Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Daftar Obat Aman Dan Berbahaya Untuk Ibu Hamil Dan Menyusui
Daftar Obat Aman Dan Berbahaya Untuk Ibu Hamil Dan Menyusui
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Aspirin
AAP
approved?*
Kategori Risiko
Kehamilan**
Risiko
Notes
Menyusui**
Approved
L1
Caution
L3
Approved
Azapropazone (Rheumox)
L2
Butalbital (Fioricet,
Fiorinal, Bancap, Twodyne)
NR
L3
Butorphanol (Stadol)
Approved
L3
Celecoxib (Celebrex))
NR
L2
Approved
L3
Colchicine
Approved
L4
Diclofenac (Cataflam,
Voltaren)
NR
L2
Fentanyl (Sublimaze)
Approved
L2
Flurbiprofen (Ansaid,
Froben, Ocufen)
NR
L2
Hydrocodone (Lortab,
Vicodin)
NR
L3
Hydromorphone
(Dilaudid)
NR
L3
Approved
L1
Approved
L3
D (3rd trim.)
Approved
L2
Meperidine (Demerol)
Approved
L2;
L3 early
postpartum
Methadone (Dolophine)
Approved
L3
Morphine (Duramorph,
Infumorph, Epimorph, MS
Contin)
Approved
L3
NR
L2
Nalbuphine (Nubain)
Naproxen (Anaprox,
Naprosyn, Naproxen,
Aleve)
Approved
L3;
L4 for chronic
use
Nefopam (Acupan)
Approved
NR
Oxycodone (Tylox,
Percodan,Oxycontin,
Roxicet, Endocet, Roxiprin,
Percocet)
NR
L3
Pentosan polysulfate
(Elmiron)
NR
L2
Piroxicam (Feldene)
Approved
L2
Propoxyphene (Darvocet
N, Propacet, Darvon)
Approved
L2
10
11
Rofecoxib (Vioxx)
12
Secobarbital (Seconal)
Approved
L3
Tolmetin (Tolectin)
Approved
L3
NR
L3
13
14
more
* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human
Milk, revised September 2001.
Caution: (Table 5) Drugs That Have Been Associated With Significant Effects on
Some Nursing Infants and Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers With Caution
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by the AAP.
** Per Medications and Mothers Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).
L1 (safest)
L2 (safer)
L3 (moderately safe)
L4 (possibly hazardous)
L5 (contraindicated)
X (contraindicated in pregnancy)
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale.
1. Aspirin use is discouraged in children and nursing mothers due to the risk of Reyes
syndrome and internal bleeding.
2. Fioricet (Fiorinal, Bancap, Two-dyne) contains acetaminaphen or asprin, caffeine, and
butalbital. Per Hale, baby should be observed for sedation.
3. Hale suggests weakened or premature infants be observed for sedation and apnea.
4. Hale suggests newborns be observed for sedation, apnea, constipation.
5. Per Hale, use of frequent, higher dose may result in infant sedation.
6. Per Hale, Meperidine use during labor or early postpartum has been associated with
sedation, poor sucking reflex, and neurobehavioral delay in infants.
7. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation, respiratory depression, addiction, withdrawal
syndrome.
8. Per Hale, higher doses may result in infant sedation.
9. Per Hale, should be used with caution due to its long half-life and its effect on babys
cardiovascular system, kidneys and GI tract; short-term, infrequent or occasional use is
not necessarily incompatible with breastfeeding.
10. Roxicet, Endocet, Roxiprin, Percocet also contain acetaminophen. Per Hale, observe
infant for sedation.
11. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.
12. Per Hale, observe infant for GI cramping, distress, diarrhea.
13. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.
14. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs) [more]
Nama Generik
Nama Dagang
Kategori
AAP
Risiko
approved?* Kehamilan**
Risiko
Menyusui**
Approved
L2
Approved
NR
Flufenamic acid
Approved
NR
Ibuprofen
B (1st, 2nd
trim.)
D (3rd trim.)
