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#include <mega16.h>
void main(void)
{
DDRB = 0b11111111;
PORTB = 0b11111111;

# 1%* 5#2",#*1,) #include 02-#.') *,2# 1, .4#,

#-'(#3)"/, 1, ,-,, *3.#1' 01, 02!(#(.'*, '(.,#)#!(1
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+#('*9*1/ 7) 1 LED #*' 0 %01

DDRD = 0b00000000;
PORTD = 0b11111111;

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-')!,2# pull-up !' 7),2/ 1,2/ (.,"(1#/ 1%/ &8./ D

while(1)
{
if (PIND.0 == 0)
PORTB.0 = 0;
else
PORTB.0 = 1;
}

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#include <mega16.h>
#include <delay.h>
void main(void)

PORTB = 0xFF;
DDRB = 0xFF;
PORTD = 0x00;
DDRD =0x00;
while(1)
{
if (PIND.3 == 0)
{
PORTB.3 = ~PINB.3;
delay_ms(50);
while(PIND.3 == 0);
delay_ms(50);
}
}
}

//
//
//
//
//

   SW3
 

  50ms,  
    
  50ms,  

 LED3
debounce
  SW3
debounce

  $ $ !)! #", !%  # toggle  #'*  ) $ * SWn
 LEDn (n=0..7)

#include <mega16.h>
#include <delay.h>
void main(void)

int keyState;
PORTB = 0xFF;
DDRB = 0xFF;
PORTD = 0x00;
DDRD = 0x00;
while(1)
{
keyState = ~PIND;
if (keyState)
{
PORTB = PORTB ^ keyState;
delay_ms(50);
while(~PIND);
delay_ms(50);
}
}
}


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LED % & STK200.
#include <mega16.h>
#include <delay.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char count = 0;
PORTB = 0xFF;
PORTD = 0x00;
DDRD = 0x00;
while(1)
{ PORTB = ~count;
if (PIND.4 == 0)
{ delay_ms(50);
while(PIND.4 == 0);
delay_ms(50);
count = count ++;
}
}

// 
  SW4
//  
 50ms,   debounce
//  
  
 
  SW4
//  
 50ms,   debounce

 2

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 ! ! !  # ! & ! , "  $'! !  ! !"
&! SW4  &! ! LED  ".
#include <mega16.h>
#include <delay.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char count = 0;
unsigned char blink = 0;
PORTB = 0xFF;
PORTD = 0x00;
DDRD = 0x00;
while(1)
{ PORTB = ~count;
if (PIND.4 == 0)
// 
  SW4
{ delay_ms(50);
//  
 50ms,   debounce
while(PIND.4 == 0);
//  
  
 
  SW4
delay_ms(50);
//  
 50ms,   debounce
count = count ++;
blink = 0;
}
if ((count%10 == 0) && (blink<60))
{
delay_ms(100);
PORTB = 0xFF;
delay_ms(100);
blink++;
}
}
}

  2

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3

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*#%& +& -&$ &! "#+# #%+%& %& &%&% .

#include <mega16.h>
#include <delay.h>
void main(void)
{ int count = 0;
bit flag = 0;
PORTB = 0xFF;
PORTD = 0x00;
DDRD = 0x00;
while(1)
{
if (PIND.4 == 0)
{
delay_ms(50);
while(PIND.4 == 0);
delay_ms(50);
flag = ~flag;
}
if (flag == 1)
{
PORTB.7 = !PORTB.7;
delay_ms(250);
}
else
PORTB = PIND;
}

// 
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//  
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//  
  
 
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//  
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OFF

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$) & ! $"# "!.

 
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      ):
#include <mega16.h>
#include <delay.h>
#define MAXCYCLES 1000
#define ON 0
#define OFF 1
void main(void)
{
char pow;
unsigned int cycleCount=0;
PORTB = 0xFF;
DDRB = 0xFF;

// LED outputs on STK200

PORTD = 0xFF;
DDRD = 0x00;

// BUTTON inputs on STK200

while (cycleCount<MAXCYCLES)
{
if ( PIND.0 == ON )
{ pow = ON;
PORTB.7 = ON;
}
if (
{

}
if (
{

}
}
PORTB.7 =
PORTB.6 =
pow =
while(1);
}


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O "#% (interrupts) 5'6+('&24:2 89- 0'242/0% 64% +09$1+8-7 94: 564)6#'947 #$""(  " #$"'$,'' & '"($% #" & '%  #" *$"  $%. O * &,% (',%
&( +% !(#$' ' +5/04/2<2&' + +3<9+6/0$7 8:80+:$7, (! " '% ' '*-'' #,$&% &'
 -' '"(%. M ' ) &  ,% interrupt ( ),&" *  $"#" " * &,%
#,$&%),  CPU ,#' ' '& '"( ($+% #$"$'"%. K',# ''  64:9&2'
+3:5-6$9-8-7 */'045?2 (interrupt service routine - ISR),  "#" * #$"$'&'  
 '#"$ ' &'" &($ " & interrupt.
  # "#% (*$" &'%, !+'$
interrupts #.) #$"#'  ''" ISR. M ' ""$+& '% ISR, - 64% 94: 564)6#'947
8:2+;&,+9'/ '5= 94 8-+&4 +0+&24 894 454&4 */'0=5-0+ '5= 94 interrupt.
E . '% " $"'%, ,% " "#%   '5+2+6)454/-$2+7. ( +% "#, #, '%
#$+'$*% $&% #"( '  #'& '" #$,$ %    '6;/0454&-8- 
+2+6)454&-8- '+ &($ + "#. #"( *$&"#""- ' &' )$" %. H &
 $"#"&% '+ interrupts  ' & -" ':
1.

