BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 uve 609.914 669.14.019.20 British Standard Structural use of steelwork in building Part 1. Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections Aciers de construction Partie 1. Code de bonne pratique pour la conception des ouvrages de construction simple continue : profilés laminés 4 chaud Stahlkonstruktion im Bauwesen Teil 1. Leitfaden fiir die Verwendung warmgewalzter Profilstahle in einfacher und Endlosbauweise = —s NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW ELA” LE” ———<Sonn Peorvary 1982 ‘Amp 6972 February 1992 AMD 6972 Amendment No. 1 published and effective from 28 February 1992 to BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Structural use of steelwork in building Part 1. Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections Revised text Contents In Ue ist of tables: (a) delete the title of table 4 and substitute ‘Maximum thickness for adequate notch thickness of parts subject to applied tensile stress’ (6) delete the title of table 6 and substitute ‘Desian strenaths, 2,’ (c) in itorns (a) to (4) of tables 21 to 23, delete all references to ‘Grade 43 steel” and ‘Grade 5O steel’ and delete the brackets around the text quantifying Dy. Clause 1.2 Definitions [At the end of the definitions clause, insert the following new definitions. "1.2.46. design grade. Designation used to define specific performance requirements of the material for design purposes, in particular strength and toughness. 1.2.47 product grade. Designation used to define mechanical and chemical properties and manufacturing requirements of Ue material as specified in BS 5950 Part 2.” Clause 2.4.4.2 Maximum thicknoss Delete the second sentence, Table 4. Maximum thickness of parts subject to applied tensile stress Delete the entire table and substitute the following new table.‘Table 4, Maximum thickness for adequate notch toughness of parts subject to applied tensile stress {see notes 1 to 6) - Design exter NOTE 1..For setions with flngce tho thi orese ‘icknes:detined inte relevant Bit St = [NOTE 2, The relevant structural steel standard may require ket | kre | kot | R=? | Charpy vee to be agreed for enrtaln predict grades and alae thicken NOTE 9. Where no vue is shown, he maximum thickness 498 2 | 50 1s | 30 for adeauate notch toughness may be assumed tobe in excess 438 2s | 60 1 | 30 oF 100 agar) | 30 | 60 2 | 40 NOTE 4, Tha inclusion of a thickness limit inthe table does - nox necessarily imply th tet ofthat dickies ean be ae 60 sl" ‘ipplied va that design gad al prodet forms > = = NOTE 8. For desian arades 43817! and 508171. verifiction soo | - - = ‘of the impoct properties of qualty B by texting should be 43E = = - - ‘pecitied under option 7 ot 88 EN 10025 when these i ABE - - = - rae. [NOTE 6. Tha meximum thicknas van arm basil an a 508 20 | 40 12 | 26 tvninutn Chery welue of 27 J" a he following text 508 2 | 40 | 12 | 25 temperatures soat) | 25 | 50 16 | 32 Desian grades 43,50 and 55 0c 45 | 90 so | 60 ‘uatty “Test remperature 50D | 100 - | ~ °c sooo | - - 100 = a {00 ex) 8 +20 50E = = = - ie 5 sOcE | - - - - b 20 SOF - - - - bo a2 E =40 55¢ 3s | 70 2 | 60 Fe =0 F 0 ae = = = = Design grade WR 60 - Ousity “Tor omperature wasna | a5 | 90 so | 6 *c wreos | 45 | 90 30 | 60 A ° wrsoc | 6 | — 3 | 8 o * For Fe 510 DD, 8S EN 10025 pects 40 Jat ~20°C. which in ccepted on equvlont to 27 Jat 20°C. wo 6972 ‘epruary 1992 Clause 2.5.2 Durability In the last line, delete “to BS 4380". Clause 3.1.1 Strength of steel Delete paragraph 1 and substitute the following, “This standard covers the design of structures fabricated from weldable structural steels in designated design grades supplied to the appropriate product grade as given in BS 8950 : Part 2. Other steels, excludina rimming steels, ‘may also be used provided that due allowance be made for variations in propertis, including ductility and welda bility (see BS 5950 : Part 2)." In paragraph 2, line 4, delete ‘BS 4360 (or agroed with steeimaker’.’and substitute ‘the appropriate product standard (see BS 6950 : Part 2)."‘aMo 6972 Table 6, Design strengths, p, , for steel to BS 4360 Peoruery 1902 Delete the entire table and substitute the following new table. mano im, | Siemon =) a _ | | mm 43 | 16 | | 40 | ao | 0 }o | ie S| Se | 80 325 jm | ae 3 ‘Amo 6972 Clause 3.1.3 Stee! castings and forgings mene Delete the last sentence and substitute the following, ‘Design strangths correspanding to hot rolled steel ot design grade 43 may be adopted where no other information is available.” ‘Amp 6972 Clause 3.3.3 Effective area at connections eg InsTines 3 and 4, delete ‘where for steels complying with BS 4360:" and substitute ‘where! Insert ‘design’ before ‘grade’ in each of lines 5, 6 and 7. ‘ap 6972 Table 7. Limiting width to thickness ratios LAS ‘Against the entry for ‘Lege of single angle and double angle members with components in column 5, insert ‘and! between the two rows of formulae, AMD 6872 Table 8. Strength reduction factors for slender elements eae Inthe heading for column 3, delete ‘Stress’ and substitute ‘Strength’ In the entry for ‘Internal element of compression flange’, in column 2, delete ‘Build’ and substitute ‘Bult.amp e072 Clause 4.3.7.7 Equal flanged rolled sections February 1992 In paragraph 1, line 3, insert ‘not’ between ‘are’ and ‘equal’. In the definition of 'X’, delete ‘Lg’ and substitute ‘Lg ry’. In the definition of 1, delete‘ and substitute Fy‘. In paragraph 4, ine 4, insert ‘the’ between ‘for’ and value’ amo 6972 Table 21. Critical shear strength. g., aes In the headings of items (a) to (d) of the table, delete all reterences to “Grade 43 steel” and ‘Grade 60 steel’ and delete the brackets around the text quantifying py. am 0972 Table 22. Basic shear strength, gy, tier Inthe headings of items (a) to (4) of the table, delete all references to ‘Grade 43 steel” and 'Grade 50 steel’ nd delete the brackets eround the text quantifying Py. AMD 0972 Table 23. Flange dependent shear strength factor, 4, ceria In thy headings of items (a) to (d) of the table, delete all references to ‘Grade 43 steel” ‘and ‘Grade 60 stool’ and delete the brackets around the text quantifying Py. ‘AMD 6972 Clause 4.12.4.2 General rules for empirical design near toes In item (a), line 2, delete ‘grade 43 of BS 4360’ and substitute ‘design grade 43’. Clause 4.13.1 General In paragraph 6, line 1, delete ‘of grade 43’ and substitute ‘of design grado 434, In line 3, delete ‘Grade 43A baseplates’ and substitute “Baseplates ot design grade 43A ste’ ‘AMD 6872. Clause 5.3.3 Grades of steel February 1992 Delete paragraph 1 and substitute the following, "Steel tor plastic design should comply with all three of ‘the following.” In item (c). ine 2, delete “BS 18° and substitute ’BS EN 1002-1 ‘AMD 6872 Clause 5.5.3.5.2 comes In item (3) of (a): {a) immediately after the first formula, insert ‘design’ between ‘for’ and ‘grade’; (b) immediately after the second formula, insert ‘design’ between ‘for' and ‘grade’.‘Amp 6072 February 1982 ‘AMD 6972 pruary 1982 ‘AMD 6072 February 1982 AMD 6972, February 1002 "S.CN 1000241 Metalic ma Table 33. Bearing strength of connected parts for ordinary bolts in clearance holes, Py, la the overall heading of column 1 t0 3, delete ‘Stool to BS 4360" and substitute ‘Design gradi af steal” Table 34. Bearing strength of parts connected by parallel shank friction grip fasteners, 2, In the overall heading of columns 1 tv 3, delete ‘Steel to BS 4360" and substitute "Design grade of steel’. Clause 6.6.5.1 Design strength In paragraph 1, line 9, delete ‘on steel complying with BS 4360" Table 36. Design strength, Py In the heading of column 1, delete ‘Grede of steel in BS 4360’ and substitute ‘Design grade of sto! Publications referred to Dalat the entries for BS 18 and BS 4360, To the bottom of the list, insert the following new entries. als ~ Tensile testing ~ Part 1 Method of test BS EN 10025 Hot rolled products of nonlloy structural steels: Technical delivery conditions! 