TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

TM TT L THUYT
CHNG 1- BN CHT VT L CA T
1.1. CC LOI TRM TCH V C IM CA N
1.1.1 Tn tch: Sau khi b phong ha, t nm nguyn ti ch, cc ht ca n u c gc
cnh v thnh phn ha hc khng thay i so vi gc.
1.1.2 Sn tch: Sn phm phong ha b nc ma, tuyt cun t trn ni cao xung lng
chng hoc chn dc ri lng ng .
1.1.3 Trm tch: Cc sn phm phong ha s c nc, gi cun i nn c c im ht
trn, cnh v thnh phn ha hc c s thay i ln so vi gc.
Tn tch

Sn tch
Trm tch

Hnh 1.1 M t cc dng trm tch ca t

1.2. CC PHA TO THNH T V TC DNG LN NHAU GIA CHNG
t l loi vt th ri, phn tn, khng lin tc nh cc vt liu khc. trng thi t nhin
t l mt h thng phc tp bao gm cc ht khong vt b c kch thc khc nhau hp thnh.
Cc ht ny to thnh khung kt cu c nhiu l rng, trong cha nc v kh. C th xem t
gm 3 th (3 pha) to thnh:
- Pha rn: Ht t
- Pha lng: Nc trong t
- Pha kh: Kh trong t

T ran g th ai t n h ien
K h

N c

K h

R an

R an

R an

B ao h o a
m o t p h an

B ao h o a
h o an to an

K h o h o an
to a n

N c

Hnh 1.2 M hnh t 3 pha

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

1.2.1 Pha rn: Chim phn ln th tch ca t v nh hng n tnh cht c l ca t,

gm cc ht khong vt (ht t) c kch thc t vi cm n vi phn 100 hay vi/1000 mm.
Tnh cht ca t ph thuc vo:
Thnh phn khong
Thnh phn ht
Thnh phn khong: gm cc ht nguyn sinh v th sinh:

Nguyn sinh: Mica; thch anh, fenfat

Th sinh: khong vt st, mica trng, thch cao

Thnh phn ht:

Kch thc: Tn ht t c phn theo tng nhm ty thuc vo kch thc ca n.

TN HT T
ln
Ht cui
Ht si
Ht ct
Ht bi
Ht st

KCH THC HT D (mm)

>100
100 10
10 2
2 0.1
0.1 0.005
<0.005

Thnh phn cp phi ca mt mu t c xc nh t ng cong cp phi ht

ng Cp Phi Ht l ng biu din t l % cc nhm ht khc nhau trong t, c 2

phng php xc nh.
- Phng php ry sng: Dng cho ht c D > 0,074 mm, cho cc ht lt qua cc sng vi
mt li c xc nh trc kch thc (th nghim ry sng). Tnh % trng lng nh hn
(khi lng t lt qua ry c ng knh D / khi lng tng cng ca mu t).
- Phng php lng ng: D < 0,074 mm, da vo nh lut Stockes cho vt th hnh cu
ri trong mt cht lng ph thuc vo ng knh D, t trng ht, t trng dung dch v nht
dung dch (th nghim lng ng).
% trng lng mn hn

C ry / s hiu
2

3
1

log D
Hnh 1.3 Cc dng ng cong cp phi ht
C 3 dng cp phi chnh:
_

Dng thoai thoi (1): cp phi tt

Dng dc ng (2): cp phi xu

Dng bc thang (3): cp phi trung bnh

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

Hnh dng ht t:

C nhiu dng: n, cu, hnh gc cnh, hnh phin, l, que, kim

Ht th: Phin, l

Ht mn: kim, que

1.2.2 Pha lng: L nc trong cc l rng ca t, bao gm:

a/ Nc trong ht khong vt: l loi nc trong mng tinh th ca t tn ti dng
phn t H2O hoc dng ion. Nc ny ch c th tch ri ht khong vt nhit cao hoc p
sut ln.
Loi nc ny khng nh hng nhiu n tnh n nh v bin dng ca t nn.
b/ Nc lin kt mt ngoi: gm 2 loi

Nc ht bm: l loi nc bm rt cht vo mt ngoi ht t. Loi nc ny

khng c kh nng ha tan trong mui, khng c kh nng dch chuyn t ht ny
sang ht khc, khng truyn p lc thy tnh.

Nc mng mng: gm nc lin kt mnh v nc lin kt yu

o Nc lin kt mnh: bm tng i cht vo cc ht khong vt, khng c

kh nng ha tan trong mui, khng truyn p lc thy tnh nhng c kh nng dch
chuyn t ht ny sang ht khc.
o Nc lin kt yu: l lp nc ngoi cng ca ht t c tnh cht ging
nh nc th lng thng thng.
c/ Nc t do: bao gm nc mao dn v nc trng lc

Nc mao dn: pht sinh do trong t c l rng, di lc cng mt ngoi m

chng tn ti trong cc l rng chng cht .

Nc trng lc: tn ti do qu trnh chnh lch ct p.

