. , .

,
,

1 - ,

: .

t
1.1

:
.

I
t
1.2

:
.
:

:
.

I
I=msin(t)
t

()

.

1.3

[sec]

(f)
,
[1/sec]=[Hz]

f=1/
. 1

(1.1)

 . , . ,
,

U = U m sin( t + )
I = I m sin( t + )

(1.2)
(1.3)

( A)

Um : [V]
Im

(V )

: [A]

: [ rad]
: [ rad]

=2f : [rad/sec]

1.4.
.
t=0
.

y
Um

U=Umsin(t+)
Um

2-

1.4

1.4
.

,


. 2

 . , . ,
,

Im
2

I rms =

(1.4)

' ,

Um
2

U rms =

(1.5)

(1.4) (1.5) (
R , ,
1
P=
T

2
m

R sin 2 (t + ) dt ).

2
I rms

2
rms

1
=
T

1
=
T

2
m

sin

( t + ) dt

(1.6)

2
m

sin 2 ( t + ) dt

. 3

(1.7)

 . , . ,
,

1) a)16 2/3 Hz, b) 25 Hz, c) 48 Hz,

d) 50 Hz, e) 51.4 Hz, f) 100 Hz, g) 1000 Hz, h) 3kHz,

i) 295.4 kHz.

=2f (rad/sec)
a) =2..16.66 rad/sec= 104,72 rad/sec
b) =2..48 rad/sec= 301,59 rad/sec

b) =2..25 rad/sec= 157,07 rad/sec

=2..51.4 rad/sec = 322,95 rad/sec

f) =2..100 rad/sec= 628,32 rad/sec

e)

d) =2..50 rad/sec= 314 rad/sec

g) =2..1000 rad/sec = 6.283,20 rad/sec

h) =2..3000 rad/sec= 18.849,60 rad/sec
i)
=2..295.400 rad/sec= 1,856.106 rad/sec

2)

=1/f (sec)
) =1/16.66 sec = 0,06 sec

b) =1/25 sec = 0,04 sec

d) =1/50 sec = 0,02 sec

e) =1/51.4 sec = 0,0194 sec
g) =1/1000 sec = 0,001 sec h) =1/3000 sec = 3,33.10-4 sec

c) =1/48 sec = 0,0208 sec

f) =1/100 sec = 0,01 sec

i) =1/295.400 sec = 3,38.10-6 sec

3)
();
a) 16 2/3 Hz b) 20 Hz c) 35 Hz d) 49 Hz e) 50 Hz f) 52 Hz g) 100 Hz

U=Umax t=T/4 => t=1/(4.f) (sec)

a) t=1/(4.16.66) sec = 0,015 sec
d) t=1/(4.49) sec = 0,0064 sec

b) t=1/(4.20) sec = 0,125 sec

c) t=1/(4.35) sec = 0,0071 sec

e) t=1/(4.50) sec = 0,005 sec

f) t=1/(4.52) sec = 0,0048 sec

g) t=1/(4.100) sec = 0,0025 sec

. 4

 . , . ,
,

4)

a) 1/10 b) 1/5 c) d) 1/3 e) f) 9/10 ; (f=50Hz)

sin
U=Um.sin(t) => U/Um =sin(t) => t = sin-1(U/Um) => t =

U
)
Um
sec
2 f

1
1
)
sin 1 ( )
10 sec = 3,19.10-4 sec b) t =
5 sec = 6,41.10-4 sec
a) t =
2 50
2 50
1
1
sin 1 ( )
sin 1 ( )
3 sec = 1,08.10-3 sec
4 sec = 8,05.10-4 sec
c) t =
d) t =
2 50
2 50
9
1
sin 1 ( )
sin 1 ( )
10 sec = 3,57.10-3 sec
2 sec = 1,67.10-3 sec
e) t =
f) t =
2 50
2 50
sin

5)

a) 0.001 sec b) 0.0015 sec c) 0.00028 sec d) 0.00044 sec e) 0.00026 sec

f =

U=Um.sin(t) => Um/2= Um sin(t1) => t1 = sin-1(1/2) =>

1
( )
2 =83,33 Hz
f =
2 0 . 001
sin

a)

1
( )
2
c) f =
=297,60 Hz
2 0 . 00028
1
sin 1 ( )
2
e) f =
=320,51 Hz
2 0 . 00026
sin

d)

. 5

1
( )
2 =55,55 Hz
f =
2 0 . 0015
1
sin 1 ( )
2
=189,39 Hz
f =
2 0 . 00044
sin

b)

1
( )
2 sec
2 t1

sin

 . , . ,
,

6) um=65V, f=50 Hz

a) 0.3 sec b) 0.03 sec c) 0.003sec d)1.55 sec e)1.963 sec f) 2.074 sec

U=Um.sin(t) => U=65.sin(2 50 t) => U=65.sin(100..t) (V)

a) U=65.sin(100..0,3)=0V b) U=65. sin(100..0,03)= 0V c) U=65. sin(100..0,003)=52,6V
d) U=65.sin(100..1,55) V = 0 V

e) U=65.sin(100..1,963) V = 52,6 V

f) U=65.sin(100..2,074) V = 61,8 V

7) Im=15 A f=100 Hz
a) 0.5 b) 1.5 A c) 6.5 A d) 10 A e) 14.5 A
.

sin

I=Im.sin(t) => I/Im =sin(t) => 2ft = sin-1(I/Im) =>

sin
a) t =

0 ,5
)
15 sec = 53. 10-6 sec

200
6 ,5
sin 1 (
)
15 sec = 0,71. 10-3 sec
c) t =
200
14 , 5
sin 1 (
)
15
e) t =
sec = 2,1. 10-3 sec
200

sin
b) t =

t =
1

I
)
Im

2 f

sec

1, 5
)
15 sec = 159. 10-6 sec

200
10
sin 1 ( )
15 sec = 1,161. 10-3 sec
d) t =
200

8)
a)

f=50 Hz, u=209.24 V, t=0.004sec

b) f=100 Hz, u=103.63 V, t=0.0035sec

c) f=120 Hz,

u=87.02 V, t=0.0014sec d) f=200 Hz, u=214 V, t=0.001sec

U=Um.sin(t) => Um = U/sin(2ft ) (V)

a) Um = 209,24/sin(250. 0,004) V = 220 V

b) Um = 103,63/sin(2200. 0,0035) V = 175 V

c) Um = 87,02/sin(2120. 0,0014) V = 100 V

d) Um = 214/sin(2200. 0,001) V = 220 V

. 6

 . , . ,
,

9) um=220V
a) 25 Hz b)47 Hz c)50 Hz d) 54 Hz e) 498 Hz
0.02 sec

U=Um.sin(t) => U = Um sin(2ft ) (V)

a) U = 220 sin(2.25.0,02) V = 0 V
c) U = 220 sin(2.50.0,02) V = 0 V

b) U = 220 sin(2.47.0,02) V = 80,9 V

d) U = 220 sin(2.54.0,02) V = 106 V

e) U = 220 sin(2.498.0,02) V = 54,7 V

10)

a) 16,66 Hz b) 50 Hz c)100 Hz d) 800 Hz

U=Um.sin(t) => Um/2 = Um sin(2ft ) => 2ft =sin-1(1/2) =>

1
( )
2
a) t =
2 16 , 66
sin

1
( )
2
c) t =
2 100
sin

1
( )
2
d) t =
2 800

sec = 0,0001 sec

sin

sin

sec = 0,0008 sec

2 f

1
)
2 sec

sec = 0,0016 sec

b) t =

1
( )
2
2 50

sec = 0,005 sec

t =

sin

11)

a) 10 % b) 20 % c) 30 % d) 50 % e) 70 % e) 80 % f) 90 %
; .

U=Um.sin(t) => t =sin-1(U/Um) (rad)

a)

t =sin-1(0,1) rad = 0,1 rad

b) t =sin-1(0,2) rad = 0,201 rad

c) t =sin-1(0,3) rad = 0,304 rad

d) t =sin-1(0,5) rad = 0,523 rad

e) t =sin-1(0,7) rad = 0,775 rad

f) t =sin-1(0,9) rad = 1,119 rad

f) t =sin-1(0,8) rad = 0,927 rad

. 7

 . , . ,
,

12)
0.001 sec

a) 75% b) 85% c) 95% d) 98% e) 99%
.