  # "#% #"( "(  *$&"#"&"( $("( '% #('% #$'$"(%
'"($%  ' +5/$64:7 +2+6)454&-8% '"(% "$" '% ' ' bits '+ ( +
'*+$'. #"(  '&'"*"- & ('%.

2.

' &( * +2+6)454/4>+ 0'.41/0# 94 -;'2/8= 9<2 */'045?2, "#,'   $"#""- '
, " " "#% #"( *"( $*"#" &'" #$""- " .

Status Register SREG

Bit
Read/Write
Initial Value

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

SREG

O '*+$'% '&'&% SREG (Status register) #$* ' ( ','' &( "%  $"#"&%
( 1)  # $"#"&% ( 0) '"( * &"- '+ "#. , "$" '%  " '" bit 7. M -"
%  '"% (SEI  CLI) #"$"-  "$&"( ' ' '"( Global Interrupt Enable bit (& 1 
1

  4

0 %$% (). A&%#  % #  $# + $ -$$ Assembly,  !"!  $( , $%
!"+" #  % )& %  #asm.
 
 
O ATmega16 % %"# "# *%"-  !- (INT0, INT1  INT2)  ! #
%$% ( , $% &# " %# 16, 17,  3 (! $().  % $,$  *%"# $&$&#, 
%$% (  " %#  !"!  ( &  "$% *# $   ($* % & % & %(*"%
DDR). -% +%, ! $% STK200  ," B ("$ ! %  %  ( %* LED,
" %# % & INT2   $ #, !+%  $% !" "% %* $$* 
("$ !  , + % *%" interrupts INT0  INT1.

Amega16

 %  ( %* *%"- interrupts ("$ !  ,%  !"%* %(*"%#:

General Interrupt Control Register GICR
Bit
Read/Write
Initial Value

INT1

INT0

INT2

---

---

---

IVSEL

IVCE

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

GICR

 %  %(*"% GICR ! " ,  " ! $ & %# "# %* *%"-  !- % &
Amega16 "' %# %  + 1   %# !" ! $ & "' %# %  + 0 $%# %#
$# % & %(*"%. O $&# " ! $#,  $ % $ $%  %$% ( " % 
 " !  *%"+ interrupt  " % (*"$%, $* bits $% &# %(*"%#
MCUCSR  MCUCR.
MCU Control Register MCUCR
Bit
Read/Write
Initial Value

SM2

SE

SM1

SM0

ISC11

ISC10

ISC01

ISC00

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

MCUCR

T bits 0-3  " & %# $&# '$# %* interrupts INT0  INT1,  $ % $ $% 
%$% ( " %, +!*# !""'% $% &# + & &# !#:
Interrupt 0 Sense Control
ISC01
ISC00

 (+ &+ $% pin INT0  &" %$  !#
0
0
  %$%$# $% pin INT0  &" %$  !#
0
1

!%-$ % & & , (%"(+ %*! ) $% pin INT0  &" %$  !#
1
0

  # % & & , ("(+ %*! ) $% pin INT0  &" %$  !#
1
1
Interrupt 1 Sense Control
ISC11
ISC10

 (+ &+ $% Pin INT1  &" %$  !#
0
0
  %$%$# $% Pin INT1  &" %$  !#
0
1

!%-$ % & & , (%"(+ %*! ) $% Pin INT1  &" %$  !#
1
0

  # % & & , ("(+ %*! ) $% pin INT1  &" %$  !#
1
1

 

4


  - I_
 $!& $ !$( !)! #  *! project. &* !!$#$ $
!$ #", $#$ ! !" &!" $ ) $ SW2.  !!&   )!# $%
#%#$$"   %  $%! $% !!$", #% !+$"  $
#') #$ +.

#include <mega16.h>
unsigned char count=0;
interrupt [EXT_INT0] void ext_int0_isr(void)
{ count++;
PORTB = ~count;
}
void main(void)
{ PORTB = 0xFF;
DDRB = 0xFF;
PORTD = 0xFF;
DDRD = 0x00;
GICR = 0b01000000;
MCUCR = 0b00000011;
#asm("sei")
while (1);
}

  (# $% ! ( !!$" #$ AVR Studio, !%  $  !
$#" $% + #$ !$.
MCUCR=0x02;

 $!   $ !)! +#$  " #$ LED  $ )" $ $ ) $.


    
MCUCR=0x03;
:
MCUCR=0x02;
4

 $!   $ !)! +#$  " #$ LED 

(  ) $ ) $ SW3).

!$ *$ #( $%  1


    
MCUCR=0x03;
:
MCUCR=0x02;



4

 !& !)! $    '!#  $ interrupt INT1  $ )% $%!:
$+$" $ ) $ %  #%" #$ INT1,  $%! $% !$
##$ # #$" " * $#$#":
5

   :  LED{0,1,2,3}    $ LED{4,5,6,7}  ##$

   :  LED{0,1,2,3,4,5,6}  ##$  $ LED7 #  0.25 sec
!$$ #$ !)! #"  '!# #$  $$ flag $* % bit,    
!$ $ $!'%# $#$# $%!" $% !$.

