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Regulators
Types of Regulators
Hydraulic Design
Structural Design
Floor Design
Detailed Drawings
Example
Are constructed at sites having mild land slopes
Classification of Regulators:
I According to purpose:
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Regulation of Discharge Q
Regulation of Water slopes (and velocity)
Measurement of Discharge Q
Division or Diversion of Discharge
Change in bed slope
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II According to location
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III
Head Regulator
Intermediate Regulator
Escape Regulator
Diversion Regulator
According to Material (Type of Construction)
1- Masonry Arch Regulator
2- Mixed Type Regulator (masonry + RC)
3- RC Regulator
Location of regulators
Should always be located at straight reaches (position a)
Never located within curves in waterways (either silting or scouring is liable to occur causing destruction of the
regulator (position b)
At diversion; location should be chosen 50-200m DS the point of diversion c
Advantages of Regulators to weirs
1. Regulator may be fully opened at flood time giving enough water way area to avoid excess heading
up
2. both US & DS water levels are controlled
3. minimize silting at US
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General Layout Showing Types of Regulators According to Location
Water profile through regulator vents
Mean Water Slopes of Waterways in Egypt:
In North Egypt:
10 cm/km
In South Egypt:
12 cm/km
In the Fayum Province: ~ 2.0 m/ km
Span Width of Regulator Vents varies from 5 to 12 meters
Velocity through Regulator Vents
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Type of Regulator
Span (width) of
Water Velocity
(According to size)
Regulator Vents (m)
through Regulator
Small
Moderate
Big
Barrages on Rivers
1-2
2<span<4
4<span<5
5<span to 8 & more
Vent (m/sec)
1.0 m/sec
1.25 1.50 m/sec
1.50 2.0 m/sec
2.0 2.5 m/sec
Span Widths of Barrages in Egypt; normally 5.0m
New Delta Barrages
= 8m
Naga Hamadi Barrages
= 6m
Edfina Barrages
= 8m
New Esna Barrages
= 12 m
Location of regulator according to bed level
Principles of Design
i)
Hydraulic Design
To get the area of water way
Discharge is considered for fully opened
Regulator
Determination of heading up
Check the velocity through regulator vents
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ii)
Floor design
To determine the floor length
To cover the floor length by regulator floor
To check the percolation length
To determine the floor thickness
To make adequate precautions against
undesired percolation
iii) Structural Design
To determine the dimensions and check the stability of the structural elements which are:
Piers; Abutments; wing walls Roadway (bridge); gates Cranes and lifting devices
Hydraulic design of regulators
Canal cross sectional area =
The following conditions (limitations) should be considered
1
2
3
4
1 m/sec < velocity Vthrough vent < 2.0 m/sec
Carrying hydraulic design assuming regulator vents are fully opened
Heading Up is always < 10 cm
b. rg / Bcanal : from 0.6 to 1.0
to get the area of vents Avents; assume Vvent = (2-3) Vcanal
Range of velocity values through
regulator vents
then;
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and
S = 2 ; 2.5 ; 3.0 ; 3.5 ; 4.0 m
Then,
Check again the value of velocity through regulator to be within the safe limits; Vactual
Check the heading-up caused by the contraction due to regulator vents; hL
Heading UP =
Where c is the coefficient due to contraction & has the values
c. = 0.72
S < 2.0 m
= 0.82
2 S 4.0 M
= 0.92
S > 4.0 m
Pier thickness; tp
For pl. concrete piers
For RC piers
Division of Flow through Diversion Canals
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Where:
V a = water velocity at US canal
a. = canal cross sectional area at US of regulator
A = area of regulator vents
, = diversion angle from US flow direction
for intermediate regulator: = 0;
for head regulator,
=90,
cos
=1
cos
=0
Types of flow through Regulators
Flow may be above, below or between gates
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Main Elements of Regulators
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The water area of vents (S*dw)
The bridge
The piers between the regulator vents
The abutments
The floor
The gates
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Forces acting on Regulator
Pu
Upstream water pressure
PD
Downstream water pressure acting on the DS emergency groove
PL
Water pressure in lateral direction when one vent is closed for repair
PW
Wind pressure on exposed surface (if any)
W1
Weight of bridge + live load (for worst case of loading)
W2
Own weight of pier
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W3
Own weight of gates + lifting apparatus (if any
Piers
Effective Length of Pl. C. or masonry Pier Leff.