U=Um.sin(t) => U/Um=sin[(T/4-0,001)] => U/Um=sin[(T/4-0,001)] => (T/4-0,001) = sin1

(U/Um ) =>

T/4 - 0,001 = sin-1(U/Um ) =>

- 0,001 2 f = sin
2

a)

2 T
- 0,001 = sin
T 4

U
(
Um

13)

U
) =>
Um

U
sin 1 (
2
U
) => f =
0,002

sin 1 ( 0 . 75 )
2
= 115,02 Hz
f =
0,002

sin 1 ( 0 . 95 )
c) f = 2
= 50,54 Hz
0,002

e)

)
m

( Hz )

sin 1 ( 0 . 85 )
2
b) f =
= 88,3 Hz
0,002

sin 1 ( 0 . 98 )
d) f = 2
= 31,88 Hz
0,002

sin 1 ( 0 . 99 )
2
= 22,52 Hz
f =
0,002

, 0.002

sec
a) 10 20% b) 20 30% c) 30 50% d) 10 50% e)
10 80%
;

:
U1=Um.sin(t1) => t 1 =sin-1(U1/Um)
U2=Um.sin(t2) => t 2 =sin-1(U2/Um)
. 8

 . , . ,
,
sin

2f(t2-t1)= sin-1(U2/Um)- sin-1(U1/Um) => f =

a) f =

sin

b) f =

sin

c) f =

sin

d) f =

sin

e) f =

sin

( 0 , 2 ) sin
2 0,002

( 0 , 3 ) sin
2 0,002

( 0 , 5 ) sin
2 0,002

( 0 , 5 ) sin
2 0,002

( 0 , 8 ) sin
2 0,002

( 0 ,1 )

= 8,052 Hz

(0 ,2 )

= 8,22 Hz

( 0 ,3 )

= 17,42 Hz

( 0 ,1 )

= 33,69 Hz

( 0 ,1 )

= 65,8 Hz

U 2
U1
) sin 1 (
)
U m
U m
( Hz )
2 (t 2 - t 1 )

14)


a) 50 Hz, 12
90o

b) 50Hz, 45

c) 50Hz, 85 d)100Hz, 30o

e) 100Hz, 60o

f) 1000Hz,

0
U=Um => tu=T/4 => tu=1/(4f) (sec)

(1)

=Im sin(t + )

Im =Im sin(t + ) => t + = sin-1(1) => t + = /2 => 2f t = /2 =>

tI = 2
(sec)
2 f

. 9

(2)

 . , . ,
,

(). (2) rad . (rad)=().

(/180).

2
a) tu=1/(4 50) = 0,005 sec , t I =
.

b) tu=1/(4.50) = 0,005 sec , t I = 2

c) tu=1/(4.50) = 0,005 sec , t I = 2

d) tu=1/(4.100) = 0,0025 sec , t I =

e) tu=1/(4.100) = 0,0025 sec , t I =

f)

tu=1/(4.1000) = 0,00025 sec , t I

12
180
= 4,33.10-3 sec
2 50

45
180
= 2,5.10-3 sec
2 50

85
180
= 2,77.10-4 sec
2 50

30
2 180
= 1,66.10-3 sec
2 100

60
2 180
= 8,33.10-4 sec
2 100

90
2
180
= 0 sec
=
2 1000

. 10

 . , . ,
,

2 -
2.1) (L)

IL

uL
L

2.1.1 L.

uL = L

dI L
dt

(2.1.1)

L:
UL= Um sin(t), (2.1.1)
L=( Um /L).sin(t-/2).
2.1.2.
1.5

U, I
U
I
t (deg)

0
0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

-1.5

2.1.2 , .

Im
jXL
u~L

~
IL

2.1.3 .

. 11

 . , . ,
,

XL=L

(2.1.2)

=2f

(2.1.3)

u~ L
u~ L
u~
~
IL =
=
= j L
jX L
j L
L

(2.1.4)

[uL]=V

[L]=H

[L]=A

[f]=Hz

[XL]=

L =

0 =12,6x10-7

0 2

(2.1.5)

(m2)

(m)

, 2.3

L =
(

2.1.4

. 12

(2.1.4)

 . , . ,
,

1)
b) uL=30V, IL=1.5A, f=50Hz
a) uL=18V, IL=2A, f=50Hz
c) uL=125V, IL=10A, f=50Hz d) uL=125V, IL=8A, f=100Hz
e) uL=220V, IL=11.5A, f=52Hz

I L =
18
= 0.0286
2 50 2
30
= 0,0637
b) L =
2 50 1.5

) L =

c) L =

uL
uL
u
= L => L =
2 fI L
XL
L

(H )

d) L =

125
= 0.0497
2 100 8

e) L =

220
= 0,0596
2 52 11,5

125
= 0,0398
2 50 10

2) 12 50Hz.
: a) 40 Hz b) 60 Hz c) 100 Hz d) 800 Hz

f1 f2 L :
XL1=2f1L
XL2=2f2L

a)

X L1
f
f
= 1 => X L 2 = X L1 2
f1
X L2
f2

X L 2 = 12

b) X L 2 = 12

40
= 9,6
50

c) X L 2 = 12

100
= 24
50

60
= 14,4
50

d) X L 2 = 12

800
= 192
50

3) (R=0)
A) L=2.45 H, uL=110V, f=50Hz B) L=15 H, uL=65 V, f=200Hz C) L=25 mH, uL=125V, f=49Hz
D) L=32 mH, uL=220V, f=50Hz

u
u
uL
IL = L = L =
( A)
XL
L
2 fL
a) I L =

uL
110
A =
A = 0,1429 A
2 fL
2 50 2 , 45

b) I L =

uL
65
A =
A = 0.0034 A
2 fL
2 200 15

. 13

c) I L =
d) I L =

uL
125
A =
2 fL
2 49 25 10

uL
220
A =
2 fL
2 50 32 10

A =16,24 A
A =21,88 A

 . , . ,
,

4)
) 500 ) 800 C) 1500 125 V/ 50Hz. O
:
=1.5mm
A=4.5x4.5 cm2

>>

IL =

uL
u
= L =
L
XL

uL
2 uL
=
2

0 2
0
2

a) I L =

2 0 , 0015 125
2 50 12,6 10 - 7 500 2 4 , 5 4 , 5 10

b) I L =

2 0 , 0015 125
2 50 12,6 10 - 7 500 2 4 , 5 4 , 5 10

c) I L =

2 0 , 0015 125
2 50 12,6 10 - 7 500 2 4 , 5 4 , 5 10

= 1,872 (A)
= 0,731 (A)
= 0,208 (A)

5) 500Hz 78.
a) 85 b) 120 c) 50

= 2 fL L =

XL
2 f

L =

78
( H ) L = 0 , 0248 ( H )
2 500

a)

f =

XL
85
f =
f = 545,49 ( Hz )
2L
2 0,0248

b)

f =

XL
120
f =
f = 770,10 ( Hz )
2L
2 0,0248

c)

f =

XL
50
f =
f = 320,88 ( Hz )
2L
2 0,0248
. 14

 . , . ,
,

2.2) (C)

IC

UC
C

2.2.1 C.

IC = C
C:

dU C
dt

(2.2.1)

UC=Umsin(t), (2.2.1)
C=(UmC).sin(t+/2).
2.2.2.
1.5

U, I
U
I
t (deg)

0
0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

-1.5

2.2.2 , .

Im
~
IC
u~C

Re

jX C
2.2.3 .

