Chng 1

NG HC CHT IM

I. Khi nim m u:
1. Chuyn ng: chuyn ng ca mt vt l s chuyn di v tr ca vt
trong khng gian theo thi gian
2. H qui chiu: vt hay h vt c quy c ng yn khi nghin cu chuyn
ng ca cc vt khc gi l HQC.
3. Cht im: l vt m kch thc rt nh so vi khong cch v kch thc
ca cc vt khc trong bi ton kho st.
Mt tp hp cht im gi l h cht im. Vt rn l mt h cht im
trong khong cch gia cc cht im ca h khng thay i.
II. V tr cht im:
1. Vec t v tr: xc nh v tr cht im, ngi ta gn vo HQC mt h ta
.

V tr cht im M c xc nh bi vecto v tr: r OM

Trong h ta Descartes : r xi y j zk
z
x, y, z l hnh chiu ca M ln 3 trc Ox, Oy, Oz l
z
M
ta ca im M, i, j , k l vecto n v trong
r
h ta Descartes
k
y
j
y
i
x
x
2. Phng trnh chuyn ng: Khi cht im chuyn ng v tr ca n thay i
theo thi gian:

r r (t )
Pt ny biu din v tr cht im theo thi gian gi l pt chuyn ng ca cht
im

Trong h ta Descartes, PT chuyn ng l mt h gm 3 PT:

x x(t )

y y (t )
z z (t )

3. Qu o v PT qu o:
Qu o l ng cht im vch ra trong khng gian khi chuyn ng.
PT m t ng cong qu o gi l phng trnh qu o:
f (x, y, z) = C
III. Vn tc:
Xt cht im chuyn ng trn ng cong (C), gi s trong khong thi
gian t cht im i c qung ng s, vn tc trung bnh k hiu:
s
vtb
t

Vn tc tc thi:
s ds
v lim t 0

t dt
v > 0 cht im chuyn ng theo chiu dng qu o
v < 0 cht im chuyn ng theo chiu ngc li
c trng y c phng, chiu v nhanh chm ca chuyn ng
ngi ta a ra mt i lng vecto gi l vecto vn tc.

ds
v
dt
Vecto vn tc ti M l vecto v c phng tip tuyn vi qu o ti M, c
chiu theo chiu chuyn ng v c ln bng tr tuyt i ca v

Trong h ta Descartes, d s d r nn:

d s d r dx dy
dz
v

i
j k vx i v y j vz k
dr dr dt
dt
dt
v vx2 v y2 vz2
IV. Gia tc:
Gi s sau khong thi gian t, vn tc thay i mt lng l
bnh l:
v
atb
t
Gia tc tc thi:
a lim t 0

v d v

t dt

, gia tc trung

Trong h ta Descartes:

dv y
dvx
dvz
a
i
j
k
dt
dt
dt
2
2
2
d x d y
d z
2 i 2 j 2 k
dt
dt
dt
ax i a y j az k
a a a a
2
x

2
y

2
z

V. Gia tc tip tuyn v gia tc php tuyn

Vecto gia tc c trng cho s bin thin ca vecto vn tc. S bin thin ny
th hin c phng, chiu v ln nn vecto gia tc c phn tch ra lm
hai thnh phn:

a at an

a t gi l gia tc tip tuyn c trng cho s thay i ln ca vecto vn tc.

Gia tc tip tuyn c phng trng vi tip tuyn ca qu o, chiu l chiu

chuyn ng khi v tang v chiu ngc li khi v gim v c gi tr bng o hm
ln vn tc theo thi gian

dv
at
dt

a n gi l gia tc php tuyn c trng cho s thay i phng ca vecto vn

tc. Gia tc php tuyn c phng trng vi php tuyn ca qu o, c chiu
hng v pha lm ca qu o v c ln:

v2
an
R

R l bn knh cong ca qu o ti v tr kho st

a a a
2
t

2
n

Mt s trng hp c bit:
- a n 0 vecto vn tc khng thay i phng, cht im chuyn ng thng
- a t 0 vecto vn tc khng thay i ln, cht im chuyn ng cong u
- a 0 vecto vn tc khng thay i phng, chiu v ln cht im
chuyn ng thng u.
VI. Mt s chuyn ng n gin ca cht im
1. Chuyn ng thng: Qu o l ng thng: a n 0 a a t
a) Chuyn ng thng u: at = 0 v = const
s