= Part between US &DS emergency grooves
Effective Length of RC Pier Leff.
= Whole length except curved parts
Pier thickness, tPier = S/4 to S/3 1.0 m
Abutment pier: every tenth pier; tp = 4.0 m
Grooves are lined with cast iron except emergency grooves
Grooves dimensions = 0.2 * 0.2m
or
0.4 * 0.4m
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Stability of Piers
Stability of Regulator Piers
Cases of Loading
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Road Bridges
Depend on class & importance of road
Road bridge: consists either of RC slab; of slab & main girders or of slab, main & cross girders, depending on the
span width
Wearing surface = 2.2 t/ m3
R.C.
= 2.5 t/ m3
Cont. Bridges
Load Distribution on Bridge Elements
One-Way Slab on Main Girder
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Slab Type Bridge
Stability of the abutment
Critical case (during repair of the regulator)
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Stability should be checked against overstressing & overturning
Take moments about o
Resultant of acting forces should lie within the middle third of width at any section
No tensile stresses are allowed in pl. concrete abutments
Objectives of regulator floor
12-
provide enough percolation length
provide enough scour length
3- distribute the wt. of piers and reactions over the under soil
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Cont. Regulator Floor
Regulator floor is treated as a Continuous inverted slab under soil reaction
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Floor Design at working time
Gates
1 Butcher type:
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Is operated by 2 operating wheels for each gate using worn gear
2 Fahmy Henien Type
Operated by an operating wheel and a system of gears. One wheel serves more than one gate (up to 3 gates)
3 Radial gates
Segmental gates
Sector gates
Drum gates
Lifting devices
- Gates are suspended by chains
- Gates are raised or lowered by: a winch or a gantry
- Load transmitted to pier: own wt. of winch and crane
own wt. of gate
friction forces
transmitted dynamic forces
15 HWL
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Regulation by Timber Logs
Steel Gates
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For Pipe Culverts & Very small Regulators
Fahmy Henein Type gates
S 3.0 3.50 m
Operates 2 to 3 gates with one common winch
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Design of steel gates
1- vertical leaf gates; which have the types:
Single Leaf Gates
Double Leaf Gates
Types of Steel Plate Gates
i) Plate gate
S 1.0 m
tplate = 6 mm thick
ii) Steel plate supporter by horizontal ribs
S 8.0 m
Each plate consists of:
a.
horizontal ribs
b. end vertical post
c. hard wood plank
d. skin plate
(as shown in the figure)
iii) Truss gate
S = (12 20) m
Supporting girders are designed as a truss
Sill Arrangement below Gates
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Number of ribs in a steel gate
Ribs are made of:
I-beam channel section T-section
Spacing between ribs: 40 120 cm
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F = allowable stress for skin metal
= coefficient. = 0.75, when welded from 4 sides
t = thickness of skin plate = 10- 15 mm
Design of skin plate
Designed to resist a maximum BM across the diagonal,
produced by the water pressure as uniformly distributed load
As a slab supported freely on 4 sides
Load W t/m` across the diagonal =
Max BM across the diagonal
Section modulus
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and
Segmental Gates
A = gate area m2
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By taking moments about point o, then;
r = radius of pivot
f = friction coefficient.
Q = Resultant force on pivot due to W &P
Sector Gates
Drum Gates
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EXAMPLE
A head regulator , is constructed across a branch canal according to the following data:
Main canal
branch canal
HWL
(14.10)
(13.60)
LWL
(13.30)
(12.90)
Canal Bed levels
(10.60)
(11.00)
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Maximum discharge in main canal and branch canal = 50 & 25 m3/ s
Canal Bed width for main canal and branch canal =
Side slope for both canals
Width of bridge
8 m
16 & 14 m
1:1
it is required to :
1) Make hydraulic design of the regulator .