. 15

 . , . ,
,

Xc=1/C

(2.2.2)

C:
=2f

(2.2.3)

~
IC =

u~ C
jX

=
C

u~ C
= j u~ C C ( A )
j /C

[uC]=V

[C]=F

[XC]=

[C]=A

[f]=Hz

. 16

(2.2.4)

 . , . ,
,

1) (C)
) C=0.5F, f=50Hz B) C=0.8F, f=50Hz, C) C=1.2F, f=500Hz D) C=250 pF, f=100KHz E)
C=600 pF, f=350KHz F) C=200 pF, f=500KHz

a) X C =
b) X C =
c) X C =

1
( )
2 fC
1

2 50 0,5 10

( ) = 6.366 10 3 ( )

1
2 50 0 ,8 10

1
2 500 1, 2 10

( ) = 3.979 10

d) X C =
e) X C =

( )

f) X C =

( ) = 265.26 ( )

1
2 100 10 250 10 12
3

1
2 350 10 3 600 10 12

( ) = 6.37 10 3

( ) = 757 ,88

1
2 500 10

200 10

12

( )

( )

( ) = 1591 , 5

( )

2)
a) C=2F, uC=220V, f=50Hz b) C=4.5F, uC=220V, f=50Hz c) C=0.3F, uC=125V, f=50Hz
d) C=40nF, uC=120V, f=100kHz

IC =

uC
= Cu
1/C

= 2 fCu

( A)

a) I C = 2 fCu C = 2 50 2 10 6 220 ( A ) = 0 ,1382 ( A )

b) I C = 2 fCu C = 2 50 4 , 5 10 6 220 ( A ) = 0 . 311 ( A )

c) I C = 2fCu C = 2 50 0,3 10 6 125 ( A ) = 0,0118 ( A)

d) I C = 2 fCu C = 2 100 10 3 40 10 9 120 ( A ) = 3, 016 ( A )

3) 10;
) 1F B) 0.3F C) 50nF D) 500pF

f =
a)

f =

c)

f =

1
( Hz )
2 X C C
1

2 10 10

( Hz ) = 15 , 915 ( kHz )

1
2 10 50 10

b)

( Hz ) = 318 , 31 ( kHz )

d)

. 17

f =
f =

1
2 10 0 , 3 10

1
2 10 500 10

12

( Hz ) = 53 , 052 ( kHz )
( Hz ) = 3 ,183 10

( Hz )

 . , . ,
,

2.3) (RL)

U
UR
I

UL

2.3.1 RL.

U = RI + L
L:

dI
dt

(2.3.1)

U=Umsin(t+), (2.3.1)

Um

I=

R 2 + (L) 2

2.3.2.

sin(t ) .

1.5

U, I

U
I

t (deg)

0
0

30

60

90

120

150

-1.5

2.3.2 , .

. 18

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

 . , . ,
,

m
m
u=uR+juL

Z=R+jXL

juL

jXL

Re

uR

Re

2.3.3

u~ = u~ R + u~ L

( 2 .3 .2 )

u = u R2 + u L2 (V )
~
u~ R = R I (V )
~
~
u~ L = jX L I L = j L I L (V )
~z = R + jX

( 2 .3 .3)
( 2 .3 .4 )
( 2 .3 .5 )
( 2 .3 .6 )

R2 + X
u~
~
I = ~
z

z =

I =

= tan

-1

2
L

( ) =

u
L
u
R

( 2 .3 .7 )
( 2 .3 .8 )

u
R2 + X

R 2 + ( L) 2 ( )

( )

2
L

= tan

-1

( 2 .3 .9 )

X
L = tan
R

( rad ) ( 2 . 3 . 10 )
R

-1

. 19

 . , . ,
,

2.4) (RC)

uR

uC

2.4.1 RC.

1
U = RI +
C
C:

Idt

(2.4.1)

U=Umsin(t-), (2.4.1)

I=

Um
1 2
R +(
)
C

sin(t ) .

2.4.2.
1.5

U, I

U
I

t (deg)

0
0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

-1.5

2.4.2 , .

. 20

240

270

300

330

360

 . , . ,
,

Re

uR

u=uR-juC

Z=R-jXC

-juC

Re

-jXC

2.4.3 .

u~ = u~ R + u~C
u =

u R2 + u C2

~
u~ R = R I

( 2 .4 .2 )
(V )

( 2 .4 .3 )

(V )

( 2 .4 .4 )

~
~
I
=

I
j
(V )
C
C
~z = R jX
C
u~ C = jX

z =

R 2 + X C2

( 2 .4 .5 )
( 2 .4 .6 )

1
R2 +

~
u~
I = ~
z
I =

= tan

-1

uC

uR

( )

( 2 .4 .7 )
( 2 .4 .8 )

u
R 2 + X C2

= tan

-1

( )

XC
= tan
R

. 21

( 2 .4 .9 )
-1

1/C

( rad ) ( 2 . 4 . 10 )
R

 . , . ,
,

2.5) (RLC)

uR

u
uL

uC

2.5.1 RLC.

U = RI + L
L:
C:

dI
1
+
dt
C

Idt

(2.5.1)

U=Umsin(t+), (2.5.1)

I=

Um
1 2
R + (L
)
C

sin(t ) .

2.5.2.
1.5

U, I

U
I

t (deg)

0
0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

-1.5

(L>1/C)

. 22

240

270

300

330

360

 . , . ,
,
1.5

U, I

U
I

t (deg)

0
0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

-1.5

(L<1/C)
2.5.2 , .

juL

Z= R+j(XL-XC)

u=uR+j(uL-uC)

j(uL-uC)

jXL

uR

j(XL-XC)

Re

Re

-jXC

-juC

(L>1/C)

m
juL
I

uR

jXL

Re

Z= R+j(XL-XC)

u=uR+j(uL-uC)

j(uL-uC)

Re
j(XL-XC)
-jXC

-juC

(L<1/C)
2.5.3 .

. 23

 . , . ,
,

u~ = u~ R + u~ L + u~C

( 2 .5 .2 )

= u R2 + ( u L u C ) 2 (V )
~
u~ R = R I (V )
~
~
u~ L = jX L I = j L I (V )
~
~
I
(V )
u~C = jX C I = j
C
~z = R + j ( X X )
L
C

( 2 .5 .3 )

R2 + (X

z =

X C )2 =

( 2 .5 .4 )
( 2 .5 .5 )
( 2 .5 .6 )
( 2 .5 .7 )

R 2 + ( L

1 2
) ( )
C

~
u~
I = ~
z
u

I =
R

+ (X

u uC
= tan - 1 L
uR

XC)

= tan

-1 X

( 2 .5 .9 )
u

=
R2

( 2 .5 .8 )

1 2
+ ( L
)
C

XC
= tan
R

. 24

( )

L -1
C
R

( 2 . 5 . 10 )

( rad ) ( 2 . 5 . 11 )

 . , . ,
,

2.6)

.
().
L

Z
ZL=L

ZC=1/C

RLC
Z
Z = R 2 + (L -

1 2
)
C

1
LC

2.6.1

. 25

 . , . ,
,

1) RL
A) R=1, L=2mH, 5F, f=50Hz B) R=15, L=0,05mH, f=50Hz C) R=1500, L=0,6H,
f=2500Hz D) R=450k, L=1H, f=60kHz

~
z = R + jX L = R + j L = R + j 2fL
= tan

-1

2 fL

~
) z = 1 + j 2 50 0,002 = 1 + j0,628

= tan

-1

0,628
= 32 ,12
1

) ~
z = 15 + j 2 50 0,00005 = 15 + j0,0157 ( )

= tan

-1

0,0157
0o
15

~
C) z = 1500 + j 2 2 500 0,6 = 1.500 + j9.426

= tan

-1

9.426

= 80 , 94 o
1 . 500

~
D) z = 450 . 000 + j 2 60 . 000 1 = 450.000
= tan

-1

377.040

= 39 , 95 o
450 . 000

. 26

+ j377.040

 . , . ,
,

2) RL R Z 45
A) L=2,5 , f=50Hz, B) L=180m, f=250kHz, C) L=4,6H, f=100kHz

()
220V (rms).

Z
L
= tan 1 (
)
R

= 45 o = tan
L
R

L
R

L
R

= tan( 45 o )

= 1 L = R

R = 2 f L
A) R = 2 f L = 2 50 2 ,5 = 785 , 4
) R = 2fL = 2 250 10 3 180 10 3 = 2,827 10 5
C) R = 2fL = 2 100 10 3 4,6 = 2,89 10 6

I=

u
R 2 + (L) 2 45o

u
(L) 2 + (L) 2 45o

u 45o
( )
2 L

()

I=

220 45o
( ) = 0.198 45o ( )
2 2 50 2,5

. 27

 . , . ,
,

220
180

140
100
60
20
-20

t (deg)
0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

-60
-100
-140
-180
-220

)
0,2

0,15
0,1
0,05

t (deg)
0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

-0,05
-0,1
-0,15
-0,2

3) RC R=6 C=30F i(t)=5sin(5000t).