ds
v ds vdt s vt vo
dt
so
0

b) Chuyn ng thng thay i u: a = at = const

dv
a at
dv adt v at v0 (1)
dt
v0
0
s

ds
1 2
v
ds (at v0 )dt s at v0t s0 (2)
dt
2
s0
0
Kh t trong (1) v (2) ta c: v2 v02 2a(s s0 )
2) Chuyn ng trn: trong chuyn ng trn, ta cn dng vn tc gc v gia
tc gc c trng cho chuyn ng.
a. Vn tc gc: Gi thit qu o l ng trn tm O, bn knh R. Trong
khong thi gian t, cht im i c qung ng s ng vi gc quay
. Vn tc gc trung bnh l:

R
s
tb
O

t
Vn tc gc:
d
lim t 0

dt

Vecto vn tc gc c biu din bng vecto nm trn trc ca mt vng

trn qu o, thun chiu i vi chiu quay ca chuyn ng v c gi tr
bng .

Ta c

ds
d
v
R
R
dt
dt

v ba vecto v, , R (theo th t ny) to thnh mt tam din thun ba mt

vung nn:

v R

v
an
R 2
R

b. Gia tc gc: gi thit trong thi gian t, vn tc gc ca cht im bin thin

mt lng . Gia tc gc trung bnh k hiu l:

tb
t

t
dt

R
Gia tc gc : lim t 0
R
at
Vecto gia tc gc c:
at
- Phng nm trn trc ca qu o trn
- Cng chiu vi vecto vn tc gc khi chuyn ng nhanh dn, ngc chiu
vi vecto vn tc gc khi chuyn ng chm dn
- C gi tr bng
dv d ( R )
d
at

R
R
dt
dt
dt

Ta thy ba vecto at , , R ( theo th t ny) lun to to thnh mt tam din

thun ba mt vung nn:
at R

Khi > 0, tng, cht im chuyn ng trn nhanh dn.

< 0, gim, cht im chuyn ng trn chm dn
= 0, khng i, cht im chuyn ng trn u.
= const, cht im chuyn ng trn thay i u
Tng t nh gia tc di v vn tc di, i vi gia tc gc v vn tc gc ta
cng c cc h thc:

t 0
1 2
t 0 t 0
2
2
2
0 2 ( 0 )

3) Chuyn ng vi gia tc khng i

v

dv
a const, a
d v adt v at v0
dt
0
v0
r

dr
1 2
v
d r vdt r at v0t r0
dt
2
0
r0

Ta s kho st chuyn ng ca vin n c bn ra ti im O, vi vn tc

u v0 hp vi mt phng nm ngang gc .
Trong phm vi khng ln lm, b qua sc cn khng kh th gia tc ca vin
n bng gia tc trng trng.

1 2
a g r gt v0t r0
2

Chn h trc ta nh hnh v, vi gc ti im O

1 2
r0 0 r gt v0t (3)
2
Hnh chiu ca (3) ln hai trc Ox v Oy l

x (v0 cos )t (5)

1 2
y 2 gt (v0 sin ) t (6)

T (5) v (6) suy ra PT qu o ca vin n

g
2
y 2
x
(tg ) x
2
2v0 cos
Vy qu o l mt parabol

hmax

v0
O
x

 cao cc i ca vin n:

v gt v0

Ti cao cc i th:

v0 sin
v y 0 gt v0 sin 0 t
g
2

hmax

v0 sin v02 sin 2

1 v0 sin
g
v0 sin

2 g
2g
g

Tm xa ca vin n:

2v0 sin v02 sin 2

2v0 sin
y 0t
L (v0 cos )

g
g
g

Vy tm xa cc i khi = 450

VII. Php bin i vn tc v gia tc

Xt 2 HQC K v K gn vi 2 h trc ta Oxyz v Oxyz , K chuyn ng
z
z
tnh tin i vi K vi vn tc V
M
OM OO ' O ' M
d r d r ' d (OO ')
hay r r ' OO '

dt
dt
dt

r0

v v ' V
d v d v ' dV

dt
dt
dt
a a' A

v, v ' l vn tc i vi K v K , a, a '
A l gia tc ca K i vi K

y
X

l gia tc i vi K v K

VIII. Th nguyn
Mun nh ngha tt c cc n v vt l ngi ta ch cn chn trc mt s
n v gi l n v c bn- cc n v khc suy ra t n v c bn gi l n
v dn xut.
H n v c bn (h SI)
- di: met (m)
- Khi lng: kilogam (kg)
- Thi gian: giy (s)
Th nguyn ca mt i lng l quy lut nu ln s ph thuc ca n v o
i lng vo cc n v c bn.

V d: th tch ca hnh hp ch nht, hnh tr thng, hnh cu ln lt l:

V = abc ; V = R2h ; V = 4/3R3
nu khng n cc h s, ta thy trong mi trng hp th tch = di
x di x di , ta ni th nguyn ca th tch l ( di)3
k hiu:
3

thetich do dai

cho cch vit n gin ta k hiu

do di L
thoi gian T
khoi luong M
Vy:

van toc LT
2
gia toc LT

Trc nghim:
1. Xc nh Q ca cht im, bit PT chuyn ng: x = 4e2t ; y = 5e-2t ; z = 0
a) ng sin b) hyperbol c) ellipe
d) ng trn
2. Mt cht im chuyn ng trong mp xOy theo quy lut x = bsint v y =
b(1 cost). Trong b, l cc hng s dng. C ca cht im l:
a) Trn u b) thng u c) trn nhanh dn u d) trn chm dn u
3. Cht im chuyn ng dc theo chiu dng ca trc Ox, vi vn tc ph
thuc ta x theo quy lut: v b x . Lc t =0, cht im gc ta . Xc
nh vn tc ca cht im theo thi gian t:

a) v bt

b 2t
b) v
4

b 2t
c) v
2

b 2t 2
d )v
4

4. Chuyn ng ca cht im ca cu 3 l:
a) C u
b) C nhanh dn u
c) C chm dn u d) C c gia tc bin i theo thi gian

5. Mt ht chuyn ng vi vecto gia tc khng i, vi ln a = 3m/s2 v

hng mt gc 300 so vie chiu dng trc x . Ti thi im t = 0, vt c vn
tc v0 i 5 j . Ti thi im t = 2s:

a) v i (3 3 4) j b) v (1 3 3)i 2 j c) v 5i (4 3 3) j d ) v 4i 8 j
6. t chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u, ln lt i qua A, B vi vn tc vA =
1m/s; vB = 9m/s. Vn tc trung bnh ca t trn qung ng AB l
a) 5m/s
b) 4m/s
c) 6m/s d) cha s liu tnh
7. T cao 20m so vi mt t, ngi ta nm thng ng mt vt A vi vn
tc v0 , ng thi th ri t do vt B. B qua sc cn KK. Tnh v0 vt A ri
xung t chm hn 1s so vi B. Ly g =10m/s2
a) 8,3 m/s
b) 9 m/s
c) 10 m/s
d) 5m/s
8. Cht im C thng vi vn tc bin i theo quy lut v = v0 kt2 vi v0 , k
l cc hng s dng. Xc nh qung ng cht im i k t lc t = 0
n khi dng li v0
2v0 v0
v0 v0
4v0 v0

a ) s v0

b) s

c) s

d)s

9) Tc trung bnh ca cht im ca cu 8 trong thi gian t lc t = 0 n

khi dng:
v0
2v0
v0
a) vtb v0

b) vtb

c) vtb

vtb

Cht im chuyn ng trn ng trn bk R = 2m vi PT: s = 3t2 +t

10) Vn tc gc cht im lc t = 0,5s l:
a) 4rad/s
b) 2rad/s
c) 8rad/s
d) 3rad/s
11) Gia tc gc cht im lc t = 0,5s l:
a) 6 rad/s2 b) 12 rad/s2
c) 3 rad/s2
d) 0 rad/s2
12) ln ca vecto gia tc gc ti thi im t = 1s
a) 6 m/s2
b) 24,5 m/s2
c) 3 m/s2
d) 25,2 m/s2
13) Mt xe ua bt u chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u t O, ln lt i
qua hai im A v B trong 2s. Bit AB =20m, tc ca xe khi qua B l 12m/s.
Tnh tc ca xe khi qua A
a) 6 m/s
b) 4 m/s
c) 10m/s
d) 8 m/s