Nc ny c tnh cht nh nc th lng trng thi thng. Di tc dng ca ti trng

ngoi, nc ny s thot ra ngoi gy nn ln ng k ca nn cng trnh.
Cc cng ngh x l nn hin nay nh ging ct, bc thm kt hp vi gia ti trc vi
mc ch lm cho nc t do thot ra trc khi xy dng cng trnh nhm gim ln ca nn.

Nc t do
(trong lo rong)

Nc trong
hat khoang vat

Hat
khoang
vat

Nc lien ket yeu

Nc lien ket manh

Nc mang mong

Nc hut bam
Hnh 1.4 Cc dng nc trong ht khong vt

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

1.2.3 Pha kh: tn ti bn trong l rng, c th ha tan trong nc hoc khng, gm

Kh kn: khng thng vi kh quyn bn ngoi. N nh hng r rt n tnh bin

dng ca t nn, to nn tnh nn v tng tnh n hi ca t.

Kh h: thng vi kh quyn, khi chu ti trng kh ny s thot ra ngoi gy nn

ln ca t nn.

1.3. CC CH TIU TNH CHT V TRNG THI CA T

Vw Va
Vv

Ran

Vs

Vv = Va + Vw

Qw Qa

V = Va + Vw + Vs

Nc

Q = Qa + Qw + Qs

Khong kh

Qs

1.3.1 Cc ch tiu tnh cht ca t

1.3.1.1 Trng lng ring (dung trng): n v kN/m3, T/m3, G/cm3 . y l mt ch

tiu quan trng phn nh cht ca t, c s dng nhiu trong tnh ton..
Trng lng ring (dung trng) t nhin : l trng lng mt n v th tch
t trng thi t nhin (t t)

t tt:

Q
V
> 19 kN/m3

Trung bnh:

= 17 19 kN/m3

Yu:

< 17 kN/m3

Bn yu:

= 14 16 kN/m3

Cch xc nh :
i vi t dnh, ht mn: dng dao vng bit th tch V ly mu, cn trng lng
mu Q, t xc nh c .
i vi t dnh, c ht si sn: mu t, sau khi cn trng lng Q, c nhng vo
parafin nng chy bc kn ri nhng vo nc xc nh th tch V
Ngoi ra ta c th dng cc th nghim nn ct, ti nc hoc phng x xc nh khi
lng ring t nhin.
Trng lng ring (dung trng) kh : l trng lng mt n v th tch t
trng thi hon ton kh, ngha l trng lng ht rn trong mt n v th tch t.

d =

Qs
V

Cch xc nh d : c th xc nh trc tip nh dung trng t nhin vi Qs l khi lng

ht t sy kh hon ton (1050C, trong 24h) hoc gin tip qua cc cng thc tnh i.
Trng lng ring (dung trng) ht : l trng lng mt n v th tch t
trng thi hon ton cht kh, ngha l trng lng ht rn trong mt n v th tch ht.
GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

s =

Qs
Vs

Cch xc nh s : vi Qs l khi lng ht t sy kh hon ton (1050C, trong 24h)

v xc nh Vs theo nguyn tc: cho mu t sy kh vo mt bnh nc bit th tch, o
th tch nc do cc ht chim ch, sau loi b cc bt kh bng cch ht chn khng hoc
un nng
Trng lng ring (dung trng) no nc : l trng lng mt n v th tch
t trng thi no nc (bo ha, cc l rng ca t cha y nc).

sat =

Qs + Qw
V

vi Qw l khi lng ca nc khi nc lp y cc l rng

Trng lng ring (dung trng) y ni : l trng lng ring ca t nn di
mc nc ngm c xt n lc y Archimde.

'=

Q s Qw Q s V s w
=
V
V

Nu mu t hon ton bo ha th ' = sat w

Vi w l trng lng ring (dung trng) ca nc - thng ly w = 10 kN/m3
1.3.1.2 T trng: l t s gia trng lng ring ht v trng lng ring nc

Gs =

s
w

T trng Gs ph thuc vo tng loi t:

Ct

Gs = 2,65 2,67

Ct pha bi (silt)

Gs = 2,67 2,70

St

Gs = 2,70 2,80

t cha nhiu mica v st

Gs = 2,65 2,67

t hu c

Gs < 2,0

1.3.1.3 m ( cha nc): l t s gia trng lng nc trong l rng Qw v trng

lng ht Qs , n v tnh %

W=

Qw
x100
Qs

(%)

t cng yu th c m cng ln.

t tng i tt c W < 30%, t bn c W > 50%.
1.3.1.4 bo ha ( no nc): l phn lng nc cha trong l rng ca t, c
nh ngha l t s gia th tch nc Vw v th tch l rng Vv, n v tnh %

Sr =

Vw
x100
Vv

(%)

Sr 50% : t t m
50% < Sr 85% : t hi m
Sr > 85% : t bo ha.

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

1.3.1.5 rng: l t s gia th tch l rng Vv v th tch mu t V, n v tnh theo %

hoc s thp phn.