9702-2 cse/27Contents Page Foreword 5 Gomiitiees esponsible Back cover Coda of prs Section one, General 1.0 Introduction ° 1.0.1. Aime of economical structural design 8 1102 Overall stability 8 1.03 Accuracy of calculation 6 11 Scope 6 12 Definitions 6 13 Major symbols 7 14 Other materials 8 1.8 Design documents 8 16 Detailing 8 1.7. References to 8S 5400 8 Section two, Limit state de ‘2.1 General principles and design methods, 9 2.1.1 Limit state concept 0 2.1.2 Methods of design a 22 Loading aa 22.1 General 10 2.22 Dead, imposed and wind loading 10 2.2.3 Dynamic loads and impact ettects 10 23 Temperature effects 10 24 Ultimate limit states w 24.1 Limit stat of strength 10 242 Stability limit stare 10 243. Fatigue " 2A Brittle fracture " 245 Structural integrity " 25 Sorviceability limit states 4 25.1 Deflection 14 252 durability 4 Section thros, Properties of mat. Properties 31 General 6 3.1.1. Strength of sae! 5 3.12. Other properties of ste! 8 3.1.3. Steel castings end forgings 15 Welds and fasteners 15 Welding consumables 6 Ordinary bolts, nuts and washers 8 Friction qrio fasteners 15 Section properties 15 Gross section 15 Net eres 15 Effective area at connections 5 Deductions for holes 16 Hole area 16 Holes not staggered 16 3.413 Staggered holes 16 BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 3.5 Limiting proportions ot cross sections 35.1 General 3.5.2 Classification of cross sections 3.5.3 Classification of elemente 3.5.4 Webs of semi-compact sections 3.5.5 Compound flanges 3.56 Longitudinally stiffened flanges 3.6 Slender cross sections 3.6.1. General 3.6.2 Sections with thin webs required to carry shear 3.6.3 Webs subject to moments and axial loads ‘and circular hollow sections 3.6.4 Other elements Section four. Design of structural elements General Scope Class of cross section Design strength Members in bending General Full latoral restraint Shear Elastic shear stress ‘Moment capacity with low shear load Moment capacity with high shear lood Lateral torsional buckling General Lateral restraints 3 Effective lengths of beams Effective lengths of cantilevers Lateral torsional buckling resistan members subject to bending 4.3.8 Buckling resistance mament for single angles 4a Plato girders 4.4.1. General 4.4.2 Dimensions of webs and flanges 44.3 Design strength of components 4.4.4 Moment capacity 4.4.5 Shear buckling resistance of thin webs 44.8 Design of intermediate wransverse wed stiffeners 4.5 Web bearing, buckling and stiffener design 45.1 General 45.2 Load carrying stiffeners 45.3. Bearing stitteners 4.54 Design of load carrying stiffeners 4.5.8 Design of bearing stiffeners 456 Design of diagonal stiffeners 45.7 Design of tension stitteners 45.8 Torsion stiffeners 418.9 Conneotion to web of load carrying end bearing stiffeners 4.5.10 Connection to flanges: stiffeners in tension ofBS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 4.5.11 Connection to flanges: stiffeners in ‘compression 4.5.12 Hollow sections 46 Axially loaded tension members 4.6.1 Tension capacity 46.2. Eecentrie connections 46.3 Effective areas of simple tension members 4.8.4 Laced or battened ties 4.7 Compression members 47.1 General 4.7.2 Effective lengths 4.73. Slenderness 47.4 Compression resistance 4.1.5 Compressive strength 47.6 Eecentric connections 42.7 Columns in simple construction ATR Laced struts 4.7.9 Battened struts A.TAO Angle, channel and T-section struts 4.7.11 Batten-storced engle struts 47.12 Battoned parallel angle struts 4713 Hack-to-back struts 48 Axially loaded members with moments 48.1 General 48.2 Tension members with moments 483 Compression members with moments 49° Members with biaxial moments Empirical design rules for members in lattice frames and trusses Additional provisions for gantry girders 1 General 2 Crabbing of trolley 3 Lateral torsional buckling 4 Shear buckling 8 Local compression under wheels Wel Purlins and side rails, 4.42.1 General 4122 Reflections 4.12.3 Wind loading 4.124 Empirical design of purlins and side rails 4.13 Column bases 4.13.1 General 4.13.2 Empirical design of asaplates 4.13.3 Connection of baseplates 4.14 Cased sections 4.14.1 General 4.14.2 Cased members subject to bending 4.143 Cased struts 4.14.4 Cased members subject to axial load and moment 4.18 Web openings 4.18.1 General 4.18.2 Sections other than castellated 415.3 Castellated beams 3d girdare Section five. Continuous construction 5a Bat baZ 513 52 53 53.1 532 533 634 535 538 537 Section si General ‘Scope Loading Classification of multistorey frames as sway (oF non-sway Elastic design Plastic desion General Type of loading Grades of steel Geometrical properties Restaints Stiffenors at hinge locations Fabrication restrictions Continuous bears Elastic design Plastic desian Portal frames General Elastic design Plastic design Multi storey rigid frames: elastic design General Non-sway frames Sway frames Subframes Multi-storey rigid frames: plastic design General Non-sway frames ‘Sway frames Connections General recommendations General Intersections. Joints in simple construction Joints in rigid construction “Joints in semi rigid construction Joints subject to vibration and/or load reversal Splices Fastener spacing and edge distances Minimum spacing Maximum spacing in unstiffened plates ‘Minimum edge and end distances Maxinuin edge distances Ordinary bolting Effective arcas of bolts Shear capacity Bearing capacity Long jvints Large grip lengths Bolts subject to tension Friction grip fasteners General642 643 ead Parallel shank friction grip fasteners Waisted shank fasteners: slip resistance Frietion grip fasteners subject ta external tension Combined shear and tension Holes for frietion grip fasteners 645 648 6s 65.1 652 653 66 66.1 662 663 684 665 666 e7 Pin connections General Tension members and pin plates Desian of pins Weld detail and design General Details of fillet welds Partial penetration butt welds Welded details for structural hollow sections Design of fillet welds Design of butt welds Hoiding-down bolts Section seven. Loading teste 7A 72 73 731 732 733 734 735 738 General Test conditions Test procedures Test loads Preliminary loading Acceptance test Strenath test Test to failure Check tests ‘Appendices A Formal statement of satety factor format adopted in BS 5950 ; Pert 1 to favilitete vorrela tion with ISO 2394 and BS 6400 : Part 3 B. Lateral torsional buckling af members subject to bending © Compression strength. Perry strut formula D Effective lengths of struts in simple construction F Effective lengths of struts in rigid frames F Frame instability G Design of resteained members with an Lunrestrained compression flange H Web buckling Tables 1 Limit states 2 Loed factors end combinetions 3 Factor K for location of material and tensile stress 4 Maximum thickness of parts subjected to applied tensile stress 5 Deflection limits other than for pitched roof ortal trames Desigi strengths, yy, for steel to BS 4360 Limiting width to thickness ratios Strength reduction factors for slender elements Etfective lenath, L¢. for beams Page 88 88 88 88 89 89 89, 89, 8 89. 80 90 20 a1 a1 95 08 103 107 107 m u 2 4 18 7 19 2 BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 10 Etvectve eng, ce, for eanteer of eng & 11 Dending strength, py, lin N/mm?) for rolled 12 Handing senator Win?) fr welded Ure of mand m factors for members of uniform Senderness factor for anges beams of 13 4 15 Slenderness correetion fector,, for members with applied loading substantially concentrated within the middle titth of the unrestrained Fength Slenderness correction factor, for members with epplied loading other than 0s for table 16 ‘Moment diagram between adjacent points of lateral restraint Equivalent uniform moment factor, Bending strength, Pp, {in N/mm?) for rolled sections with equal flanges (a) By = 265 Nimm* (b) By = 275 Nimm? (e) By = 340 N/mm? (4) By = 365 Niemen? Slenderness correction factor. n, tor standard load conditions Critical shear strength, gop (in N/men?) (2) Grade 43 etool (oy = 265 N/mm?) (b) Grade 43 steet (py, = 275 N/mm?) (c) Grade 50 steel (p, = 340 N/mm?) (4) Grade 50 steel (py = 355 N/mm?) Basie shear strength, a (in N/mm*) (a) Grade 43 steel (p, = 265 N/mm?) (0) Grade 43 steel (py ~ 275 N/mm?) {c) Grade 60 stool (py ~ 340 N/mm?) (d) Grade 60 steel (my, = 385 N/mm?) Flange dependent shear strenath factor. ay {in Némm?) {) Grade 43 steel (py = 260 N/mm?) (h) Grade 43 stool (ny, = 275 N/mm?) (c) Grade 50 steel (p, = 340 N/mm?) (a) Grade 50 steel (oy ~ 355 N/mm?) Nominal effective length, Le, for a strut Strut table selection Type of section obtained for table 25 Compressive strength, Pc, {in N/mm?) for struts Angle, channel and T-section strute Empirical values for purlins Empirical values tor side ralls 31 Minimum edge and end distances to fasteners Strength of bolts in clearance holes Bearing strength on connected parts for ordinary bolts in clearance Noles. Dox Bearing strength on parts connected by parallel shank