T nh thp nm mt vt theo phng ngang vi vn tc ban u v0 . B qua

sc cn KK
14) Biu thc gia tc tip tuyn ca vt trn qu o ti thi im t
gt v0
gv0
g 2t
a) at 0
b) at
c) at
d ) at
2 2
2
2 2
2
g t v0
g t v0
g 2t 2 v02
15) 14) Biu thc gia tc php tuyn ca vt trn qu o ti thi im t

a) an 0

b) an g

c) an

gt
g t v
2 2

2
0

d ) an

gv0
g t v
2 2

2
0

16) Mt cht im chuyn ng trn ng trn bn knh R, vn tc ph

thuc qung ng i s theo quy lut v 4 s (m / s) . Gia tc tip tuyn ca cht
im bng:

a) 2(m / s 2 )

b) 4s / R (m / s 2 )

c)1/ s (m / s 2 )

d )8(m / s 2 )

17) Cho mt mt tr rng ng knh 5m c th quay u xung quanh trc

nm ngang. Trn mt tr ta khot mt l nh. Th ri vt q dua l khi l
trn. Hi vn tc quay nh nht ca tr bng bao nhiu vt kp qua l khi
l di (cho g = 10m/s2 )
a) rad/s
b) /4 rad/s
c) /2 rad/s
d) 4,9 rad/s
18) Mt thang my khng c trn ang i ln vi tc khng i l 10m/s.
T cao 2m cch sn thang my, mt cu b ng trong thang my tung mt
qu cu ln theo phng thng ng ng lc sn thang my cch t 28m.
Tc qu cu so vi thang my l 20m/s. Hi cao cc i m qu cu t
n v sau bao lu th n tr li sn thang my?
a) 75,92m v 4,18s b) 75,92m v 6,2s c) 45,92m v 6,2s d) 45,92m v 4,18s
19) Mt kh cu bay ln t mt t. Vn tc bay ln khng i v bng 1m/s.
Gi truyn cho kh cu mt thnh phn vn tc ngang vx = y trong y l
cao. Xc nh theo cao y gi tr dt x ca kh cu
1 2
1 2
2
2
a) x y
b) x 2 y
c) x y
d) x y
2
4

v(cm / s)
30
7,5
1 2,5
20

5 6,5

t (s)

22. Mt chic thuyn i qua con sng c b rng AB = 200m. Tc dng nc

v = 12m/ph. Thuyn t A cho theo hng AB th i n im C b bn kia
vi BC = 120m. Vn tc ca thuyn i vi nc l:
a) u = 12m/ph b) u = 20m/ph c) u = 7,2m/ph
d) u = 20m/ph
Mt cht im chuyn ng trn mt ng trn bn knh R. Sao cho gia tc
tip tuyn v gia tc php tuyn lun bng nhau v ln. Vn tc ban u
ca cht im l v0 .
23. Sau khong thi
gian qung ng
cht im i c l s, th vn tc v s
s
s

s
R
l:
R
R

a ) v v0 e

b) v v0e

c ) v v0 ln

d ) v v0 ln

24. Thi gian cht im i ht vng u tin l:

R
a)
v0

R
2
b) 1 e
v0

R 2
c) e
v0

2 R
d)
v0

25. Nm mt vt ln cao vi vn tc ban u 15 m/s theo phng hp vi

phng ngang mt gc 300 . B qua sc cn khng kh , ly g = 9,8m/s2 . Bn
knh cong ca qu o ti v tr cao nht ca vt l:
a) 17,2 m
b) 23,5 m
c) 31,2 m
d) 34,4 m
A Trc nghim
1. b 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. b 6. a 7. a 8. b 9. c 10. b 11. c
12. d 13. d 14. c 15. d 16. d 17. a 18. a 19. c 20. d 21. c 22. b
23. b 24. b 25. a