alarms, indicator light should be of sound condition, ‘Work area should be properly put with signases, 1 Physical barrier like concrete block which separates the equipment and pedestrian, © Grounds should be properly marked (1 Humps/speed breakers should be in-place, 1. Sufficient illumination of the area, Ground should be free from spillage and debris, Access which are free from any obstacles and obstructions, a Competent Operators of the equipment, Competent traffic controller, oe oo Pedestrian should be provided by the Personal Protective Equipment (high visibility vest), Information, training, instruction and supervision to pedestrians, 9. Outline the precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes. (8) How to write the answer: Precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes are: — Inspection Availability of current inspection certificates for the crane and accessaries; DI Daily inspection of the crane and accessories has been completed 39 “aca — Balanced load Ensure load has been tied in a way that the load remains in balanced position — Boom angle, length and side movement Ensure the combined effect of boom angle, boom length and side movement of crane as per oad chart these are under limit, — Away from power line Ensure crane boom is minimum 10 feet away from power lines. 10. Identify factors that may indicate a need for health surveillance of workers ina workplace. (8) How to write the answer: Factors that might indicate the need for health surveillance of workers in a workplace include: — The requirements of legislation, codes of practice and guidance; ‘The work activity involving exposure to lead or asbestos or high levels of noise or vibration; — Changes in the work activity; — Result of a risk assessment; IL-health records including those of first-aid treatments and absence records; — The results of monitoring or workplace inspections; — Job fitness standards particularly where age is involved; — Evidence of pre-existing conditions; — Complaints from workers and as a result of consultation with the workforce. 11. “A mobile crane hasbeen permitted to be used on a construction si checks that the driver should carry out before a lifting operation. (8) How to write the answer: 4113. Identify possible causes ofa mobile crane over turning on a construction site. How to write the answer: Possible causes of a mobile crane over tuning on a construction site are: — Failure to set the crane on a level ground — failing to deploy outriggers — Failure to extened outriggers fully — Outriggers footing sitting on poor and unconsolidated ground — Failure to put space board or hard plate below outrigger legs. — Load did not come on outriggers equally — Incorrect positioning of erane in relation to location of load and place to be shifted — Load was lifted from the side — Boom angle may be less which might have put more load on the crane boom Boom was extended more and effective load factor was not analysed — Load exceeded SWL of the crane — Sudden jurk was given while lifting — Load was swinged more — Excessive wind Insufficient lighting in the area — Untrained operator — Faulty warning system in the cabin (8) 14, Identify factors that could contribute towards the development of Work-related Upper Limb Disorder (WRULDs) affecting supermarket checkout workers. How to write the answer: (8) Factors that could contribute towards the development of Work-related Upper Limb Disorder (WRULDs) affecting supermarket checkout workers are: 43— Trained operator Ensur operators are trained in the use of the conveyor system and aware of the hazards associated with it. — Operator's dress Ensure operator does not wear loose clothing or not allowing long hair to hang loose. — Overloading Do not allow overloading the conveyor. — Warning signal Use a signal to warn workers that the conveyor is about to be put into operation. — Maintenance and servicing Ensure maintenance and servicing work is carried out only by authorized personnel and that the power supply to the conveyor is disconnected or locked off before the start of the work — Signages Put suitable and sufficient signages of conveyor. 