friction grip Fasteners, Pog 7 18 19 22 23 3b Maximum dimensions of holes 36 Design strength, D. 37 Comparison of partial safety factors Limiting ) for box sections of uniform wall thickness, including RHS 39 Equivalent uniform moment factor, 1, Poge 24 25 F) 26 27 28 30 a1 » 33, 34 35 36 48 50 51 56 57 58 59 70 75 5 86 a7 97 7 MtBS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Figures 1 Staggered hotes 2 Angles with holes in both leas 3 Dimensions of sections 4 Effective she ‘of typical sections 55 End panel designed not using tention field action 6 End panel designed using tension tield action (ingle stiffener) 7. End panel designed using tension field action (double stiffener) 8 ‘Stitt bearing length 9 Dimensions of castellated sections 10 Heunch restraints 11 Subframes aMinimum edge and end distances 12 Joint lenath at splice 19 Pinended tension members 14 Welded ond connections 15 Symmetrical fillet welds 16 Dimensions for symmetrical plate girders 17 Side stanchion 18 Side stanchion with restraints 19 Simple side stanchion with crane gantry Page 16 16 20 28 20 2 22 2B 24 2 27 2B 29 30 31 32 ‘Compound side stanchion with crane gantry ‘Compound valley stanchion with erane gantry Restraint coefficients for limited frame Effective length ratio L/L for a column in a rigid jointed frame braced against sidesway for hase Effective length ratio Le/t for a column in a rigid jointed frame with unrestricted sidesway fork; Ettective length ratio Le/I far a calumn ina rigid-jointed frame with partial sway bracing of celative stiffness ky = 1 Effective length ratio L_/L for @ column in @ rigid jointed frame with partial sway bracing of Telative stittness k, = 2 Critical buckling mode of frame braced against sidesway Critical buckling mode of frame free to sway ‘Members restrained on tension flange ‘Typical naunch Value of fy Intermediate moments Page 101 102 103 104 104 105 105 106 108 108 110 MtForeword ‘This Part of BS 5950 has been prepared under the direction Of the Civil Engineering and Bullding Structures Standards Policy Committee. This Part of BS 5950 replaces BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1086 which is withdrawn. BS 6050 is a document ‘combining odes of practice to caver the design construc- tion and fire protection of steel structures and specifications for materials, workmanship and erection, “This edition introduces tachnical changes hut it does not reflect a full review or revision of the standard, which will tbe undertaken in due course. The changes introduced are indicated by a single side line in yin of the page. BS 5950 comprites the following Parte: Part 1. Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections ‘Specification for materials, fabrication and. rection: hot rolled sections Design in composite construction Section 3.1 Code of practice for design of imple and continuous compotite beams *Seetion 3.2 Code of practice for design of ‘composite columns and frames Code of practice for design of floors with Profiled steel sheeting Cade of practice for design ot cold tormed sections Part 6* Code of practice for design in light gouge heating, decking and cladding Part 7° Specification for materials and workmanship: ‘old formed sections Part 8 Code of practice for fire resistant design Part 9* Code of practice for stressed skin design Part 2 Pants Part 4 Part 5 Part 1 gives recommendations for the design of structural steelwork in simple and continuous construction and its provisions apply to the majority of structures, although it is recognized that cases will arise when other proven methods. Cf design may be more appropriate. BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 This Part does not apply to other steel structures for which appropriate British Standards exist. Ithas been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard ‘that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people and that construction and supervision should be carried out by capable and experienced organizations. ‘The full list of organizations who have taken part in the work of the Technical Committee is given on the back ‘cover. The Chairman of the Committeo ie Mr P R Brett and the following people have made a particular contribution in the drafting of the code. Me PA Rutter Me PH Allen Mr B Auger Mr RJ Campion Mr E F Hole Me BL Hurst Mr JC Kalra Me EG Lovejoy Dr D B Moore Prot. D A Nethercot Dr MH Ogle Mr P R Salter Dr JE Spindet ‘Mr R Taggart Mr J.C Taylor Mr AD Weller Dr F J Whitbread Compliance with a British Standard doee not of itself confer immunity fram legal obligations. Viee ChairmanBS 5950 : Part 1 Section one 1990 Section one. General 1.0 Introduction 1.0.1. Aime of economical structural design ‘Tho aim of structural design is to provide, with due rogard to economy, a structure capable of fulfilling its intended funetion and sustaining the desian loads for its intended life, The design should facilitate fabrication, erection and future maintenance. The structure should behave as one three-dimensional entity. Tho layout of its constituent parte, euch a: foundations, steelwork, connections and other structural components should constitute a robust and stable structure under normal loading to ensure that in the event of misuse or ‘accident, damage will not be disproportionate to the cause. To achieve this itis necessary to define clearly the basic structural anatomy by which the loads are transmitted to ‘the foundations. Any features of the structure which have a critical influence on its overall stability can then be identified and taken account of in design. Each part of the structure should be sufficiently robust and insensitive to the effects of minor incidental losds applied during torvice thatthe safety of other parts is not prejudiced. Reterence should be made to 2.4.5, While the ultimate strength requirements within this standard are to be regarded as limiting values, the purpose in design should be to reach these limits in as many parts of the structure az postibla, to adopt a layout such that maximum structural efficiency is attained and to rationalize the steel member sizes and details in order to obtain the ‘optimum combination of material and fabrication, 1.0.2 Overall stability ‘The designer responsible for the overall stability of the structure should ensure the compatibility of desian and etal uf parts and components. There should be no doubt of this responsibility for overall stability when some or all lf the design and details ara nat made by the came designer 1.0.3 Accuracy of calculation For the purpose of deciding whether a particular rule of the standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, oxprassing the result of a tart or analysis should be rounded off. The number of significant places retained In the rounded off value should be the same as the value given in thie standard, 1.1 Scope ‘This Part of BS 5960 giues racommendatione for the design of structural steelwork with hot rolled steel sections, flats, plates and hollow sections in buildings and allied stevctures ‘ot specifically covered by other standards sterials and construction are ay spectied in BS SOBO "Part 2. [NOTE 2. The publications reterred to inthis standard are listed on For the purposes of this Part of BS 5950, the following definitions apply, 1.2.1. beam. A member predominately subject to bending. 1.2.2 brittle fracture, Brittle failure of steel at low temperature, 1.2.3 budkding resistanos. Limit of force or moment which a member can withstand without buckling 1.2.4 builtup. Constructed by interconnecting more than ‘one plate to form a single member 41.25 cantilever. A beam which ie fixed at one end and it {ree to deflect at the other. 1.2.6 capacity. Limit of force or moment which may be applied without causing failure due to yielding or rupture. 1.2.7 column. A vertical member of a structure carrying axial load and possibly moments. 1.2.8 compset cross section. A cross section which can develop the plastic moment capacity of the section but in \which local buckling prevents rotation at constant moment. 1.2.8 compound section. Constructed by interconnecting cone oF more sections oF plates and sections to form a single member 1.2.10 dead load, All loads of constant magnitude and position that act permanently, ineluding self weight. 1.2.11 design strength, The yield strangth of the material multiplied by the appropriate partial factor. See 3.1.1. 