Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Answers to
Cambridge Checkpoint Science
Workbook 2
You may award one mark for each answer or part of an answer.
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100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
10
20
30
40
Distance from lamp/cm
50
60
Biomass
7 a) Wet biomass is the mass of a living thing when it is alive. Dry biomass is the mass of a living thing
after it has been killed and dried out.
b) A 2000kg, B 3000kg, C 6000kg, D 4500kg.
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c)
6500
6000
Biomass of species/kg
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
A
B
Time periods
Minerals
8 Minerals are needed by plants for growth and development.
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2 A healthy diet
2 A healthy diet
Nutrients
1 Carbohydrate.
2 Starch.
3 Protein.
4 C, B, D, A (Note the last two could also be A, D)
5 a) Iodine solution.
b) Black or blueblack.
c) Bread, banana, rice and spaghetti.
6 a)
Food
carrot
peanut
lentil
butter
cheese
lamb
orange
b) Make sure all Bunsen burners and spirit burners are turned off.
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3 Digestion
9 a)
75
Group 2
70
Weight/g
65
60
55
Group 1
50
45
10
Days
15
20
b) The average weight rises up to 51g on day 9 then falls again after day 12.
c) The average weight rises steadily to 71g by day 15.
d) It made them increase in weight.
e) It showed that the four nutrients did not provide all that was needed for growth.
f) Mammals produce milk for the healthy growth of their young.
g) (i) They increased in weight.
(ii) Their rate of growth slowed down. (in fact they eventually began to lose weight.)
A healthy diet
11 At the top should be chocolate, cheese, nuts and olive oil; at the bottom should be pasta, bread, potatoes
and rice.
3 Digestion
The breakdown of food
1 a)
C
P
C
P
P
M
M
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3 Digestion
b) Incisors.
c) Premolars and molars.
d) Canines.
e) It breaks it up into smaller pieces.
2 Large food molecules do not dissolve in water and cannot pass through the lining of the digestive system
into the body. Small food molecules do dissolve and can pass through the wall of the digestive system
into the body.
3 a) Proteins.
b) Because they speed up reactions but are not changed or used up in them.
Enzymes
8 a)
Temperature/C
10
20
30
40
11
9
5
3
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e)
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
10
20
30
Temperature of mixture/C
40
50
f) The enzyme worked best at 40C. A high temperature slowed down the working of the enzyme.
The heart
2 a) A right atrium, B left atrium, C right ventricle, D left ventricle.
b) 1 vena cava, 2 pulmonary artery, 3 aorta, 4 pulmonary vein.
c) (i) A valve.
X
(ii)
Y
Z
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blood vessels
3 a) A artery, B vein.
b) A artery.
c) It has thick elastic walls.
d) B the vein.
e) B the vein.
f) A the artery.
4 a)
140
130
Pulse rate/bpm
120
110
100
90
80
70
30
60
90
120
150
Time/seconds
180
210
240
b) 70bpm.
c) 76bpm.
d) From 60 seconds until 120 seconds.
e) 120 seconds.
f) Adya, Su Lin, Carlos, Clare.
5 a) Capillaries.
b) One cell thick.
c) Spread throughout the organs.
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A healthy heart
10 a) Fatty foods.
b) It can make a fatty layer in them.
c) Calcium.
d) It causes the pressure to rise.
e) The heart must work harder.
f) A blocked artery.
g) (i) Coronary artery.
(ii)
A heart attack.
h) A stroke.
11 a) It is much larger.
b) It has to push the blood round a much bigger body.
c) It causes a heart attack.
d) By eating a balanced diet and cutting down on fatty foods.
12 (in any order) 1 it makes many organ systems become more efficient, 2 it prevents large amounts of
fat building up in the body.
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Breathing movement
Inspiration
Expiration
5 a) A
b) 400ml.
c) Tidal volume.
d) It decreases by 1200ml.
e) It increases by 2800ml.
f) B
g) C
Gaseous exchange
6 At the end of the bronchioles.
7 a) and b)
path
of oxygen
path
of carbon
dioxide
c) Diffusion.
d) The oxygen combines with haemoglobin to make oxyhaemoglobin.