16. A group of production line workers are required to check the operation of padlocks manually as the last stage of a manufacturing process. A number of cases of work-related upper limb ders (WRULDs) have been reported amongst these workers. ) Identify the typical symptoms that the affected workers would have shown. (4) b) Outline the specific causal factors that may have eéntributed to the condition 4) ¢) Outline the measures that should be considered in order to minimize the risk of WRULDs to these workers. (2) How to write the answer: a) Thetypical symptoms that the affected workers would have shown are: — Numbness to their hands, 45Provide guarding for the drill bit and chuck whether fixed or adjustable — Secured work-piece Ensure that the work-piece was securely clamped to the machine — Chuck kev Removing the chuck key before putting the drill in motion; — Dress Cover long hair and refrain from wearing jewelry and loose clothing. — PRE Use all necessary PPE. 4. Outline FOUR main types of guards and safeguarding devices that may be used to reduce the risk of contact with dangerous parts of machinery (8) Howto write the answ FOUR main types of guards and safeguarding devices that may be used to reduce the risk of contact with dangerous parts of machinery are : © Fixed Guards Fixed guards are put over rotating or moving parts of the machine to avoid parts of the body getting into it, iterlocked Guards Inirelock guards prevents movement of the dangerous part(s) when guard is open. Not allows movement of the dangerous part(s) until the guard have been put back. (1_Adjustable Guards ‘These are fixed guard that incorporates an adjustable element. Can be adjusted by the operator to provide protection. Protects operator where size or position of dangerous parts vary like guard on saw cutting machine. 11 Trip Devices . Trip wands, Photoelectric guards, Pressure mats, Tripwires, Two-hand Controls etc. protects through automatic shutting down of machine moment body part crosses safe zone. Protective 516. “A portable electrie: drill is being used on a building site”. Other than electricity, identify FOUR hazards associated with the use of the drill. (4) Howto write the answer The hazards associated with the use of the drill are: iat Noise. Vibration. Radiation Hazardous materials and substances (fumes /dust) Ergonomic. Explosion / Fire Slips, trips and falls. 7. Identify FOUR hazards associated with the use ofa bench top grinder (abrasive wheel). (4) Howto write the answer: The (FOUR) 4 hazards associated with the use of a bench top grinderare: aypen Get contact with the ejected part from the grinded materials, Direct contact with the moving/rotating parts of the BTG, Noise generated by the bench top grinder . Ejection ~ disintegration of wheel . In—running trap with incorrectly positioned work rest, . Entanglement 8. Other than a guard, outline FOUR control measures that could be introduced to reduce risk to 53i@ a. An interlocking guard; @) b. A trip device @ How to write the answer: a. Interlocking device: ‘The advantages of interlocking guard are: — Convenient for access, — Give flexibility of design, — A time delay can be built in. While the disadvantages are — More complex, — Difficult to inspect, — Difficult to maintain, — May be subject to wear and operator abuse. b. A trip device: ‘The advantages of a trip device are: — It makes the user safe when there’s such condition like an electric current overload immediately it cuts or stop the supply of current, — Inthe machinery when you are over riding the requirement immediately the machine stops operating. While the disadvantages are: — Ifyouare to start the operation again some of the trip device have to wait for a certain period before it can operate or retum to its normal operation, fe to activate the machine There might be a requirement of a maintenance operati before it operat. 11, Identify the hazards associated with the use ofa cement mixer, @ 55Provide PPE for general safety and hearing protection to counter the noise and ; — Inspection and testing Ifthe mixer was powered by electricity, a system of regular inspection and testing of the equipment — Electrical safety device The use of residual current devices to minimize the risk of shock should be in place — Not to use in a confined space Ifpetrol was the fuel, the prohibition of use of the mixer in confined areas; — Traffic management the introduction of a traffic management system to prevent the possibility of contact with vehicles. — Dress Should not have a loose dress or long hair that may entangle with the moving parts of the mixer. 12. “A portable electric sander is being used in the production area of a factory”. Identify hazards that may be present. (4) Outline precautions that could be taken to reduce the risk. (4) ‘How to write the answer: ‘The hazards present from electric sander being used in the production area of the factory are: Electrocution from the damaged part of the power cable, Vibration, Work related upper limb disorder, Awkward position of the body while sanding the object, ooaag Repetitive movement while sanding the object, © Noise, 57"cot — Lighting Sufficient lighting should also be considered, — Clean work area Ground or floor surface should be clean from unwanted materials, — Certified lifting equipment If there are the possibility to use any lifting equipment the said equipment should be in good working condition and duly certified or approved for operation by competent person or party responsible. — Lubricants Use correct rating of lubricants in servicing = gi Use only approved cleaning agent ing agent — Test before use ‘After servicing test equipment for correct functioning before offering to use it. 61i? 3. Identify emergency action to take ifa person suffers a severe electric shock. 