ROOH REVIEUJf

historical introduction for those interested in

the medical applications of coonlinalion
chemistry.
In the secondarticle, J. K. Barton and S. J.
Lippard authoritatively outline the interac~
tions of heavy metal ions with nucleotides
and nucleic acids. Of the many reviews now
available on this topic, this one will probably
yield the reader the greatest insight into the
possible modes of action of the Pt(1I) anticancer drugs. The final chapter by Marzilli,
Kistenmacher, and Eiehhorn provides a detailed and thorough review of an overlapping
topic regarding the structural interactions of
metal ions with nucleotides and nueleic acids.
Substantial emphasis in this article is given
to the effects of interligand interactions.
Despite the overall high quality of these articles, a few significant developments reported near the end of the time Frame surveyed (up to late 1978 with a few 1979 references) were overlooked. Both groups indicate
that forcing conditions are necessary for
transition metals to coordinate the exocyclic
amine of cytidine and adenosine and suggest
that stable products of this type will occur
only when chelation is possible. However,
strong evidence was available a t the time and
it has since been unequivocally shown that
firm monodentate binding is estahlished a t
these exocyclic nitrogens under the mildest
of conditions and is maintained even in harsh
environments. This mode of coordination has
been noted also in nucleic acids in a study
which actually isolated and identified individual metal-purine complexes from DNA.
Both also neglect intramolecular movement
of metal ions between adjacent sites on the
heterocyclic bases.
A chapter by L. A. Loeb and R. A. Zakour
cogently considers the possibilities for genetic
miscoding induced by divalent metal ions.
However, more thorough treatments of this
topic, which extend consideration t o substitutian-inert and polyvalent metal ions, are
contained in the recent volumes: "Trace
Metals in Health and Disease" (N.
Kharaxh,
Editor; Raven Press) and "Careingenicity
and Metal Ions" (Volume 10,"Metal Ions in
Biological Systems," H. Sigel, Editor; M.
Dekkar. Inc.). Those primarily interested in
metal-induced careinogenesis are referred to
these volumes, the former ofwhieh contains
a similar article by the same authors.
Members of the crystallographic research
group responsible for the first structure determination of a tRNA provide an excellent
overview of the various m d e s of metal-ion
interaetion with this relatively large polymer.
Since this article nicely points out the correspondence between the various modes of
metal ion binding to nucleotides and the
more complicated relationships in polymers,
more will be garnered if i t is read fallowing
the comprehensive survey by Marzilli, Kistenmaeher, and Eiehhorn.
The hook is clearly printed and contains
very few typographical errors. At present, i t
is the best single source for those interested
in this relatively new field. The two articles
concerning cis-C12(NH3hPt are recommended particularly for those teaching undergraduates and beginning graduate students.
Michael J. Clarke
~ostonCollege
Chestnut Hill. MA 02167

A154

Journal of Chemical Education

Polymer-Polymer Miscibiliy
0 . Olabisi, L. M Robeson, and M. T. Shaw,
Academic Press. New York, 1979. xii 370
pp. Figs. and tables. 23.5 X 15.5 cm.
$42.50.