1.2.12 dynamic load, Part of an imposed load resulting from motion, 1.2.13 edge distance. Distance trom the centre ot a tastener role to the nearest edge of an element, 1.2.14 offective length. Longth between points of effective restraint of a memher multiplied hy a factor ta take account of the end conditions and toagina, 1.2.15 elastic design. Design which essumes no redistribu: tion of moments due to plastic rotation of a section throughout the structure 1.2.16 empirical method. Simplified method of design justified by experience or testing 1.2.17 end distance. Distance trom the centre of a fastener hnole to the edge of an element parallel to the direction in which the fostener beers 1.2.18 factored load. Specitied load multiplied by the relevant partial factor. 1.2.19 fatigue. Damage to 2 structural member caused by repeated application of stresses that are insufficient to raise failure by a single application 1.2.20 foundation. Part of a structure which distributes led directly to the ground, 1.2.21 friction grip connection, A halted connection which relies on friction to transmit shear between components.1.2.22 H-seetion. A section with one central weh and two equal tlanges which has an overall depth not greater than 1.2 times the width of the flange 1.2.23 hybrid. Composed of sloments of more than one strength grade of steel 1.2.24 I-section, Section with central web ard wo equal flanges which has an overall depth greater than 1.2 times the width of the flange. 1.2.25 imposed toad. Load on a structure or member, ‘other than wind load, produced by the external environment and intended occupancy or use. 1.2.26 instability. Inability to carry turther load due to Vanishing stiffness. 1.2.27 lateral restraint For a bear. Restraint which prevents later the compression flange, For a compression member. Restraint which prevents lateral movement of the member in a particular plane. movement of 1.2.28 longitudinal, Along the length of the member 1.2.29 pattern loading. Loading arranged in such @ manner 45 to give the most severe effect on a particular element. 1.2.20 piteh, Distance between cantres of fasteners lying in, the diceetinn of strass 1.2.31 plastic cross section. A cross section wirich cart develop a plastic hinge with sufficient rotetion capacity to allow redistribution of bending moments within the structure. 1.2.32 plastic design. Design method assuming redistribu- tion of moment in continuous construction. 1.2.33 plastic moment. Moment capacity allowing tor redistribution of stress within a cross section. 1.2.34 pretensioned fastener. Fastener tensioned to 9 specified proportion of its proof stress before connected ‘components are loaded. 1.2.35 semi-compact cross section. A cross section in which the stress in the extreme fibres should be limited to yield because Ineal buckling would prevent development of ‘the plastic moment capacity in the section. 1.2.96 serviceability limit states. Those limit states which when exeeeded ean lead to the structure being unfit for its intended use 1.2.87 slender cross section. A cuss section in which yield of the extreme fibres cannot be attained because of premature local buckling, 1.2.38 slenderness. The effective length divided by the radius of gyration. 1.2.39 lip resistance. | imit of shear that can be applied before slip occurs in a friction arip connection. 1.2.40 stability. Resistance of the structure or part of the structure to overturning or overall failure. BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section one 1.2.41 strength. Resistance to tailure by yielding or bucking 1.2.42 strut. A member of a structure carrying predomi- nantly compressive axial load. 1.2.43 subtrame, Part of a larger frame. 1.2.44 transverse, Direction perpendicular to the stronger of the rectangular axes of the member 1.2.45 ultimate limit stata. That state which if exceeded ccan cause collapse of part or whole of the structure. 1.3 Major symbols A Awa A, Effective wee Ay Grossarea A, Shear area (bolts) Ay Tensile stress area (bolts) Ay Shear area (sections) a Spacing of transverse stiffeners or Effective throat size of weld 2 Breauth D —— Outstana or Width of panel by Stiff bearing length Cy Charpy impact value Depth of section or Diameter of section fr Diameter of hale 4 Depth of web ‘or Nominal diameter of fastener E Modulus of elasticity of steet e End distance F. Compressive foree due to axial load F, Shear force (bolts) Fy Tensile foree F, Shear foroe (sections) f, Compressive stress due to axial load f, Shear stress G Sheer modulus of steel HH Warping constant of section n Storey height Iq Second moment of area about the major axis fy Second moment of area about the minor axis J Torsion constant of section L Length of span Le Effective length M Larger end moment ‘My Myy Maximum buckling moment about the malor of ‘minor axis in the presence of axial load My Buckling resistance moment (lateral torsional) ‘Mox/Mey Moment capacity of section about the major and ‘minor axes in the absence of axial loadBS 8950 : Part 1: 1990 ‘Section one Me Me Elastic critical moment Mid-length moment on a simply supported span ‘equal to the unrestrained length Mec Mry Reduced moment capacity of the section about the major and minor axes in the presence of axial load ‘M.My Applied moment about the major and minor axes Mg My Equi sat uniform moment about the major and Equivalent uniform mament factor Slenderness correction factor Bearing capacity of a bolt Bearing capacity of parts connected by friction rip fasteners ‘Bearing capacity ot parts connected by ordinary bolts Compression resistance Compression resistance considering buckling about the major and minor axes only Shear capacity of a bolt Slip resistance provided by a friction grip fastener ‘Tension capacity of a memher or fastener ‘Shear capacity of a section Bonding strength Bearing strength of a bolt Bearing strength of parts connceted by friction rip fasteners Bearing strength of parts connected by ordinary bolts Compressive strength Euler strength Shear strength af a bolt Tension strength of bolt Design strangth of a fillet weld Detign strangth of stool Batic shear etrangth of 2 web panel Critical shear strength of web panel Elastic critical shear strength of web pane! Flange dependent shear strength factor Radius of gyration of a member about its major and minor axes S,,Sy Plastic modulus about the major and minor axes Leg length of a fillet wold ‘Thickness of flange or log Thickness of 2 web (or As otherwise defined in a clause Specified minimum ultimate tonsile strength of the steel Buckling parameter of the section ‘Shear buckling resistance of stittened web Utilizing tension field action Shear buckling resistance of stiffened or unsttfened ‘web without utilizing tension field action Slenderness factor for beam x Torsional index of section Y, Specified minimum yield strength of steel Zx.Zy_ Elastic modulus about major and minor axes @ Coefficient af linear thermal expansion a, Modula cation A Ratio of smaller to larger and moment 4 Overall load factor Ye Load variation factor, ie. function of Ye1 and 72 ‘Ym Material etrangth factor + Ratio M/Mo, i.e. the ratio of the larger end moment ta the mid-length moment on a simply supported span equal to the unrestrained length 5 Deflection © Constant @) Py A —__Slondornec, fre the effective langth divided by the radius af gyration de Elastic erica load factor deo Limiting equivalent slenderness Dex Equivalent slenderness De Limiting slenderness H Slip factor » Poitton’e ratio 1.4 Other materials Where other structural materials are used in association with steelwork they should comply with the appropriate British Standard NOTE Attentinn ie craw tn th nacesity of regulation 1.5 Design documents ‘The design documents should contain sufficient information to enable the design to be detailed and the structure fabricated and erocted. ‘The design documents should show the assumed behaviour of the structure, the design assumptions and whether the torces and reactions included are factored or unfactored. 