4) How to write the answer: Emergency action to take if'a person suffers a severe electric shock are: — Swith off the power supply — Ensure victim is out of electric danger — Call Emergeney number Place the victim ina recovery position if breathing — Give CPR ifnot breathing if you are first aid trained. 4. Identify FOUR factors that could affect the severity of injury resulting from contact with ae 4 Howto write the answer: 5 VOLTAGE: Driving force behind the flow of electricity. The amount of current that flows through the body. © THE PATH: ‘The effect of an electric shock on the body is particularly dependent on the current path through the body. Current has to flow through from one point to another as part of circuit. © DURATION OF CONTAC In general, the longer a person is in contact with the current the more harm may be caused. (RESISTANCE: ‘Thickness of the skin, clothing, PPE, Health and age of the person. 63“oot Carrying out periodic testing of the fixed installation and of portable appliances — Regular inspections Carrying out regular inspections to check for damaged insulation, cables and defective wiring — LOCK-OUT/TAG-OUT Follow LOCK-OUT/TAG-OUT ystem during repair and maintenance work, — ssw Application of the safe system of work, — Storage Electrical equipment should be stored and kept in a safe manner. — Equipment of correct rating Use equipment of correct rating to avoid over heating — Do not overload Do not overload equipment No loose connection Ensure there is no loose connection to avoid sparking — Do not pull by cable Do not pull equipment by cable for unplugging or for carrying — Usea matching connector Use a matching connector to have a good and effective fit, — Avoid moist and water ‘Avoid electrical equipment to be exposed to moist and water 65,— Do not pull by cable Check that no one pulls equipment by cable for unplugging or for carrying Use a matching connector ‘Use a matching connector to have a good and effective fit — Avoid moist and wat Avoid electrical equipment to be exposed to moist and water 8. Outline factors to consider when determining the frequency for the inspection and testing of electrical equipment. (8) How to write the answer: The factors to consider when determining the frequency for the inspection and testing of electrical equipment are: — Type of equipment ‘Type of equipment small, large, simple, complicated ete would require to decide frequency of inspection and testing. — Manufacturer’s recommendation Manufacturer's recommendation to be followed. — Initial integrity and soundness Initial condition of its integrity and soundness being robust or weak would require to decide frequency of inspection and testing. — Age of the equipment, Age of the equipment as more the age more the requirement of inspection and testing. — Working environment 67— Itischeap — Simple to use and allowsa circuitto be broken and stopping current flow. — Itmay easily be replaced bya wrongly rated or an improvised fuse; — Isslowto operate and thus may not prevent shock. CD) — Itmay be designed to operate at low currents; — Iris easy to test and reset; —_ Itis difficult to defeat; and operates quickly and so reduces the effects of shock. — That it is not cheap as a fuse, —Itis susceptible to nuisance trips, — Its not suitable for equipment operating on 110 volts. — May isolate crucial equipment ifone RCD covers a number of distribution points, any mechanical device which could fail and no overload protection 693. Inrelation to the classification of fires, give an cxample of a materiél (fuel) that falls within each of the classes A, B,C and D. : @ How to write the answer: _Class A: Fire involving, solids - wood, paper or plastics and usually materials of an organic nature O_Class B: Flammable Liquids or liquefiable solids — petrol, oil, paint, fat or wax (1_Class C: Gases ~ Liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas, acetylene and methane etc. (Class D: Metals ~ magnesium, lithium and aluminum ete, 4, Identify EIGHT common causes of fires in the workplace. @® How to write the answer: ‘The common causes of fires in the workplace are: 0 Smoking materials. (0 Faulty or misused electrical equipment. (1 Deliberate ignition (arson). 