st clwupkel - Trtreduction Dr How ate anee [=] Lutrechetion A Boundary value problems is one which 9 everncel by one oy more olifferential Fiche Element eters (FEM) ontort Ota rte r [ese The she Elemect method haa become a paww tel boul of numedceY Shuto oF auadde vonye % Smoyimertivey Prdolewes. Thies used tomicabedalt << stewsiniond “tonpenie? okichilmhiin ig sdad shucks of Comper geomelvies Sualoj ef fe complele \oedivas J Ty Wis Atkned of omalyts cn camohay veqion “AeBniry A ConBnumm okiscreddted Whe Meg geemeher shape costed fivcke elemenks. [Tw madeval propectess and the qovenins yeladrmshe ps art Convicler over these — elements ond 2xpreredt tn fecws Ualkaown Values ach elamest Coraert An assembly processes aluly Considerably the lacking and condrarmdy , peste Tra set of eyuachons - Sovkin of Hese epuations give us the oypproxconn le Vrehautor of Hu Conbwow » WO- Steps in the EM fee | shep-l- Dis eviminadson of fh Real shmncteer Deponclisg ow We tate of ehvuctwee, Preve are Varvous type of clemtuds available » Fo 4) shows fre typical and most Cowmmowly used elements. howarat-)OE WAT ABZ Aw-ee—~ (WD Bar elemenk Pe, wm Tei ang La clement es @D Quadrilateral) element ae @) ony wmbic elemecd yp v © S) OP Hernia [ke] = ees plopeity wnaiy (st KEnes anos) {sel [EJ = racer of primary vnlKnawn quantiles at two nodes (RJ, eq = vecks of elemect nroclef “Rese | | s Patawedkrs « 3 Pade-Y-Steo-s- Derive Overall? Shrachwe Shfress Equation eee Oe ei eee ee This step of the analysis assembles all individual elewerl equalioas te provicle SAE Raess spundions fer the ewkre Shruchwe ov mathemahialy : = he oe haw (KeJ = overall sk Guess mater = Z|] (Fel = assewllage eh vemltant vecber of neclel faccing paromelee O Sfep-6- SAve Fer Primacy UnlKnguns See teen ee meena Tt 4s apparent that equalion @) represents a seh of Siwalkonesug algebric eyuafens. “The total wombers ef egualons iglealical to Mae boval wonrver of Prey unknown. The general? Mettwcl which can be wed te save Sor Hy primary unknown os Gauslan Fimwnelan Metiert shep-7- Sve Fir Secomeary Unknows whe the PHiwar unknown ts founol , ote Unknowns may be cobebaled” From onrdolhe phy sical velokons + Tn Case of chaske shes eferwmatron onalysts, the ee unkions are AK shacewect Componevr od AY nodes. avel Kors ee the strain componels CaVeaSled From the “olispl— strate relahns te, Stress Campentuds Pevalealed sing khsdiccs Wau rac ee Compuded — SKrain Com ponents Page—s—4. The Pavawelevs Effects on He Discriwination Process : epee aad e a The vaivous Contiderabrens Hack should fake in fhe Aisarimination Process arr given below: - a) Were of elements offen the hype of chewments to be used wsrtt be evidek Rom the physica? problems taself. Come olim: Laro oktwneactonel prubleme, awd Hirer Awrenstuno? problaw i Prvbles. ) Th) Se of E lems Oh) See ee The sive of deyede~ Ink ieomers Mae Coronet of Khe SdvGon Okicectly and hence, haato be chusen esvih Care Pf the Bee Of hemos is gmat Ae Renal S Adon is expected tee mere accuott, haweves tre we of small SIZE GAN oy Mean Moe Cowgukodvone! obtfferet Re ofa Cemerts used elemcts of time. Sometimes the in the Same looky. VU C) Lecakorng Neder tf the body haa no abrupt changes in ajeometyy , end exhemal conctiien Clike (eset), matoroll prepe Re Sulooltursions and hence the hedy can olivided into & the Spacing of necks Cam be whem: on the ober hand 7 More ave ey ols C onkmur er WH Ave prablent i have te be whrocduced oloviovsly ot Brese oAiscontin- Po4-6-A) Mower of Fleonents The Number of eleametts chosen for ioleal’ aebrunr veladed to He accuracy olesved SBE of elements and the wonber Aagree of freedom involveet Phe increases Tn Ane Wunder of clemedts generally yearn Krak cecults Goold be more accurate ave obbbainedt her ery given provlem , Creve wd be a Corben nuwaloec of edewerts beyond wich Ay acowracy Cannot be Cenraved (oy omy Signi Feat rengen th: Thse \ehaviers ave chown grag lly tn ty-@) Exack Sdvon \ \ \ \ 1 \ \ ( 1 \ w Ps Fig6a) effect of Varying the number of claments. e) Somplityiny Awe Prysscoe! Confequcaction of tw Boel tf the Con fy wcalton of the boey oa orell rq He