1.6 Detailing ‘The connections between members should withstand the forces and moments to which they will be subjected, without undue deformation and without invalidating the design assumptions. ‘The detailing of the connections should take account of possible dimensional variations due to rolling margins and fabrication variations, leading to some degree of lack of fit. 1.7 References to BS 5400 I BS 5400 the breakdown of partial safety factors, the assessment of material strengths, etc. are different, and these differences should he recognizedSection two. Limit state design 21 General principles and design methods 2.1.1. Limit state concept Structures should be designed by considering the limit states at which they would become unfit for their intended tse, by applying appropriate factors for the ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state, Examples of limit states relevant to steel structures are given in table 1 Table 1. Limit states ‘timate Serviceaitity 5 Deflection 6 Vibration (e.g. wind| induced oscillation) 7. Repsirable damage due to fatigue 8 Corrosion and durability 1 Strength (including general yielding, rupture, buekling and transtormation into ‘a mechanism) 2 Stability against overturning and sway 3 Fracture due to fatigue 4 rite fracture ‘The overall tactor in any design has to cover variability of: Material strength: % Loading: % Structural performance: In this code the material factor, Ym, is taken as 1.0 (see 3.1.1). Depending on the type of load, values of ¥¢ and %p are assigned. The product of y¢ and 7, is the factar ‘74. BY which the specified loads are to be multiplied in checking the strength ani stability of a suucture (see ‘able 2). A detailed breakdown of factors is given in appendix A. 2.1.2 Methods of di 2.1.2.1. General. The desian of any strucrure or its parts may be caied out by one of the methods given in 2.1.2.2 wo 2126. In all cases, the details of members and connections should bbesuch as to realize the assumptiont made in detign without adversely affecting any other parts of the structure. 2.1.2.2 Simple design. The connections between members are assumed not to develop moments adversely effecting sither the members or the structure as a whole, ‘The distribution of forces may be determined assuming that members intersecting at 2 joint are pin connected, ‘The necessary flexibility in connections may result in some non-lastic deformation of the materials, other than the fasteners, Itis necessary to maintain stability ageinst swey and the Provisions of 2.4.2.3 apply. BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 Section two 2.1.2.3 Agi design, The connections are assumed to be capable of developing the strength and/or stiffness required by an analysis assuming full eantinuity. Such analysis may bbe made using either elastic or plastic methods. 2.1.2.4 Semi-rigid design. Some degree of connection stiffness is assumed, but insufficient to develop full continuity as follows. (2) The moment and rotation capacity of the joints should he hased on experimental evidence, which may permit some limited plasticity providing the ultimate tensile capacity ofthe fastener is not the feilure criterion. (On this basi, the design chould satisfy the strength, stability and stiffness requirements of all parts of the structure when partial continulty at the joints is to be takers into account in assessing moments end forces in the members {b) As an alternative, in simple beam and column structures an allowance may be made for the inter- ‘estraint of the connections between a beam and a column by an end restraint moment not exceeding 10 % ‘of the free moment applied to the beam, assuming this to be simply supported, provided that the following apply. (1) The beams and columns are designed by the general rules applicable to simple design. (2) The tramne is provided with lateral support or braced against sideaway in both direetione. (3) The beams are designed for the maximum net ‘moment which includes an allowance for the restraint moment at one ar hath ends (4) Each column is designed to resist the algebraic suum of the restraint moments from the beams at the same level on each side of the column, in addition to moments due to eccentricity of connections, (6) The assumed end restraint moment need not, however, be taken a8 10% of the free moment forall beams, provided that the same restraint moment is used in the design of the column and beam at each ‘connection. (6) The beam-to-column connections are designed to transmit the appropriate restraint moment, in audition ‘to the end reactions assuming the beams are simply supported. (7) The welds and fasteners should be designed for the actual moment capacity af the connection not ‘the assumed moment. 2.1.25 Experimental verification, Whore dosign of 2 structure or element by calculation in accordance with any of, the preceding methods is not practicable. or is inappropriate, the strength, stability and stiffness may be confirmed by loading tests in accordance with section seven.BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section two 22 Loading 2.2.1. General All relevant loads should be considered separately and in such realistic combinations as to comprise the most critical effects on the elements and the structure as a whole, ‘The magnitude and frequency of fluctuating loads should also be considered. Loading conditions during erection should receive particular attention. Settlement of supports may need to be taken into account. 2.2.2 Dead, imposed and wind lading Reference should be made to 8S 6309 : Part 1, BS 6209 Part 3 and CP 2: Chapter V : Part 2 for the determination Of the dead, imposed and wind loads. 2.2.3 Dynamic loade and impact effects ‘These may be determined from BS 6399 : Part 1 in the case of eran It is recommended that values for erancs of loading class 03. and Q4 a: defined in BS 2673 : Part 1 should be established in consultation with the crane manufacturer. 23 Temperature effects Where, In the design and erection of a structure, itis necessary to take account of changes in temperature, it may ‘be assumed that in the UK the average temperature of internal steelwork varies trom ~6 °C to #35 °C. The actual range, however, depends on the location, type and purpose of the structure and special consideration may be necessary for structures in other conditions, and in locations abroad subjected to different temperature ranges. 24 Ultimate limit states 24.1 Limit state of strength AAA General. In checking the suenyth and stability of the structure the loads should be multiplied by the relevant +7 factare given in table 2. The factored loads should be applied in the most unfavourable realistic combination tor te part oF effect under consideration “The load capacity of each member and its connections, 2 determined by the relevant provisions of this standard, should be euch that the factored loads would not cause failure, 24.1.2 Overhead travelling cranes. The 7; factore given in table 2 for vertical loads from averhead travelling cranes should be applied to the dynamic crane loads, je. the static vertical wheel loads increased by the appropriete allowance for dynamic offocts (s00 2.2.3) For cranes on outdoor gantries the wind load: on the gantry and supporting structure should he obtained fam (a) BS 2573 : Part 1, for eranat in tha working condition: (b) CP 3: Chepter V : Part 2, for exanes which are not working Table 2. Load factors and combinations Loading Factor. Dead load 14 Dead load restraining uplift or overturning | 1.0 Dead load acting with wind and imposed loads combined 12 Imposed load 16 Imposed load acting with wind load 12 Wind load 14 Wind load acting with imposed load or crane load 12 Forces due to temperature effects 12 Crane loading effects Vertical load 16 Vertical load acting with horizontal loads (crabbing or surge) 14 Horizontal load 16 Horizontal load acting with verticel 14 CCrane load acting with wind load” 12 “When considering wind or imposed load and crane loading ‘acting together the value of For dead oad may be taken a 12. Where a structure or member Is subject to loads from two fr more eranes the crane loads should be taken as the maximum vertical and horizontal loads acting simultaneously ‘where this is reasonably possible. 2.4.2 Stability Ii 2.4.2.1. General. In considering the querall stability af any structure or part, the loads should be increased by the relevant 74 factors given in table 2. ‘The desianer should consider overall frame stability which embraces stability against overturning and sway stability. it state 2.4.2.2 Stability against overturning, The factored loads, considered separately and in combination. should not cause the suucture oF any part of the structure (including te foundations) to overtuen of lift off its seating, The combin ation of dead, imposed and wind Inads should he such as ta have the most severe ettect on overall stability (see 2.2.1), ‘Account shauld be taken of probable variations in dead load during construction or other temporary conditions. 