L1
L3
Indomethacin
Indocin
B (1st, 2nd
Approved
trim.)
D (3rd trim.)
Ketorolac
Toradol, Acular
Approved
B (1st, 2nd
trim.)
D (3rd trim.)
L2
Mefenamic acid
Ponstan, Ponstel
Approved
NR
Naproxen
Anaprox, Naprosyn,
Naproxen, Aleve
Approved
L3
L4 (for chronic
use)
Phenylbutazone
Butazolidine
Approved
NR
Piroxicam
Feldene
Approved
L2
Suprofen
Profenal
Approved
NR
Tolmetin
Tolectin
Approved
Steroid
L3
[contents]
Methylprednisolone
[ high dosage
methylprednisolone]
Approved
L2
Prednisolone
Approved
L2
Prednisone
Deltasone, Meticorten,
Approved
Orasone
L2
Obat Asma
[contents]
Dyphylline
Dilor, Lufyllin,
Dyphylline
Approved
L3
Terbutaline
Bricanyl, Brethine
Approved
L2
Theophylline
Aminophylline,
Quibron, Theo-Dur
Approved
L3
Butorphanol
Stadol
Approved
B (1st, 2nd
trim.)
D (3rd trim.)
L3
Codeine
Tylenol #3, #4
Approved
L3
Fentanyl
Sublimaze
Approved
L2
Meperidine
Demerol
Approved
L2
L3 (if used early
postpartum)
Methadone
Dolophine
Approved
L3
Morphine
Morphine
Approved
L3
Propoxyphene
Darvocet N, Propacet,
Approved
Darvon
L2
Obat Batuk
AAP
approved?*
Risiko Menyusui**
yes
L3 (moderately safe)
Dextromethorphan
not reviewed
L1 (safest)
Guaifenesin
not reviewed
L2 (safer)
Nama Obat
Codeine
AAP
approved?*
Risiko Menyusui**
Phenylephrine
not reviewed
L3 (moderately safe)
yes
Pseudoephedrine
(Sudafed, Actifed)
AAP
approved?*
Risiko Menyusui**
Beclomethasone
(Vanceril, Beclovent, not reviewed
Beconase, Vancenase)
L2 (safer)
Cromlyn sodium
(Nasalcrom)
L1 (safest)
not reviewed
L3 (moderately safe)
Mometasone
(Nasonex)
not reviewed
L3 (moderately safe)
Phenylephrine (in
some forms of Sinex not reviewed
and Neo-Synephrine)
L3 (moderately safe)
Triamcinolone
not reviewed
Acetonide (Nasacort)
L3 (moderately safe)
AAP
approved?*
Risiko Menyusui**
Brompheniramine
not reviewed
L3 (moderately safe)
Chlorpheniramine
(Chlor-Trimeton)
CTM
not reviewed
L3 (moderately safe)
Cetirizine (Zyrtec)
not reviewed
L2 (safer)
yes
not reviewed
Diphenhydramine
(Benadryl)
not reviewed
L2 (safer)
Doxylamine
not reviewed
L4 (possibly hazardous)
Fexofenadine
(Allegra)
yes
L3 (moderately safe)
Loratadine (Claritin)
yes
L2 (safer)
Terfenadine
(Seldane)
yes
not reviewed
Triprolidine (Actidil,
Actifed)
yes
L1 (safest)
Dexbrompheniramin
e maleate
with d-isoephedrine
* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human
Milk, revised September 2001.