Vv
V

n=

1.3.1.6 H s rng: l t s gia th tch l rng Vv v th tch ht Vs, n v tnh theo %

hoc s thp phn.

e=

Vv
Vs

t cng yu th h s rng cng ln.

e < 1 t kh cht
e > 1 t ri, xp

Ran

Dng m hnh th t ch rn n v (Vs = 1), ta c:

V w Va
Vv = e
V = 1+e

Qw Q a

Khong kh

Qs

1.3.1.7 cha khng kh Av : l t s gia gia th tch khng kh trong l rng Va v

th tch ring ca t

V= 1+e ; Vw= Sr . e
Va = Vv Vw = e Sr e = e(1 Sr )

Vs = 1

Nc

Av =

Va e(1 S r )
=
= n(1 S r )
1+ e
V

Cc cng thc qui i: da vo s 3 pha v ngha vt l ca cc ch tiu, ta

chng minh c cc cng thc sau: (W, n tnh theo n v %)

e=

Gs w (1 + 0,01 W)

1)
2)

Sr =

e=

s
1
d

e=

n
100 n

0.01WGs
Gs .0.01W
(%) ; S r =
(%)
Gs w (1 + 0.01W )
e

3) s = Gs w

s =

4) d = s (1 0, 01 n)
(G 1) w
5) ' = s
1+ e
e
(%)
n=
1
+
e
6)
1.3.2

1 0,01n

d =

1 + 0,01 W

Cc ch tiu trng thi ca t

1.3.2.1 Cc ch tiu trng thi ca t dnh (st, st pha, ct pha)

Ty theo m m t ht mn c th nhng trng thi khc nhau. Ta c th biu din

cc trng thi ca t theo quan h W V

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

The
tch V

o am t nhien W

T.thai
ran

T.thai
na ran

Wco

T.thai
nhao

T.thai
deo

Wp

WL

o am
W%

Hnh 1.5 Trng thi ca t theo quan h W V

Gii hn co: Wc= WS
Gii hn do: Wd = Wp
Gii hn nho: Wnh = WL

Xc nh ch s do: Ip = A = WL - Wd
Xc nh st: IL = B =

W WP
IP

Cc phng php xc nh gii hn nho

Dng chm cu Casagrande:
_ Dung khoang 100 g at a c say kho, nghien nho cho qua ray No.40. Tron at vi
nc va u nhao tren knh phang (hoac trong chen s) va u at toi thieu trong khoang thi
gian la 2 gi.
Tret at vao
chom cau

Dung dao cat ranh

vach 1 ng

at khep lai sau

khi quay

2mm

_ Cho at vao khoang 2/3 a khum, tranh tao bot kh trong at, e mot khoang trong
phan tren cho tiep xuc vi moc treo chng 1/3 ng knh a, am bao o day cua lp at
khong nho hn 10 mm.
_ Dung dao cat ranh chia at ra lam 2 phan theo phng vuong goc vi truc quay.
_ Quay eu can quay vi van toc khoang 2 vong/sec, em so lan ri N cho en khi at
trong a khep lai mot oan dai 12,7mm (1/2 inch).
_ Lay khoang 10g 20g at vung xung quanh ranh khep e xac nh o am (can
mau at em say kho can mau at kho xac nh c o am).
_ Tang hoac giam o am cua mau at va thc hien lai th nghiem nh tren khoang 3
lan sao cho so lan ri cua lan th nghiem th nhat khoang 10 n20; lan hai khoang 20 n
30; lan ba khoang 30 n 40.

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

MN: C HC T

o am W %

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

(W2, N2)

(W1, N1)

WL

(W3, N3)

N = 25

log N

Hnh 1.6 Bieu o xac nh gii han nhao

Xac nh gii han deo WP :
_ Lay phan at d th nghiem xac nh gii han nhao, e kho cho gan en gii han
deo (cam nam khong dnh tay nhng van con tnh deo).
_ Dung 4 au ngon tay e lan at tren knh m cho en khi tren than cac day at co
D 3mm xuat hien cac vet nt ma khoang cach gia cac vet nt khoang10mm.
o Neu vi ng knh o, que at van cha nt th em ve no thanh hon va tiep
tuc lan en chng nao at c ket qua nh tren.
o Neu tren day at co D>3mm ma a xuat hien vet nt th ta them nc vao, se
lai.
Lay nhng day at at c ieu kien nh tren em xac nh o am. o am nay
chnh la gii han deo cua at.
Xc nh trng thi ca t da vo st:

TN T V TRNG THI
Ct pha

Rn

IL < 0

Do

0 IL 1

Nho

IL > 1

Rn

IL < 0

Na rn
St pha, st

0 < IL 0.25

Do cng

0.25 < IL 0.5

Do mm

0. 5 < IL 0.75

Do nho

0. 75 < IL 1

Nho

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

ST IL

IL > 1

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

Phn loi trng thi theo ASTM

Trng thi ca t dnh c phn thnh 3 trng thi chnh

IL < 0
0 IL 1
IL > 1

: Cng
: Do
: Chy

Phn loi trng thi theo kt qu ca th nghim SPT

Phn loi t dnh v t ri da vo s N ca SPT

t dnh

N
<2
24
58
9 15
16 30
> 30
> 50

t ri

Trng thi
Nho (rt mm)
Do nho (mm)
Do mm (rn va)
Do cng (rn)
Na cng (rt rn)
Cng
Rt cng