2.4.2.3 Sway stability. All structures, including portions between expansion joints, should have adequate stiffness against sway To ensure this, in addition to designing for applied horizontal loads, a separate check should be carried out for notional horizontal forces. 10“These notional forces may arise trom practical imperfections such as lack of verticality and should be taken as the greater of 1% of factored dead load from that level, applied horizontally 0.50 % of factored load (dead plus vertical imposed) ‘rom that level, applied horizontally | Threats te hl rad atin anya direction at atime and should be applied at each root and floor level or their equivalent. They should be taken as aeting simultaneously with the fectored dead plus vertical | imposed loads taken a¢ 1.4X (unfactored dead load! and | 1.6% (unfactored vertical imposed load). The notlonal force should nor: (a) be applied when considering overturning: | (b) be combined with the applied horizontal loads; {c) be combined with temperature effects | (a) be taken to contribute to the net reactions atthe foundations ‘Sway stability may be provided for example by braced trames, joint rigidity or by utilizing staircase, lift cores and. shear walls, Whatever system is used, reversal of loading should be accommodated. The cladding floors and roof should have adequate steangth and be so secured to the structural tramework as to transmit all horizontal forces to the points of sway resistance. Where such sway stability is, provided by construction other than the steal framework, the steelwork designer should state clearly the need tor such construction and the forces acting upon it (see 1.8). 2.4.2.4 Foundation design. The design of foundations | should be in accordance with BS 8004 and shauld aceam. ‘modate all the forces imposed on them. Attention should bbe given to the method of connecting the steel superstructure 10 the foundations and the anchorage of any holding down bolts as recommended in 6.7 Where it i necessary to quote the foundation reactions it should be clearly stated whether the forces and moments result from factored or unfactored loads. Where they result {rom factored loads the relevant 7, factors for each load in each combination should be stated. 2.4.3 Fatigue Fatigue need not be considered unless astructuré or element Is subjected to numerous significant fluctuations of stress Stress changes due to tluctuations in wind loading need not be considered but account should be taken of wind induced oxcillations In the design of crane supporting structures only those | members which support cranes of utilization clases UA to US as detined in BS 2573 need be checked for fatigue by | reference to 8S 5400 : Pat 10. When designing or fatigue a, tactor of 7.0 should be use. BS 5950 : Part 1: Section two 1990 2.4.4 Brite fracture 2.4.4.1 General, Brittle fracture need not be considered ‘except in locations subject to tensile stresses in service due to applied axial load or moment. Where such tension exists then the maximum thickness may bbe determined from 2.4.4.2 if the service temperature does riot fall below that normal in the UK, taken as ~6 °C for internal conditions and - 16 °C for external conditions. Where the steel is subjected to lower temperatures or where the steel grade or thickness used is not covered by table 4 then the energy absorption should comply with 2.4.43, which may also be used in place of table 4, Where severe restraint conditions occur due to welding then reference should be made to BS 6400 oF specialist advie The recommendations of this clause do not apply to grade ABA base plates (soe 4.13). 2.8.8.2 Maximum thickness. The maximum thickness for adequate notch toughness should not exceed the value given in table 4 for the value of K determined from table 3, Whore no value is shown, the maximum thickness of the product form for guaranteed natch toughness in BS 4360 aiven in table 4 should not be exceeded. 2.4.4.3 Energy absorption. The Charpy impact value, Cy, in joules, t the minimum service temperature should not be less than: Yet Ft0K where Y, 15 the minimum yield strength of the material (in N/mm?) {is the thickness of material from which the specimen is taken (in mn) Kis determined from table 3. Table 2. Factor K for location of material and tensile stress Welded Dries location | punched | wales | or holee | location | reamed location being hoes Nimm? <100 2 2 2 2 > 100 1 1 2 2 2.45 Structural intagrity 2.4.5.1 Requirements for all structures. All structures should follow the principles given in 1.0.1. The additions! roquiroments in 2.4.5.2 to 2.4.5.5 apply to buildings. "a 10cddes ADip YoHyAn j001 1900 4 jed:oUNId yoes sour 248 12 z i $ z j | z Syromaure) jer2uinio.dde suonaaup ont ut poulense- ¥ ‘y9An99})9 3C BLNOYS SULLMICS IY “8AA} JO0s PLE 100)) [2chou 1c ypes :e 19,2591 pan Ajeri92,9 99 pinoys aucsy Dug 0: aqqeaaoead se aeoqo se Ul pstueie 9q piroys asain ayqyssod esau “s19quID Ut fn 10 sueaq ayia Aq papraoid aq Aew a6Ci049Ue 51 ue suwn: Ing Aleng Supra ye 10} stuoueunesy ZS Ye uy Toble 4, Maximum thickness of parts subject to applied temile stress (sve note 1) 8.4960 Maximum hick for deauate | Maximum mppl kina in 8S 4380 for guarnted Chery impeet ve, cording to rte oune om note 3 product rye tae note 3) Trl Exam ‘Sectont | Ractnguer | cveusr | Pir Widen | Frm and condor | condone | tenon’ | none” | pone round ond roto | enone | atone unre bore wie wet [xez [eat [eo2 | metonn = + wen 2s |so 15 20 | tmenowes) | va ie | tenor | tone none a) | an note a) opts) | 30 |e 20 Jao | 00 a ae | to 0 ‘0 ee to to |e | to0 6 “0 | too 50 400 so oo to 8 2 | t00 0 00 ‘200 100 ae oe ve oe va ae ve va te ve ole % ee ve 6 0 % 0 we won zw [4 [x2 [2 [imenowa [ove ie | weerowa) | terenow a) | tne nam a 200 twee) | 28 [50 [te [32 | t00 a ma | toe so to oc a feo [ar foo | io 6 40 | 00 Pi 400 00 100 % yoo 6 4 | 00 Py 100 000 400 ws nie | 100 #0 ‘a se to a ne le ns "8 Soee ni 6 "0 76 Fs ale se a le oe ° se ve ase 76 Ps = 2 78 oer oe 6 = & 50 « ee oe 16 BS ° a a ‘wnson 2 2 2 2 2 12 oe note 6) we08 4 2 80 6 0 = Py 0 vmeoe 2% 6 ° 0 0 so NOTE 1. For sections with Flanges the thicket i the flange thickness defined in 8S 4 NOTE 2. Where no value of maximum thickness for adequate noten toughness it own, the maximum spy thik NOTE 9. ola indicates thatthe product tot avaiable in thie wade, NOTE 4. Theres no Charpy txt requirement in BS 4960 for gredes 43A and SOA, The maximum thickness for aust notch toughness Gove. NDI 5. For grades 438 and 508, option 8:39 of BS 4360 thovld be invoked when tha see! is ordered, otherwite the limits for grades ABA and OA apply NOTE 6.28 mm for cound and square bas of grace WRSOA in BS 4360 govern. oma uont08g | veg : 0965 Sd ose.‘Ties may be either steel members or steel reinforcement ‘embedded in concrete or masonry provided that they are properly anchored to the steel framework ‘Stee! members provided for other purposes may be utilized as tes. When checked as ties other loading may be ignored, Beams designed to carry the floor oF roof loading will generally be suitable provided that their end connections are capable of resisting tension, Al ties and their end connections should be of o standard of robustness commensurate with the structure of which they form a part and should be capable ot carrying a factored tensile load of not less than 75 kN at floors or AO KN et roof level Ties ae not required at a rout level where steelwork supports cladding weighing not more than 0.7 kN/m® and carries roof loads only. Where a building ie provided with expansion joints, each seetion between expansion joints should be treated as a separate building for the purpose of this clause, 2.45.3 Additional requirements for certain multi-storey buildings. Local or national regulations may stipulate that tall multi-storey buildings be designed ta localize accidental damane. ‘Steeltramed buildings which satisty the recommendations Of 1.0.1 and 2.6.5.2 may be assumed to meet this require ‘ment provided that the five additional conditions given ‘below are met. A tall multi-storey building which is required to be designed to localize accidental damage but which does nat satisfy ‘these five additional conditions should be checked as recommended in 2.4.5.4. {a} Sway resistance. The means of providing sway resistance as recommended in 2.4.2.3 (ie, stel bracing, rigid