#include <mega16.h>
#include <delay.h>
bit flag;
interrupt [EXT_INT1] void ext_int1_isr(void) {
flag = !flag;
if (flag) PORTB = 0xFF;
}
void main(void)
PORTB = 0xFF;
DDRB = 0xFF;
DDRD = 0x00;
GICR = 0x80;
MCUCR = 0x08;

// toggle state flag

{
//
//
//
//
//

PORTB is output
LEDS switched off
enable INT1
PORTD is input
INT1 request 1->0

#asm("sei")
while (1)
{
if (flag)
{ PORTB.7 = !PINB.7;
delay_ms(250);
}
Else
{
PORTB = 0xF0;
}
}
}


4

  
 - II_
6

N %* $%-% (# #$##  ) #$# (& $%(, $('& (#)%&, !#!(& +%'
(,!  interrupt 0  1:
A!(!# (& (#)%& (#) %# ( !  $-!' !-& !!#) LED,  ' (#)
#$##) ( ( $- (# ' '(#)& %#(& INT0  INT1,  ' ( "&:

!/!(&, (# !!# LED %'( '( ' LED0 (-  ( )$- #$ LED ! ''().

 *#% $#) +#)    
 '(#! %#( (#) INT0, (# !!# LED
(!( (  '   .


! (# !!# LED %'(  '( ' LED7, !( !. ' (#) '( ' LED0.

 *#% $#) +#)    

 '(#! %#( (#) INT1, (# !!# LED
(!( ' (!"%(( $- (! (%+#)' ' (#)) '( ' LED2.

#include <mega16.h>
unsigned char LEDpos=0x01;
interrupt [EXT_INT0] void ext_int0_isr(void)
{ if (LEDpos == 0x80)
LEDpos = 0x01;
else
LEDpos = LEDpos<<1;
PORT = ~LEDpos;
}
interrupt [EXT_INT1] void ext_int1_isr(void)
{ LEDpos = 0x04;
PORT = ~LEDpos;
}
void main(void)
{ PORTD=0xFF; DDRD=0x00;
DDRB = 0xFF;
PORT = ~LEDpos;
MCUCR = 0b00001011;
GICR = 0b11000000;
#asm("sei")
// Global enable interrupts
while (1);
}

N !#)! # $%((&  & '(# $%-%, $%#!#)  (!' (#) !!#) LED
! !(  -'# # !('(#+#& -$(& (#) 0 $%! $(!#&.

MCUCR = 0b00001000;

 4

N "  !!  / 

!" !" INT0,  ! ! %":

! %,  ", % !  !

 # " $"
   !  ! !" INT1, !   LED
!! !       .


 !   LED  !  !   LED0, ! &  !" !   LED7.

 !  %! SW0, !   LED !!   (!! % !
! $"    !") !   LED2.
#include <mega16.h>
unsigned char LEDpos = 0x01;
interrupt [EXT_INT0] void ext_int0_isr(void)
{ if (LEDpos == 0x80)
LEDpos = 0x01;
else
LEDpos = LEDpos<<1;
PORT = ~LEDpos;
}
interrupt [EXT_INT1] void ext_int1_isr(void)
{ if (LEDpos == 0x01)
LEDpos = 0x80;
else
LEDpos = LEDpos>>1;
PORT = ~LEDpos;
}
void main(void)
{ PORTD=0xFF; DDRD=0x00;
PORT= ~LEDpos; DDRB=0xFF;
MCUCR = 0b00001011;
GICR = 0b11000000;
#asm("sei")
// Global enable interrupts
while (1)
{ if (!PIND.0)
{ LEDpos = 0x04;
PORTB = ~LEDpos;
}
}
}


 4

 
    
  -  

   - 

H 5
  TIMER0
-%5'2+,/ #'"#1,/: + -) ' ,!'
.$#01&.(#)4/ 2+%.$!1&/: +"$*& ' ,!'
         :

 _
 ( $ ().,$ )$* &()&$* *)$/ ":
1.

(- () ,& )&()  !)$*&' )$* ,&$"() Timer0 )$*  &$! ) Tmega16

2.

A"%)*# $$!$' %&$&)($/ (- &$*)"-" #*%&)('  $%0" (ISRs).

  _

  TIMER0
O ATmega16 ) 3 #,-&()$/' ,&$"()'/%&)',  )' $"$(' Timer0, Timer1 
Timer2.  Timer0 , %1.&1" 8-bit (%. 0x00 -' 0xFF). H )&,$*( ) )$* )&) " %&$(%!( ).($  ""-(, .($   $&(. (&+) (- )$* ),-&) TCNT0. O Timer0
) %$!!' *").))'  !)$*&', $ $%$' &*$") (- )-"  .!$*-" ),-&)0":
Timer/Counter0 Control Register TCCR0
Bit
Read/Write
Initial Value

FOC0

WGM00

R/W

R/W

WGM01

CS02

CS01

CS00

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

COM01 COM00

TCCR0

T bits 3  6 $&$*" ) )()( !)$*&' (mode) )$* ,&$"(), -' #':