1 Portable heaters. Unsafe storage of flammable materials 1 Unsafe use of flammable liquids and gases. Hot works - welding, cutting, etc (0 Mechanical heat - overheating bearings and sparks. Identify precautions that would need to be considered before welding work can commence. (8) How to write the answer: The precautions that would need to be considered before welding work can commence are: nIdentification of potential fire hazards and appropriate control measures, Electrical safety, Design and maintenance of electrical equipment, Heaters safety Control of portable heaters, Smoking Control of smoking, Security Site security, Oxygen Control of oxygen, Contractor Control of contractor, Hot work Control of hot work and permit to work systems, Storage Correct storage and use of flammables, particularly liquids and gases, ‘Training Regular training and drill Supervision competent supervision, Housekeeping good Housekeeping. B i?i@ = Doors Doors should be opened outwards easily; "Training ‘All employees are trained about evacuation procedures. 9. Outline the general role a fire marshal would be expected to undertake in an emergency evacuation of a workplace in the event ofa fire (8) How to write the answer: General role a fire marshal would be expected to undertake in an emergency evacuation of a workplace in the event ofa fire are: — Evacuation Assist in coordinating the fire evacuation plan — Guiding Guiding the people through fire routes & fire exits. — Assist disabled/elderly Assist disabled/elderly persons in evacuating — Prevent chances of ignition Identifying sources of ignition and if there is any chance of ignition and control that. — Raising the fire alarm Raising the fire alarm in case of fire and informing occupants of fire emergency Call civil defence Calling the fire brigade. — Inspection Checking designated areas of work if safe to do so. 75Lack of house keeping — Accu ible materials An accumulation of combustible materials (such as plastics used to cover the finish vehicles, cartons used as storage of vehicle parts, cloths to remove any res lue or for cleaning purpose), uncontrolled storage of flammable liquids (such as oil, petrol, grease, diesel, paints) wherein it is a good source of fuel. — Presence of oxygen Presence of oxygen all over the repair shop and sometime from compressed oxygen cylinder or from compressor. 11, With respect to the design features of a buildin; a) Identify TWO types of emergency warming systems that can be installed to help ensure that all workers can be made aware of the need to evacuate the building. Q) How to write the answer: The two types of emergency waming systems that can be installed to help ensure that all the workers can be made aware of the need to evacuate the building are : — Emergency alarm system Any warning light or device — Any audio system which can give an advice for an evacuation, b) Outline SEX structural measures that can help to prevent the spread of fire and smoke. (6) How to write the answer: The six structural measures that can help to prevent the spread of fire and smoke are Control of using flammable materials ‘Control of using any materials in the construction which can catch fire immediately; ”Inspection of electrical equipment Regular inspection of electrical equipment including portable appliances for damage; No overloading Ensuring that electrical systems are not overloaded Switching off Electrical equipments isolating when not in use; Earthing and bonding Use of earthing and bonding to control risks from static electricity; Exhaust Ensuring ventilation/exhaust outlets on equipment are not obstructed; Hot works Controlling hot work by permits or by the creation of designated areas; Flammable store Ensuring the safe use of and providing proper storage facilities for flammable substanc Segregation Segregating incompatible chemicals in the store; Appropriate use of safe equipment Ensuring the selection of correct equipment for particular environments for example intrinsically safe electrical equipment; Arson Implementing security procedures to reduce risk of arson, ‘Substitution 79‘Scape rout sufficient lighting provision even if sun light is available because may be need to scape in night time — Signage ‘Scape rout with exit and directional signage with self-lighting system with a view that if supply goes off due emergency system activation, Doors Scape root doors opening outside with self-closing system. — Fire detection system Installation of fire detection system — Fire alarm Installation of fire alarm with sufficient audibility from all locations al— Food pack Pack food in sealed container to avoid any contamination — Hand wash facility Availability of hand wash soap at the washing facility, — Wash hand Before taking any food hands should be washed thoroughly, — Eating food Take foods at a well-lit and ventilated place, — House keeping Maintain regular housekeeping of the