** Per Medications and Mothers Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2002 edition)
Obat Anestesi
Nama Obat
AAP
approved?*
Kategori Risiko
Kehamilan**
NR
Risiko
Menyusui* Notes
*
Local anesthetics
Articaine (Septocaine)
NR
more
Bupivacaine (Marcaine)
NR
L2
Approved
L2
Mepivacaine (Carbocaine,
Polocaine)
NR
L3
NR
L3
Approved
L2
more
Isoflurane (Forane)
NR
NR
Ketamine
NR
NR
more
Approved
L3
Nitrous oxide
NR
L3
Sevoflurane (Ultane)
NR
L3
Approved
L3
L3; L4 for
chronic use
L3
Lidocaine (Xylocaine)
more
General anesthetics
Halothane (Fluothane)
Methohexital (Brevital)
Thiopental (Pentothal)
Midazolam (Versed)
Concern
Propofol (Diprivan)
NR
L2
more
Triazolam (Halcion)
NR
L3
NR
L2
Approved
L2
NR
L3
Approved
L3
Flumazenil (Romazicon)
NR
NR
Naloxone (Narcan)
NR
NR
NR
NR
more
NR
L1
NR
L2
Narcotic Analgesics
Alfentanil (Alfenta)
Fentanyl (Sublimaze)
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
Morphine
Reversal Medication
Steroids
Decadron (Dexamethasone)
Stimulants
Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Anti-nausea
Promethazine (Phenergan)
* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human
Concern: (Table 4) Drugs for Which the Effect on Nursing Infants Is Unknown but
May Be of Concern
Caution: (Table 5) Drugs That Have Been Associated With Significant Effects on
Some Nursing Infants and Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers With Caution
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by the AAP.
** Per Medications and Mothers Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).
L1 (safest)
L2 (safer)
L3 (moderately safe)
L4 (possibly hazardous)
L5 (contraindicated)
X (contraindicated in pregnancy)
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale.
1. Isoflurane (Forane) is used for c-sections and directly in newborns. Induction of and
recovery from isoflurane anesthesia are rapid, so the majority of the medication is out of
the body (and milk) very quickly. More here.
2. Flumazenil (Romazicon) is used directly in children aged 12 months and up.
3. Naloxone (Narcan) is used directly in newborns and children.
4. Many forms of Robitussin, Delsym and Benylin are considered compatible with
breastfeeding. Always check the active ingredients, as there are many versions.
Nama Generik
Kategori
Risiko
Risiko
Nama Dagang
AAP approved? Kehamilan* Menyusui*
*
*
*
Antasida
[contents]
Cimetidine (Antacid)
Tagamet
Approved
L2
Propulsid
Approved
L2
Approved
L1
[contents]
Amoxicillin
Larotid, Amoxil
Approved
L1
Aztreonam
Azactam
Approved
L2
Cefadroxil
Ultracef, Duricef
Approved
L1
Cefazolin
Ancef, Kefzol
Approved
L1
Cefotaxime
Claforan
Approved
L2
Cefoxitin
Mefoxin
Approved
L1
Cefprozil
Cefzil
Approved
L1
Ceftazidime
Ceftazidime,
Fortaz, Taxidime
Approved
L1
Ceftriaxone
Rocephin
Approved
L2
Ciprofloxacin [more]
Cipro
Approved
L3
Clindamycin
Cleocin
Approved
L3
Erythromycin
Approved
L1
L3 early
postnatal
Fleroxacin
Approved
NR
Gentamicin
Garamycin
Approved
L2
Kanamycin
Kebecil, Kantrex
Approved
L2
Moxalactam
Moxam
Approved
NR
Nitrofurantoin
Macrobid
Approved
L2
Ofloxacin
Floxin
Approved
L2
Penicillin
Approved
L1
Streptomycin
Streptomycin
Approved
L3
Sulbactam
Approved
NR
Sulfisoxazole
Gantrisin, AzoGantrisin
Approved
L2
Tetracycline
Achromycin,
Sumycin,
Terramycin
Approved
L2
Ticarcillin
Ticarcillin,
Ticar, Timentin
Approved
L1
Approved
L3
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol Proloprim,
e
Trimpex
Antikoagulan
[contents]
Bishydroxycoumarin
(dicumarol)
Approved
NR
Warfarin
Coumadin,
Panwarfin
Approved
L2
[contents]
Carbamazepine
Tegretol, Epitol
Approved
L2
Ethosuximide
Zarontin
Approved
L4
Magnesium sulfate
Epsom salt
Approved
L1
Phenytoin
Dilantin
Approved
L2
Valproic acid
Depakene,
Depakote
Approved
L2
Anti Jamur
[contents]
Fluconazole [more]
Diflucan
Approved
L2
Ketoconazole
Nizoral
Shampoo,
Nizoral
Approved
L2
Antivirus
[contents]
Acyclovir [more]
Zovirax
Approved
L2
Interferon-alpha [more]
Alferon N,
Interferon Alpha
Approved
L2
Gold salts
Ridaura,
Myochrysine,
Solganal
[contents]
Approved
Kontrasepsi, Hormon
L5
[contents]
Estradiol
Estratab,
Permarin,
Menest
Approved
L3 (may
interfere
with milk
production)
Clogestone
Approved
NR
Preven,
Seasonale,
Norinyl,
Norlestin,
Ortho-Novum,
Ovral, Lunelle
injection, OrthoEvra patch, etc.
