Cu 3.

3: V s v trnh by nguyn l ca mch pht dng LED vi tn hiu a

vo iu ch l tn hiu tng t.
- i vi tn hiu tng t, mch pht iu bin cng thng s dng transistor
lng cc. LED kt ni vi cc gp hoc cc pht thng qua 1 in tr hn ch dng.
Tn hiu iu bin c a vo cc gc ca transistor.
I
- Dng iu bin c dng: i (t ) I b I m cos t trong m m : su iu
Ib

bin in.
Dng qua cc gc c dng: I b
in p trn LED c dng:

Ra Rb
Ra
(V1 V0 )
,V1
Vdc
trong R1
Ra Rb
Ra Rb
R1 (1 ) Re

Vdc ic Re CE d

Cng sut quang thu c trn LED: P(t ) Pb Pm cost vi m

Pm
:
Pb

su iu bin quang.
- Ra , Rb lm nhim v phn p,

Re lm nhim v n nhit.

Cu 4.1 : Trnh by cu to v nguyn l pht quang ca LED cu trc d th kp :

- Cu to :
+ Gm 3 lp : p,n, vng tch cc
+ Vng tch cc c E g nh hn Eg ( p), Eg (n) ; nhm mc ch giam hm in t v l
trng trong vng tch cc.
+ giam hm photon vng tch cc th vng tch cc c chit sut ln hn so vi
vng p v vng n
- Nguyn l pht quang :
+ Khi bn dn p v n c ghp tip gip vi nhau, trong khi bn dn p mang cc ht
l trng v khi bn dn n mang cc ht in t. Khi , cc ht l trng v in t c xu
hng khuch tn, lm cho cc in t lp vo l trng bn pha p, l trng lp vo in
t bn pha n. iu ny lm xut hin 1 in trng t ngang qua tip gip, trng ny
ngn cn chuyn ng ca cc in tch khi cn bng c thit lp.

+ Khi cp in p 1 chiu cho tip gip ny, ngun (-) ni vi bn dn n, ngun (+) ni
vi bn dn p => xut hin phn cc thun lm vng ngho hp li, cc in t n v cc
l trng p khuch tn qua lp tip gip vi s lng tng ng k. Qu trnh kt hp
in t vng dn v l trng vng ho tr s km theo qu trnh pht x photon mang
nng lng, khi cc photon nh sng s c y ra v tr bt k trong diode pht
quang.
Cu 4.2 : Trnh by cu to v nguyn l tch sng quang ca photodiode PIN :
- Cu to :
+ Gm 3 lp bn dn : p, i, n trong lp i c an xen gia lp p v n.
+ Lp i c in tr cao.
+ Lp p thng rt mng nh sng c hp th t, lp i c dy ln ton b nh
sng c hp th, lp n c bn dn ln v in tr nh.
- Nguyn l tch sng mang :
+ Da trn hiu ng quan in : Khi chiu 1 photon (c nng lng ln hn nng lng
cng cm) vo b mt bn dn ca photodiode th qu trnh hp th photon xy ra. Khi
hp th 1 photon, 1 in t c kch thch l vng ho tr nn vng dn v li trong
vng dn 1 l trng, ta ni photon to ra 1 cp in t v l trng, cc cp in t - l
trng ny c sinh ra trong vng ngho. Khi c in trng, s c s chuyn i cc in
tch v 2 cc (in t v pha n, l trng v pha p hin tng phn cc ngc) to ra
dng in mch ngoi, dng in ny c gi l dng quang in.
e
h
Ip Ip
Ip

- nng cao tnh nng ca PIN : + S dng cu trc d th kp => loi b dng khuch
tn.
+ S dng hp cng hng F-P => tng hiu sut lng t.
+ S dng ng dn sng quang => tng hiu sut lng t, gim in dung k sinh v
in tr ni ni tip.

Cu 4.3 : Trnh by cu to v nguyn l tch sng quang ca photodiode thc

APD :
- Cu to :

+ Ging nh cu trc ca PIN nhng b sung thm 1 lp bn dn p gia lp i v n

+ p , n l 2 lp bn dn c nng tp cht cao, nn in tr ca 2 vng ny nh.

+ i l vng c nng tp cht rt t v gn nh tinh khit. Hu ht tt c cc photon b
hp th trong vng ny, v to ra cc cp l trng- in t t do.
- Nguyn l tch quang :
+ APD cng da v hin tng hp th nh cc photodiode khc to ra cc cp in t
- l trng. APD cn hot ng da trn nguyn l khuch i dng.