N
<4
4 10
11 30
31 50
> 50

Trng thi
Bi ri
Ri
Cht va
Cht
Rt cht

1.3.2.2 Cc ch tiu trng thi ca t ri (ct, t hn ln):

Ta xc nh trng thi t ri da vo h s rng: e =

s
1
d

LOI T

CHT

CHT VA

XP

Ct si, th, va

e < 0.55

0.55 e 0.70

e > 0.70

Ct nh

e < 0.60

0.60 e 0.75

e > 0.75

Ct bt

e < 0.60

0.60 e 0.80

e > 0.80

Ngoi h s rng, ta cn xc nh trng thi t ri bng cht tng i:

Dr =

emax _ e0
emax _ emin

Vi : e0 : h s rng ca t trng thi t nhin

emax : h s rng ca t trng thi ri rc nht
emin : h s rng ca t trng thi cht nht
Theo ASTM xc nh trng thi ca t da vo Dr

Dr =

d d . min d . max
d . max d . min d

Cch xc nh Dr:

emax : Sy kh mu t ri cho nh nhng vo bnh khc t xch nh c

V, sau cho vo bnh cha nc xc nh Vs , t xc nh c emax.

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

emin : Dng chn ng nn cht mu t n mt th tch khng i trong bnh

c khc , t xc nh V, cho nc vo th xc nh c Vs, xc nh c emin.
Phng php ny cn hn ch v do nh hng ca cch thc hin xc nh emax , emin cha thc
s chnh xc.
Dr
0 Dr < 0,33
0,33 Dr < 0,67
0,67 Dr 1,0

Trng thi ca t
Xp
Cht va
Cht

1.4. TNH M CHT CA T

1.4.1 nh ngha v m cht

m cht t l cho ti trng ng lp i lp li nhiu ln

lm cho nn t c c chc nht, sau c th xy dng cng
trnh ln trn.
Qu trnh m cht lm tng dung trng ca t l do th tch
l rng gim, tc l nc v kh s nhanh chng thot ra ngoi.
m cht thng c thc hin bng cch c hc nh n
ln, m nn hoc rung t.
1.4.2 Mc tiu ca vic m cht

Gim h s rng gim h s thm ca t.

Tng bn chng ct, do , tng sc chu ti ca t.
Lm gim ln ca cng trnh.
1.4.3 Th nghim m cht
Dng c:

_ Khuon am Proctor tieu chuan, co the tch V = 944cm3 , trong lng khuon va
ay khuon Q = 4250g (oi vi thiet b tai bo mon a c nen mong HBK)
_ Bua am co trong lng 2,5kg ; chieu cao ri 30,48 cm
Trnh t :
_ Dung khoang 3 5 kg at a say hoac phi kho, dung chay lam ti at va cho qua
ray No.4 (4,76mm).
_ Them nc vao at kho e tao o am ban au cho mau at, tron eu.
Neu khoi lng at b han che cho phep s dung lai at sau lan lam th nghiem au
tien e che b mau cho lan lam th nghiem tiep theo.
o am yeu cau cho lan th nghiem au tien oi vi cat la khoang 5%; oi vi at set
la khoang10%. Nhng lan tiep theo o am se tang len 2-3%.
_ Cho at vao khuon va tien hanh am lam 3 lp. Tuy theo moi loai at ma so bua
am tren moi lp nh sau:

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

10

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

Loai at

So bua am

at cat va a cat

25

at a set va at set co IP < 30

30 40

at set co IP > 30

40 50

Khi am lp th 3 co gang sao cho sau khi am th at nho cao hn mat khuon mot
lp khong ln hn 2 - 5mm. Bang: So bua am ng vi tng loai at
_ Thao co khuon va dung dao gat bang mat.
_ Can at t va khuon e xac nh khoi lng rieng at am. Dung mot t at trong
khuon sau khi can e xac nh o am (can mau at em say kho can mau at kho
xac nh c o am).
_ Lap lai th nghiem vi o am tang dan khoang 4 6 lan cho en khi khoi lng the
tch giam.
Tnh toan :

1./ Xac nh khoi lng the tch at am: w =

P
V

Vi P (g): khoi lng at am.

V (cm3): the tch at = the tch khuon am.
2./ Xac nh khoi lng the tch at kho: d =

1 + 0.01.W

3./ Qua cac iem nay ve bieu o quan he W d ( ng cong am chat).

Xac nh cac gia tr dung trong kho ln nhat dmax va o am tot nhat Wopt.
4./ ng bao hoa c thiet lap theo cong thc: d =

Trong o:

1 + 0,01.W .
w

(1 N )

- trong lng rieng hat, g/cm3.

w trong lng rieng cua nc.
W o am (%).
N Ty le phan lo rong (khong co cha nc) trong at.