Approved
L3 (may
interfere
with milk
production)
Levonorgestrel
Norplant,
Mirena, Plan B
Approved
L2
Medroxyprogesterone
Approved
L1
L4 (if used
first 3 days
postpartum)
Norethynodrel
Enovid
Approved
L2
Progesterone
Crinone,
Prometrium
Approved
L3
Obat Diabetes
[contents]
Note: Insulin has not been reviewed by the AAP. Pregnancy risk category = B; Lactation risk
category = L1.
Tolbutamide
Obat Diare
Oramide,
Orinase
Approved
L3
[contents]
Imodium, Pepto
Diarrhea
Control, Maalox
Antidiarrheal
Loperamide
Caplets,
Approved
B
L2
Kaopectate II
Caplets,
Immodium
Advanced
** Note: Pepto-Bismol & Kaopectate (bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient in both)
are not recommended for routine use by nursing moms, due to the association of salicylates
with Reyes syndrome in children. [more]
Diuretik (Peluruh Kencing)
[contents]
Acetazolamide
Dazamide,
Diamox
Approved
L2
Bendroflumethiazide
Naturetin
Approved
L4 (may
inhibit
lactation)
Chlorothiazide
Hydrodiuril
Approved
L3
Chlorthalidone
Hygroton
Approved
L3
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT)
Hydrodiuril,
Esidrix, Oretic
Approved
L2
Spironolactone
Aldactone
Approved
L2
Domperidone
[contents]
Motilum
Approved
L1
[contents]
Anti aritmia
Disopyramide
Norpace,
Napamide
Approved
L2
Flecainide
Tambocor
Approved
L3
Mexiletine
Mexitil
Approved
L2
Procainamide
Pronestyl,
Procan
Approved
L3
Quinidine
Quinaglute,
Quinidex
Approved
L2
Anti Hipertensi
Captopril
Capoten
Approved
L3 (if used
after 30
days)
Diltiazem/Diltiazem HCL
Cardizem Sr,
Dilacor-XR,
Diltiazem,
Cardizem CD
Approved
L3
Enalapril/Enalapril Maleate
Vasotec
Approved
C (1st trim.)
D (2nd, 3rd
trim.)