.

~
~
~
1
u~ = I ~
z = I ( R jX C ) = I ( R j
)
C
,

=5000 rad/sec I = 50

~ = 5 (5 j
u

1
) = 25 j33,33 = 41.64 53.1
5000 30 106

U(t)=41.64sin(5000t-53.1o)
. 28

 . , . ,
,

4) RC
) R=100, C= 0.2 F, f= 25 Hz,

) R=1, C=10F, f= 50Hz,

) R= 0.3, C= 2F, f= 1000 Hz.

RC :

~z = R jX = R j 1 = R j 1
C
C
2fC

1
= 1 j 318,31
2 50 10 10 -6
1
~
= 100 j 3,183 10 4
) z = 100 j
-6
2 25 0.2 10
1
~
= 0,3 j 79,58
) z = 0.3 j
2 1000 2 10 -6
~
z =1 j

5) L=0.1H, U(t)=140sin(314t)
I(t)=7sin(314t+90o).
.

L=0.1H, 90 .
,

~ = 14000
u
~
I = 7900

90.
90
LC.
~
z

. 29

 . , . ,
,

~
u
140
~
z = ~ =
= 20
7
I
=314rad/sec

LC

~z = j ( X X )
L
C
,

~z = j ( X X ) = j (L 1 ) 20 ,
L
C
C

j (L

1
1
) = 20 (L
) = 20
C
C

90 ,

1
1
) = 20
= 20 + L
C
C
1
1
C=
=
= 6,2 10 5 F
(20 + L) 314 (20 + 314 0.1)

(L

6) RC , R=5 UR=17.7V
f=50z. - 60 .

;

=2f=1=314rad/sec
UR=17.7V ,

U R = IR = 17,7 I = 3,54 A
. 30

 . , . ,
,

RC ,

1 / C

R
1 / C
60 = tan -1

R
1 / C
= tan(60)
R
1 / C
= 1.73
R
1
= 1.7 C = 3,75 10 4 F
314 C 5
~
I
3,54
~
~
uC = jX C I = j
=j
= j 30,06(V )
C
314 3,75 10 -4

= tan -1

m
I
= -60o

uR=17.7

Re

uC=-j30.06

u=uR-juC=17.7-j30.06

7) RLC L=0.01H, U(t)=310sin(628t-10o) I(t)=12,5sin(628t-55o).

.
;

z=

U 310
=
= 24,8
I 12,5

. 31

 . , . ,
,

45 .
,

L 1 / C

L 1 / C
45 o = tan -1

L 1 / C
L 1 / C
= tan( 45 o )
=1
R
R
L 1 / C = R 628 L 1 /(628 C) = R
628 0.01 1 /(628 C) = R

= tan -1

R + 1 /(628 C) = 6,28

(1)

z = R 2 + (L

24,8 = R 2 + (628 0,01

)2

1
) 2 (2)
628 C

(1)

(2) 24,8 2 = R 2 + (6,28

1
)2
628 C

(1)

24,8 2 = R 2 + R 2
R = 17.54
(2) ,

24,8 = 17,54 2 + (628 0,01

1
)2
628 C

C = 6,7 10 5 F
,
1
1
L =
=
= 1222 rad / sec
C
LC

. 32

 . , . ,
,

2.7)

(R//L)

I
L

U
2.7.1 R//L.

U = RI

U = L

dI L
dt

(2.7.1)

R :
L :

2.1 2.2 U=Umsin(t),

IR =
I = IL + IR =

Um
sin(t ) ,
R

IL =

Um

sin(t )
2
L

(2.7.2)

Um
U

sin( t ) + m sin( t ) = G R U m sin( t ) + G L U m sin( t )

L
R
2
2

GR =

1
,
R

GL =

1
L

(2.7.4)

Z ,
. 33

(2.7.3)

~ 1
G= ~.
Z

 . , . ,
,

Re

IR

I=IR-jIL

-jIL

G=

1
R

1
1
+
R j L

Re

jL

2.7.2

~
~
~
I = IR + IL

( 2 .7 .5 )

I = I R2 + I L2 (V )
~
u~ = R I (V )
~
~
u~ = jX L I L = j L I L (V )

( 2 .7 .6 )
( 2 .7 .7 )
( 2 .7 .8 )

~
1
1
1
G = ~ =
+
z
R
jX L
G =

1
=
z

( 2 .7 .9 )

1
X

( 1 )

2
L

( 2 . 7 . 10 )

~
~
u~
I = G u~ = ~
z
1

I =u

= tan

R2

-1

IL

IR

( 2 . 7 . 11 )

1
X

2
L

= tan

( )
-1

( 2 . 7 . 12 )

1/L

( rad )
R

. 34

( 2 . 7 . 12 )

 . , . ,
,

2.8)

(R//C)

I
C

C
U
2.8.1 R//C.

U = RI

U =

R,

1
C

dt

(2.8.1)

R :
C:

2.1 2.2 U=Umsin(t),

IR =
I = IL + IR =

Um
sin(t ) ,
R

I C = CU m sin(t +

Um

sin(t ) + CU m sin(t + ) = G R U m sin(t ) + G C U m sin(t + )

R
2
2

GR =

1
,
R

G C = C

. 35

(2.8.2)

(2.8.3)

(2.8.4)

 . , . ,
,

m
m
I=IR+jIC

jIC

G=1/R+jC

Re

IR

jC

1/R

Re

2.8.2

~
~
~
I = I R + IC

( 2 .8 .5 )

I = I R2 + I C2 (V )
~
u~ = R I R (V )
~ = jX I~ =
u
C C

( 2 . 8 .6 )
( 2 .8 . 7 )
1

j C

~
I C (V )

( 2 .8 .8 )

~ 1
1
G= ~ =
+ j C
z
R

( 2 . 8 .9 )

1
+ ( C) 2
2
R
~
u
~ ~
I = G u~ = ~
z

G=

I =u

1
=
z

1
+ ( C) 2
2
R

( -1 )

( 2 . 8 . 10 )
( 2 .8 .11)

( )

( 2 . 8 . 12 )

I
C

= tan -1 C = tan -1
( rad )
R
IR
. 36

( 2 .8 . 13 )

 . , . ,
,

2.9) (R//L//C)

U
2.9.1 R//L//C.

U = RI

dI L
U = L
,
dt

R:

L:

C:

1
U =
C

dt

(2.9.1)

2.1 2.2 U=Umsin(t),

IR =

Um
sin(t ) ,
R

I C = CU m sin(t +

I = I R + I L + IC =

IL =

Um

sin(t )
2
L

Um
U

sin(t ) + m sin(t ) + CU m sin(t + ) =

L
R
2
2

G R U m sin(t ) + G L U m sin(t

) + GC U m sin(t +

. 37

(2.9.2)

(2.9.3)

 . , . ,
,

GR =

1
,
R

GL =

1
,
L

G C = C

(2.9.4)

jIC

G=1/ R+ j(C-

I=IR+j(IC-IL)

JC

1/L)

j(IC-IL)

j(C-1/L)

1/
R

Re

Re
-j/L

-jIL

(C>1/L)

m
jIC
u

IR

jC

Re

1/
R

Re

G=1/ R+ j(C-1/L) j(C-1/L)

I=IR+j(IC-IL)

j(IC-IL)
-jIL

1/jL

(C<1/L )

2.9.2 .

