Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Course Outlines
Classification of reservoir, Purpose of reservoir operation, Single vs. multi-purpose, Type
of hydrological data required for reservoir operation & design,
Methods to determine capacity of reservoir, e.g. Ripple mass curve method, Pump
storage and its design & operation.
Introduction to computer methods for reservoir operation and design, General discussion
on the available, widely used, computer models for reservoir operation and design.
For
- Irrigation,
- Hydropower generation,
- Water supply, domestic, municipal or industrial use;
- Flood mitigation;
- Navigation;
- Silt control;
- Recreation etc.
During a specified time interval,
S (supply) < D (demand) :
Need for “water storage”
Consumptive Uses
Irrigation uses
Domestic and municipal uses
Industrial uses
Wildlife and stock uses
Non-consumptive Uses
Power development uses
Flood control uses
Recreation uses
Streamflow regulation
Classification of the Reservoirs
1. Storage reservoir
2. Flood control reservoir
2.1. Detention Reservoir
2.2. Retarding Basins
3. Multi-purpose reservoir
4. Distribution reservoir
1. Storage Reservoir
A reservoir impounding water for useful purposes, such as irrigation,
power generation, recreation, domestic, industrial and municipal supply
etc.
2. Flood Control Reservoir
Stores a portion of the flood flows in such a way as to minimize the flood
peaks at the area to be protected downstream.
4. Distribution Reservoir
A reservoir connected with distribution system a water supply project,
used primarily to care for fluctuations in demand which occur over short
periods
Total reservoir storage components
Depends on inflow
Its relationship with capacity is important in design
& operation of a storage reservoir.
Firm (safe) yield: the amount of water that can be supplied
during a critical period.
1510
Elevation (ft)
Elevation (ft)
1490
1470
1450
Reservoir Capacity
1430 Reservoir Surface
Area
1410
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Area (Acre)
2) Final Investigations
Engineering survey
Detail geological investigations
Detail hydrological investigations
Engineering Survey / Topographical Survey
Area-Storage-Elevation Curve
Prismoidal formula
Integration technique for computing capacity
Prismoidal Formula
Integration Technique
Integration Area-Elevation curve will yield in Storage-Elevation
curve
Example
A contour survey of a reservoir site gives the following data:
Surface Investigations
Features directly observable are evaluated.
The rock and loose fill material features obtained from study of exposed surface, rocky
outcrops (visible exposure of bedrock), vertical cuts along streams
Loose fill material is noted as to grain size, size gradation, shape and type of fill in
terms of quantity, quality, volume, depth, areal extent etc.
NOTE: The special requirement for the geology of reservoir site is that there should be no
danger of serious leakage when ground is under pressure due to full head in the reservoir.
Subsurface Investigations
Excavation of Open Pit
To study the nature of overburden, test pits are generally required of size 1.25m×1.25m
Drifting
In order to have a thorough idea of the formation of foundation or abutments, holes
usually of 1.5m×1.5m are made in rocks.
Core Drilling
This technique is used to study the nature of rock at sufficient depth below. Generally,
three holes, 25-30m apart in two directions, and at right angle to each other are
sufficient to find the configuration of strata.
Adits / Tunnels
This is a horizontal opening made to explore area under slope abutments. Adits section
is 1.5m×2.2m of rectangular are enough to permit movement of person and test
equipment.
Audit construction is slow and expensive activity. However, this show exact rock
features with true orientation.
Investigation for Reservoir Site selection
The most important factor influencing feasibility of
proposed reservoir site is generally the location of the
dam.
After that,
run-off characteristics of the catchment area,
water tightness of the proposed reservoir basin,
stability of the valley sides,
rate of sedimentation,
quality of the water, and
seismic activity
Topography:
The area should be a wide natural valley preferably ending in a
narrow gorge where a barrier (dam) could be placed.
• The rivers flowing over the soft rocks and high gradient areas carry
greater amount of silt and consequently, reservoirs may silt up very
soon and causes significant reductions in water storage capacity.
• In those areas where streams carry heavy sediment loads, the rates
of sedimentation must be estimated accurately in order that the
useful life of any proposed reservoir may be determined.
Geology:
• The rocks exposed in the reservoir rim must be resistant
to solution, erosion and free of voids to stop leakage.
• If some potential leakage zones are present, they
should be delineated as they may serious effect the
efficiency of reservoir.
• Highly jointed rocks should be investigated for joint
intensity and spacing which will help in assessing the
grouting.
• Faults if present should be delineated since they require
treatment which may be expensive.
• Faults may result in a passageway for water leakage as
well as vulnerable or liable for earthquake effect.
Movement on fault may initiate due to weight of water
in the reservoir.
The load of the structures, i.e., dead and live loads are
transmitted to the foundation vertically.
• Fine grained sedimentary rock has higher shear strength than coarse
grained rocks, whereas, finer material like clay and silt have lesser
compressive strength than coarser material such as gravel and coarser sand.
Bedding planes:
The planes marking the termination of one sedimentary deposit and the
beginning of another; they usually constitute a weakness along which the
rock tends to break.
Foliation:
In rocks that have been subjected to heat and deforming pressures during
regional metamorphism, some new materials may be formed by
recrystallisation.
Fractures are discontinues/breaks in geologic materials
resulting from failure of rock under stress (tensional,
compressional or shear)
•Intact rock contains neither joints nor hairline cracks. If it breaks, it breaks across sound
rock.
•Stratified rock consists of individual strata with little or no resistance against separation
along the boundaries between strata. The strata may or may not be weakened by
transverse joints.
•Moderately jointed rock contains joints and hairline cracks, but the blocks between joints
are locally interlocked together so that vertical walls do not require lateral support.
•Blocky and seamy rock consists of chemically intact rock fragments which are entirely
separated from each other and imperfectly interlocked. In such rock, vertical walls may
require support.
•Crushed but chemically intact rock has the character of a crusher run. If most or all of the
fragments are as small as fine sand and no recementation has taken place.