L2
Hydralazine
Apresoline
Approved
L2
Labetalol
Trandate,
Normodyne
Approved
L2
Methyldopa
Aldomet
Approved
L2
Metoprolol
Toprol XL,
Lopressor
Approved
L3
Minoxidil
Loniten,
Minodyl,
Rogaine
Approved
L2
(topically)
L3 (orally)
Approved
L4
Nadolol
Corgard,
Nadolol
Nifedipine
Adalat,
Procardia
Approved
L2
Oxprenolol
Apsolox, SlowTrasicor,
Trasicor
Approved
NR
Propranolol
Inderol
Approved
L2
Sotalol
Betapace
Approved
L3
Timolol
Blocadren
Approved
L2
Verapamil
Calan, Isoptin,
Covera-HS
Approved
L2
Lanoxin,
Lanoxicaps
Approved
L2
Cardiac stimulants
Digoxin
[contents]
Cascara/Cascara Sagrada
Approved
L3
Danthron
Approved
NR
Magnesium sulfate
Epsom salt
Approved
L1
Senna
Approved
L3
Obat malaria
[contents]
Chloroquine
Aralen, Novochloroquine
Approved
L3
Hydroxychloroquine
Plaquenil
Approved
L2
Pyrimethamine
Daraprim
Approved
L4
Quinine
Quinamm
Approved
L2
[contents]
Diatrizoate
Approved
NR
Fluorescein
Approved
L3
Gadopentetic (Gadolinium)
Approved
L2
Iohexol
Omnipaque
Approved
L2
Iopanoic acid
Telepaque
Approved
L2
Metrizamide
Amipaque
Approved
L2
Metrizoate
Isopaque
Approved
L2
Sumatriptan
[contents]
Imitrex
Approved
L3
Chloral hydrate
[contents]
Aquachloral,
Noctec
Approved
L3
Approved
NR
Bromide
Approved
L5
Secobarbital
Seconal
Approved
L3
Obat Tidur
Zolpidem/Zolpidem Tartrate
[contents]
Ambien
Approved
Carbimazole
L3
[contents]
Approved
L3
Approved
L3
Propylthiouracil
PTU
Approved
L2
Thiouracil
Approved
NR
Levothyroxine
Synthroid,
Levothroid,
Thyroid, LevoT, Levoxyl
Approved
L1
Obat TBC
[contents]
Cycloserine
Seromycin
Approved
L3
Ethambutol
Ethambutol,
Myambutol
Approved
L2
Isoniazid
INH, Laniazid
Approved
L3
Rifampin
Rifadin,
Rimactane
Approved
L2
VITAMIN [more]
[contents]
B-1 (thiamin)
Approved
NR
B-12 (Cyanocobalamin)
Approved
L1
B-6 (pyridoxine)
Approved
L2; L4 in
high doses
(may inhibit
lactation)
D, vitamin
Calciferol,
Delta-d
Approved
L3 (do not
overdose)
L1
Folic acid
Approved
A (1st, 2nd
trim.)
C (3rd trim.)
Approved
L1
Riboflavin/B2
Approved
L1
Lain-lain
[contents]
Acitretin (Anti-psoriasis)
Soriatane
Approved
NR
Alcohol/Ethanol [more]
Approved
L3
Allopurinol
Zyloprim,
Lopurin
Approved
L2
Antimony
Approved
NR
Atropine (Anticholinergic,
drying agent)
Belladonna,
Atropine
Approved
L3
Azapropazone/apazone
(Antirheumatic)
Rheumox
Approved
L2
Lioresal, Atrofen
Approved
L2
Barbiturate
Approved
NR
Caffeine [more]
Vivarin, NoDoz,
Coffee
Approved
L2
Approved
NR
Chloroform
Approved
NR
Cisplatin (Anti-cancer)
Platinol
Approved
L4
Dapsone (Antileprosy)
Avlosulfon,
DDS
Approved
L4
Hydroxychloroquine
(Antirheumatic, lupus)
Plaquenil
Approved
L2
Iodides
Approved
NR
Iodine
Approved
NR
Approved
NR
Ivermectin (Antiparasitic)
Mectizan
Approved
L3
NegGram
Approved
L4
Norsteroids
Approved
NR
Pyridostigmine (Muscle
stimulant)
Mestinon,
Regonol
Approved
L2
Transderm
Scope
Approved
L3
Sulfapyridine
Dagenan
Approved
NR
Blocadren
Approved
L3
* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human
Milk, revised September 2001.
Caution: (Table 5) Drugs That Have Been Associated With Significant Effects on
Some Nursing Infants and Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers With Caution
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by the AAP.
** Per Medications and Mothers Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).
L1 (safest)
L2 (safer)
L3 (moderately safe)
L4 (possibly hazardous)
L5 (contraindicated)
X (contraindicated in pregnancy)
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale
Pada umumnya para ibu hamil akan memberitahu dokter saat berobat bahwa dirinya hamil
sekian bulan. Demikian pula jika berobat saat menyusui (ASI bayinya. Informasi tersebut
diberikan si ibu dengan harapan dokter akan memberikan obat yang aman bagi janin yang
dikandungnya. Itupun tak jarang si ibu masih mananyakan kepada dokter apakah obat yang
dgunakan benar-benar aman. Hal ini sangat wajar dan kita patut menghargainya.