+ nh sng i vo APD qua ln p rt mng, hu nh ton b hp th photon u

xy ra min ngho. in trng trong min ngho c APD iu khin cc l trng v

in t chuyn ng ngc hng vi nhau. Di tc ng ca in trng phn cc

ngc, cc l trng trong lp ny hng ti lp p , cn cc in t hng ti lp

n . Khi cc in t v l trng qua min in trng ln ny s c tng tc, va p

mnh vo cc nguyn t ca bn dn v to ra cc cp in t - l trng th cp thng
qua qu trnh ion ho do va chm. Cc ht ti in th cp qua min in trn ln li c
tng tc v chng c ng nng to ra cc cp in t - l trng mi. chnh l
hiu ng thc, hay hiu ng nhn. Qu trnh ny lm tng dng in bn ngoi v tng
nhy ca APD.
I R RP
I PAPD MRP

- nng cao tnh nng ca APD :

+ S dng cu trc siu mng
+ S dng cu trc vng nhn v hp th tch ri (SAM)
+ S dng cu trc vng nhn gim dn v hp th tch ri (SAG)

Cu 5.3: Khi nim suy hao trong si quang, cc nguyn nhn gy ra suy hao v v
c tnh suy hao ca si n mode tiu chun.
* Khi nim:
+Suy hao l tham s th hin s tn tht cng sut nh sng trong si quang.
+ Suy hao trong si quang l s thay i cng sut quang trung bnh truyn trong si tun
theo nh lut Beer.
+ H s suy hao:

(dB / km)

P
10
log10 out
L
Pin

* Cc nguyn nhn gy ra suy hao:

- Suy hao do hp th gm 2 loi chnh:
+ Hp th ngoi: do c mt c cc ion tp cht gm:
^ Ion kim loi chuyn tip (Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Mn, Cr) hp th mnh trong di bc sng
0,6 1,6 m (suy hao < 1dB/km, lng tp cht < 1ppb)
^ Ion OH : hp th chnh ( c mt ca hi nc trong thu tinh). nh hp th chnh ti
2,7 m v cc nh hp th khc: 1,39m ; 1,24m ; 0,95m ( suy hao < 1dB/km, nng

8
ion OH phi < 10 )

+ Hp th thun: do hp th ca thu tinh to nn si.

^ Hp th cc tm (

0, 4 m ): cc phooton kch thch in t trong di ho tr v

kch thch ln mc nng lng cao hn (cng hng hay chuyn tip in t)
^ Hp th hng ngoi (

7 m ): tng tc gia cc lin kt dao ng v trng ca

tn hiu quang (cng hng dao ng). Do bn cht v nh hnh ca thu tinh, cc cng
hng ny dng cc di hp th c ui m rng vo vng nhn thy. Hp th thun
trong di 0,8 1,6m (suy hao < 1dB/km)
- Suy hao do tn x:
+ Tn x trong si quang sinh ra t:
^ S thay i vi m v mt trong vt liu.
^ S thng ging trong thnh phn si.

^ Cc khuyt tt hoc cu trc khng ng nht trong qu trnh sn xut si.

+ Quan trng nht l s thng ging mt dn n cc thng ging ngu nhin ca chit
sut n < bc sng nh sng gy ra tn x Rayleigh.
Suy hao t tn x Rayleigh: R

trong c l hng s nm trong phm vi 0,7 0,9 (dB/km) m

R = 0,12 0,16 dB/km ti =1,55 m

- Suy hao do un cong:
+ C 2 kiu: un cong v m & vi un cong
^ Un cong v m: bn knh un cong ln hn hoc tng ng ng knh si.
^ Vi un cong: bn knh un cong nh theo trc:
# Do qu trnh sn xut si quang v ch to cp si quang to lc nn khng u ln b
mt.
# Cc mo dng ngu nhin quanh trc si => b mt khng phng hon ton => ghp
cp nng lng mode gia cc mode dn v cc mode d hoc khng dn.
- Suy hao do hn ni: C 2 loi: suy hao connector v suy hao mi hn.
* V c tnh suy hao ca si n mode tiu chun:
Cu 5.4: Khi nim tn sc trong si quang, cho bit cc loi tn sc v nu nh
hng ca tn sc.
* Khi nim:
Tn sc l hin tng cc bc sng khc nhau di chuyn vi vn tc khc nhau trong si
quang. Hin tng ny dn ti s dn rng xung nh sng khi lan truyn.
* Cc loi tn sc:
- Tn sc mode: ch xy ra trong si a mode
+ Nguyn nhn: si a mode gm nhiu mode, mi mode lan truyn vi vn tc nhm
khc nhau nn thi gian lan truyn ca chng trong si quang khc nhau gy ra tn sc
mode.