. 38

 . , . ,
,

~
~
~
~
I = IR + IL + IC

( 2 .9 .5 )

I R2 + ( I L I C ) 2 (V )
~ = R I~
u
(V )
R
~
~
u~ = jX L I L = j L I L (V )
~
IC
~
~
u = jX C I C = j
(V )
C
~
1
1
1
1
G = ~ =
+

z
R
jX L
jX C
I

1
1
1 2
+(

) =
2
R
XC
XL
~
u~
~
I = G u~ = ~
z

G =

I =

1
1 2
+ ( C
) u
2
R
L

I IL
= tan -1 C
IR

( 2 .9 .6 )
( 2 .9 .7 )
( 2 .9 .8 )
( 2 .9 .9 )
( 2 . 9 . 10 )

1
1 2
+ ( C
)
2
R
L

( -1 )

( 2 . 9 . 11 )
( 2 . 9 . 12 )

( )

L
= tan -1
1/ R

. 39

( 2 . 9 . 13 )

( rad )

( 2 . 9 . 14 )

 . , . ,
,

1) ,
220V/50Hz R=2, L=20mH, C=3.10-5 F.

.

0, U = 2200 o
:

R:
L:
C:

1 1
~
G R = = 1 = 0.5 1
R 2
1
1
1
1
~
GL =
=
=
=
1 = j 0.1592 1
jX L
jL j 2fL j 2 50 0.02
1
~
GC =
= jC = j 2fC = j 2 50 0.00003 1 = j 0,094 1
jX C

1
1
~ 1
G= +

= 0,5 j 0,1592 + j 0,094 1 = 0,5 j 0.0652 1

R jX L jX C

~ ~~
I = GU = 220(0,5 j 0.0652 ) A = 10 j14,33 A = 110,93 7,42 o A = 110,93 0,129rad A
:

~ ~
~
I R = G R U = 0,5 220 A = 110 A
~ ~
~
I L = G LU = j 0,1592 220 A = j 35,02 A
~ ~
~
I C = GC U = j 0,094 220 A = j 20,68 A
:
. 40

 . , . ,
,

U (t ) = 220 2 sin(t)
I R = 110 2 sin(t)

)
2

= 20,68 2 sin(t + )
2

I L = 35,02 2 sin(t IC

I = 110,93 2 sin(t 0,129 )

jIC=j20,68
IR =110A

U=220

Re

=7,42

j(20,68-35,02)

I=IR+j(IC-IL)
-jIL==j35,05

2) ,

220V/50Hz
UR

UC

C=30F
L=0.2

IR

R=25

UL
I R ( t ),

I L (t ), I C (t ), U R (t ), U L (t ), U C (t )

. 41

 . , . ,
,

~
~
R, Z L , Z C

1
)
j 2fL ( j
~ ~
Z L ZC
jX L ( jX C )
2fC
~
Z = R+ ~
= R+

~ = R+
1
jX L jX C
Z L + ZC
j 2fL j
2fC
L
j
~
C
Z = R+
1
2fL
2fC
,

~
Z = R+

L
C

1
2fL
2fC

j
= 0,5 +

0,02
3 10 6

1
2 50 0,02
2 50 3 10 6

= 25 j154,07

~
220
~ ~ U
I = IR = ~ =
A = 0,226 j1,39 A = 1,41 80,78 o A
Z 25 j154,07

~
~
U R = I R R = 25 1,41 80,78 o V = 35,24 80,78 o V
~
U R = 5.65 - j34.78V

~
~
~
~
U L = U C = U U R = 220 (5.65 - j 34.78) V = 214,35 + j 34.78V = 217 ,159,22 o V

~
~
~
UL
UL
UL
~
IL = ~ =
=
= 0.55 - j 3.41 A = 3,46 80,78
j 2fL j 2fL
ZL

. 42

 . , . ,
,

~
~
~
UC
UC
UC
~
IC = ~ =
=
= 0,33 + j 2,02 A = 2,0599,22 o
1
1
ZC j
j
2fC
2fC

m
UL= UC =214,35+j34,78

U=220

Re

UR=5,65-j34,78

IC=-0,33+j2,02

UL=UC=214,35+j34,78

Re
IR=0,226-j1,39
IL=0,55-j3,41
UR=5,65-j34,78

. 43

 . , . ,
,

3 -
P(t)
(t)
+

U(t)

U(t)

3.1 .

U(t) I(t).
t

P (t ) = U ( t ) I (t )

(3.1)

U (t ) = U m sin(t)
I(t) = I m sin(t )
,

P (t ) = U (t ) I (t ) = U m sin( t) I m sin(t ) = U m I m sin( t) sin(t ) =

U m I m sin( t) [sin(t) cos( ) + cos(t) sin( )] =

U m I m sin 2 (t) cos( ) + U m I m sin( t) cos(t) sin( ) =

1 cos 2t
sin 2t
cos( ) + U m I m
sin( ) =
2
2
U I
U I
cos( ) m m cos 2t cos( ) + m m sin 2t sin( )
2
2

Um Im
U m Im
2

P (t ) =

Um Im
U I
cos( ) m m cos(2t )
2
2
. 44

(3.2)

 . , . ,
,

.
,

1
P=
T

U I
1 Um Im
P(t )dt =
[
cos() m m cos(2t )]dt =
T
2
2

Um Im
U I
cos() m m
2
2T

cos(2t )dt
0 442443
1
0

P=

Um Im
cos( )
2

(3.3)

U rms =

Um
2

I rms =

Im
2

P = U rms I rms cos( )

(3.4)

cos( )
, . , ,
.
Watt, [W].
.
,

Q = U rms I rms sin()

[VAr].

(3.5)

. 45

 . , . ,
,

S = U rms I rms

(3.6)

(VA).
,

S=

P2 + Q2

(3.7)

cos( ) =

P
=
S

(3.8)

P + Q2
2

3.1)

~ ~

U , I
,

~ ~ ~
S = U I * = P + jQ

(3.1.1)

.
( ) ,

~ ~ ~ ~
S = U I * = U (I )* = U I = U I (cos + j sin ) = U
I2
cos
+ jU
I2
sin

14
43
14
43
P

(3.1.2)

,
3.1.1.

m
S

jQ

Re

3.1.1 .

. 46

 . , . ,
,

3.2)

I
P

3.2.1 .

~ ~

U , I ,

~
~ U
I = ,
R
~ * ~ ~
~ ~ ~* ~ U U U * U 2
S = U I = U =
=
>0
R
R
R

U2
>0
R
Q=0
P=

P Q.

I
P

3.2.2 .

~ ~

U , I ,
. 47

(3.2.1)

 . , . ,
,

~
U
~
I =
,
jX L
~ * ~ ~
~ ~ ~* ~ U U U *
U2
=
S = U I = U
=
j

jX

jX
X
L
L
L
{
Q >0

P =0
Q=

U2
>0
XL

(3.2.2)

U2
.
Q =
XL
)

P
Q

3.2.3 .

~ ~

U , I ,

~
I =

~
U
,
jX C

~
~ ~ ~* ~ U
S = U I = U
jX C

*
~ ~
U U *
U2
=
=

jX
X
C
C

{
Q <0

P =0
U2
Q=
<0
XC

(3.2.3)

U2
Q =
.
XC

. 48

 . , . ,
,

3.3)

.

.

(cos<0.85).
,
.

.


.
.

PL(t)
(t)
+
U(t)

UL
(t)

3.3.1

PL Q L

PC=0

QC
C

3.3.1
.
. 49

 . , . ,
,

cos cos .

cos =
cos ' =

PL
P
= L =
SL U LIL

PL
P
= L =
SL U LI

PL

(3.3.1)

P + Q L2
2
L

PL
PL2 + (Q L QC ) 2

(3.3.2)

tan ' =

PL

Q L QC

P
QC = Q L L
tan '

(3.3.3)
1

' = cos (cos( ))

3.3.2.

jQ L
jQ C

S
S'
'

jQ L'

PL

Re
jQ C

3.3.2

. 50

 . , . ,
,

PL(t)
L(t)
+
U(t)

UL

PL Q L

VC
C

U(t)

PL

UL

QL

3.3.3

~
~ U
~
~
~
~
Z Z = ~ , Z = U I = .
I

.
,

Z L = R L + jX L

(3.3.4)

Z L = R L + j ( X L X C )

(3.3.5)

Z L = tan 1 (

XL XC
)
RL

. 51

(3.3.6)

 . , . ,
,

cos ' = cos(Z L )

(3.3.7)

cos ' C
,

' = Z L = tan 1 (

XL XC
)
RL

XL XC
= tan( ' )
RL

X C = X L R L tan( ' )
C=

1
( X L RL tan( ' ))

3.3.4.

m
jQ L

jQ L

-jQC

jQ L'

jQ L'

S'
'

PL'

PL

Re

jQ C

3.3.4

. 52

(3.3.8)

 . , . ,
,

3) RLC R=10, L=0.1H, C=50F U=220V (rms)

/50Hz. , ,
.