Waveform generation mode bits
WGM01 WGM00
%.($.#3"
"$"  )$*&
0
0

.&+-(' E/&$*' !0" $&' +(' (Phase Correct PWM)

0
1
M"($/ T/)(' * &) (CTC - Clear Timer on Compare)
1
0

.&+-(' E/&$*' !0" (PWM) ),' !)$*&' (fast PWM)

1
1

T bits 0:2 $&$*" ) % )$* ()$' &$!$$/ )' $"' )&(' )$* Timer0,  ( )$"
 .!$*$ %" :
Clock Selection Bits
CS02 CS01
CS00

0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

-(*,$" "#1,/ ,*,$(,5

A%"&$%$( M)&)
System Clock (CK)
System Clock, prescaler N = 8 (CK/8)
System Clock, prescaler N = 64 (CK/64)
System Clock, prescaler N = 256 (CK/256)
System Clock, prescaler N = 1024 (CK/1024)
E#-)& . &$!. ,&$"($/ ( )&,."$ )-%$)
E#-)& . &$!. ,&$"($/ ("&,."$ )-%$)

  5

  TIMER0

)#-!+,+&7)0. 0+) 3-+)&/0 /4 0+1 TCCR0, $ 0& 0+1 #0-$0 1*)#0& # /0%#- /13)50$0
f0 = FCK/N #0-70. %(#/)80 #.6 2- 0 #3,#+6&+-0 )#2 1 4/( 2- 0xFF. 0) + #0-$0. 3#& 0$) 0&
0xFF, /0$) /4. #,5#)$ 6*$/$, $ /$ TOV0 /0+) TIFR !)#0& 1 '& 01053-+) + #0-$0.
,-)#& 0$) 0& 0 (3.&/4&"*(1'). E) 0+ )0/0+&3+ interrupt #)& #)#-!+,+&$)+, #'0#(#0& $ ISR
1,#-3#(&/$. 0+1 Timer0, +,50# '& $ /$ TOV0 1050 !)#0& 0. H 0-3+1/ 0& 0+1 #0-$0
,+-# ) "& /0# '& ) #,)'%+-&/%# ) ,/ /0&!, /4 0+1 '034-$0 TCNT0.
-+'#&)+1 ) 12##2!1-3& 2- &2/'2! -'# ) #,&(*+1# CS00:CS20 = 0 /0+) '034-$0
TCCR0.
 
 "&3#-&/$ 04) "&'+,7) 0+1 Timer0 !)#0& /4 04) '034-$07) TIMSK '& TIFR.
Timer/Counter Interrupt Mask Register TIMSK
7

OCIE2

TOIE2

TICIE1

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

Bit
Read/Write
Initial Value

TOIE1

OCIE0

TOIE0

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

OCIE1A OCIE1B

TIMSK

Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register TIFR

Bit
Read/Write
Initial Value

OCF2

TOV2

ICF1

OCF1A

OCF1B

TOV1

OCF0

TOV0

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

TIFR

 bits 0 '& 1 0+1 TIMS #)#-!+,+&+6) (# (+!&'5 1) 0&. %(#)-. 0 Y.&/4&"*(1'0 M&2/'2! (Timer0
Overflow 0) '& T#72(1'0 3$)/(2! (Timer0 Output Compare Match OCIE0).  #2)&/$ 04)
"&'+,7) 107) /$0+"+0#0& (# (+!&'5 1) /0 flag bits TOV0 '& OCF0 )0/0+&3 0+1 TIFR.
(#)-.! .&/4&"*(1'0 M&2/'2! (Timer0 Overflow)
#0 )+)0. + #0-$0. ,5 0+ 0xFF /0+ 0x00 $ /$ TOV0 !)#0& 1. E25/+) '& 0 bits TOIE0
(#)#-!+,+$/$ "&'+,. Timer0 Overflow) '& GIE ('%+(&' #)#-!+,+$/$ "&'+,7)) #)& 1, %
#'0#(#/0# $ )0/0+&3$ ISR, # 0+ ,-. 0$. +,+. $ /$ TOV0 !)#0& 0 1050.

_

0
0
1
1
0
0

CS00

CS02

0
0
0
0
1
1

CS01

#"+)+1 50& $ /13)50$0 -+(+!&+6 0+1 &'-+#(#!'0 ., 5,4. ,-3#0& ,5 0+ ),01*&'5
STK200, #)& /$ # FCK = 4,00 MHz, ) /1,($-7/#0# 0+) ,-'04 ,)', ")+)0. 0$)
,-0$0$ ,-+/+3 /0+) /4/05 1,+(+!&/5 04) +)"4) 0-$/$..

0
1
0
1
0
1

Prescaler

13)50$0
+(+!&+6 Timer0

f0 = FCK/N

0
1
8
64
256
1024

-5)+. . +)"&.

6*$/$. 0+1 Timer0

4,00 MHz
500 kHz
62,5 kHz
15,625 kHz
3,9063 kHz

t0 = 1/F0
0.25 sec
2 sec
16 sec
64 sec
256 sec

-5)+. &. ,(-+1.

