Line Coding

The waveform pattern of voltage (or current) used to

represent the 1s and 0s of a digital signal on a transmission
link is called line encoding.

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Considerations for choosing the line code:

Timing information (for synchronisation)

Power levels
Spectrum of the line code Vs Available bandwidth
Noise and interference levels
Synchronisation acquisition times
Performance monitoring
Implementation cost and complexity

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There are instances when it is impossible to determine the absolute polarity

of a signal (pulse) at the receiver. In such cases, all 1s will be wrongly
decoded as 0s (and vice versa).

Differential encoding overcomes this limitation.

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Error in detection in one symbol leads to an error in the next interval also.

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Time Division
Multiplexing

Synchronous

Asynchronous

Synchronous TDM
Separate time slot for each device..

whether or not the device has anything to transmit.

Asynchronous TDM
The frame contains a fixed number of slots. The slots are
however not dedicated to fixed devices.
Number of slots is not necessarily the same as number of
input devices.
More than one slot in a frame may be allocated to an input
device.

Consider multiplexing scheme in T1 line.

an example of Synchronous TDM.

Framing Time in TDM:

The Framing time (or Frame time) Ft is the Average frame

acquisition time.