1
1
~
z = R + j ( X L X C ) = R + j (L
) = 10 + j (2 50 0,1
) = 10 j 32,25
C
2 50 50 10 -6
,

~
~ U
220
I = ~ =
= 1,93 + j6,22 A
z 10 j 32,25
,

~ ~~
S = UI * = 220 (1,93 j6,22 ) = 424,6 j1369,3 VA
P=

424,6W

Q=1369,9 VAr.
,

cos =

P
P2 + Q2

424,6
424,6 2 + 1369,3 2

= 0,296 .

3) RL R=5, L=0.03H 50Hz.

1 0.6
.

~
z = R + jX L = R + jL = 5 + j 2 50 0,03 = 5 + j 9,42
. 53

 . , . ,
,

~
z ~
z
(5 + j 9,42) ( jX C ) j 5 X C + 9,42 X C
~
z '= ~
z // ~z C = ~ ~C =
=
z + zC
5 + j 9,42 jX C
5 + j (9,42 X C )

~z '

= ~z = ( j 5 X C + 9,42 X C ) (5 + j (9,42 X C )) =
tan 1

5X C
9,42 X C
9,42 X C
tan 1
= 27,96 o tan 1

9,42 X C
5
5

= 27,96 o tan 1

9,42 X C
5

1 0. ,

= 0 = 27,96 o tan 1

9,42 X C

9,42 X C
= 27,96 o
5
9,42 X C
= tan(27,96 o )
5
1
XC =
= 12,08
2fC

tan 1

C = 2,64 10 4

0,6

= cos 1 (0,6) = 36,87 o .

,

= 36,87 o = 27,96 o tan 1

9,42 X C
= 8,91o
5
9,42 X C
= tan(8,91o )
5
1
XC =
= 10,20
2fC

tan 1

C = 3,12 10 4
. 54

9,42 X C

 . , . ,
,

3) S, P, Q, cos.
, C
0.8 .

220V/50Hz
UR

R=15

L=0.2

UL

R j 2fL
15 j 2 50 0,2
~
z = R // jX L =
=
= 14,19 + j 3,39
R + j 2fL
R + j 2 50 0,2

~
~ U
220
I = ~ =
= 14,67 j3,50 A
z 14,19 + j 3,39
,

~ ~~
S = UI * = 220 (14,67 + j3,50 ) = 3227 + j 770
P= 3227W
Q=770 VAr.
,

cos =

P
2

P +Q

3227
2

3227 + 770
. 55

= 0,973 .

 . , . ,
,

0,6

' ' = cos (0,8) = 36,87 . ,

o

tan ' = tan(36,87 o ) = 0,75

QL QC

P
770 QC
0,75 =

3227
QC = 3190VAr
0,75 =

QC = U 2C
C=

QC
U
2

QC
2fU

3190
2 50 220

= 2,09 10 4 F

~ ~
~
~ U U
U
220
220
I =~ = ~ +
=
+

z ' z jX C 14,19 + j 3,39 j15,17

~
I = 14,67 + j11A

:

~ ~~
S = UI * = 220 (14,67 j11 ) = 3.227 j 2.420

S=3227+j770
jQ=j770VAr
P=3227W
P=3227W

-jQ=-j2420VAr
S=3227-j2420

. 56

 . , . ,
,

I=14,67+j11

j(IC-IL)=j11

IR=14,67
IR=14,67
I=14,67-j3,5

L=-j3,5

0,6
' ' = cos

(0,8) = 36,87 o .

~
z '= ~
z jX C = 14,19 + j 3,39 jX C = 14,19 + j( 3,39 X C )
:

3,39 X C

14,19
3,39 X C

tan ' =
14,19

' = tan 1

tan(36,87 o ) = 0,75 =

3,39 X C

14,19

X C = 14,03
1
= 14,03
2fC
C = 2,27 10 4 F
:

~
~
~
~ U
U
U
220
I =~ =~
=
=

1
z ' z jX C ~
14,19 + j 3,39 j14,03
zj
2fC
~
I = 9,92 + j 7,44 A
. 57

 . , . ,
,

~ ~~
S = UI * = 220 (9,92 j7,44 ) = 2.182,4 j1.636,8

S=3227+j770
jQ=j770VAr

P'=2182W

P=3227W

-jQ'=-j1639VAr
S'=2182-j1639

I'=7,44+j9,42

IR=14,67
I=14,67-j3,5

IR=9,92
L=-j3,5

. 58

j(IC-IL)=j7,44

 . , . ,
,

4 -
4.1)
n
.

U 1 = U m1 sin(t 1 )
U 2 = U m 2 sin(t 2 )

(4.1.1)

M
U n = U mn sin(t n )

I 1 = I m 1 sin( t 1 1 )
I 2 = I m 2 sin( t 2 2 )

(4.1.2)

M
I n = I mn sin( t n n )

n U n I n
n- ,

U m1 = U m 2 = ... = U mn
I m1 = I m 2 = ... = I mn

2 1 = 3 2 = L = n n 1 =

2
n

(4.1.3)

1 = 2 = ... = n

.
,

U 1 = U m1 sin(t 1 )
U 2 = U m 2 sin(t 2 )

I 1 = I m 1 sin( t 1 1 )

U 3 = U m 3 sin(t 3 )

I 2 = I m 2 sin( t 2 2 )
I 3 = I m 3 sin( t 3 3 )

. 59

(4.1.4)

 . , . ,
,

3- ' n-
,

U m1 = U m 2 = U m 3
I m1 = I m 2 = I m 3

2 1 = 3 2 =

2
3

(4.1.5)

1 = 2 = 3
4.1.1.

b
c

U aN
UbN
UcN

N
4.1.1

a, b, c

.
,

I N = Ia + Ib + Ic

(4.1.6)

4.1.1
a 0 ,

U aN = U m sin(t )
2
)
3
4
= U m sin(t
)
3

U bN = U m sin(t
U cN

a = m sin( t )

. 60

2
)
3
4
3 = m 3 sin( t
)
3

2 = m 2 sin( t

(4.1.7)

 . , . ,
,

.
,

U aN = U a U N
U bN = U b U N

(4.1.8)

U cN = U c U N

.
,

U ab = U aN U bN
U bc = U bN U cN

(4.1.9)

U ca = U cN U aN

t,
:

U aN (t ) + U bN ( t ) + U cN ( t ) = 0
U ab (t ) + U bc ( t ) + U ca (t ) = 0

(4.1.10)

I a ( t ) + I b (t ) + I c (t ) = I N ( t ) = 0
,

~
~
~
U aN + U bN + U cN = 0
~
~
~
U ab + U bc + U ca = 0
~ ~ ~ ~
Ia + Ib + Ic = I N = 0

(4.1.11)

0

.
. 61

 . , . ,
,

Im

-UaN
Uca

Uab

UcN
120o

Ic

-UbN

30o

Re

30o

UaN

120

30o

Ia

120o

Ib

-UcN
Ubc
4.1.2 .

30

3 , :
~
~
U ab = 3U aN 130 o
~
~
U bc = 3U bN 130 o
~
~
U ca = 3U cN 130 o

(4.1.12)

(3.1.7)
:

U ab = 3U m sin(t +
U bc = 3U m sin(t
U ca

)
2
7
= 3U m sin(t
)
6
. 62

(4.1.13)

 . , . ,
,

4.2)

.
a

Ua Ub

Uc

4.2.1 .

4.2.2 .
a

a
Uab
Uca

Ubc

4.2.2 .

. 63

 . , . ,
,

,
4.2.3 4.2.4.

a
a

UaN

Zb

UbN

Zc

UcN

Za

4.2.3 .