5./ o rong cua at:

d max =

Gs
(1 Av )
1 + 0,01.WGs

1.4.4 Quan h gia dung trng kh v m

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

11

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

S=0.8 S=1

Trong lng
rieng kho
(g/cm)

d max

ng cong
am chat

ng bao hoa

Wopt

o am W %

Hnh 1.7 Biu th nghim m cht

- o am cua at : cong am se at c hieu qua cao nhat khi mau at at en mot o

am thch hp nhat oi vi loai at o o am o goi la o am tot nhat (Wopt).
o am tot nhat (Wopt) la lng ngam nc thch hp e at c khoi lng the tch
kho ln nhat ng vi mot cong am tieu chuan nao o.
Giai Thch Hien Tng Tren:

- Khi o am cua mau at con nho ma sat gia cac hat rat ln lam cho cac hat kho di
chuyen di tac dung cua cong am do o dung trong kho cua at cung cha ln.
- Khi o am cua mau at at en o am thch hp nhat (Wopt) th xung quanh cac hat
at xuat hien nc lien ket mat ngoai lam cho cac hat at de dang dch chuyen di tac dung
cua cong am t o cac hat sap xep chat lai d dung trong kho cua at at c dung trong
kho ln nhat.
- Khi o am cua mau at tang len na th dung trong kho cua at se giam xuong do
cong am ch truyen len phan ap lc nc lo rong trong at lam cho ng suat co hieu giam.
- Xc nh h s m cht k:

k=

d (site )
d .max (lab )

Vi: d,max : dung trng kh ln nht, xc nh bng phng php th nghim Proctor
trong phng th nghim.

d,(site) : dung trng kh tc nh ti hin trng, c xc nh bng phng php

dao vng, nn ct, ti nc
1.5. PHN LOI T
1.5.1- Phn loi t theo TCVN
t dnh

CH S DO IP
IP > 17
7 IP 17
IP < 7

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

TN T
St
St pha
Ct pha

12

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

t ri

Loi t
t hn ln

t ct

Tn t

Phn phi ht theo ln tnh bng % kl t kh

dm, cui
Si sn
Ct si
Ct th
Ct va
Ct nh
Ct bt

KL ht c d > 10 mm
2 mm
2 mm
0,5 mm
0,25 mm
0,1 mm
0,1 mm

> 50 %
> 50 %
> 25 %
> 50 %
> 50 %
> 75 %
< 75 %

t bn

Bn st

IL > 1

WL > W

e > 1.5

IP > 17

Bn st

IL > 1

WL > W

e > 1.1

7 IP 17

Bn ct

IL > 1

WL > W

e > 0.9

IP < 7

Lu : Theo TCVN, gii hn nho WL s c xc nh t th nghim chy xuyn

Vaxiliev, vn cho gi tr sai lch i cht vi phng php th nghim dng chm cu
Casagrand. Nu dng dng c Casagrande xc nh gii hn nho, mun phn loi t
theo TCVN, ta c th chuyn i :

wVaxi
= a wLCasa b
L
wLvaxi , wLCasa l cc gii hn chy theo Vaxiliev v Casagrande; vi a = 0,73 v
b=6,47% ng vi t c gii hn chy t 20% 100%
1.5.2- Phn loi theo ASTM
t ht th: khi c 50% ht trn ry #200 (0,074 mm)
t ht mn: khi c 50% ht di ry #200
Si, sn (G) : 50% l ht th (trn ry #200; 0,074 mm) v >50% trn ry #4 (4,76 mm).
W (well) khi Cu 4 v 1 Cg 3

=> GW

P (poor) ngc li

=> GP

Ct (S) : 50% l ht th (trn ry #200) v > 50% trn ry #4

W (well) khi Cu 6 v 1 Cg 3

=> SW

P (poor) ngc li

=> SP

khi C hay M cha trn 12% l t ht mn v cn c vo ng A GC hay GM

khi C hay M cha khong 5 % - 12% dng k hiu kp: GW-GC, GP-GC
St (C) : > 50% l ht mn (lt qua ry #200) v trn ng A (gin Casagrande)
Bi (silt) (M) : > 50 % l ht mn (lt qua ry #200) v di ng A
H (high) khi wL 50%

=> CH hay MH

L (low) khi wL < 50%

=> CL hay ML

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

13

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

Loi t
ln (Boulfer)
Cui (Cobble)
Si (Gravel)
Ct (Sand)

K hiu
B
Co
G
S

Bi (Silt)

St (Clay)

Hu c (Organic)
Bn, than bn (Peat)

O
Pt

Phn loi
Cp phi tt (Well-graded)
Cp phi xu (Poor-graded)
Pha bi
Pha st
Tnh do thp (Low
Plasticity)
do cao (High
Plasticity)

K hiu
W
P
M
C
L
H

Phn lai t dnh

Ch s do IP
60
t st rt do
CH

50

IP = 0,73(WL-20)

40
30

t st t do
CL

t hu c rt do
MH

20
10
0

CL-ML

10

20

t hu c rt do
OH

t bi ML
v t hu
c rt do

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Gii hn chy wL
Hnh 1.8 Gin Casagrande xc nh tn v trng thi ca t dnh
Cc cng thc qui i

Da vo nh ngha v s 3 pha chng ta c cc cng thc qui i sau:

e=
1.
2.

Gs w (1 + 0,01 W)

e=

s
1
d

n=

e
(%)
1+ e

3.

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

14

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

n
100 n

4.

e=

5.

s = Gs w

6.

Sr =

Gs 0,01W
(%)
Gs w (1 + 0,01W )

7.

Sr =

0,01W Gs
(%)
e

s =

8.