2) Design the floor of the regulator using lane theory ( C L = 10 )
3)Draw and calculate the case of loading to check the stability of the pier in the transverse direction (DL = 3 t/g &
LL = 5 t/g)
4) Design the gate thickness of the regulator
SOLUTION
1)
Make design on branch canal (bc) section
VC = 25 /Abc
Abc = 14 * 2.6 + (2.6)2 * 1 =
VC = .57 m/s
assume Vr = (2-3) VC =
Ar = 25 / 1.2 = 20.83
Assume n =2
1.2 m/s > 1
= n * S * 2.6
that S = 4 m
Vac = 25/ (8*2.6)
tp = S/4
43.16 m2
2 m/s > 1.2 > 1 m/s
= 4/4 = 1
safe
( minimum tp = 1m )
L = n * S + (n-1) tp = 2 * 4 + 1 * 1 =
.6 (14)
< 9 < 14 safe
Check the heading up on us canal cross section
For head regulator
Aus = 16 * 3.5 + (3.5)2 * 1 = 68.25 m2
Vus = 50 / 68.25 = .73 m/s
S=4m
C = .92
hl = (.73)2/(2*9.8*(.92)2)
{ (68.25)*.5/(2*4*2.6) }2
h1 < 12 cm is safe design
2)
Design the floor of the regulator using lane theory ( C L = 10 )
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HD = 14.10 13.60 = .50
HD = 13.30 12.90 = .40
HD = 14.10 11.00 = 3.10
Take HD = 3.10 m
LL = CL * HD = 10 * 3.10 = 31 m
Assume L1 = 6 m & L2 = 10 + 3 + 2 (1/2+.5) = 15 m
LS = CS (HS).5
CS = 10
HS = 14.10 - 11.00 - Ycr
&
HS = 2.3
&
LS = 15.2 m
Assume t2 = 2 m
L\ = (6 + 15 +15.2) * 1/3 + 2 * 2 = 16 m
L\ < LL unsafe use sheet pile
d = ( 31 16 )/ 2 = 7.5 m
use sheet pile d = 7 m
and DS apron
h2 = 3.1 - .5/10 6/(3*10) 2*7/10 (1/2+.5)/(3*10) 1/(3*10) = 1.38
t2 = 1.3 * 1.38/1.2
= 1.5 m
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t3 = t2 /2 = .75 take t3 = 1 m
t3 = 1 = 1.3 h3/1.2
h3 = .92 m
L3 = 10 * .92 = X /3+ 1+1
X = 21 m
3)Draw the case of loading to check the stability of the pier in the
transverse direction (Mx)
F = - N/A (Mx/Ix) * y < 40 Kg/cm2
Where
Mx = P1 *( hw/3)* Le + 4 * 5 * (tp/4)
Le = 8 +2 = 10 m
&
tp = 1.25 m
hp = 14.10 11 + .5 = 3.6 m
N = 10 * 2.2 * 1.25* 3.6 + 4*5 +4* 8 = 151 t
Mx = (3.1)2/2 * 10 * 3.1/3 + 4 * 5 * (1.25)/4 = 55.9
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Ix = 10 * (1.25)3/12 = 1.62
&
F = - 151/12.5 + (55.9/1.62) * .625 =
y = 1.25/2 = .625
+ 9.48 unsafe increase tp
4)Design the gate thickness of the regulator
Where
a = .4 (hw+.25)
b = (S+.4)/2
& L = (a2 +b2).5
From the last equation get t
ts = t + 2 mm for corrosion
the required ts = 8 mm, 10, 12 ,30mm
For the first panel
Water pressure P = w h = (1) (a-.25)
hw = 14.1 11 = 3.1
& hg = 3.1 + .25 = 3.35 m
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S + .4 = 4 + .4 = 4.4
A = 4.4 * 3.35 = 14.74 < 16 m2
a = .4 * 3.35 = 1.34
use single steel gate
& b = 4.4 /2 = 2.2
p = 1.34 -.25 = 1.09
10000 = 1.09 * (1.34)2 * (2.2)2 /(2t2((1.34)2+(2.2)2)
t = 8.44 + 2 mm = 12 mm
take tg = 12 mm
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