Polymer mixtures occupy an increasingly

important position in materials science.
Whereas most of the mmmercially important
polymer blends are two-phase mixtures, this
bonk focuses specifically on miscible, singlephase multicomponent polymer systems.
Miscible blends are of particular interest
because they may exhibit a continuously
variable spectrum of properties, and price,
across the composition range of the single
phase hehavior.
The authors acknowledge a t the outset that
the criteria for polymer miscibility remain
somewhat ambiguous. Consequently, following a brief introductory chapter, fully one
quarter of the book is devoted in Chapter 2 to
an examination of the thermodynamics uf
polymer-polymer miscibility. Here the elementary considerations of ideal and regular
solution theory are used to introduce the
solubility parameter (Hildebrand) and lattice
theory (Flory-Huggins) approaches t o
treatment of ohase euuilihria in multicomputlent polvnm :r.tclns. 'l'hl. rnalrrl?l l i
aceumpanied hy ;a u s e r ~ general
l
discusaim
of phnscequilibrie in which tht pmad;d and
nucleation and growth mechanisms of phase
separation are differentiated in thermodynamic and kinetic terms. Chapter 2 concludes
with a review of the more recent "equation of
state" theories of polymer solutions which are
based on Prieoeine's
formalism for the sta"
tistical mechhics
of liauids. Theoriefi at this
~~~~~level of sophistication are generally required
in order to explain the phase behavior ohserved in polymer mixtures. This excellent,
up-to-date summary of polymer solution
theory, supplemented as is tbe entire book by
extensive citations of the original literature,
can serve the interested reader as a starting
paint and guide. It is not adequate to stand
alone as a textbook on polymer solution
theory and phase equilibriaLeaving the thermodynamic discussion of
Chapter 2, the book turns, in Chapter 3, t o
the practical questions of determining
whether a particular pair of polymers is
miseihle. The criterion of miscibility used
most frequently is the occurrence of s single,
well-defined rlass transition for the mixture.
This rnrth.)d I, huwever, "1 lmned ulil~l\h r
sy$rPm* in which the purr qrecies po;+rs
similar glass trnnc~tiontrl~~p-raruresM I croscopic examination and, particularly,
scattering experiments also can be used
profitably to ascertain the number of phases
present in a mixture. M e t h d s convenient for
these and other sorts of observations of miscibility are described in Chapter 3. The
chapter contains a particularly valuable discussion of the pitfalls inherent in trying to
assess polymer-polymer miscibility from
studies of the hehavior of ternary systems
involving a mutual solvent for the two polymers. A review of the newer "inverse" gas
chromatographic methods for determining
polymer-solvent interaction parameters is
included.
('hxpter 4 ~ r . , v ~ J c s a d i ~ c o . iot
i . ~mr.rhtd5
n
for rnhancing p d y m e r - p d g m r rniit~l,:ii!\
The in~portanwof chem~ralchanges which
can render the polymer-polymer interaction
more favorable are emphasized. Chapter 5
~

gives a conveniently organized and exhaustive listing of the miscible polymer systems
which had been reported into 1919. The
book's final two chapters describe the properties, i.e., thermal, mechanical, rheological,
etc., of miscible polymer mixtures and illustrate their commercial applications. Chapter
7 concludes with a comparison of the char.
acteristics of miscible and rnultiphase polymer hlends. The hook will he a valuable addition to the libraries of persons interested in
practical and theoretical aspects of polymer
phase hehavior.
David A. Bram
University 01 California
Iwlne, CA 92717

Principles of Unii Operations, 2nd

Edition
Alan S. Foosf. Leonard A. Wenrel, Curtis W.
Clump, Louis h4am and L. Bfyce AnderseR
John Wiley 8 Sons, New York. 1980. xi 4768 pp. Figs. and tables. 22 X 28.5 cm.

~~

..

~~

In the teaching of th'e physical operations

(as distinct from chemical processing) of
chemical engineering, two distinct ap.
proaches are evident.
The older approach arises out of the unit
operations concept. Pioneered by Walker,
Lewis, e t al(1) and Badger and McCabe (2),
it attempts to treat each physical operation
as a distinct entity and to view chemical
plants as combinations of individual equipment items devoted to these operations along
with the equipment items devoted t o chemical processing. This approach has been
continued in more modern works by Badger
and Banchero (3). McCabe and Smith (4),
Brown e t a1 (5). and Coulson and Richardson
(6). This approach is particularly goad in
dealine with oractical aoolications
and in
..