jointe, shear walle staircase and lift cores, etc.) should be sufficiently distributed throughout the buliding so that no substantial portion of the structural frame is soley reliant on a single plane of bracing in each ‘orthogonal direction, (b) Tying. The ties referred to in 2.4.5.2 should be arranged in continuous lines wherever practicable ‘throughout each floor and roof level in two directions approximately at right angles. These and thelr connec- tions should be checked for the Following factored tansile loads, which need not be considered as additive to other loads. (1) Generaily. U:2¥18\L, tor any internal ties and 0.25 y5¢Lg for edge ties but not less than 7 KN for floors oF 40 kN at roof level where uw, isthe total factored dead and imposed load per Unit area of floor or root: 5, is the mean transverse spacing of the ties Lg is the greatest distance, in the direction of the tie, between adjacent lines af columns or other vertical supports 13 BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990, Section two (2) Ae the periohery. Ties anchoring columns at the periphery of a floor or roof should be checked for the force given in (1) but not less than 1 % of the fartared vertical load in the column at that level (c} Columns. All column splices should be capable of ‘resisting a tensile force of not less than two-thirds of factored vertical load applied to the column from the floor level next below the eplice Excopt where the steel framework is of continuous construction in at least one direction, the columns should be carried through at each beam-to-column connection, (a) integrity. Any beam which carries a column should be checked, together with the members which support it, for localization of damage as recommended in 24.5.4 (e} Floor units. Where precast concrete or other heavy floor or roof units are used they should be effectively anchored in the direction of their span either to each lother over a support or directly to their supports as recommended in BS 8110, 2.4.5.4 Locelization of damage. Where required by 2.85.3 ‘ building should be checked to see whether at each storey in turn any single column, or beam carrying a column, could be removed without causing collapse of more than 2 limited portion of the building local to the member concerned. Where the removal ot one of these members would cause failure in excess of appropriate limits that member should be designed as a key element as recom: mended in 2.4.55. For the purposes of this provision, it may be assumed that substantial permanent deformation of members and their connections is acceptable. In this cheek only one-third af the ordinary wind load and one-third of the ordinary imposed load need be considered together with the dead load, except that in the case of buildings used predominantly for storage, or where the imposed load is of a permanent nature, the full imposed load should be used. The 74 factor should be taker 23 1.05 except that when considering overturning the dead load supplying the restoring moment should be multiplied by @ ‘ye factor of 0.9. 2.ASS Key elements, Where it is required by 2.4.5.4 to design a member a6 @ key element, the accidental loading should not be less than that stipulated Accidental loads should be applied to members from appropriate directions together with the reactions trom ‘other building components attached to the member which are subject to the same loading but limited to the ultimete strength of these components or their connections. In this check the effects of ordinary loads should alzo be ‘considered, to the same extent and with the same 7, factors {5 recommended in 2.8.5.4 for localization of damaoe. Any other steel member nr ather structural eampanent which provides lateral restraint vital to the stability of a key element should itself also be designed as @ key element for the same accidental loadingBS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 ‘Section two ‘Table 5. Deflection limits other than for pitched roof portal frames (0} Deflection on beams due to unfactored imposed load 25 Serviceability limit states. 2.5.1 Deflection The deflection under serviceability loads ot a building or part shoula not impair the strenath or efficiency of the structure or its components or cause damage to the finish- ings. When checking for deflections the most adverse realistic ‘combination and arrangement of serviceability loads should, be assumed, and the structure may be assumed to be elastic. ‘Table 5 gives recommended limitations for certain structural ‘members. Circumstances may arise where greater or lesser Cantievers Length/180 Beams carrying plaster or other brittle finish Span/360 All other beams ‘Span/200 Parlin and sheeting rails Seo 4122 Values would be more appropriate. Other members may also (b) Horizontal deflection of columns other than portal frames due to unfactored imposed and wind loadé need a deflection limitation to be established, e.g. sway bracing. Generally the serviceability loads may be taken as the Tops of columns in single-storey buildings Height/300 In each storey of a building with more than one storey Height of storey under consideration/300 tunfactared imposed loads. When considering dead load plus Imposed load plus wind load only 80 % of the imposed load and wind load need be considered. In the case of crane surge and wind, only the greater effect of either need be considered in any load combination. 252 Durability {c} Crane gantry girders In order to ensure the durability of the structure under conditions relevant to both its intended use and intended. Vertical deflection due to life the following factors should be considered at the design stage: static whee! loads Spen/600 Horizontal detiection (calculated on the top flange properties alone) due to crane surge ‘Span/500 (0) the environment; (0) the degree of exposur (6) the shape of the members and the structural detailing; (d) the proteotive maasuras if any; [NOTE 1. On lowpizened end fla ffs he posinilty of ponding fede coneidartion [NOTE 2. For limiting detietions in cunway beams refer to 185-2888. (e) whether maintenance is possible. Reference should be made to BS 5483 in determining adequate methods of protection where applicable. Weather resistant steel to BS 4360 may also be used, 14BS 5950 : Part 1 Section three Section three. Properties of materials and section properties 3.1 General 3.1.1 Strength of stee! This standard covers the design of structures fabricated from steels supplied to BS 4360; other steals may be used provided due allowance Is made for variations in properties, including ductility. The design strength, py, may be taken as 1.0Y, but not ‘greater than 0,04U, where ¥, and U, are the minimum Yield etrength and the minimum ultimate tensile strength respectively as specified in BS 4360 (or agreed with steeimaker) For the more common types of steel p, may be obtained from table 6. For rolled sections the thickness should be taken as the specified flange thickness from BS 4, a eee Table 6, Design strengths, p, for steel to BS 4360 185 4300 Grage | Tnickness, | sections, plates ana lars than or | hollow sutione equal © Py mm Nim 43 16 275 40 269 63 255 100 245 80 16 355 40 345, 63 340 100 325 35 16 450 25 430 40 415 63 400 Additional properties of stee! are required for use in plastic Uesigh and reference should be made to 5. 3.1.2 Other properties of steel The following values for the elastic properties should be ses Modulus of elacticity Poisson's ratio Coefficient of linear thermal expansion a= 12% 10° perc 3.1.8 Steel castings and torgings ‘Steel eastings and forgings may be used for components in bearings. junctions and other similar parts, Castings should comply with BS 3100 ard forgings with BS 29. Design strengths corresponding to grade 43 steel may be adopted Where na ather information is availahle, 3.2 Welds and fasteners 3.2.1. Welding consumables {Al welding consumables (Le. electrode wires, filler rods, flux, shielding gas, etc.) should comply with BS 8136. 3.2.2 Ordinary bolts, nuts and washers Bolte and nuts should comply with BS 4190 or BS 3692. Bolts and nuts af material eomplying with BS 3692 made to the size and tolerances of BS 4190 are permitted. Countersunk of cup headed bolts should comply with BS 4933. High strength friction grip bolts complying with BS 4395 may be used untorqued. Nuts should be of 2 strength grade equal to or higher than the grade of holt Washers should comply with BS 4920. 