ex\ernol) Concklions US SywmelAc, Uremay Consider only ne anisy ware hee pect of the body ferake elements Valea ieee ae. By @) shou ty SypmenchOe canedcboen - AGE gkes ae Oe tee qhost La Hp) lane stra ex Odawe Aran > Ne of clement, —— NY yh ri pages, Pee Figtt) confywndion of hark Cyberoe Offegler = two In this capproach , kivect physical veasontey is used nv bo esfablich the clement Prrepedier . Ge. imkerpoladion fanchamn is Vequixee betwen the Source Capplted Ferce , heat Plow, Phew cake, ek) amd the field vartable Cotis placement, temperadars, Phasrare ete) The chavockris Ke eguedions aye olbtained foy ust odicet physica? x eguil brew eguadion 0@ Su the Lellowiry Bawa Qles Ex ownge-\~ rer tamer “cl” ond Kength °4 Fer icaker PPE of awd for Rainer How, fhe preswve aAvap bebween omy two noobs (P,P) fs + pp ed ge pen ia rd E = C E “When A= chy nawee Viscesiiy of the Elusch tlt = pipe resistance i Pike ef @ fog A-The fils ws emnher a ‘ A ek woes © od REL; OSS) cepa spuodion ot = — Fi=¢ CAA) he c (A-f) ov ™ ix nofadon (Kk]-P =F Seen ohare T= Pslity Colaroctadstic ) welK - (ae nootal prosorrs vecder Fe Model Alaw Vecket eel exomoe , this exgeeech ean ye Seen to be se Rime elewerts och con sakisfactor Compl else | a foqe-te—32 22960) A adest 360] ee cg aad Laoat = ae ote Rancktons ae = ra eth Spot etel eS ool spel eter lbs - = STEHT dx ee a Cossie al cate al cebu LI Si hy ee Cexterwise 2\ Skog wation gaint) — Se = aoX > Pucca stottinacy 5 a | Be ge. Srl pat alles ee IP Ranebineed Od Seth Eiyets 4 cx 2 r= J EQos,9) da a oS Atenas 55 § ok Kev AAD Need de | fi i Flx3-$-$---J— : Vepb, Vasradton eas (Xe) 9 (KI) oe chao Ssalletst Cad 2 oe ie - at Yao) PC cal tbls Wests Jo) C315 a" CU Copan Bea ce alta Yay eS Sel 6 Yio e Yay = lia) =0 as a te =o - = = J ALLS ey 6G sl nxat & |BC Natalee) Sacceet ty ty ea AY= 4p Sp = (Yo +e tah = Seg = EC = BY, ' oO A LY? Lispt she Fey, ANS Vis GMs Tie fale (Bat Oe em M4 eine yh vasiatin di Is Fea jeer s+et). AFHF(K, 94 ety JHEF) -FIS) ee | i Cye3 @ ole Le Wyle So | | Hoe jth) = Sead) + Bho AE oy z } Fister sed) = Pri Be OE Sate Fejersyect) = =F (fh) + 2 ey +35 a L Fen per JHeF) — Foy j) =e Fer + $e & = == = oF = Bere Ect eee S-ee SND Sy Et z Ue |aaa ea f- “4 (s stats oct eee Totckeos | Tiyy= S Ebstrird) dx : eee Taney = fre Fin ¥ Hee, set) plies teas slip Sei egg MG Se eet PB 266m por = {Fine Stefan - fr §) de : & ses! t AT = f[Fesser, ep) Fly) Seats ee ee : ood EE @aletws alles a fief ak tey fee : oy [plac teseas 1 ede doi Zoe aus eee PS deer) ge hee See ee | dria) = Rate fool $e) te then eS a dd. ) = #2 4i-Fidf (fi) — ae =r Se sa a aet ea De A SSR =) =i Gaswas Oss eee , fans =. a ee canes (€¢ a 6 + Sms sa aera Sa od = do. (sy) Bo) OzseL' Usd § dsleslavhiny eh Sy 6 Sloe S COW hd we ‘Hipglyat cae 2) st 35 = ee One ae jgw2 s 3y Ho eES =fiuat A) ot Es a A Ao - “eatlernse ra Sea ie | = b es @ apiece | __ ors ( 8 Ftm 5) dx Fa a 2 a ee clea Ji aes Se ie a Oe E lg | ds Fas BG RG . J Wee SS — DE RFs OE oz i Fe oe " >g ag 3 Sa FS Nasokt dtawth)=o ~ =e 7 SP ea ae ag© | —— th *< pelt > =f Fy 45 ASS: ae SE= oe ee sae : ss +h £63) ob ST ft yv-fvda | & ref F surf G ge lx [uv-foee] | a J © - ee Shag ae (ed oe. ie _ol_(F3) olx = Tee =55 al = ay oe i : oe a ie ST S554 Ha Se MED) ot Sha ¥¥. ZC +f (5 -Sy— ep Sj CO %en)n054 —Ypyao Viens = € ty Vie Fe Sle = Fy tel FF toy Ff ten) = 0 iit me pr — ata A, oe Cus Ble eplnsithion Lapa BI=0 COS an A> pl, Curve of (Ee i ae Ax “— Ba . Gol er egiaadin adaST -J& hh) Sk Se ! sr SFR » PO@viems a5 LrackionsPt slot _dffrantial 4 af Gales ” NC ah @ooe vay ep ems oe See Pre\enn ass)” Ronckiou’ 2 {slo's shed ed bY Bl Ac ffinentinl’ 91 Electy, 01 Iau = : ot A Bates sist Q | Veowioble Ei ; a | (ref {(S. a SP dx --@) en ena e 3 OE 221 Ob emmys Ooo Fadel Bg HCN DE, Nok see Lady s)\ j a Wg A OE te Sh | Chaten eA DE. aie 2 ses ah (weyntyaip) 2D fried Be Eby prot _< 2 PD) Gate S per ae area pA Cra, vette dy § cele _ €. Ref iS Rao “The Latte chemo metre on emninety? 24 ef. (159a et CE a NT Aca i] fal ong—old we wit Wh | He —~——-+-F Q> Ky « Lod DE ‘ eee = qs2hdx . a inated A ‘A+ shade ~1A 444 et) (tpt oe) = = Hydx—=e ~ 5 owas Chay) dd