+ i vi si MM-SI: lch thi gian truyn gia tia ngn nht (mode bc thp nht) v
tia di nht (mode bc cao nht)
T

L n2
n1 L
L . 1 .

c sin c
c n2

( opt ) L

n
.

.
; opt
1
( 2)c

T
+ i vi si MM-GI:
2
n1 (L) ;
opt

2c
- Tn sc vt liu: bt k si no u c.
+ Nguyn nhn: nh sng truyn trong si quang khng n sc (gm nhiu bc sng)
c rng ph xc nh ( ). Tc lan truyn ca cc thnh phn ph l khc nhau (do
chit sut l hm ca bc sng) => cc thnh phn ph c thi gian truyn lch nhau
gy ra tn sc vt liu.

d 2 n1 dn1
d 1 dn1
DM

2

d c d
d d
+ H s tn sc vt liu:
d 2 n1

.
c d 2
[ps/(nm.km)]
+ dn xung: DM ..L
- Tn sc ng dn sng: ch xy ra trong si n mode
+ Nguyn nhn: nh sng truyn trong si khng n sc c rng ph xc nh. M
hng s lan truyn l hm ca nh sng nn vn tc nhm ca cc thnh phn ph l khc
nhau => cc thnh phn ph c thi gian truyn lch nhau gy ra tn sc ng dn sng.

d
V d
.
d
dV
+ H s tn sc ng dn sng:
n d 2 (Vb)
1 V .

c
dV 2
DW

+ dn xung: DW ..L vi V

2 a.NA

- Tn sc bc cao:
+ Nguyn nhn: do tn sc D # O trong di bc sng nm trong ph xung quanh

ZD

(bc sng ti tn sc = 0)

dD 2 c
4 c
2 3 3 2
+ c trng bi dc tn sc: S
d

2

d 2 d 3
1

Trong 1 ; 3 2
vg
d d 3
- Tn sc mode phn cc (PMD):
+ Nguyn nhn: Si n mode c 2 mode phn cc trc giao. Do si thc t khng hon
ho nn mi mode c ch s mode khc nhau => lch ch s mode. M xung quang
truyn ....................................... mang bi 1 trng thi phn cc (trc nhanh), phn kia
mang bi trng thi khc (trc chm) => tn sc mode phn cc.
+ So vi tn sc vt liu v tn sc ODS, tn sc mode phn cc nh hn v ch quan tm
n n khi truyn dn vi tc rt ln.
* nh hng ca tn sc: Tn sc gy ra s dn rng xung nh sng khi lan truyn =>
mo tn hiu, khng phn bit c cc xung vi nhau s gy li tn hiu. Tn sc lm gii
hn nng lc truyn dn ca h thng.
Cu 5.2: V s khi mch pht dng laser c n nh nhit v n nh cng
sut, trnh by hot ng ca mch?

- Khc vi LED, cc mch kch thch cho LD phi s dng mch vng iu khin n nh
cng sut quang do laser rt nhy vi s thay i nhit . Nhit cng tng, th cng
sut pht quang ca laser cng gim.
- Hot ng ca mch pht quang c phn tch da trn hot ng ca mch iu khin
v mch iu ch tn hiu:
+ Mch kch thch c chc nng bin i ngun in t b bin i d liu v dng dng
in cung cp dng phn cc cho laser. Dng phn cc cho laser c to ra cn phi rt n
nh vi dng in ngng c th truyn tn hiu d liu k b li. Do vy, dng phn
cc cn c iu khin bi tn hiu hi tip t cm ng nhit.
Trong mch kch thch, in p iu khin,

Vbias l in p u vo opamp. Dng in

chy qua in tr R ch ph thuc vo in p u vo m k ph thuc vo in tr ti.

Bng cch thay i

Vbias

, ngi ta c th iu khin c dng phn cc

I bias .

Khi nhit thay i, vic n nh cng sut quang u ra ca laser diode c thc hin
bi tn hiu hi tip t photodiode PD. PD ny thu nh sng t laser pht ra v to ra
dng quang in t l vi cng sut pht quang ca laser. Khi cng sut quang u ra
thay i, do s thay i ca nhit , dng quang in s thay i lm cho dng in
phn cc

I bias

cng thay i theo, b li nhng thay i trong cng sut quang ca laser.