1,#-3#(&/$. 0+1 Timer0

T0 = 256/F0
64 sec
512 sec
4,096 msec
16,384 msec
65,536 msec

# /$ 0+1. ,-,)4 1,+(+!&/+6., /1,($-7/0# 0 '04%&:

2
};

13)50$0 -+(+!&+6 /1/00+. /0+ ),01*&'5

FCK = 4 MHz

13)50$0 -+(+!&+6 Timer0 # prescaler  = 8

-5)+. &. +)"&. 6*$/$. 0+1 TCNT0

f0 = FCK /8
t0 = 1/F0

1)+(&'5. 3-5)+. ,+1 3#& ,-(%#& #0 250 1*/#&. 0+1 TCNT0

T = 250t0 = 500sec

 5

! %! !  !& '   ( project ($& ! $  !" CodeWizard).
#( ! ! ! ! ,  #  '  !" " !!  
"  !" !"  !, ")! ! $' ! ).

#include <mega16.h>
unsigned char count = 0;
unsigned int ovf_count = 0;
interrupt [TIM0_OVF] void timer0_ovf_isr(void)
{ TCNT0=0x06;
ovf_count++;
if (ovf_count == 2000)
{ ovf_count = 0;
count++;
PORTB = ~count;
}
}
void main(void)
{ PORTB = 0xFF;
DDRB = 0xFF;
PORTD = 0xFF;
DDRD = 0x00;
TCNT0 = 0x06;
TIMSK = 0x01;
TCCR0 = 0x02;
#asm("sei")
while (1);
}

 $ ! ' "   ! LED  !   1 !'.

   

      

...
if (++ovf_count == 250)
...
TCCR0 = 0x03;
...
5

 ! ! ' !   (3) "  !!   !", 

prescaler  = 64.   #  #  !  $'  ! CPU ;

   

      

...
unsigned long int ovf_count = 0;
...
if (++ovf_count == 2000*60)
...

  5

 $) #$,$  " '% *$& '+ Timer0  INT0, '" "#""  #' ' ,"(:
1.

+$"- -" '&'&%  ' '"($ '"( #$"$'"%:

 :  ' LED   &&',  " Timer0 # $"#" "%.

 : " LED7  "& 

  2 sec, &+ '"( Timer0.
2.

'. '% '" ,#' #"(   &(  "% &'" INT0,  &&,&' '!- '+
'&'&+ ()  (). +$&' ,' '" #$,$ !   ' '&'& ().

$"' ' &'" #$,$ &%  *$&"#"&'  '' flag '-#"( bit,  "#" 
$' ' '$*"(& '&'& '"($% '"( $"'.

#include <mega16.h>
unsigned int ovf_count;
bit flag;
interrupt [TIM0_OVF] void timer0_ovf_isr(void) {
TCNT0 = 0x06;
if (++ovf_count==250*2)
PORT.7 = ~P.7;
ovf_count = 0;

{
}

interrupt [EXT_INT0] void ext_int0_isr(void)

flag = ~flag;
if (flag)
{
PORT.7 = ~P.7;
TCNT0 = 0x06;
TCCR0 = 0x03;
ovf_count = 0;
}
else

{
TCCR0
= 0x00;
PORT.7 = 1;

void main(void)

}
{

// Port initializations
PORT = 0xFF;
DDR
= 0xFF;
PORTD = 0xFF;
DDRC
= 0x00;
GICR
MCUCR
MCUCSR
GIFR

=
=
=
=

0x40;
0x02;
0x00;
0x40;

TCCR0
TCNT0
TIMSK

= 0x00;
= 0x00;
= 0x01;

flag = 0;
#asm("sei")
while (1);

  5

 
    
  -  

   - 

AH 6
O  TIMER1
.&7(3,-0 $(#$2-0: )+'% *%
/%$12'/)$*60 3,&/%!2'0: ) "($% *%
         :

 _
 &" &',*" '"( $&'$"( ('"-  :
1.

&+ &' *$'$&' '"($% '"( *$" &' Timer1 '"( $"' Tmega16.

2.

A #'(! """% #$"$'&"- &+ $"(' . !(#$'&% "#. (ISRs).

  _

  TIMER1
O ATmega16 ' 3 !*+$&'"-% *$" &'%/#$'%,  '% " "&% Timer0, Timer1 
Timer2.  Timer1 * &2/'2# 16-bit ($.6 0x00 "50 0xFFFF) '"( "#""(  '$*"(& '   #$"&#& ',&"    +&, ,&"   "$&, ($)) &+ '"( '*+$' TCNT1. O Timer1
' #"% ( ',''%  '"($%, " "#"% $(" ' &+ '+ ,"(+ '*+$'. :
Timer/Counter1 Control Register B TCCR1B
Bit
Read/Write
Initial Value

ICNC1

ICES1

--

WGM13

WGM12

CS12

CS11

CS10

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

TCCR1B

T bits 3  4 "$"( ' '&'& '"($% (mode) '"( *$" &', +% !%:
Waveform generation mode bits
WGM13 WGM12
&/)%/$4#
 "  '"($
0
0
CTC-OCR1A: M &"- T-'&% ($' ( + ,$"  ' '"( OCR1A)
0
1
PWM "$% )&% & &(* ,''%
1
0
CTC-ICR1: M &"- T-'&% ($' ( + ,$"  ' '"( ICR1)
1
1

T bits 0:2 "$"( ' # '"( &'"% $"""-  '" '$' '"( Timer1,  & '" ,"("
# :
Clock Selection Bits
CS12 CS11
CS10