drvrlcrping a n undersrand>ngof enymeering
cqulpment hur i.; limited in developmg a
thwrrrtlcal ondrrstnnding cni rhe undvrlv~ng
physical phenomena involved.
The newer approach arises out of the
transport concepts of Bird, Stewart, and
Lightfoot (7). in which the underlying similarity of momentum, heat, and mass transport (the major physical phenomena involved
in many of the unit operations) was stressed
through the study of the mathematical
similarities of the governing equations, and
through repeated applications of those
equations. Mathematically elegant, this approach has a great deal of academic appeal
and has made a major contribution to
strengthening the theoretical basis for much
of chemical engineering research. Excellent
preparation for a research career, it offers
little or no practical information on equipment or engineering practice, and omits significant areas of engineering practice. This
approach has been continued in Bennett and
Myers (8)and Welty, Wicks, and Wilson (9),
generally with less mathematics and more
practical information.
"Principles of Unit Operations," like its
earlier edition. is intended for those who wish
tcnnmhine the twoapprtwches. T h e n m b i .
nntim, on itsown termi,and within thasize
limitations impused b) Ixing a single vdt~me.
~

is masonably successful.Those wishing ta use

it as a text should realize, however, that it
may not work well in the framework of either
of the approaches cited earlier. It is this reviewer's recommendation that any attempt
to adopt this text be accompanied by a s e r i ~
ous reconstruction of the cow&) in which
it will be used, so as to match the philosophies
of text and course(s).
The hook is divided into three parts. Part
I, Stage Operations, achieves some unification of the operations of distillation, liquidliquid extraction, and leaching. Also encountered in this portion of the text is a
problem which recurs more noticeably in Part
11. The authors generally prefer to develop a
general treatment, a t the sacrifice of physical

thesis:
Priestley's ultimate failure, I submit,
had the same mots as his earlier successes. Neither relate simply to an u n derstanding of the concepts or the
techniques of analytical chemistry-ur
to their lack. Both derive from a too sophisticated endeavor to answer questions that his contemporaries were not
asking, with concepts so antique they
would not again be modern fur nearly
one hundred years.
The book is well documented and, together with the indispensable Partington, it
provides an excellent entry to the extensive
Priestley IiLerature. MeEvoy's important
articles, however, appeared too late for inclusion.

(4) "Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering," MeCraw-Hill, 1956, 1967,

1976
(5) "Unit Operations," Wiley, 1950
(6) "Chemical Engineering," Pergamon,
1954,1964,1977
(I) "Transport Phenomena," Wiley, 1960
(8) "Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer,"
McGraw-Hill, 1962,1974
(9) "Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and
Mass Transfer," Wiley, 1969

J o s e p h Priestley: Scientist,
Theologian, and Metaphysician
a special ease of Ponehon-Sa&t design
methods.
In Part 11, ~ o l e e u l a rand Turbulent
Transport, this tendency is stronger. The
authors first develop a general treatment of
the transport process. For students who have
never studied momentum or heat or mass
transfer, this can be very mystifying. On the
other hand, it is certainly more efficient than
either of the other approaches, if it can be
made to work, and experienced engineers
should find it quite interesting. In particular
here, the earlier caution about matching
course and text is extremely important.
Special efforts must be made to compensate
for the students lack of prior experience
through lectures, recitation, auxiliary reading, and homework. Any temptation to hurry
this material should be avoided.

unit operations approach. I t makes up more

than half the book, and effectively covers, in
conventional fashion, a good variety of traditional topics in chemical engineering aperations.
Bv com~arisonwith the first edition. the

Derek A. Davenport
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN 47907

Erwin N. Hieberf. A. J Ihde. and R. E.

Schofield. Bucknell University Press.
Cranbury, NJ, 1980. v
117 pp. 21.5 X
14 cm. $12.00.

In his recent study of Edmund Burke,

Isaac Kramnick writes:
The dissenters played a central and
crucial role in scientific and political
innovation as well. This is hest personified in the career of Joseph Priestley,
who more than anyone else qualifies as
the principal architect of bourgeois England.
Priestley studies are flourishing (a price^