Uab

ab

Uca

ca
Zca

Zab

Zbc

bc

b
c

Ubc

4.2.4 .

~ ~
~
I a = I ab I ca
~ ~
~
I b = I bc I ab
~ ~
~
I c = I ca I bc
. 64

(4.2.1)

 . , . ,
,

~ ~
~
Ia Ib
Ia
~
=
130o
I ab =
3
3
~ ~
~
I I
I
~
I bc = b c = b 130o
3
3
~ ~
~
Ic Ia
Ic
~
I ca =
=
130o
3
3

(4.2.2)

4.3)


, :

~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
S 3 = U aN I a* + U bN I b* + U cN I c*

(4.3.1)

~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
S 3 = 3U aN I a* = 3U bN I b* = 3U cN I c*

(4.3.2)

S 3 = 3U I = 3U I
P3 = 3U I cos = 3U I cos

(4.3.3)

Q3 = 3U I sin = 3U I sin
U , U I
.

. 65

 . , . ,
,

, :

~
~ ~* ~ ~* ~ ~*
S 3 = U ab I ab
+ U bc I bc + U ca I ca

(4.3.4)

~
~ ~*
~ ~
~ ~
S 3 = 3U ab I ab
= 3U bc I bc* = 3U ca I ca*

(4.3.5)

S 3 = 3U I = 3U I
P3 = 3U I cos = 3U I cos

(4.3.6)

Q3 = 3U I sin = 3U I sin

U I , I

I ab = I bc = I ca = I
Ia = Ib = Ic = I
I = 3I

. 66

(4.3.7)

 . , . ,
,

a
b

ab

ca

bc

c
4.3.1 .

.
,

~
~
I aA = I a
~
~
I bA = I b
~
~
I cA = I c

(4.3.8)

~
~
S 3A = S 3
~ ~*
~ ~*
3U aN I aA
= 3U ab I ab

*
~
~
~ U aN
~ U ab
3U aN ~
= 3U ab ~
Z
Z
A

U 2 aN U 2 ab
= ~*
~
Z *A
Z
~
U 2 ab ~
Z * = 2 Z * A
U aN
~*
~
Z = 3Z * A

~
~
Z = 3Z A
. 67

(4.3.9)

 . , . ,
,

a
b
c
PL+j(QL-QC)

PL+j(QL-Q'C)

CA

CA
CA

C
C

PL+jQL

PL+jQL

4.3.2 .

4.3.2. PL QL.

:

QT = QL QC

(4.3.10)

cos =

PL
PL2 + QT2

PL

PL2 + (QL QC )

(4.3.11)

QC = 3U 2C A

(4.3.12)

QC = 3U 2 C
. 68

(4.3.13)

 . , . ,
,

U , U .
(4.3.12), (4.3.13) ,

3U 2C A = 3U 2C
CA =

U 2
U 2

C A = 3 C

. 69

(4.3.14)

 . , . ,
,

1)

U=660V

=200 cos=0.9 ().

) ,
) .

) ,

S3 = 3U I = 3 660 200 = 28kVA

,

P3 = 3U I cos = 3 660 200 0.9 = 206kVA

sin = 1 - cos 2 = 0.435

Q 3 = 3U I sin = 3 660 200 0.435 = 99kVAr
.
) ,

~
U
~
= ~
I
,

cos = 0.9 = cos -1 (0.9) = 25.84

25.84 .
,

660
~
=

3
200 - 25.84

. 70

~
= 1.925.84

 . , . ,
,

2)

40

230V/400V.
cos =

3
() ,
2

~
~
I , I

) ,
) C
cos=1.

~
~ U 4000
I = ~ =
= 10 - ()
40

cos =

3
3
. = cos -1 ( ) = 60
2
2

~
I = 10 - 60 ()
,

~
Ia = 10 - 60 ()
~
Ib = 10 - 180 ()
~
Ic = 10 - 300 ()

~
I a = 10 3 - 90 ( )
~
I b = 10 3 - 180 ( )
~
I c = 10 3 - 300 ( )

) , ,

S3 = 3U I = 3 400 10 3 = 12 kVA
3
= 10.4kW
2
1
= S 3 sin = 12 = 6kVAr
2

P3 = S 3 cos = 12

Q 3

) .

Q C = Q 3 = 6 kVAr
QC = Q3 3U 2 C = Q3
C =

Q3
3U
2

C =

6000
3 400 2 2 50

. 71

C = 40F

 . , . ,
,

C A = 3C = 120F
3) 230/400V, 50z =20
8kW. 90% :
)
)
)
)
)
.

) ,

Pm = 8kW
n=90% ,

Pm = n PL PL =

Pm
8
PL =
kW
n
0.9

PL = 8.89 kW
)

S 3 = 3U I = 3 400 20 = 13.86 kVA

) : cos =

P3
S 3

8.89
= 0.64
13.86

sin = 1 - cos 2 = 0.77

Q3 = 3U I sin = 3 400 10 0.77 = 10.66kVAr

) ,

I W = I cos = 20 0.64 = 12.8 A ,

. 72

I Q = I sin = 20 0.77 = 15.4 A

 . , . ,
,

QC = 10 Q3 = 106.6 kVAr

QC = 3U 2 C
C =
C =

QC
3U 2

106600
3 400 2 2 50

C = 7 104 F
,

C A = 3C = 21 10 4 F
o
~
4) 230/400V, 50 Hz, z = 20 30

.
.

~
U aN = 2300 o
~
U bN = 230 120 o
~
U cN = 230 240 o
,
~
~
U ab = 3U aN 130 o = 40030 o
~
~
U bc = 3U bN 130 o = 400 90 o
~
~
U ca = 3U cN 130 o = 400 210 o
,

~
U ab 40030 o
~
I ab = ~ =
= 200 o
o
Z ab
2030
~
U
~
400 90 o
I bc = ~bc =
= 20 120 o
o
Z bc
2030
~
U
~
400 210 o
I ca = ~ ca =
= 20 240 o
o
Z ca
2030
. 73

 . , . ,
,

~
~
I a = 3 I ab 30 o = 20 3 30 o = 34.6 30 o
~
~
I b = 3 I bc 30 o = 20 3 150 o = 34.6 150 o
~
~
I c = 3 I ca 30 o = 20 3 270 o = 34.6 270 o
,

~
~ ~*
~ ~
~ ~
S 3 = U ab I ab
+ U bc I b*c + U ca I ca* = 40030 o 200 o + 400 90 o 20120 o + 400 210 o 20240 o =
2400030 o = 20785
123 + j12000
123
P3

Q3

S 3 = 24kVA
P3 = 20,785kW
Q3 = 12kVAr

5)

230/400V

~
z A = 20 30 o , ~
z B = 25 30 o , ~zC = 20 3 5 o .
.
, S3, P3, Q3.
.

~
U aN = 2300 o (V)
~
U bN = 230 120 o (V)
~
U cN = 230 240 o (V)
,

~
~ U aN 2300 o
Ia = ~ =
= 11.5 - 30 o ()
o
20

30
a
~
~ U bN 230 120 o
Ib = ~ =
= 9.2 - 150 o ()
o
25

30
b
~
~ U cN 230 240 o
Ic = ~ =
= 11.5 - 275 o ()
o
20 35
c
. 74

 . , . ,
,

~
~
~
Sa = U aN Ia* = 2300 o 11.530 o = 264530 o (VA) = 2291
,5(VAr )
{ (W ) + j1322
123
P
Qa

~
~
~
Sb = U bN Ib* = 230 120 o 9.2150 o = 211630 o (VA) = 1832
,5(W ) + j1058
{ (VAr )
123
Pb

Qb

~
~
~
Sc = U cN Ic* = 230 240 o 11.5275o = 264535 o ( VA) = 2167
{ (W ) + j1517
{ (VAr )
Pc

Qc

~
~
~
~
S3 = Sa + Sb + Sc =
( 2 .291 + 1 . 832 ,5 + 2 . 167 )(W ) + j (1 .322 ,5 + 1 .058 + 1 .517 )(VAr )

~
S 3 = 61. 290
,5 (W ) + j 31. 897
,5 (VAr )
23
23
P3

Q 3

.
.
:
, ,

Q C = Q 3 = 3 .897 ,5(VAr )
) ,

3U 2 C A = Q C C A =
CA =

3 .897 ,5

3 230 2 2 50
C A = 78,2F
. 75

QC

3U 2

 . , . ,
,

) ,

C =

CA
= 26,07 F
3

:
) ,
:

Q Ca = Q a = 1 .322 ,5(VAr )
,

U 2 C aA = Q Ca C aA =
C aA =

Q Ca

U 2

1 .322 ,5

230 2 2 50

C aA = 79,6 F
b, c ,

U 2 C bA = Q Cb C bA =
C bA =

Q Cb

U 2

1 .058

230 2 2 50

C bA = 63,68F

U 2 C cA = Q Cc C cA =
C cA =

1 .517

230 2 2 50

C cA = 91,31F

. 76

Q Cc

U 2

 . , . ,
,

) .