+ Qu trnh iu ch c iu khin bi dng phn cc qua laser. Chc nng chnh ca

mch l cung cp dng phn cc cc i cho laser.
Trong mch iu ch, d liu pht c a vo cc gc transistor Q1 , cc B transistor

Q2

c c nh bi ngun phn cc VBB . Khi tn hiu u vo ln hn VBB , Q1 dn, Q2

tt,dng qua LD gim lm LD ngng pht sng. Khi tn hiu u vo nh hn VBB , Q1
tt, Q2 dn, dng qua LD tng lm LD pht sng.

Q3 ng vai tr cung cp ngun dng n nh cho mch vi sai Q1 v Q2 .

Q4 kt hp

vi mch hi tip dng khuch i thut ton (Op-Amp) n nh dng qua LD di tc

ng ca nhit cng nh cung cp tn hiu cho vic gim st nhit lm vic ca LD

phc v cng vic cnh bo v bo dng cho b pht quang.
2.2v s khi c bn ca b thu quang v cho bit chc nng cc khi?

-B tch sng quang: chuyn i tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in.

-B tin khuch i: khuch i tn hiu t u ra ca b tch sng quang, yu cu b
tin khuch i phi c nhiu thp
-Mch cn bng: b tin khuch i nhiu thp c bng thng ko p ng tn hiu
s tc cao trong thng tin quang, do cn b cn bng cn bng li bng thng
nh yu cu. Ngoi ra, cn c s dng lm gim bt s chng lp xung do tri rng
xung.
-B khuch i chnh thc: khuch i v gi n nh tn hiu in u vo.
-B lc: hn ch bt nhiu, loi b nhng thnh phn tn s ko mong mun.
-Mch quyt nh: ti sinh tn hiu s.
-Mch khi phc xung ng h: i vi tuyn thng tin quang tc cao, t c cht
lng ti u, xung ng h d liu c m ha vo trong tn hiu pht v c khi phc
b thu thng qua mch khi phc xung ng h.

2.3 Trnh by cu to v nguyn l truyn as trong si a mode chit sut bc (MM

SI) theo pp quang hnh?
- Cu to si a mode chit sut bc (MM SI)

SI : n1 khng i ; n2 khng i (n1 > n2)

MM : 2a 50m ; 2b125m
+y l loi si c nhiu mode truyn, trong c chit sut ng u li si
+Cu trc si hnh trc v c ch to bng vt liu trong sut
+V si c chit sut n2 < n1
+Lp ph m bn ngoi c tc dng bo v si
-Nguyn l truyn nh sng:
+Qu o cc tia lan truyn c dng zigzag, gm 2 loi tia: tia kinh tuyn (truyn dc
theo trc si) v tia nghing hoc tia xon (truyn theo tng on xot c dc theo si)
+Xt 1 tia sang i vo trong si quang v gp phn tip gip gia v v li si quang
di gc ti i

>Nu gc gi (gc ti hn (i< c) th theo nh lut Snell, tia sang s b khc x ra mi

trng v vi gc l ..
n1sin i = n2sin c
>Nu gc ti = gc ti hn (i=c) th tia sang s b khc x theo phng ss vi trc z trn
phn tip gip v - li
>Nu gc ti > gc ti hn (i> c) th tia sang s b phn x li mi trng li si vi gc
phn x bng gc ti
- Truyn a mode, tn sc ln, do chnh lch thi gian lan truyn gia cc mode
2.4 Trnh by cu to v nguyn l truyn as trong si a mode chit sut bin i
(MM GI) theo pp quang hnh?
- Cu to : Chit sut li thay i, chit sut v khng i
+Trong si MM GI, ch s chit sut li si k u nh trong si MM SI, m gim dn
t li ra ranh gii phn cch li v theo chiu tng dn ca bn knh r
+Mt ct chit sut
n(r) = n1-[1- (r/a)] r<a
n1 (1-) = n2

ra

trong : a bn knh li, n(r) chit sut li l, h s mt ct, n1 chit sut li ti r=0, r
khong cch bn knh tnh t trc si ti im tnh chit sut
-Nguyn l truyn:
+qu o ca tia lan truyn trong si cng c 2tia : tia kinh tuyn, tia nghing v truyn
theo g cong hnh sin do b i hng lien tc trong khi truyn
+Nguyn l truyn as cng tng t nh trong si MM Si. As c khc x lin tip qua
cc lp chit sut khin gc ti lin tc gim v s gim nh hn gc ti hn trc khi i
n phn tip gip v - li. ng nh sng s tr thnh ng cong parabol
-Truyn a mode, tn sc nh hn tn sc si MM SI