workplace, — Segregation of eating area Segregate eating area from the working area as well as chemical area Use of spoon ‘Avoid taking food by hand and adopt taking food by spoon. — Eating in workplace Do not take and eat meals in the workplace, 3. Identify FOUR forms of hazardous substance for which respiratory protective equipment could be used to reduce the risk of harm. @ How to write the answer: The forms of hazardous substance for which respiratory protective equipment could be used to reduce the risk of harm are: (Fumes generated from welding activities; 83Lack of training on use of RPE 5. Outline the factors 10 consider when selecting respiratory protective equipment (RPE) to give suitable protection against exposure to solvent vapor. (8) Howto write the answ ‘The factors to be consider when selecting respiratory protective equipment (RPE) to give protection against exposure to solvent vapour are — Type of hazard Type of hazardous substance expected in the area — Level of hazard Level of hazard noticed or expected — Exposure ‘Amount of hazardous substance in the air (exposure), — Form of the substance Form of the substance in the air (gas, particle, vapor), — Type of the work Type of the work activity to be carried out like hot work painting ete. — Twpeofi n Type of job location like level of depth, horizontal depth — Duration of work Expected Duration of work — Ventilation provision Provision of ventilation is there or not 85— A good standard of personal hygiene such as covering up wounds. (WRITE ANY 2) 9. “An organization uses small quanti Identify FOUR possible routes of entry of toxic substances into the body. 4 ‘How to write the answer: ‘The FOUR possible routes of entry of toxic substances into the body are: Ingestion, a Absorption, a Injection, and J Inhalation 10. Explain the difference between acute and chronic health effects. @ How to write the answer: The difference between acute and chronic health effects are: ‘Acute Health effects is an immediate or rapidly produced adverse effect, following a single or short-term exposure to a hazardous substance, usually with a rapid or immediate response which is, normally reversible. Chronic health effects is an adverse health effect resulting from prolonged, repeated exposure to ahazardous substance the response being gradual (often un-recognized for a long time) may get ‘worse with no further exposure and is often irreversible, 11. Identify the sources of information which could be used in the assessment of risk of toxic substances. 4) How to write the answer: ‘The sources of information which could be used in the assessment of risk from toxic substances are: A pietogram, 0 Signal word, ) Hazard statement, 87ie — Signages Put sufficient and suitable signages for toxic substances substances. — Health Provide a high level of inherent health with the help of daily exereise and nutritious food — ssw Follow safe system of work related to toxic substances. — Eire safety Generally all toxic substances are flammable and make all fire safety provisions. 13, Identify the information that should be included on a manufacturer's safety data sheet supplied with a hazardous substance. 8) How to write the answer! This was one of the best answered questions on the paper with most candidates able to identify information such as: 1 a n Details of the manufacturer or supplier, Physical and chemical properties of the substance; ‘The nature of the hazard and the risks it presents such as its effects on health or its flammability; a Relevant standards such as workplace exposure limits and risk and safety phrases; Precautions to be taken during its transport, Handling, storage and use, for example, the need for personal protective equipment or other control measures, Measures to be taken in an emergency, Measures to be taken when there’s spillage or in the event of a fire, and 8916. Outline suitable control measures for s Selection of container Select a suitable container for holding waste chemical suitable in size and with provision of lead, Marking waste container "Mark waste container for easy identification for chemical it holds and it is a waste. PPE Use appropriate PPE while handling waste chemical Precaution ‘Take all precautions of fire prevention and chemical hazards Preventing the manual handling Prevent the manual handling of waste drum such as mechanization of lifting with the use of mechanical lifting equipment, Selection of correct equipment for shiftin; Select appropriate equipment for shifting when transferring with the use of push cart ot jack trolleys. ‘Segregation provision when storing the waste from the chemical spillage, it should be with the usage of the materials necessary to provide the sufficient sealing not to contaminate or affect any other