.
, .

a
b

ZaN

Zb

Zab

ab

ca

Zca

bc

ZcN

Zbc

Z aN =
Z bN =
Z cN =

(Z ab

Z ca Z ab
+ Z bc + Z ca )

Z ab =

Z aN Z bN + Z bN Z cN + Z cN Z aN
Z cN

(Z ab

Z ab Z bc
+ Z bc + Z ca )

Z bC =

Z aN Z bN + Z bN Z cN + Z cN Z aN
Z aN

(Z ab

Z bc Z ca
+ Z bc + Z ca )

Z cA =

Z aN Z bN + Z bN Z cN + Z cN Z aN
Z bN

Z aN =

1
1
=
= j 40
j C aA j2 50 79,6 10 -6

Z bN =

1
1
=
= j 50
j C bA j2 50 63,68 10 -6

Z cN =

1
1
=
= j 34,87
j C cA j2 50 91,31 10 -6
. 77

 . , . ,
,

Z ab =

Z aN Z bN + Z bN Z cN + Z cN Z aN (-j40) (-j50) + (-j50) (-j34,87) + (-j34,87) (-j40)

=
= j147,36
Z cN
- j34,87

Z bc =

Z aN Z bN + Z bN Z cN + Z cN Z aN (-j40) (-j50) + (-j50) (-j34,87) + (-j34,87) (-j40)

=
= j128,46
Z aN
- j40

Z ca =

Z aN Z bN + Z bN Z cN + Z cN Z aN (-j40) (-j50) + (-j50) (-j34,87) + (-j34,87) (-j40)

=
= j102,77
Z bN
- j50

(
) ,

C ab =

1
1

~ =
j 2 50 ( j147 ,36 )
j Z ab

C ab = 21,26F
C bc =

1
1

~ =
j 2 50 ( j128 , 46 )
j Z bc

C bc = 24,79F
C ca =

1
1

~ =
j 2 50 ( j102 , 77 )
j Z ca

C ca = 30,99F

. 78

 . , . ,
,

6)

5kW 9

90% 0.9, 230/380V.

80%
.

a .
,

Pm = 9 HP = 9 0,736 kW = 6 .62 kW
90% ,

Pek =

Pm
6 ,62
=
= kW = 7 .36 kW
n
0 ,9

80% ,
:

Pek' = 0,8 Pe = 0,8 7 .36 = 5,89 kW

0.9.
,

cos = 0,9 = cos 1 ( 0,9 )

= 25,84o
,

Q k = Pe', k tan( ) = 5,89 0, 484 = 2,88 kVAr

,

S k = Pe', k + jQ k = 5,89 + j 2 ,88 kVA

. 79

 . , . ,
,

a ,

~
S
~
I ak = ~k
3V aN

= 5890 + j 2880 = 8,54 j 4 ,17 ( A ) = 9,5 26 ,03 o ( A )

3 230

a ,

~
S
~
I a = ~
3V aN

5000 + j 0

=
= 7 , 25 ( A )

230

a ,

~
~
~
I a = I ak + I a = 8,54 j 4 ,17 + 7 , 25 ( A ) = 15 ,79 j 4 ,17 ( A ) = 16 ,33 14 ,79 ( A )
b, c ,

~
I b = 9 ,5 146 ,03 o ( A )
~
I c = 9,5 266 ,03 o ( A )

. 80

 . , . ,
,

1)
a)

~
z = a + jb
)

a, b

j 2 = 1

~
z = A e j = A(cos + j sin)
~
z = A

= a 2 + b2

b
a

= tan 1

~
z = a + jb = A

Im
II

~z = a + jb = Ae j

jb

a
III

Re

IV

1.1 .

z = a + jb .
~

b
a

a, b > 0 = tan 1

z = a + jb .
~
a < 0, b > 0

b
a

o
1
= 180 - tan

. 81

 . , . ,
,

z = a + jb .
~
a < 0, b < 0

z = a + jb V.
~
a > 0, b < 0

b
a

= 180 o + tan 1

b
a

= 360 o tan 1

~
z1 = a1 + jb1

~
z 2 = a2 + jb2

~z + ~z = a + a + j (b + b )
1
2
1
2
1
2
~
z1 ~
z2 = a1 a2 + j (b1 b2 )

~
z1 ~z 2 = ( a1 + jb1 )(a 2 + jb2 ) = a1a 2 + ja1b2 + ja 2 b1 + j 2 b1b2

~z ~z = a a b b + j ( a b + a b )
1
2
1 2
1 2
1 2
2 1
~
z1 a1 + jb1 (a1 + jb1 )(a2 jb2 ) (a1 + jb1 )(a2 jb2 ) a1a2 + b1b2 + j(a1b2 + a2b1 )
=
=
=
=

~
z2 a2 + jb2 (a2 + jb2 )(a2 jb2 )
a 2 2 + b2 2
a 2 2 + b2 2
~z
a1 a 2 + b1b 2
j ( a1b 2 + a 2 b1 )
1
+
~z =
2
2
a 2 + b2
a 22 + b 22
2

. 82

 . , . ,
,

.
,

~
z1 = A1e j1

~z = A e j2
2
2

~z ~z = A A e j (1 +2 )
1
2
1 2
~z
A1 j (1 2 )
1
=
e
~z
A2
2

~
z = a + jb ,
~
z * = a jb

~z = Ae

~z * = Ae j

~
z ~
z * = A2 =a 2 +b 2

( ~z * ) * = ~z

. 83

 . , . ,
,

2)

s
o
c t
S d
B

t
d d

UUUU

2.1

2.1.
2.1
.
.

.
S.

:

= S cos = S cos ( t )
. 84

(2.1)

 . , . ,
,

U = N

d
d S cos ( t )
= N
= (
1NBS
23 ) sin ( t )
dt
dt
U

(2.2)

U = U m sin

( t )

U m =

NBS

,
( S).

120
,

= (
1NBS
23 ) sin ( t )
U

U b = (
1NBS
23 ) sin t - 120
U

= (
1NBS
23 ) sin t - 240
U

. 85

)
)

(2.3)

 . , . ,
,

3)

3.1) Thevenin

.

Thevenin, VTH,
V .

ZTH ,
(
).

Zth

Uth

3.1.1 Thevenin

3.2) Norton


.

Norton, IN,
,
( ).

,
(
).

IN

GN

3.2.1 Norton

. 86

 . , . ,
,

3.3)
n / f1, f2, , fn
, y1, y2, , yn .

f=1f1+ 2f2+ + nfn , ,
y=1y1+ 2y2+ + nyn.

3.4)

a
b
b

ZaN

Zb

Zab

Zca
ca

ab
b

bc

b
ZcN

c
c

Zbc

c
3.4.1 .

Z aN =
Z bN =
Z cN =

(Z ab

Z ca Z ab
+ Z bc + Z ca )

Z ab =

Z aN Z bN + Z bN Z cN + Z cN Z aN
Z cN

(Z ab

Z ab Z bc
+ Z bc + Z ca )

Z bC =

Z aN Z bN + Z bN Z cN + Z cN Z aN
Z aN

(Z ab

Z bc Z ca
+ Z bc + Z ca )

Z cA =

Z aN Z bN + Z bN Z cN + Z cN Z aN
Z bN

. 87

(.3.4.1)