0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

.)+-%# #$2-0 -+-%)-7

A# $"#"& M'$'
System Clock (CK)
System Clock, prescaler N = 8 (CK/8)
System Clock, prescaler N = 64 (CK/64)
System Clock, prescaler N = 256 (CK/256)
System Clock, prescaler N = 1024 (CK/1024)
E!+'$, $", *$" &"- ('$*, " '+#")
E!+'$, $", *$" &"- ( $*, " '+#")

 6

  TOY TIMER1

$(&'&!2$+) +&$ .(&$!*+ */ +&, TCCR1,  +! +&, +(+ ,%$+!  *+ ( *,.$0++
f1 = FCK/N +(2+) %(#/)80 #.6 2- 0 #3,#+6&+-0 )#2 1 4/( 2- 0xFFFF (65535). H +(.&,* +!
+&, +(+ '&( $ '(&*'#*+ ! $$/*  (- $ '* *+! */ +&, 16-bit
"+./(+ TCNT1. +$&$+) + !*+ +!,  +&$ '0$& '#0 1%*) & +(+) %"!$! '0
+& 0x0000 '#! (,'(.#!*) "! $ +& *.+!"0 interrupt $! $(&'&!$&, "+#+!  $+*+&!.
ISR ! +$ ,'(.#!* +&, Timer1.
CTC-OCR1A  TOY TIMER1
+ #!+&,( CTC-OCR1A & +(+) +(! !("2) '0 +& 0 .(! +$ +! +&, 16-bit
"+./(+ OCR1A. +$&$+) *+$ $2++ ,+ +!, & +(+) %"!$! '0 +& 0x0000 '#! "!
-0*&$ +& *.+!"0 interrupt $! $(&'&!$&, "+#+!  $+*+&!. ISR ! +$ +1+!* *,"(!+
 * +&$ OCR1A +&, Timer1.
 
 $(&'&* +/$ !"&'2$ +&, Timer1 $+! */ +&, "+./(+ TIMSK.
Timer/Counter Interrupt Mask Register TIMSK
7

OCIE2

TOIE2

TICIE1

OCIE1A

OCIE1B

TOIE1

OCIE0

TOIE0

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

Bit
Read/Write
Initial Value

TIMSK

 bits 2 /) 4 +&, TIMS $(&'&!&1$ ( #&!"0 1) +!) !"&') Y'(.#!*) M+(+ (Timer1
Overflow  1), T1+!*) ,"(!+ A (Timer1 Output Compare Match OCIE1A) "! T1+!*)
,"(!+ B (OCIE1B).
(#)-.! Y.&/4&"*(1'0 M&2/'2! (Timer1 Overflow)
M+$&$+) & Timer1 '0 +& 0xFFFF *+& 0x0000 "! -0*&$ +& bit  1 +&, TIMSK $! 1,
!&,(+! +* ! !"&',  &'& %,'(++! '0 +$ $+*+&!. ISR -0*&$ $! " &#!"
$(&'&!$&) & .$!*0) +/$ !"&'2$.
(#)-.! #72(1'0 3$)/(2! A (Timer1 Output Compare)
+$ ,'(.! +1+!* +&, TCNT1  +&$ OCR1A "! -0*&$ +& bit OCIE1A +&, TIMSK $! 1,
!&,(+! +* ! !"&',  &'& %,'(++! '0 +$ $+*+&!. ISR -0*&$ $! " &#!"
$(&'&!$&) & .$!*0) +/$ !"&'2$.

_
1

-&1 "$+ +&,) ,'&#&!*&1), *,'#(2*+ + "+/ !: ('(&*&. *+!) &$) +(*)!)

};

 
 
 




FCK = 4 MHz

 
 Timer1  prescaler = 8

f1 = FCK/= 500 kHz

 

   
 1  TCNT1

t1 = 1/f1 = 2 sec

  
      Timer1

T1 = 65536 * t1= 0,1311 sec

 ,'&#&!*+ & (! 0) +/$ &$!/$ ,%*/$ +&, +(+, &! &'&) $+!*+&!.&1$ * 0,1 sec,
0+$  +! +&, prescaler $! N = 8.

Q = 0.1/t1=50.000

 6

 $)   #$,$   ' " ' ) &  ,%   "( LED,  & '"( "#""(
'' #$", +% !%:

 . '%, '"   " LED $&' &' & LED0 (, ' (#,"# LED   &&')

 0,1 sec '"   " LED ' ' '  & #$"% ' 
.


 '"   " LED $&'  &' & LED7,  ' ! &' & LED0.

 ' ("#"& '"( #'"- "( *$" "- &''"%  *$&"#" " Timer1 
prescaler N = 8  *$&"#". '% '   M! T!    + ,$" '
' '"( OCR1A (CTC-OCR1A).
+&: " interrupt '% CTC-OCR1A '"($% . ' +%:

interrupt [TIM1_COMPA] void timer1_compa_isr(void)

#include <mega16.h>
unsigned char count = 1;
interrupt [TIM1_COMPA] void timer1_compa_isr(void)
{ if (count==128)
count = 1;
else
count = count<<1;
PORTB = ~count;
}
void main(void)
{ PORTB = ~count;
DDRB
= 0xFF;
TCCR1B = 0x0A;
OCR1A = 50000;
TCNT1 = 0;
TIMSK = 0x10;
#asm("sei")
while (1);
}

// initially LED0 is on
//
//
//
//

prescaler = 8, CTC-OCR1A mode

load OCR1A value for 0.1 sec
initialize TCNT1
enable Timer1 overflow interrupt

 #' '" #$""- " #$,$ #$" "( o *$&'%  #"$  ' '" *$, "
#"( &"  ' ' & '"( LED '  &,  0  6 sec,    0.1 sec. 
(!"+& '"( *$, "(   '  ' !+'$ interrupt  0   1 (*$&"#"&' ' '
"-&). . ' ,'  *$" , &' 0 sec,  ' & '"( LED  &'',  
!  # ,% " *$&'% #'& '" "(# #"(  '&'"* &' -!& '"( *$" "&''"%.