materials when stored temporarily Final disposal While the final disposing of the said waste materials should comply with the regulatory requirement in which once disposed of, it would not create contamination to the environment. storage and use of highly flammable liquids in the workplace. (8) How to write the answer: onHow to write the answer: a. Load, The factors that may be considered when carrying out a manual handling risk assessment in relation to the load are: the size of the load, — Surface the surface of the load whether it is smooth, rough, sharp and oily, — Shape the shape of the load, — Lomperatur the temperature of the load, Nature of load the nature of the material/substance of the load, b. Individual ‘The factors that may be considered when carrying out a manual handling risk assessment in relation to the individual are: — Health Physical or health condition of the individual, — The age, ‘The age of the individual 93“on = Mechanize the movement with the help of some provisions like forklift, trolley etc. 20. Outline a good manual handling technique that could be adopted by a worker required to lift a load, ©) Howto write the answer: Agood manual handling technique that could be adopted by a worker required to lift a load are: — Load Assess the load, — Positioning the feet Position the fect close to the load, — Posture Adopt a good posture of keeping upper body straight, — Eirmgrip ‘Make a firm grip on the load, — Load position Keep the lifted load close to the body, — Prevent jerk Prevent jerking the load, — Prevent twist Prevent twisting the load, — Leg movement ‘Move the feet in an stable position — Placing the load 95,— By ingestion of contaminated water of a cooling tower knowingly or by mistake. — By absorption of contaminated water of a cooling tower through skin. — By swimming in a stagnant water. 22. a, Identify the health risk associated with exposure to the leptospira bacteria. a How to write the answer: ‘The health risk associated with exposure to leptospira bacteria are: — Flu-likeness, — Liver damage, — Kidney failures — Meningitis. b. Identify the workplace circumstances where leptospira bacteria may be present. (2) How to write the answer: ‘The workplace leptospira bacteria might be present: — On garbage bins where garbage collectors will be exposed, — Farms or (livestock) poultry, — Slaughter house, — Parking areas, Workplace where stagnant water might be available, — Warehouse or storage area, — Sewerage c. Outline precautions that will reduce the exposure to leptospira bacteria. «) ‘How to write the answer:Limitations of LEVs are: — Damaged ducting — Unauthorized alterations — Incorrect hood location — Too many bends in ducts — Blocked or defective filters — Leaving too many ports open — Process changes leading to overwhelming amounts of contamination — Fan strength or incorrect adjustment of fan 99I. Balance machinery. 0. Fitsilencers, Mount on anti-vibration mountings. ; Fit sound-proof enclosure. _ Attenuating the path: ‘Acoustic shielding. « Sound-absorbing materials. o oo Avoidance of hard, reflective surfaces. Increase distance ~ Outline the factors that are likely to affect the performance of personal hearing protection. (4) ‘How to write the answer: The factors that are likely to affect the performance of personal hearing protection are: — Long hair Having a long hair may not allow sealing of ear muff on the ears — Spectacle frames Spectacle frame may hinder the seating of the ear mut on the ears. — Jewelry Jewelries on ears may obstruct the fitting of the hearing protection. — Helmets or face shields preventing good fitting, Helmets or face shields may prevent good fitting of the ear muff/ear defender. — No proper use of ear protection Ear plugs not properly inserted into the ear or not used all the times during exposure. — Damaged plug Damaged ear plug may not provide ear protection. — Poor quality Far protection device of poor quality may not give the correct effect it is expected to. (write any 4 to get 4 marks) Identit AND Give a practical example of Each. FOUR types of engineering controls that may be used to reduce noise in the workplace { 101PPE The use of personal protective equipment such as ear defenders Job rotation he reduction of the exposure time of workers by job rotation. Whilst answers were generally to a reasonable standard, there were some candidates who showed a lack of understanding of the terms isolation, insulation and dampening, whilst others did not supply the detail necessary for an outline question. 6.4A maintenance worker regularly uses a hand grinder, and exposed to vibration”. Identify the symptoms that the worker may experience due to this exposure. (2) How to write the answer: ‘The symptoms that the worker may experience due to this exposure are: J Numbness and blanching of the fingers, U Swollen painful joints, (0 Reduction in manual dexterity, (0 Reduction in the sensation of touch. 