3.2.3 Friction grip fasteners High strength friction grip bolts and associated nuts and washers should comply with BS 4395, Other types of friction grip tasteners may be used provided ‘they have mechanical properties not inferior to bolts complying with BS 4395 and provided they can be reliably tightened to the minimum shank tensions specified in BS 4604, 33 Section properties 3.3.1. Gross section Gross section properties should be determined using the specified size and profile of the member or elements, but ellowance should be made for openings larger than required for fasteners, Battens or splices should not be included. 2.3.2 Net area ‘The net area of a section or element of a section should be token as its gross area less deductions for fastener holes a¢ piven in 2. 3.3.3 Etfective ares at connections ‘The effective area, Ag, of each element of a rember at a connection, where fastener holes occur may be taken at Ke times ite net area, but not mare than its grace area, whe for steels complying with BS 4360: K, = 1.2 for grade 40 or 43 1.1 for grade 50 or WR 50 1.0 for grade 55 Us for other steels, Ky = 0.75 but S12 whore U, is the specified minimum ultimate tensile strength; Y¥. is the specifivd minimum yield strength 15BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section three 3.4 Deductions for holes 3.4.1 Hole area {In deducting for holes for fasteners (Including countersunk holes), the yross area of the hole in the plane of its exis and rot that of the fastener thould be deducted. 3.4.2 Holes not staggered ‘The area ta be deducted should be the maximum sum of the sectional areas of the holes in any cross sections at right angles to the direction of stross in the member. 343 Staggered holes When holes are staggered th the greater of: {0} the deduction for non staggered holes (see 9.4.2); {b) the sum of the sectional areas of all holes in any zigzag line extending progressively aeross the member or part of the member, les 6/49 foreach gauge space in the chain of ales where rea to be deducted should be the staggored pitch, ie, the distance, measured ‘parallel to the direction ot stress in the member, centre-to-centre of holes in consecutive lines, see figure 1; {Is the thickness of the holed materia 9 is the gauge, ie. the distance, measured at right angles to the direction of stress in the member, entre to-centre of holes in consecutive lines, see figure 1 For sections such as angles with holes in both lags the gauge should he taken as the sum of the hack marks to each hole, less the leg thickness. See figure 2. 3.5. Limiting proportions of cross sections 3.5.1 General Local buckling can be avoided by limiting the width to thickness ratios of each element uf @ ciuss section subject to compression due to moment or axial load. Elements and cross sections are classified as plastie, compact, semi compact or slender. Cross sections may be composed of elements of different clases, 3.5.2 Classification of erose sections Clas 1. Plastie eross sections are those in which all elements subject to compression comply with the values given in table 7 for plastic elements. A plastic hinge can be developed with sufficient rotation capacity to ellow redistribution of moments within the structure. Only class 1 sections may be used for plastic design. lass 2. Compact cross sections are those in which all, clements subject to compression comply with the values given in table 7 for compact elements, The full plastic ‘moment capacity can be developed but local buckling may preverit development of a plastic hinge with sufficient rotation capacity to permit plastic design. Class 2 sections can be used without restriction except for plastic design Class 3. Semi-compact sections are those in which all loments subject to compression comply with the values given in table 7 for semi-compact elements. The stress at the extreme fibres can reach the design strength but local Duckling may prevent the development of the full plastic Class 3 sections are subject to limitations on their capacity which are given in section four. Figure 1. Staggered holes Direction of stress | aeck mark | Back mark 1 Figure 2, Angles with holes in both legs 16BS 5960 : Part 1 : 1990 Section thr ‘Table 7. Limiting width to thickness ratios —— ——— ae = 7 SS Ovisandeement tree | euinptyweising [2 <7se [2 case |2 2 the {ection shouldbe taken as naving compression throughout. NOTE 2. Check webs for sar buckling in accordance with 44 when de> 62 75\" NOTE 2.<~ ® 7BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section three Class 4. Slender sections are those which contain slender elements subject to compression due tw moment or axial loed. Local buekling may provent the stress in a slender tection from reaching the design strength. Design of class 4 sections is considered in 3.6. 38.3 Classitication of elements Flat elements in # erase section are either: {2} internal elements attached on both longitudinal edges to other elements or to longitudinal stitteners which are connected at suitable intervals to transverse stiffeners, oF {(b) outstand elements attached on only one horizontal ledge to an adjacent element, te other edge being free, Flat elements are generally of constant thickness, Tapered elements may be treated as flat elements having the average thicknest defined in BS 4. Elements may be clasified as plastic, compact or semi compact if they moot the limits given in table 7. Those which do not meat the limits for semi-compact elements are classified as slender. 3.5.4 Webs of sami-compact sections ‘The limiting width to thickness ratio, d/t, for the web of a ‘semi-compact section is given by the following: (a) when & is positive (1) for sections built-up by welding fg BO ane (Ss) tors set tet aac (M 2) a 1206 and < 7506 PTR in which A is the ratio of the mean longitudinal stress in the web to p,. compression being taken as positive and tension as negative, 4.5.5 Compound flanges The following width to thickness ratios should be con: sidered: {a} the outetand of the compound flange compared to the thickness of the original flange: {(b) tho internal width of each added plate between the lines of welds or fasteners which connect it to the ‘original flange, compared to its owri thickness, {c} any outstand of an added plate beyond the lines of ‘welds or fastuners which connect it w the original flange, ‘compared to its own thickness 3.8.6 Longitudinally stiffened flanges The unsupported width, b, ofa flange or part ofa tlange, ‘which is effectively supported along both edges either by 2 web or 2 longitudinal stiffener, should be taken as the width between adjacant linet of welds or fasteners connecting it to the supporting elements. In rolled sections b should be ‘measured as shown in figure 3. Where the tree edge of the flange is supported by a Tongitudinal stiffener, the flange thickress, 7, should not be less than 6/20 unless the edge stiffener is itself supported at suitable intervals Whore the flange is stiffened by transverse as well as longitudinal stiffeners or a web, the thickness, T, should not be less than 1/100 of the smaller panel dimension a or 4, where ais a spacing of transverse stiffeners on the flange. 3.6 Slender cross sections 3.6.1 General Local buckling may become the design criterion when the proportions of elements in 2 cross section exceed those ‘iven for semi-compact elements in table 7. Such cross sections are defined as slender and their capacity i limited, 2.6.2 Scotions with thin webs required to carry shear Where thin webs which have a d/t ratio > 63e are required to carry shear the capacity of the erose section should be calculated from 4.4.4.2. 3.3. Webs subject to moments and axial loads and tular hollow sections {In the absence of a more rigorous method of analysis a value lf the design steongth, py, should he assumed such that the limiting proportions for Semi-compact sections are met (see table 7), The seme reduced velue of py should be used for that element throughout the design of the section whenever it isin compression, except that such reduction need not be made in the design of connections to that clement. 3.6.4 Other elements Where a slender element is in enmpression the design strenath, p,. should be reduced by the factor given in table 8. The same reduced value of p, should be used for that element throughout the detign of the section whenever, itis in compression except that such reduction need not be made in the design of connections to that element. 18