Di sisi lain, ketika seorang ibu hamil sakit adakalanya enggan ke dokter lantaran
takut menggunakan obat. Alhasil keluhannya makin bertambah dan akhirnya
datang juga ke dokter untuk berobat.
Seorang dokter tentu sangat paham bahwa saat memberikan(meresepkan) obat
bagi wanita hamil akan dipilihkan obat yang aman, baik dalam hal jenis obat
(berdasarkan indeks keamanan obat), dosis maupun lamanya penggunaan. Selain
itu akan dipertimbangkan pula aspek-aspek lain berdasarkan penyakitnya, misalnya: resiko
penularan kepada anggota keluarga lain, dan pertimbangan lain terkait kondisi janin maupun si
ibu sendiri.
Pun manakala seorang dokter dihadapkan pada 2 pilihan sulit yang menyangkut life saving,
aspek manfaat akan dikedepankan dibanding resiko yang bakal dihadapi baik bagi janin maupun
ibunya.
Sebagai contoh, seorang ibu hamil yang kebetulan menderita asma, justru seyogyanya segera
berobat agar tidak mengalami sesak berkepanjangan yang justru tidak baik bagi janin karena
beresiko terjadinya hipoksia (kekurangan oksigen) yang akan mempengaruhi pasokan oksigen
bagi janin.
INDEKS KEAMANAN OBAT PADA KEHAMILAN
Hingga kini kita di Indonesia masih menggunakan kriteria keamanan obat bagi ibu hamil yang
dilansir oleh FDA (Food and Drug Administration) sebagai pedoman dalam memberikan obat
pada ibu hamil.
Pada posting ini penulis hanya menampilkan garis-garis besar batasan keamanan obat bagi ibu
hamil yang tersusun dalam 5 kategori (kategori A, B, C, D dan X) beserta contoh-contohnya
agar diketahui khalayak dengan harapan dapat memberikan informasi yang bermanfaat.
Kategori-kategori tersebut dibuat berdasarkan ada tidaknya (besar kecilnya) resiko terhadap
sistem reproduksi, efek samping dan manfaat yag diharapkan.
Obat Kategori A: adalah golongan obat yang pada studi (terkontrol) pada kehamilan tidak
menunjukkan resiko bagi janin pada trimester 1 dan trimester berikutnya. Obat dalam kategori
ini amat kecil kemungkinannya bagi keselamatan janin.
Obat Kategori B: adalah golongan obat yang pada studi terhadap sistem reproduksi binatang
percobaan tidak menunjukkan resiko bagi janin. Belum ada studi terkontrol pada wanita hamil
yang menunjukkan adanya efek samping, kecuali adanya penurunan fertilitas pada kehamilan
trimester pertama, sedangkan pada trimester berikutnya tidak didapatkan bukti adanya resiko.
Obat Kategori C: adalah golongan obat yang pada studi terhadap sistem reproduksi binatang
percobaan menunjukkan adanya efek samping bagi janin. Sedangkan pada wanita hamil belum
ada study terkontrol. Obat golongan ini hanya dapat dipergunakan jika manfaatnya lebih besar
ketimbang resiko yang mungkin terjadi pada janin.
Obat Kategoti D: adalah golongan obat yang menunjukkan adanya resiko bagi janin. Pada
keadaan khusus obat ini digunakan jika manfaatnya kemungkinan lebih besar dibanding
resikonya. Penggunaan obat golongan ini terutama untuk mengatasi keadaan yang mengancam
jiwa atau jika tidak ada obat lain yang lebih aman.
Obat Kategori X: adalah golongan obat yang pada studi terhadap binatang percobaan maupun
pada manusia menunjukkan bukti adanya resiko bagi janin. Obat golongan ini tidak boleh
dipergunakan (kontra indikasi) untuk wanita hamil, atau kemungkinan dalam keadaan hamil.