  6

#include <mega16.h>
unsigned char count = 1;
unsigned char N = 1;
unsigned ovf_count = 0;
interrupt [EXT_INT0] void ext_int0_isr(void)
{ if (N<60) N++;
if (N==1) TCCR1B = TCCR1B | 0x02;
ovf_count = 0;
TCNT1 = 0;
}
interrupt [EXT_INT1] void ext_int1_isr(void)
{ if (N>0) N--;
if (N==0) TCCR1B = TCCR1B & 0b11111101;
ovf_count = 0;
TCNT1 = 0;
}

interrupt [TIM1_COMPA] void timer1_compa_isr(void)

{ if (++ovf_count == N)
{ if (count==128)
count = 1;
else
count = count<<1;
PORTB = ~count;
ovf_count = 0;
}
}
void main(void)
{ PORTB = ~count;
DDRB
= 0xFF;
TCCR1B = 0x0A;
OCR1A = 50000;
TCNT1 = 0;
TIMSK = 0x10;
GICR
MCUCR

// initially LED0 is on
//
//
//
//

prescaler = 8, CTC-OCR1A mode

load OCR1A value for 0.1 sec
initialize TCNT1
enable Timer1 overflow interrupt

= 0xC0;
= 0x0F;

#asm("sei")
while (1);
}

 6

 
! !"  "
 ! -  !

  " - 

AH 7
 " "
4+=-9136 '-%'836: + .) ' ,!'
5)'78,5.'/<6 91+5)#8,6: +"$*& ' ,!'
      "    :

 _
 ( $ ()/,$ )$* &()&$* *)$0 ":
1.

(. () %+ "!$ 1" ()."  ()$" ,&(/ )$*' ( -+  $&+.

2.

(. () !)$*& )$* ))&$% analog to digital (ADC) )$*  &$! )
Tmega16.

"  _

  ANALOG TO DIGITAL (ADC)
H $" ADC )$* ATmega16 %&, ))&$%' '/5&(+.'6 10-bit. M(. %$!*%!#' %$& "
,&() ,& 8 4,)$6 '1'03)./3= 7%'836 ( -+$&  (single-ended) (*"($!$. A*)' (*"$") ()$*'  &$ )' )' -=5'6 A  !"$") ( (,(  )$ *" / )$*  &$ ) GND.
O ADC )." AVR ,&($%$ ) $$ )' $, ' %&$((' (successive approximation
ADC)  $%$ ()&) ( 7%' 5303).3= :531.73=.  " ,$* ))&$%   & 10-bit %/
)$" ADC, )$ ( ,&$"($0 )$* %&% " , (*,"/))

50 kHz < FADC < 200 kHz

 )$ ( $%/ *)/ *%&, 2+:;5.78<6 prescaler $ $%$$' %&, )$ ( ,&$"($0  )$" ADC
%/ )$ &$!/ )$* (*())$'.  " %!#$* )$" )!!!$ &) (*,"/))' $ $%$$'  '
1( )" !0)& *") ),0)) !)$*&'  )$" ADC,  $!$*$0 )" +2%6 *.'*./'7&': (i)
&$0 ) (*,"/)) )$* (*())$' FCK  )$* 200 kHz, (ii) %!$* )$" (.' !0)&$ %/
)$ %$)!( ($ &) (*,"/))'  (iii) $&$* "!$ ) bits ADPS2:0 )$*
),.&) ADCSRA.
  !  ADC
$ bit DEN )$* ),.&) ADCSRA () "&/ )$" ADC  !$ / 1. H ))&$% # "  !$ / 1 ()$ bit ADSC )$* ADCSRA, )$ $%$$ ") 0 *)/)  )$ %&' )' ))&$%'.
"!! ) , " )$ bit ADATE )$* ADCSRA " 1,  ))&$% # "  "&,/"$ ).%$
%!$0 )' %' ()$/)(', /%.' *) $&) %/ ) bits ADTS2:0 )$* ),.&) SFIOR.
M&' +8'8534% '4'.8+& 13 4'03=6 )$*  ()$) &$!$$0 )$* ADC   $!$ !&.( )'
()$$)) *)/)  !$ / 1 ()$ bit ADIF )$* ADCSRA. " , "&$%$ )$ ")()$,$
interrupt ()$")' 1 )$ bit ADIE )$* ADCSRA),   )!()  ISR $!$ !&.(' )' ))&$%'.
T$ %$)!( )' ))&$%' !") (. )$* ADCW ()" CodeVision C  "

ADCW = 210VIN /VREF

/%$* VIN  )( ()$" %!"$  &$ ) (/$*  VREF  )( "+$&'. T$ ADCW=0x000
")()$, ()$ *" / )' .(' (GND)  )$ ADCW=0x3FF ")()$, () )( "+$&' VREF
$" )" )( %$* ")%&$(.%0 1 LSB.