1 0,01n

d = s (1 0,01n)

9.

d =

10.

1 + 0,01 W

' = sat w (i vi t bo ha ton)

11.

'=

12.

(Gs 1) w
1+ e

* Chng minh cc cng thc qui i:

e=

Gs w (1 + 0,01 W)

1.

2.

e=

(Q + Qs ) Gs w
Vv V Vs
Q s
G (1 + 0,01W )
Q/
=
=
1 =
1 = w
1 = s w
1
Vs
Vs
Qs / s
Qs
Qs

e=

s
1
d

Vv V Vs V
V
=
=
1 =
1 =
1 = s 1
Vs
Vs
Vs
Qs / s
Qs / V
d
e
(%)
n=
1+ e
V
1
1
e
n= v =
=
=
V
+
V
1
V
s
v
+1 1+ e
e
Vv

e=
3.

4.

d =

1 + 0,01 W

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

15

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

d =

MN: C HC T

Qs
Q
Q

= s = s =
=
V
Q /
Q
(Qs + Qn ) / Qs 1 + 0,01W

(Gs 1) w
1+ e
Gs w Vs s Vs w Vs ( s w ) Vs (Gs w w ) Vs
(Gs 1) w
(G 1) w
'=
=
=
=
=
= s
V
V
V
Vs + Vv
Vs / Vs +V v/ Vs
1+ e

5.

'=

6.

Sr =

7.

0,01W Gs
(%)
e

Qw s
V V /V Q /
Q 0,01W Gs
Sr = w = w s = w w = w s =
Vv Vv / Vs Qs / s
e
e
e
Gs 0,01W
Sr =
(%)
Gs w (1 + 0,01W )
Theo 1 & 6 ta c:
0,01W Gs
0,01W Gs
0,01W Gs
Sr =
=
=
G
(
1
+
0
,
01
W
)

e
Gs w (1 + 0,01W )
s w

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

16

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

TOM TAT CHNG 1

1. THANH PHAN VAT CHAT TAO THANH AT
at trc het do cac hat at tao nen, cac hat at t sap xep tao thanh khung cot at co
nhieu lo rong, trong lo rong thng cha nc va kh. Nh vay, at gom ba thanh phan vat
chat hp thanh: the ran (gom cac hat at) la chu the, the long (nc) va the kh (khong kh).
1.1- The ran

The ran

- Thanh phan
khoang vat
cua at

- Khoang vat
nguyen sinh
- Khoang vat
th sinh

- Khong hoa tan trong nc

- Hoa tan trong nc

- Thanh phan hat cua at (cap phoi hat)

- Hnh dang hat at
1.2- The long cua at
- Nc trong hat khoang vat
Nc trong at

-Nc ket hp mat ngoai hat at

- Nc t do

1.3- The kh cua at

Thanh phan kh

- Nc mao dan
- Nc trong lc

- Nc hut bam
- Nc ket hp manh
- Nc ket hp yeu

- Kh thong vi kh tri
- Kh t do
- Kh khong thong vi kh tri
(kh kn)
- Kh hoa tan trong nc

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

17

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

3. Trong lng rieng hat: s =

4. Ty trong hat:

Gs =

Qs
Vs
Qs
wVs

5. Trong lng rieng bao hoa: sat =

hoc Gs =

s
w

Qs + Qw Qs + Qw
=
Vv + Vs
V
Qs wVs
V

6. Trong lng rieng ay noi: =

7. o am cua at:

W=

Qw
.100%
Qs

8. o bao hoa cua at:

Sr =

Vw
Va

9. o rong cua at:

n=

Vv
.100%
V

10.He so rong cua at:

e=

Vv
Vs

11.o chat tng oi cua cat:

D=

12.Ch so deo cua at dnh:

Ip = A = WL Wp

13.o set cua at dnh:

IL = B =

emax e0
emax emin

W Wp
WL W p

Gii hn co

: Wc = Ws

Gii hn do

: Wd = W p

Gii hn nho

: Wnh = WL

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

V w Va
Vv = e
V = 1+e

Ran

Nc

Q
2. Trong lng rieng kho: d = s
V

Khong kh

Vs = 1

Qs + Qw
V

Qw Q a

1. Trong lng rieng t: =

Qs

2. CH TIEU TNH CHAT VAT LY CUA AT

W Wp
A

18

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

Cac cong thc tnh oi cac ch tieu thng dung

STT

Ch tieu can xac nh

He so rong

Cong thc
G (1 + 0,01 W)
1
e= s w

e=

s
1
d

n
1 n
e
n=
1+ e
e=

o rong

Gs . .0,01W
Gs . w .(1 + 0,01W )
0,01.W .Gs . d
Sr =
Gs . w d
0,01W .Gs
Sr =
e
Sr =

o bao hoa

Trong lng rieng hat

s =

1 0,01n

s = Gs .w
5

Trong lng rieng kho

Trong lng rieng ay noi

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

d = s.(1 - 0,01n)
d =

w
1 + 0,01W

(Gs 1) w
1+ e

= sat w

'=

19

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

BI TP CHNG 1
Bi 1.1- Xc nh trng lng ring t ca mt lp t ct nm di mc nc ngm, bit t
trng ht ca ct l Gs=2,65; rng n=35%.
G (1 + 0.01W )
Sr e
n
; e=
Hng dn: = s w
;W=
1+ e
0,01Gs
100 n
Bi 1.2- Mt mu t c cc ch tiu tnh cht vt l sau: t trng ht ca ct l Gs=2,74; trng
lng t 18,6kN/m3 , m t nhin 8%, gii hn do 10%, gii hn nho 18%. Xc nh h
s rng, rng, no nc( bo ha), tn t v trnh thi t nu trn.
G (1 + 0.01W )
e
W WL
; Ip= WL WP ; IL =
Hng dn: e = s w
1; n =