CONTOH OBAT KATEGORI A (nama generik): Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) *masuk kategori
C jika dosisnya melebihi US RDA*, Doxylamine, Ergocalciferol *masuk kategori D jika
dosisnya melebihi US RDA*, Folic acid *masuk kategori C jika dosisnya melebihi 0,8 mg per
hari*, Hydroxocobalamine *masuk kategori C jika dosisnya melebihi US RDA*, Liothyronine,
Nystatin vaginal sup *masuk kategori C jika digunakan per oral dan topikal*, Pantothenic acid
*masuk kategori C jika dosisnya melebihi US RDA*, Potassium chloride, Potassium citrate,
Potassium gluconate, Pyridoxine (vitamin B6), Riboflavin *masuk kategori C jika dosisnya
melebihi US RDA*, Thiamine (vitamin B1) *masuk kategori C jika dosisnya melebihi US
RDA*, Thyroglobulin, Thyroid hormones, Vitamin D *masuk kategori D jika dosisnya melebihi
US RDA*, Vitamin E *masuk kategori C jika dosisnya melebihi US RDA*.
CONTOH OBAT KATEGORI B (nama generik): Acetylcysteine, Acyclovir, Amiloride
*masuk kategori D jika digunakan untuk hipertensi yang diinduksi oleh kehamilan*, Ammonium
chloride, Ammonium lactate *topical*, Amoxicillin, Amphotericin B, Ampicillin, Atazanavir,
Azatadine, Azelaic acid, Benzylpenicillin, Bisacodyl, Budesonide *inhalasi, nasal*, Buspiron,
Caffeine, Carbenicillin, Camitine, Cefaclor, Cefadroxil, Cefalexin, Cefalotin, Cefamandole,
Cefapirin, Cefatrizine, Cefazolin, Cefdinir, Cefditoren, Cefepime, Cefixime, Cefmetazole,
Cefonicid, Cefoperazone, Ceforanide, Cefotaxime, Cefotetan disodium, Cefoxitin, Cefpodoxime,
Cefprozil, Cefradine, Ceftazidime, Ceftibuten, Ceftizoxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime, Cetirizine,
Chlorhexidine *mulut dan tenggorokan*, Chlorpenamine, Chlortalidone *masuk kategori D jika
digunakan untuk hipertensi yang diinduksi oleh kehamilan*, Ciclacillin, Ciclipirox, Cimetidine,
Clemastine, Clindamycin, Clotrimazole, Cloxacillin, Clozapine, Colestyramine, . dll .. dll
buanyak
CONTOH OBAT KATEGORI C (nama generik): Acetazolamide, Acetylcholine chloride,
Adenosine, Albendazole, Albumin, Alclometasone, Allopurinol, Aluminium hydrochloride,
Aminophylline, Amitriptyline, Amlodipine, Antazoline, Astemizole, Atropin, Bacitracin,
Beclometasone, Belladonna, Benzatropine mesilate, Benzocaine, Buclizine, Butoconazole,
Calcitonin, Calcium acetate, Calcium ascorbate, Calcium carbonate, Calcium chloride, Calcium
citrate, Calcium folinate, Calcium glucoheptonade, Calcium gluconate, Calcium lactate, Calcium
phosphate, Calcium polystyrene sulfonate, Capreomycin, Captopril, Carbachol, Carbidopa,
Obat-obat kategori A (yang paling aman pada kehamilan) dan obat kategori X (kontra indikasi
pada kehamilan) sengaja ditulis lengkap agar dapat diketahui oleh khalayak. *padahal alasan
apalagi jika tidak mencantumkan efek samping, peringatan hati-hati pada kondisi tertentu dan
kontra-indikasi.
Obat hanya akan bermanfaat jika digunakan dengan tepat sesuai indikasi, dosis dan lamanya
pengobatan berlandaskan pengetahuan yang dapat dipertanggung jawabkan.
Semoga bermanfaat.