  7

ADC Multiplexer Selection Register ADMUX

Bit
Read/Write
Initial Value

REFS1

REFS0

ADLAR

MUX4

MUX3

R/W

R/W

 "*# n (0 <= n <= 7) ! &

 (" %# n %# +"# ).

MUX2

MUX1

MUX0

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

ADMUX

"% $% bits MUX0:2  " %   

% bits REFS1  REFS0 !%  ! %# %$# ' "# VREF )# #:
REFS1

REFS0

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

   

&* $%  " % AREF
&* $%  " % AVCC  )%"* !&)% $% AREF
( ("$ ! %)
E$)%" %$ ' "# 2.56 V  )%"* !&)% $% AREF

ADC Control and Status Register ADCSRA

Bit
Read/Write
Initial Value

ADEN

ADSC

ADATE

R/W

R/W

ADPS1

ADPS0

R/W

R/W

R/W

ADIF

ADIE

ADPS2

R/W

R/W

R/W

ADCSRA

 bit 7 (DEN) $% "* %  ADC   * 1.

H %%" !  "' %#  * 1 $% bit 6 (ADSC).

 interrupt  ")$# %# %%" !# " ! %   * 1 $% bit 3 (ADIE)  $%  %% $% bit 4 (ADIF).  ! %$ %# %%" !# (+" &# 10-bit) % $% CodeVision
C $) % & ADCW.

&% % !  " %# %%" !# !" ! %   * 0 $% bit 5 (ADATE).

% bits 0 )# 2  " & %  prescaler  % " * (" $ + % & ADC, )# #:
ADPS2

ADPS1

ADPS0

Prescaler N

0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

2
2
4
8
16
32
64
128

 
 _
1

' + !"% ! $% % &# !"%% &# &!  $ +#, $&!",$% % %):
FCK = 4.00 MHz

 !# $      #

$ prescaler   !$    

 ADC  10-bit  

= 32
(4000/200 = 20.0)

 !# !$ ADC

FADC = FCK/N = 125 kHz

 # !#   

TADC = 13/FCK = 104 sec

 # 10-bit %  VREF=5Volt

V0= VREF/1024 = 5/1024 = 4.88 mVolt

 

7

N $ "  "' (, "  #  

 
 (0-5 Volt).
#include <mega16.h>
interrupt [ADC_INT] void adc_isr(void)
unsigned char i, outb=0;
unsigned int lim, adc_data;
adc_data = ADCW;
ADCSRA |= 0x40;

// Read ADC Word

// ADC Start conversion

lim = 64;
for (i=7; i>=0; i--)
{
if (adc_data>lim)
outb = outb | (1<<i);
else
break;
lim = lim+128;
}
PORTB = ~outb;
}
void main(void)
PORTB = 0xFF;
DDRB = 0xFF;

PORTD = 0xFF;
DDRD = 0x00;
ACSR = 0x80;
SFIOR = 0x00;
ADMUX = 0x47;

// Analog comparator disable

// ADC Voltage Reference: AVCC pin
// select channel 7 (PORTA.7)

ADCSRA = 0x8D;
ADCSRA |= 0x40;

// ADC Start conversion

#asm("sei")
while (1);

// Global interrupt enable

}

  " ! !" " VCC  5Volt,    " ("" #  % 
 (' #!   8-!' "# "("#;

  "!"% ! 5/8 Volt = 0.625Volt

N #!" o #( "& "# ) !" !"  ' (.

# ("   " ( "" !" ADC " !' ( '
 ),  #( "& !" ( 
Fs = 1/TADC= 9.615 ksps (kilo samples per sec)



7

  &  !"%%# # $% !"*" !"  & % ! %$ %# %%" !# % &
ADC  ! %    $% 8 LED % & STK200.
!&% *% % ! %$ %# %%" !# ( +" # 10-bit,   !"! % $&! 
 
  8     bits !" ' "#.

// ADC interrupt service routine

interrupt [ADC_INT] void adc_isr(void)
unsigned char adc_data8;
ADCSRA |= 0x40;
adc_data8 = (ADCW >> 2);
PORTB = ~adc_data8;
}

//  

 
//   8  
  

    "% *%% ! & !"( &%  & ! $ % &  %*%" &;

5/28 = 19.53125 mVolt

  & !"%") # $% !"*" $# ,$%   $% LEDs  ,% 
 10
-  ADC,   % %# #  !" +!% )# $ # *" # %) 10 &%,
%"$) (("$ ! ,%# %# !"# 10-bit %# %) %"$)).

#include <mega16.h>
#define MAXN 10
unsigned char n = 0;
unsigned int sumADC = 0;

// index variable
// 1023*10 fits in 16 bits!

// ADC interrupt service routine

interrupt [ADC_INT] void adc_isr(void)
unsigned char adc_data8;
sumADC += ADCW;
ADCSRA |= 0x40;

// start new conversion

if (++n == MAXN)
{
adc_data8 = ((unsigned int)(sumADC/MAXN)) >> 2;
PORTB = ~adc_data8;
n = 0;
sumADC = 0;
}
}


7