8 a) To test for carbon dioxide in inhaled and exhaled breath.
b) Limewater.
c) Make sure the limewater in both tubes is clear; gently breathe in and out of the central tube for
30seconds; note the appearance of the limewater in both tubes.
d) (i) tube A will remain clear and tube B will become cloudy.
(ii) The air drawn into tube A does not have enough carbon dioxide in it to turn the limewater
cloudy; the air from Pauls breath has enough carbon dioxide in it to turn the limewater in tube B
cloudy.
10
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6 Reproduction in humans
Respiration
9 glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water.
10 a) When the body cannot get enough oxygen for aerobic respiration to take place.
b) Sprinting.
c) It breathes in large quantities of air quickly to supply the oxygen that is needed to break down the
substances made during anaerobic respiration.
6 Reproduction in humans
How the changes begin
1 Puberty is the period of time when a childs body develops into an adults body.
testes
scrotum
penis
sperm duct
vagina
ovary
uterus
oviduct
Fertilisation
4 Oviduct.
5 B, E, A, F, C, D
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6 Reproduction in humans
9 Embryo.
10 Foetus.
11 a)
Mammal
mouse
cat
goat
cow
horse
b)
3
9
22
40
48
50
40
Time/weeks
30
20
10
Mouse
Cat
Goat
Cow
Horse
Mammals
Birth
12 D, A, E, F, B, C
12
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20
Developed country
Mass/kg
15
Developing country
10
Age/years
b) The children from developed country have 1kg more mass than those from developing countries.
c) They both increase in mass.
d) The children from the developed country put on greater mass from age 4 to 5 than the children from
the developing country.
e) 16kg.
2
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
B
C
E
A
D
F
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Drugs
5 If more than one line is drawn from any drug, award no mark for that drug.
Non-medical drug reduces ability to fight disease.
Alcohol causes nerve damage.
Tobacco slows down growth.
6 a) Because they are cheaper.
b) Body mass is reduced, Appearance they become thinner.
c) Causes memory loss.
d) Liver, kidneys, bone marrow.
e) Vomit blocking the windpipe.
7 a) B, E, D, C, A
b) Any of the following: A danger of suffocating on vomit; B leads to having more alcohol to keep
state of relaxation but leads to other changes; C falling over can cause injuries; D behaviour can
lead to fights or dangerous activities, for example balancing on a bridge; E slow responses may lead
to accidents.
8 a)
Effect
Drug
amphetamines
cannabis
ecstasy
cocaine
heroin
b) (i) Heroin.
(ii) Users sharing needles.
c) Seeing and hearing something that is not there.
d) LSD.
9 (i) An addict.
(ii) Withdrawal symptoms.
Disease
10 STD sexually transmitted disease, STI sexually transmitted infection, AIDS acquired immune
deficiency syndrome, TB tuberculosis, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, PID pelvic inflammatory
disease.
11 Chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis.
12 Malaria.
13 a) German measles.
b) Coughs and sneezes.
c) It can cause blindness and deafness.
d) The heart.
14 Egypt, India, China, Greece, Rome, Islam.
14
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Time/minutes
40
30
20
10
0
10
15
20
Temperature/C
25
30
35
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7 a) The particles move faster and the fastest leave the surface as a gas or form a gas bubble, which rises to
the surface and bursts, releasing the gas particles into the air.
b) The water boils faster.
c) Steam.
d) (i) Water droplets.
(ii) Because the steam is cooled down by the cold water in the jacket and condenses to form water.
(iii) They slow down, come together and slide over each other.
Gas pressure
8 a) (i) It is smaller.
(ii) The temperature is lower so the particles travel more slowly and push with less force on the wall
of the balloon.
b) (i) It is larger.
(ii) The temperature is higher so the particles travel more quickly and push with greater force on the
wall of the balloon.