1+ e
IP
Bi 1.3- Mt lp t st pha c mt na trn mc nc ngm, mt na nm di mc nc
ngm. C cc ch tiu tnh cht vt l ca t ct nm trn mc nc ngm nh sau: Trng lng
ring t 18kN/m3, t trng ht Gs=2,65; m t nhin 30%. Hy xc nh h s rng, m,
trng lng ring y ni, trng lng ring no nc ca phn t di mc ngm.
(G 1) w
G (1 + 0.01W )
Sr e
; '= s
Hng dn: e = s w
1; W =
,; sat = + w

0,01Gs
1+ e
Bi 1.4- Xc nh trng lng ring no nc ca mt lp t ct nm di mc nc ngm, bit
t trng ht ca ct l Gs=2,65; h s rng e=0,6.
(G 1) w
Hng dn: ' = s
, sat = + w
1+ e
Bi 1.5- Mt mu t c m t nhin 35%, gii hn do 20%, gii hn nho 55%. Xc nh
tn t v trnh thi t nu trn.
W WL
Hng dn: Ip= WL WP ; IL =
IP
Bi 1.6- Mt lp t st di mc nc ngm. C t trng ht Gs=2,74; h s rng e=0,8. Hy
xc nh trng lng ring t, trng lng ring y ni ca mu t.
(G 1) w
G . (1 + 0.01W )
Sr e
; = s w
Hng dn: W =
; '= s
0,01Gs
1+ e
1+ e
Bi 1.7 - Mt mu t c rng 45%, t trng ht Gs=2,68; bo ha 0.85. Hy xc nh
trng lng ring kh, trng lng ring no nc ca mu t.
w
n
Sr e
G . (1 + 0.01W )
;W=
; = s w
Hng dn: e =
; d =
100 n
0,01Gs
1+ e
1+ 0,01W
(G 1) w
'= s
; sat = + w
1+ e
Bi 1.8 - Mt mu t c m 25%, t trng ht Gs=2,7; h s rng 0,87. Hy xc nh trng
lng ring t v bo ha ca mu t. Trng lng ring t v h s rng mi, nu mu
t b nn khng that nc cho n khi n va bo ha.
G . (1 + 0.01W )
0,001.W .Gr
Hng dn: = s w
; Sr =
;
1+ e
e

(Gs 1) w
; sat = + w
1+ e
Khi nn khng that nc mu t cho n lc bo ha(Sr=1) c ngha l m
G . (1 + 0.01W )
G (1 + 0.01W )
khng thay i. H s rng: e2 = s w
1; 2 = s w

1 + e2

'=

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

20

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

Bi tp 1.9- Cho mt mu t st, trng thi do cng, bo ha hon ton, c chiu cao 4 cm v
ng knh d = 6.4cm, cn nng 235g. Khi lng ht sau khi sy kh l 175g. T trng ht Gs =
2.68. Ly trng lng ring ca nc l w = 10kN/m3. Xc nh cc c trng sau ca mu t
trn:

a. Trng lng ring t nhin (kN/m3)

b. m W%
c. H s rng e
d. Trng lng ring kh d (kN/m3)
Hng dn:
a. Trng lng ring t nhin (kN/m3)
d2
3.14 x6.42
_ Th tch ca mu t: V =
h=
x 4 = 128.6144(cm3 )
4
4
Q
235
= 1.827( g / cm3 )
_ Khi lng ring ca mu t: = =
V 128.6144
_ Trng lng ring t nhin ca mu t: = .g = 1.827 x10 = 18.27(kN / m3 )
b. m W%
Q
235 175
_ m ca mu t: W = w =
x100% = 34.28%
Qd
175
c. H s rng e t bo ha hon ton Sr = 100% = 1
G .W 2.68*34.28
= 0.92
_ H s rng: e = s =
Sr
100
d. Trng lng ring kh d (kN/m3)

18.27
_ Trng lng ring kh ca mu t: d =
=
= 13.606(kN / m3 )
1 + W 1 + 0.3428
Bi tp 1.10-Mt mu t trng thi t nhin c ng knh 6.3cm v chiu cao 10.2cm, cn
nng 590g. Ly 14.64g t trn em sy kh hon ton, em cn li c 12.29g. Gii hn nho
WL = 25.0%, gii hn do Wp = 15.0%. T trng ht Gs = 2.67. Ly trng lng ring ca nc
l w = 10kN/m3. Xc nh cc c trung sau ca mu t trn:

a. H s rng e trng thi t nhin ca mu t.

b. bo ha Sr
c. rng n (%)
d. Trng lng ring y ni (kN/m3)
e. Xc nh tn v trng thi ca t theo TCVN, ASTM
f. Cn thm vo mu t mt lng nc bao nhiu (ml) mu t bo ha hon ton?
g. Xc nh trng lng ring bo ha khi Sr = 1?
Hng dn:
a.