7. Outline SIX control measures that can be used to reduce the risk from vibration. © How to write the answer: Control measures that can be used to reduce the risk from vibration are: -£ Elimination of jobs having vibration by mechanization or automation; — Substitute Substituting the tools with lower vibration equipment; — Reduce the time Reducing the time of exposure of the operatives by providing frequent breaks and/or job rotation; — Modify “Modifying the equipment to improve the grip on the tools and reducing the grip foree by the use of improved techniques; 103— Distance ‘Maintaining distance from the source of radiation — Sheilding Shielding the source of radiation. — Dose monitoring Monitor the dose limit with the help of dosimeter and leave the area moment it indicates over dose. 10. Outline the factors that may lead to occupational stress amongst workers. 8) How to write the answer: The factors that may lead to occupational stress amongst workers are: 1) Poor culture The culture of the workplace including, whether or not there is a blame culture or working excessive hours. 2) Job demands The demands of the job ~ Whether the work is boring or repetitive type, the amount of training required and the amount of the work 3) Work control The amount of control the worker has over their work 4) Relationship and behavior Relationships among the workers can give rise to stress especially when the rel poor or involve bullying or harassment 5) Job security ‘Changes and fears about the job security can lead to stress 6) Job role Confusion about the employees role and what their objectives are 7) Management support Lack of support from the management can increase the employees stress level. 8) Environmental factors Workplace environmental factors like inadequate lighting, cramped/ dirty or untidy conditions, poor layout, inadequate ventilation, presence of noise and vibrations etc. 105ADDITIONAL QUESTION AND ANSWERS bullet points. Please follow correct format for writing Outline questions. Ql. Outline factors that should be considered when assessing the risk of a road traffic incident while driving at work. (8) Answer: + The volume and pattern of vehicle moving around the work place. ‘© Possible entry and exit points onto the public roads ‘The types of vehicle on the work place e.g, dumper trucks, man lifts, fork lifters etc. Types of operations being undertaken by vehicles ‘Types of load being moved by vehicles «The need to segregate vehicles and pedestrians ‘© Impact of different weather conditions on vehicle operation Local conditions such as condition of road, lighting at sight Q2. Portable electrical equipment, for use at work, should be in a good condition and free from defect (a) Outline features of portable electrical equipment that should be checked by the user before use. (6) (b) Identify additional features of portable electrical equipment that should be inspected during periodic formal inspection by an appointed person (2) ‘Answer (a) ‘© Damage to cables such as cuts, abrasion, wear and tear © Damage to plug such as casing cracked ‘¢ Inadequate or taped joints found in portable equipment ‘* Outer sheath of cable not effectively secured when entering the plug or equipment ‘+ Appearance of Portable electrical equipment ie. wet or dirty before use. Marks of burn or discoloration on portable electrical equipment. Loose connections in portable electrical equipment. © Damage to external casings ‘© Earth continuity test of portable electrical appliance ‘© Check any defect in insulation by carrying out flash test and protective conductor current test, ‘+ Residual current device test to ensure it trips in appropriate time if fault current flows to the body of portable electrical appliance, 107Non lonic Radiation causing skin dermatitis and eye irritation Heat Ergonomic hazards and improper manual handling of papers Pinching and trapping of fingers Exposure to hazardous chemical while replacing the tonner Electrocution ‘Answer (b) QS. Outline factors to consider wh Ensure the top cover is closed while machine is operating to avoid direct contact with laser light. Ensure proper ventilation of room where machine is kept to control heat. Use gloves while changing the cartridge, avoid spillage while refilling and put the used toner in sealed bag before disposal Carry out visual inspection of photocopier machine before use for any electric fault Train the workers regarding correct manual handling techniques. carrying out an assessment of the risks to health from the hazardous substances. (8) The form of the substance is in - solid, liquid, dust, gas, ete. The