Priestley Newsletter is published in Aberystwyth) and only a fraction of these center on
Priestley as chemist. The present book, a
rather belated outcome of a 1974 symposium,
is described precisely hy its title. Though
there is some overlap, the three essays discuss
Priestley's historical theology (Erwin Hiebert), science (Aaron IhdeJ and metaphysics
(Robert Schofield).
For the common reader of this Journal,
Erwin Hiebert's article is the most remote
and ~ossiblvthe least satisfsctorv. There is
< y r t , 2 >1 ~, ~~ ot
k (:ww. t3nclp.13~:t;e-- w 1) ri.
In hi- ~ . n , p h ? + .t? thc i.rlrn.<o i I W
,o .~,ur:~ , (:kt) w l d ; ~t'm.tIr\ ~ 2
a 111;~111.311 .A, ., S F Nt tIl ~ a t > ~ U . S \ # .
I . v . , ~11..~ ,i 1111 .t I , I I ~ s .tJt t t , . ~ ~ ~ <1%. 11
I 11 t l c
.I& I U I I L I ~ r l ? ~1m
. :h m.-t.<
reductivism. His determinism was a n
imitation and extension of David hart^
ley's psychological associationism. He
referred to himself as a "confirmed necessarian"
do not fall easily on the mind's eye. Furthermore, stretches of familiar biography mix
rather uneasily with discussions of Priestley's
attempt to bring about the unification of
matter and spirit and to reveal the "genuine
principles" of proto-Christianity free from
later corruptions.
Aaron Ihde engagingly addresses the
question "What Did Lavoisier Know (About
Oxygen) And When Did He Know It?" and
"What Did Priestley Learn and Why Didn't
He Believe It?" Though breaking no new
ground, lhde provides a readahle and welldocumented account of the conventional
wisdom concerning the much bruited and
often misrepresented importance of the famous October 1774 meeting between Antoine
Lavoisier and Joseph Priestley.
Rohert Schofield is the ranking Priestley
scholar and his essay "Joseph Priestley and
the Physicalist Tradition in British Chemistry"is alively addition to the canon. His last

Mass a n d Volume Measurement: Basic

Laboratory Skills, 2nd Edition
John A. Bowden and Colin J. Rix, Heinmann
Education, Australia, 1979. iv 64 pp. Figs.
20 X 12 cm.

This slim volume represents a laudable

attempt to transfer some of the "art" of the
practicing chemist to students in basic
chemistry laboratory courses. The book is
designed as a self-teaching manual for

,j

volume measurements are supported by aset

of very clear illustrations. The text describes
the use of both rough and analytical balances.
The section on measuring volume discusses
general meniscus reading, then specifics are
presented on the use of pipettes, burettes,
graduated cylinders, and volumetric flasks.
The book is filled with concise and wellchosen practical points to aid the student. For
example the habit of thumb pipetting is
soundly denounced. There are two important
general areas which are somewhat slighted;
these are safetv and orooer record keeoine

cokponent stage operations, the very drastic

revision of two chapters on steady-state and
unsteady-state applications of molecular
transport theory into a chapter on the general
balance equation and a chapter on the
equations of change, the introduction of the
transfer unit and the effectiveness in the
chapter on heat transfer, a section on cyclic
transfer added to the chapter an mass
transfer, and an enlarged section on fluidsolid conveying.
The text ~robablvcannot be covered in full
m the undcrgradnnatt wrr:c, >ltln1,hut i t rlw>
ulrrrd weaIt11 111 imll~rinlillrIh( i~-.(.ckllld
.I
t\,~nt,inatiw<,I tho trnnipurr nnrl thr t m t
operations approaches and willing to adapt
their course(s) to the text approach.
Donald Vives
Chemical Engineering Depanment
Auburn University
Auburn. AL 36830

(1) "Principles of Chemical Engineering,"

McGraw-Hill, 1923,1927,1937
(2) "Elements of Chemical Engineering,"
MeGraw-Hill, 1931,1936

Products, I n 4 is not mentioned.

This reviewer would suggest that some
additional material be generated for students
in the clinical or biological sciences. This
textbook is appropriate for students in
chemistry service courses, but material on
proper use of weighing ijaper, spatulas,
graduated or blow-out pipettes, micropipettes, and TD versus TC glassware is not
found in the text. Some acknowledgement of
the different properties of plastic volumetric
ware could also be given. A short appendix on
calibration of volumetric ware is presented
clearly, and discussion of the statistics of
measurement
errors
is
integrated
throuehout.

teaching assistants in the courses. Enperienced instructors will find that this text will
a t least stimulate them to produce better
instructional materials.

Volume 58

C. Patrick Dunne
California State University, Long Beach
Long Beach. CA 90840
Number 4

April 1981

A155