Diffusion
9 a) Use the same amount of water and ink in all parts of the test.
b) Use a thermometer.
c) (i) B
(ii)
The particles at a higher temperature have more energy and spread out faster than the particles at
a lower temperature.
d) The liquid is completely shaded in.
16
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Colour
mercury
bromine
silver
redbrown
6 Any five from: oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, helium, chlorine, fluorine, argon, krypton, neon, xenon, radon.
7 Calcium orange.
Copper green.
Magnesium white.
Sodium golden yellow.
Chemical symbols
8 Collect gold, copper, mercury, tartar, vinegar, soap.
Mix in a crucible for an hour.
Heat in a bath for a day.
Leave for a month.
Then put in a bottle.
9 a) Jons Jakob Berzelius in 1813.
b) Each element is identified by the first letter of its name. If two or more elements begin with the same
letter another letter in the name is also used.
Symbol
Name
Symbol
1 hydrogen
2 helium
3 lithium
4 beryllium
5 boron
6 carbon
7 nitrogen
8 oxygen
9 fluorine
10 neon
H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
11 sodium
12 magnesium
13 aluminium
14 silicon
15 phosphorus
16 sulfur
17 chlorine
18 argon
19 potassium
20 calcium
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
VIII
He
I
II
III
IV
VI
VII
Li
Be
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
Ca
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Iron
Sulfur
Colour
Test with a magnet
Mixing with water
grey
magnetic
sinks
yellow
not magnetic
tends to float
b) The iron springs to the magnet but the sulfur does not.
c) The iron sinks and the sulfur tends to float.
d) Bunsen burner provides heat; crucible holds the mixture; pipe clay triangle holds the crucible; tripod
supports the pipe clay triangle.
e) Black, non-magnetic solid that sinks in water.
f) Iron sulfide.
Mixtures
5 Tiny particles of insoluble solid mixed with a liquid suspension.
Liquid droplets in a gas aerosol.
Tiny water droplets mixed with air mist.
Gas bubbles trapped in a liquid foam.
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6 a) White spirit.
b) Water.
c) Propanone.
d) Ethanol.
7 a) Solute.
b) Solvent.
c) Solution.
Separating mixtures
8 a) Decant it.
b) The liquid is carefully poured out of the beaker without disturbing the sediment.
9 a) Filtration.
b) A filter funnel, B filter paper, C support, D beaker.
c) The filter paper has holes in it, which let the water through but are too small to let the solid particles
through.
d) Buchner funnel, conical flask with side arm and rubber tube, suction pump.
10 a) A suspension.
b) Make sure they all have the same amount of liquid in them.
c) (i) They are spun round very fast.
(ii) They are forced to the bottom of the test tubes.
d) Decanting.
11 a) Chromatography.
b) The top one.
c) (in any order) 1 It is more soluble than the other pigment. 2 It sticks to the paper less than the
other pigment.
12 a) Simple distillation.
b) Boiling.
c) Condensation.
d) By putting a cold water jacket around it as in the Liebig condenser.
e) Antibumping granules and salt crystals.
13 a) They do not dissolve in each other.
b) It forms two layers with the oil being the top layer.
c) She pours in the liquids, lets them settle, opens the tap and draws off the vinegar into a beaker and
then closes the tap. She then opens the tap again and lets the oil flow into a second beaker.
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2 a) Combustion.
b) Fuel + oxygen carbon dioxide + water.
c) Energy.
3 It produces a flame.
4 G, B, F, D, A, C, E
b)
Day
Number of spots
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
3
6
10
6
3
10
9
8
Number of spots
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
4
Days
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13 Speed
c) As the number of spots increases and then decreases, rusting develops early in the experiment and
then slows down.
d) (i) It is not a good method.
(ii) Some of the larger spots join together, which reduces the spot count while the amount of rusting
increases.
e) Measure the area of the spots either using a ruler to measure distance across or use tissue paper/
transparent plastic with squares on it and measure the number of squares converted to rust each day.