classification of Hazard — very toxic, toxic, corrosive etc. How much of the substance will be present and its concentration. The routes of entry onto and into the body ~ inhalation, ingestion, skin pervasion, absorption. Whether the substance has an acute or chronic effect or both The extent to which the body's natural defense will deal with the substance. The first signs of damage or ill - health ‘The vulnerability of the people involved in the process: young persons, pregnant workers, anyone who has existing health problems such as; bronchitis The effectiveness of existing control measures. Q6. Substantial changes are to be made to the internal layout of a workplace. Outline factors to consider when reviewing the fire risk assessment. (8) Suitability of existing fire exits and provision of additional fire exits routes after change in internal layout. Provision of secondary exit route in primary route is engulfed with fire ‘What will be the possible travel distance towards the exits routes after change in internal layout? Relocation of fire extinguishers to suit the change in internal layout. Relocating manual fire alarm to ensure easy and safe access. Placing new direction signs after change in internal layout for modified or new fire exits. Review any possible change for assembly point. Possibility of new fire hazard after the change in internal layout 109») © Lungs Cancer ? * Chest lining . a It may be present in asbestos cement sheet walls In bedrooms It may be present inside cupboards + Itmay be present in underlay sheeting for ceramic tiles in kitchen ‘+ Hot water pipes in the wall may have asbestos insulation around them a) Before removal, ‘© Carry out thorough risk assessment of asbestos removal job ‘© Ensure workers are trained about the hazards and control measures of asbestos removal job, ‘© Identify locations where there is possibility of presence of asbestos ‘© Find out the amount of asbestos and in what condition itis ‘© Restrict the movement of unauthorized people, isolate and properly seal the area and display warning signs. ‘© Carry out health surveillance of workers who would be exposed to remove asbestos and do not ‘expose people having respiratory and lungs disease. During Removal + Carry out thorough air monitoring during the removal of asbestos by a third party inspector. + Use appropriate PPE’s like full body coverall, gloves, footwear and RPE to protect the worker from inhaling the asbestos fibers. + Use tools and equipment suitable for asbestos removal work. Prohibit the use of tools that generate dust © Use Spray equipment with wetting solution for to suppress airborne asbestos fibers. ‘© Shut down fans or cooling systems to minimize the spread of any released fibers. * _Q9: An engineering workshop uses an overhead crane to transport material. i: a). Identify reasons why loads may fall from this crane. (2) b) Outline precautions that should be taken in order to prevent accidents to workers working at ground level when overhead cranes are in use. (6) a) * Overloading © Failure of load bearing part of crane © Damaged lifting accessories ashut off the power. Trip Wires: Trip wires are used to stop conveyer belts, paper making machines ete. It should be carefully designed to ensure efficient use such that the moment the person touch the wire it shut off the machine. 11: Several boxes of leaflets have been delivered to the reception building of a workplace. Workers have been requested to move the boxes to the mailing department located in the basement on the floor below. Outline precautions that could be taken in order to minimize the risk of injury from this manual handling activity. «Carry out on the spot risk assessment of the task before starting the job. + Eliminate the manual handling task as much as possible by mechanizing or automating the movement. e.g. use of pallet truck and fork lifters etc. + Ensure close monitoring of the workers carrying out the task by a competent person «Reduce repetitive operations by introducing job rotation and brakes during the task. «Adjust the order of task in such a way to minimize operations involving lifting and carrying loads. + For certain loads, ensure load is handled in group e.g. two person lifting the load. «Provide suitable personal protective equipment e.. gloves, safety shoes ‘© Ensure proper housekeeping of the area to ensure no obstruction during manual handling. ‘© Ensure people with temporary and permanent health problems are not deputed for the task. E.g. pregnant women, old workers # Ensure proper lighting and ventilation in the basement area, * Avoid using steps and ladders while handling the load, instead provide ramps. * Depute those workers who are well experienced and trained on manual handling activities. THE END 1B