H s rng e trng thi t nhin ca mu t

V
_ H s rng: e = v
Vs

_ Th tch ca mu t: V =

d2

4
_ Th tch phn rng: Vv = V - Vs

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

h=

3.14 x6.32
x10.2 = 317.8(cm3 )
4

21

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

MN: C HC T

_ Trng lng ring t nhin ca mu t: = .g =

_ m ca mu t: W =

590
x10 = 18.56(kN / m3 )
317.8

Qw 14.64 12.29
=
x100% = 19.12%
Qd
12.29

_ Trng lng ring ht: s = Gs . w = 2.67 x10 = 26.7(kN / m3 )

590 x12.29
= 495.3( g )
_ Khi lng ring kh (ng vi ton mu): Qs =
14.64
Q
495.3( g )
_ Th tch ht: Vs = s =
= 185.5(cm3 )
s 2.67( g / cm3 )
Vv = V Vs = 317.8 185.5 = 132.3(cm3 )
V 132.3
e= v =
= 0.71
Vs 185.5
b. bo ha Sr
_ Khi lng nc (ng vi ton mu): Qw = 590 495.3 = 94.7( g ) Vw = 94.7(cm3 )
V
94.7
x100% = 71.58%
_ bo ha: S r = w =
Vv 132.3
c. rng n
e
0.71
=
x100% = 41.52%
_ rng n: n =
1 + e 1 + 0.71
d. Trng lng ring y ni
G 1
2.67 1
_ Trng lng ring y ni: ' = s
w =
x10 = 9.76kN / m3
1+ e
1 + 0.71
e. Xc nh tn v trng thi ca t theo TCVN, ASTM
I p = WL WP = 25 15 = 10%

W WP 19.12 15
IL =
=
= 0.412
Ip
10

Theo TCVN: 7Ip 17 ;0.25<IL <0.5 t st pha, trng thi do cng.

Theo ASTM: WL=15% ; IL=0.412 CL (t st pha, trng thi cng)

Bi tp 1.11- Cho mt mu t c ng knh 7cm, cao 5cm. khi em cn c trng lng 365g.
Sau khi sy kh, mu t cn nng 300g. em mu t lm th nghim nho do ta c gii
hn nho l 27% v gii hn do l 13%. Th nghim t trng ht ta c 2.66. Hy xc nh:

a. Trng lng ring (dung trng) t nhin ca mu t.

b. m
c. Trng lng ring (dung trng) kh ca mu t.
d. H s rng e
e. rng n (%)
f. bo ha Sr
g. Tn t
h. Trng thi ca t theo TCVN, ASTM
Bi tp 1.12- Cho khi lng th tch t nhin mt mu t l =1860kg/m3, khi lng th tch
ht l s=2650kg/m3, v m W = 15%. Hy tnh:

a.

H s rng e

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

22

TI LIU N THI CAO HC

b.

rng n (%)

c.

bo ha Sr

MN: C HC T

Bi tp1.13-Cho mt mu t st cng, bo ha hon ton (Sr = 100%) c chiu cao l 14 cm,

ng knh 8 cm, cn nng 1200 g, t trng ht Gs = 2.65. Cho w = 10 kN/m3. Tnh cc i
lng:
a. Trng lng ring ca mu t (kN/m3)
b. m W (%)
c. H s rng e
d. Trng lng ring kh d (kN/m3)
Bi tp1.14-Cho mt mu t t nhin c ng knh 6 cm, chiu cao 10 cm, cn nng 500 g.
Ly 20 g t trn sy kh hon ton th c 15.2 g. Th nghim gii hn do, nho ta c
WL = 40%, WP = 25%. T trng ht Gs = 2,65. Cho w = 10 kN/m3. Xc nh:
a. H s rng e ca mu t t nhin
b. bo ha Sr
c. Xc nh tn t
d. Xc nh trng thi ca t.
Bi tp1.15-Th nghim mt mu t ct trn mc nc ngm c w = 15%, = 19 kN/m3, Gs=
2.65. em th nghim mu t kh ta c min = 0,5 v max = 0,9. Tnh bo ha Sr v
cht tng i D.
Bi tp1.16-Cho khi lng th tch t nhin mt mu t l = 1860 kg/m3, khi lng th
tch ht s = 2650 kg/m3 v m w = 15%. Hy tnh:
a/ Khi lng th tch t kh d
b/ H s rng e
c/ rng n
d/ bo ha Sr
Bi tp1.17-Mt mu t st cng trng thi t nhin cn nng 129 g v c th tch l 56,4 cm3.
Sau khi sy kh mu cn nng 118 g. Khi lng th tch ht s = 2700 kg/m3. Hy xc nh:
a/ cha nc ca mu t
b/ H s rng
c/ rng
d/ no nc ca mu t

GV: ThS.NCS. L HONG VIT

23