10 a) It makes their mass increase.
b) Flakes of rust fall off.
c) Zinc is more reactive with oxygen than iron and forms an oxide layer over the bucket, which keeps
oxygen away from the iron and so it does not flake off.
11 Silver tarnish.
Bronze patina.
Copper verdigris.
13 Speed
1 A measure of the distance covered by a moving object in a certain time.
2 To move faster.
3 Accelerate, run steadily, accelerate.
Speed records
4 Distance per minute is 100 6 = 600m,
distance per hour is 600 60 = 36000m = 36km/hr.
5 a) 80000 metres divided by 60 = 1333 metres.
b) 15 seconds is of a minute. 1333 divided by 4 = 333 metres.
c) (i) 1067 divided by 4 = 266.75 metres.
(ii) No.
(iii) It is 300 266.75 = 33.25 metres away.
d) The lion will catch the zebra.
Measuring speed
6 B, E, A, C, F, D
7 a) Radio waves.
b) The radio waves are reflected off the vehicle back to the radar gun.
c) It compares the time difference between sending the beam and receiving it back.
8 a) They have all got different reaction times. They have all got different views of the start and finish line.
b) By using light gates.
9 a) Friction.
b) Air resistance.
c) (i) 60 60 = 3600 metres/hr = 3.6km/hr.
(ii) 90 60 = 5400 metres/hr = 5.4km/hr.
(iii) 120 60 = 7200 metres/hr = 7.2km/hr.
22
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14 Sound
Distance/time graphs
10 a)
10
9
8
7
Distance/cm
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time/seconds
70
80
90
100
14 Sound
1 The sound goes lower as the vibrating length increases. The sound goes higher as the vibrating length
decreases.
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14 Sound
4 Particles.
5 a) Particles.
b) The air pressure rises.
c) The particles move apart and the air pressure falls.
d) Regions of low and high pressure.
e) A sound wave.
6 a) Solid.
b) Liquid.
c) Gas.
7 B, F, C, E, A, D
Describing a wave
8 a) A wavelength, B amplitude.
b) 1 the distance from one crest top to the next, 2 the distance from the bottom of one trough to the
next.
Oscilloscopes
10 a) It allows you to see waves produced by sounds.
b) Cathode ray oscilloscope.
c) (i) A spot.
(ii) A picture of the sound wave.
d) It can store the displays made on the screen and build up a data bank of sound waves for further study.
24
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15 Light
15 Light
1 a) Examples could include Sun, stars, fire, lamp, TV screen, computer screen, phone screen.
b) Anything from things like clothes, furniture and furnishings to desk items and food and drink.
Light rays
2 Some of the light is reflected from dust in the atmosphere.
3 Long, straight lines of light with straight edges.
Shadows
5 a) When light shines on an opaque object.
b) On the side away from the light source.
c) Dark region without light.
d) The position of the light source and where the shadow falls.
6 a) A sharp-edged shadow equally dark in all areas.
b) The shadow centre is dark but the edges are lighter.
c) It gets larger.
Reflecting light
7
normal
incident ray
angle of incidence
reflected ray
angle of reflection
mirror
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15 Light
normal
incident ray
angle of incidence
angle of refraction
refracted ray
water level
refracted ray
coin
Colour
12 a) C, D, A, F, E, B
b) With your back to the Sun.
13 Red, orange, yellow, green, indigo, violet.
14 a) (i) The chloroplasts appear black.
(ii) The green colour is filtered out so no light comes from the chloroplasts.
15
Stage requirements
Filters needed
White light
Blue light
Yellow light
Cyan light
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16 Magnetism
16 Magnetism
1 Cobalt, iron, nickel, steel.
2 a) Lodestone.
b) Magnetite.
7
6
North pole
Number of paper clips
5
4
3
2
1
South pole
3
4
Number of cards
b) The power of the magnet decreases with distance from its poles.
c) The north pole is stronger than the south pole.
d) (i) The south pole with cards 4 and 5.
(ii) They both have the same result, which goes against the pattern set up in the rest of both graphs.
Inside a magnet
4 Domains.
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16 Magnetism
28
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